What are the symptoms of oral thrush in adults. How is oral thrush diagnosed and treated. What causes oral thrush and who is at risk. How can oral thrush be prevented. What are the potential complications of untreated oral thrush.

Understanding Oral Thrush: A Common Fungal Infection

Oral thrush, also known as oral candidosis or candiasis, is a fungal infection that affects the mouth. It’s caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeasts, which are naturally present in small numbers in most people’s mouths and digestive systems. While not contagious, oral thrush can be uncomfortable and requires treatment to prevent potential complications.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Oral Thrush

Identifying oral thrush early is crucial for prompt treatment. The most common symptoms include:

• White patches (plaques) in the mouth that can often be wiped off
• Red, potentially bleeding areas underneath the white patches
• Loss of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth
• Redness inside the mouth and throat
• Cracks at the corners of the mouth
• A painful, burning sensation in the mouth

In some cases, these symptoms can make eating and drinking difficult. If you experience any of these signs, it’s important to contact your GP practice for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Can oral thrush resolve on its own?

Oral thrush typically requires treatment and does not resolve on its own. If left untreated, symptoms may persist and worsen, potentially leading to more serious complications. Seeking medical attention is crucial for proper management of the infection.

Diagnosing Oral Thrush: What to Expect

Diagnosing oral thrush is generally straightforward. Your GP can usually identify the infection through a simple examination of your mouth. In some cases, they may recommend additional tests:

• Blood tests to check for underlying conditions like diabetes
• Nutritional deficiency screenings

These tests help ensure comprehensive care and address any contributing factors to the infection.

Causes and Risk Factors for Oral Thrush

Understanding what causes oral thrush can help in prevention and management. Several factors can contribute to an overgrowth of Candida fungi:

• Antibiotic use, especially long-term or high-dose treatments
• Inhaled corticosteroid medication for asthma
• Poorly fitting dentures
• Poor oral hygiene
• Dry mouth conditions
• Smoking
• Chemotherapy or radiotherapy for cancer treatment

Certain groups are at higher risk of developing oral thrush:

• Babies and young children
• Elderly individuals
• People with diabetes
• Those with iron or vitamin B12 deficiencies
• Individuals with an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)
• People living with HIV

Is oral thrush contagious?

Oral thrush is not considered contagious. Since most people naturally have Candida fungi in their mouths, the infection develops due to an overgrowth of these existing fungi rather than transmission from person to person.

Effective Treatment Options for Oral Thrush

Treating oral thrush typically involves antifungal medications. These come in various forms:

• Topical medications: Gels or liquids applied directly inside the mouth
• Oral medications: Tablets or capsules taken by mouth

Treatment duration usually ranges from 7 to 14 days. Topical medications may need to be applied several times a day, while oral medications are typically taken once daily.

What are the potential side effects of oral thrush treatments?

While antifungal medications are generally well-tolerated, some people may experience side effects such as:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Bloating
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea

If you’re taking antibiotics or corticosteroids that may be contributing to your oral thrush, your healthcare provider might adjust your medication or dosage as part of the treatment plan.

Preventing Oral Thrush: Essential Tips and Practices

While oral thrush can be effectively treated, prevention is always preferable. Here are some key strategies to reduce your risk of developing oral thrush:

1. Maintain good oral hygiene:
   • Rinse your mouth after meals
   • Brush your teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste
   • Floss regularly
2. Regular dental check-ups:
   • Visit your dentist regularly, even if you wear dentures or have no natural teeth
3. Proper denture care:
   • Remove dentures nightly and clean thoroughly
   • Soak dentures in a cleaning solution overnight
   • Ensure dentures fit properly
4. Quit smoking:
   • Smoking increases the risk of oral thrush
5. Proper use of inhalers:
   • Rinse your mouth with water after using a corticosteroid inhaler
   • Use a spacer with your inhaler when taking medication

How often should I replace my toothbrush to prevent oral thrush?

To maintain good oral hygiene and help prevent oral thrush, it’s recommended to replace your toothbrush every 3-4 months, or sooner if the bristles become frayed. If you’ve had oral thrush, replace your toothbrush once you’ve finished treatment to prevent reinfection.

Complications of Untreated Oral Thrush

While oral thrush is generally a mild condition, leaving it untreated can lead to more serious problems:

• Persistent discomfort and pain in the mouth
• Difficulty eating and drinking
• Potential spread of the infection to other parts of the body

In severe cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can spread beyond the mouth and throat, leading to more serious systemic infections. This underscores the importance of seeking prompt treatment when symptoms arise.

Can oral thrush lead to esophageal candidiasis?

Yes, in some cases, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems, oral thrush can spread to the esophagus, causing esophageal candidiasis. This condition can make swallowing painful and difficult, emphasizing the need for timely treatment of oral thrush.

Special Considerations for High-Risk Groups

While anyone can develop oral thrush, certain groups require special attention and care:

Babies and Young Children

Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to oral thrush due to their developing immune systems. In babies, oral thrush can sometimes be passed back and forth between the infant’s mouth and the mother’s breast during breastfeeding. It’s important for both the baby and the mother to receive treatment in these cases.

Elderly Individuals

Older adults, especially those in long-term care facilities, are at higher risk of oral thrush. This is often due to factors such as weakened immune systems, use of dentures, and certain medications. Regular oral health check-ups and proper denture care are crucial for this population.

People with Diabetes

Individuals with diabetes have an increased risk of developing oral thrush due to higher sugar levels in their saliva, which can promote fungal growth. Maintaining good blood sugar control and oral hygiene is essential for prevention.

How does diabetes increase the risk of oral thrush?

Diabetes can increase the risk of oral thrush in several ways:

• Elevated blood sugar levels can lead to higher sugar content in saliva, creating an ideal environment for Candida growth
• Diabetes can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off fungal infections
• Reduced saliva production, a common complication of diabetes, can also contribute to oral thrush development

Immunocompromised Individuals

People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or undergoing chemotherapy, are particularly vulnerable to oral thrush. These individuals may experience more severe symptoms and are at higher risk of the infection spreading. Close monitoring and aggressive treatment are often necessary.

The Role of Diet in Managing Oral Thrush

While diet alone cannot cure oral thrush, certain dietary choices may help manage the condition and prevent recurrence:

• Reduce sugar intake: Candida thrives on sugar, so limiting sugary foods and drinks can help control fungal growth
• Incorporate probiotic-rich foods: Yogurt, kefir, and other fermented foods can help maintain a healthy balance of microorganisms in the mouth
• Increase consumption of vitamin C-rich foods: Vitamin C supports immune function, which can help fight off fungal infections
• Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water helps maintain saliva production, which naturally helps control oral bacteria and fungi

Can a low-carb diet help prevent oral thrush?

While there’s no definitive evidence that a low-carb diet directly prevents oral thrush, reducing carbohydrate intake, especially simple sugars, may help create a less favorable environment for Candida growth. However, it’s important to maintain a balanced diet and consult with a healthcare professional before making significant dietary changes.

Natural Remedies and Complementary Treatments for Oral Thrush

While medical treatment is essential for managing oral thrush, some natural remedies and complementary treatments may provide additional relief or support conventional treatments:

• Saltwater rinses: Gargling with warm salt water can help soothe discomfort and may have mild antifungal properties
• Coconut oil: Some studies suggest that coconut oil has antifungal properties and may help combat Candida growth
• Tea tree oil: When diluted properly, tea tree oil mouthwash may help reduce oral Candida levels
• Probiotic supplements: These may help restore a healthy balance of microorganisms in the mouth

It’s important to note that while these natural remedies may offer some benefits, they should not replace prescribed antifungal treatments. Always consult with your healthcare provider before trying any new treatments or supplements.

Is apple cider vinegar effective against oral thrush?

While some people claim that apple cider vinegar can help with oral thrush due to its potential antifungal properties, scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness is limited. If you’re considering using apple cider vinegar, it’s crucial to dilute it properly and consult with your healthcare provider first, as it can potentially irritate the mouth and throat if used incorrectly.

Long-Term Management and Recurrence Prevention

For some individuals, particularly those with underlying risk factors, oral thrush may recur despite initial successful treatment. Long-term management strategies include:

• Regular dental check-ups to monitor oral health
• Maintaining excellent oral hygiene practices
• Addressing underlying health conditions that may contribute to recurrence
• Using preventive antifungal treatments in high-risk individuals, as recommended by a healthcare provider
• Making lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors, such as quitting smoking or improving diabetes management

How often should high-risk individuals have dental check-ups?

High-risk individuals, such as those with diabetes or compromised immune systems, should have dental check-ups more frequently than the general population. While specific recommendations may vary based on individual health status, many dentists suggest check-ups every 3-4 months for high-risk patients, compared to the standard recommendation of twice yearly for most adults. Always follow your dentist’s personalized advice for your oral health needs.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for oral thrush, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent and manage this common fungal infection. Remember, early detection and treatment are key to avoiding complications and ensuring optimal oral health.

Oral thrush in adults | NHS inform

Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth. It’s not contagious and is usually successfully treated with antifungal medication.

It’s also called oral candidosis (or candiasis) because it’s caused by a group of yeasts called Candida.

Non-urgent advice:

Contact your GP practice if:

You develop symptoms of oral thrush, which can include:

• white patches (plaques) in the mouth that can often be wiped off, leaving behind red areas that may bleed slightly
• loss of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth
• redness inside the mouth and throat
• cracks at the corners of the mouth
• a painful, burning sensation in the mouth

In some cases, the symptoms of oral thrush can make eating and drinking difficult.

If left untreated, the symptoms will often persist and your mouth will continue to feel uncomfortable.

In severe cases that are left untreated, there is also a risk of the infection spreading further into your body, which can be serious.

Your GP will usually be able to diagnose oral thrush simply by examining your mouth. Sometimes they may also recommend blood tests to look for certain conditions associated with oral thrush, such as diabetes and nutritional deficiencies.

What causes oral thrush?

Low numbers of the fungus Candida are naturally found in the mouth and digestive system of most people. They don’t usually cause any problems, but can lead to oral thrush if they multiply.

There are a number of reasons why this may happen, including:

• taking a course of antibiotics, particularly over a long period or at a high dose
• taking inhaled corticosteroid medication for asthma
• wearing dentures (false teeth), particularly if they don’t fit properly
• having poor oral hygiene
• having a dry mouth, either because of a medical condition or a medication you are taking
• smoking
• having chemotherapy or radiotherapy to treat cancer

Babies, young children and elderly people are at a particularly high risk of developing oral thrush, as are people with certain underlying conditions, including diabetes, an iron deficiency or vitamin B12 deficiency, an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) and HIV.

As most people already have Candida fungi living in their mouth, oral thrush is not contagious. This means it cannot be passed to others.

Treating oral thrush

Oral thrush can usually be successfully treated with antifungal medicines. These usually come in the form of gels or liquid that you apply directly inside your mouth (topical medication), although tablets or capsules are sometimes used.

Topical medication will usually need to be used several times a day for around 7 to 14 days. Tablet or capsules are usually taken once daily.

These medications don’t often have side effects, although some can cause nausea (feeling sick), vomiting, bloating, abdominal (tummy) pain and diarrhoea.

If antibiotics or corticosteroids are thought to be causing your oral thrush, the medicine – or the way it is delivered – may need to be changed or the dosage reduced.

Preventing oral thrush

There are a number of things you can do to reduce your chances of developing oral thrush.

Do

• rinse your mouth after meals

• brush your teeth twice a day with a toothpaste that contains fluoride

• floss regularly

• visit your dentist regularly for check-ups, even if you wear dentures or have no natural teeth

• remove your dentures every night and clean them with paste or soap and water before soaking them in a solution of water and denture-cleaning tablets

• brush your gums, tongue and inside your mouth with a soft brush twice a day if you wear dentures or have no or few natural teeth

• visit your dentist if your dentures do not fit properly

• stop smoking if you smoke

• rinse your mouth with water and spit it out after using a corticosteroid inhaler, and use a spacer (a plastic cylinder that attaches to the inhaler) when you take your medicine

• ensure that any underlying condition you have, such as diabetes, is well controlled

If you have a condition or are receiving treatment that could put you at a high risk of developing oral thrush, your doctor may recommend taking a course of antifungal medication to prevent this happening.

Last updated:

15 June 2023

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What to Do and When to See a Doctor

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

Medically Reviewed by Robert Brennan on April 02, 2023

• Remedies and Treatments for Oral Thrush
• When to See Your Doctor

Oral thrush is a fungal infection in your mouth, throat, or esophagus. It occurs when Candida a fungus, that’s found in your mouth and digestive tract, multiplies. White patches similar to a rash appear in the mouth, on the tongue and cheeks, and in the throat. 

Anyone can develop thrush. Candida, or yeast, is responsible for diaper rash as well as vaginal yeast infections in women. Oral thrush is most common in babies, toddlers, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. 

Oral Thrush Symptoms in Adults 

Oral Thrush has different symptoms depending on your age and the type of infection, including: 

• White, rash-like patches on the tongue, cheeks, upper mouth, tonsils, and throat
• A dry sensation, or cotton-like feeling in your mouth
• Loss of taste
• Raised red spots similar to cottage cheese 
• Redness and cracking around your mouth

If the yeast overgrowth has traveled to your esophagus, you may experience throat pain and have trouble swallowing. People who smoke or wear dentures are also more prone to developing oral thrush. 

Oral Thrush Symptoms in Infants And Mothers

If your child has oral thrush, you’ll see the same thick, white patches on the tongue as well as in the mouth and throat. Other symptoms of this condition in babies include: 

• A sore mouth
• Decreased sucking when breastfeeding or bottle-feeding, which results in consuming less milk
• White coating on the tongue
• Sensitive, cracked, or sore nipples if you’re breastfeeding

Oral thrush clears up within a few weeks with the proper antifungal treatment. The condition may be harder to treat if you have a weakened immune system from HIV infection, cancer, or diabetes.

Immediate Treatment

Treatment is designed to stop the fungus from spreading, but it’s also important to determine the infection’s underlying causes. This can prevent future infections and keep yeast under control. 

Take care of your teeth by brushing and flossing at least twice a day. Don’t share your toothbrush with anyone and replace it often until the infection clears. If you wear dentures, disinfect them as fungus-covered dentures can lead to reinfection. Talk to your dentist to determine the best way to clean your appliances. 

If oral thrush is developed while breastfeeding, place pads on your breasts to prevent the infection from spreading to your clothing. Avoid pads with plastic barriers, which can cause yeast to grow. Wear a clean bra every day and talk to your doctor to determine how to clean bottles, pacifiers, and breast pumps if you use one.

If you have a mild case of oral thrush after a course of antibiotics, consider eating yogurt or taking an over-the-counter (OTC) acidophilus pill. Probiotics help repopulate the “good” bacteria in your body. 

Long-Term Treatment

Severe cases of thrush are usually treated with antifungal medications. They’re available as tablets, lozenges, or liquids that you swish around in your mouth before swallowing. Common medications include: 

• Antifungal mouthwash (nystatin)
• Lozenges (clotrimazole) 
• Antifungal medicines like fluconazole (Diflucan) or itraconazole (Sporanox). These are taken in tablet or liquid form. 

The course of treatment depends on your age and the cause of the fungal infection. A course of medication lasts from 10 to 14 days. 

If your immune system is uncompromised, oral thrush should resolve within two weeks. If you are immunocompromised or have an underlying medical condition, call your doctor. Here are some symptoms that may be warning signs:

• Thrush-like sores that don’t go away
• Difficulty or pain when swallowing
• Thrush symptoms with an underlying medical condition, like HIV

If you suspect your child has oral thrush, seek medical care if they:

• Are dehydrated
• Haven’t urinated in more than eight hours
• Have dark urine and a dry mouth
• Bleeding sores in the mouth
• Look or act very sick.

A Candida infection may be an indication of other diseases or medical problems. Talk to your doctor to set up any additional treatment plans.

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symptoms of oral candidiasis, treatment of stomatitis in adults with drugs and a dentist

Candidiasis or thrush is a common infectious disease caused by yeast-like fungi. Often develops in the oral mucosa. It doesn’t matter how old you are. The problem occurs at any age. Pathology is caused by a fungus of the genus Candida. Plaques appear on the mucous membrane. The formations have a curdled mass. Patients experience burning and other discomfort. Chewing food causes discomfort. Feeling sore when talking. Unpleasant smell, dryness and pain require immediate medical attention.

Thrush is also common in children. They develop candidal glossitis. The disease manifests itself in children. Pathology affects people who wear dentures. The reason is not that important. The disease must be eliminated. Requires surgical treatment. Don’t put off visiting the clinic. An accurate diagnosis is required.

Causes

An unpleasant pathology is a dangerous infection. It occurs in people of all ages. It can overtake a child, a teenager, an adult. The disease often occurs with a weakened immune system. Love proper nutrition and do not deny yourself vitamins? What a score! Your body is able to prevent the occurrence of thrush.

The disease occurs as a result of the development of fungi. The occurrence of pathology is influenced by various factors. Yeast fungi are found in the body of every person. Under the influence of reasons, their uncontrolled reproduction begins. Don’t want to suffer from a complex illness? Eliminate the factors that cause pathology.

Thrush is caused by:

• Hormonal changes. With hormonal changes, it is difficult for the body to respond to the development of bacteria. For example, during pregnancy. Women often develop vaginal thrush.
• Medicinal preparations. The mouth contains different types of microorganisms. They hold back each other’s growth. Antibiotics kill some bacteria. The composition of the microflora is disturbed.
• Weak immunity. It is difficult for a weakened body to fight dangerous bacteria. The number of fungi is increasing. The thrush appears.
• Improper hygiene. The accumulation of germs often leads to problems. The thrush appears.
• High carbohydrate foods. Glucose, sucrose and galactose enhance the growth of Candida. Monitor the quality of food. Excessive sugar increases the likelihood of thrush.
• Diet. Malnutrition provokes the development of many diseases. With diets, there is a lack of iron and other vitamins. The possibility of the appearance of the disease increases.
• Mucosal injury. Injuries reduce barrier properties. It is easier for fungi to penetrate deep into.
• Smoking. The microflora is deteriorating. Diseases develop.
• Contraceptives. Such drugs contain progestin, estrogen. Elements increase the concentration of glucose in the blood. The growth of Candida fungi is accelerated.
• Removable dentures. Bacteria can accumulate on the denture. It is important to disinfect frequently.

Candidiasis is contagious. Bacteria are easily transmitted through kisses, shared towels, dishes.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of thrush:

• white, red spots and plaques;
• dry;
• burning sensation.

Candidiasis can be confused with many diseases. Avoid self-medication. At the first sign, consult a doctor. The dentist-therapist will conduct an examination. Schedules tests. Eliminate pathology.

Species

Symptoms and course depend on the form of the disease. There are several different types of candidiasis.

Acute pseudomembranous

This form of pathology has no pronounced symptoms. Acute candidiasis can cause mild discomfort. White plaques and plaque rise above the mucosa. The person is uncomfortable. At the initial stage, single plaques are removed with scraping. After you can see the mucous membrane of a bright red color. Fungal disease is not always mild.

Severe course causes more discomfort in the oral cavity. The sizes of plaques increase. They begin to merge with each other. Gradually, the entire mucosal cavity is affected. The plaques thicken. Removing them is more difficult. This type of pathology is often found in infants. May appear in adults after taking antibiotics or other strong drugs. It often worries patients who have a violation of the immune status. For example, as a result of HIV or leukemia.

Acute and chronic atrophic

Acute atrophic candidiasis causes extreme discomfort. The mucous membranes seem to have been burned by the hot liquid. Plaques and white plaque are absent. The mucosa acquires a pronounced red color. On the tongue there are traces of dental units. The patient may experience an acidic, metallic, bitter, or salty taste in the mouth. Feeling dry more often. Pathology occurs after taking antibiotics and other drugs.

Chronic candidiasis causes no less discomfort. There are redness in the mucosal area. Also worried about the burning sensation. On the back of the mucous membrane of the tongue, papillae may atrophy. Taste sensations change. Pathology occurs in patients who wear removable dentures. Therefore, the disease is often called prosthetic stomatitis.

Chronic hyperplastic

Mainly occurs in adult patients. This is the rarest type of candidiasis. Often develops on the buccal mucosa. May appear around the corners of the mouth. Skin lesions cause discomfort. Also appears on the soft palate and back of the tongue. White plaques gradually grow. In the absence of treatment, they merge. Gradually acquire a yellowish tint. In a pronounced degree, the plaques become more nodular and coarse.

This candidiasis is not easy to remove. Scraping plaques will not work. You can notice a change in the composition of saliva. It becomes more viscous, foamy. Often the pathology occurs in smoking men. Clinical studies have helped to discover that this type of candidiasis can transform into oncology. Therefore, pathology can be regarded as a precancerous disease.

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Treatment

Candidiasis requires immediate treatment. An accurate diagnosis should be made. A biopsy may be performed. Histological examination is often prescribed. A swab may be taken from the affected area. This is required for microscopic examination. If a pathology is suspected, the doctor prescribes laboratory tests. It is recommended to take blood tests for glucose or HIV. Rent bacteriological culture. The study will help identify a fungal disease. Sowing will determine the type of fungus that caused the appearance of thrush. Accurate diagnosis will allow you to prescribe effective drugs.

Consultation with more specialized specialists is recommended. An endocrinologist will help make sure that there are no endocrine diseases. The allergist will check the sensitivity to prosthetic devices. The therapist will determine the nature of the pathology.

Treatment includes the following steps:

• Sanitation. All dental pathologies are treated. The dentist eliminates carious lesions, installs fillings. Tooth deposits are removed. Teeth are cleaned of plaque.
• Elimination of pathologies. Exacerbations of diseases are stopped. The hormonal background is being adjusted. Increases immunity. Dentures that cause allergic reactions are replaced.
• Prescribing drugs. The doctor prescribes medicines. Antifungal medications are prescribed. Antihistamines, immunomodulators, restorative drugs may be prescribed.

The treatment is carried out in a complex manner. Includes measures to strengthen the immune system. The doctor teaches proper oral hygiene. A change in diet is recommended. Bad habits should be eliminated. Smoking will quickly lead to recurrence. The doctor gives recommendations that will help prevent relapses.

Preparations

Candidiasis cannot be cured without effective medications. Manufacturers produce different products. They can eliminate the pathology quickly enough. Comprehensively affect the problem. Only a doctor can prescribe the most effective remedies. The doctor examines the signs. Performs diagnostics. Then he prescribes drugs.

Doctors prescribe:

• Suspensions (Amphotericin B, Diflucan). Effective in severe forms of thrush. High-quality suspensions gently affect the manifestations and cause of the disease.
• Tablets (Itriconazole, Nystatin or others). The dosage is determined according to age. Most drugs are sold by prescription only.
• Gels (Miconazole). They are used as applications on the mucous membrane.
• Antiseptics (Miramistin, Chlorhexidine). Complementary Therapy. Used for rinsing.

Medicines and aids prescribed by a doctor. It is not worth making a decision about taking medications on your own. You can make health problems worse. It is necessary to take drugs in accordance with the prescribed treatment plan. The infection will pass.

Prevention

After treatment, prevention is important. With a mild form of thrush, relapses do not occur. The average degree of the course of the disease can be repeated. A severe form can turn into a chronic condition. Complications are possible. Relapses occur for a number of reasons. For example, do not follow the doctor’s prescriptions. Immunodeficiency and diabetes mellitus lead to repeated pathologies. Illiterate treatment leads to the development of the disease. Don’t want complications? Contact experienced doctors. Don’t forget about prevention.

Brush your teeth properly. You can not damage the mucous membrane. After eating, it is recommended to rinse the mouth. For this, special tools are used. A dentist can help in choosing the composition. Do not use one toothbrush for a long time. It needs to be changed every 2-3 months. The brush must be washed thoroughly after each use.

Wear removable dentures? Wash them after eating. Store your dentures in a case. Don’t throw them anywhere. Microbes can get on dentures.

Bad habits cause many diseases. Smoking, alcoholic beverages adversely affect the microflora. Harmful bacteria spread faster. Increase your vitamins. Strong immunity is less likely to be influenced by harmful factors. The body will fight dangerous bacteria.

When treating pathologies with antibiotics, probiotics should be taken. Antifungal drugs are also recommended. Antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria. They need to be replenished. Take vitamin complexes. Visit the dentist’s office at least once every 6 months. The doctor will conduct an examination. The doctor will clean up. Pathologies should be treated.

Treating candidiasis is a complex process. Often a local approach is not enough. After a thorough examination, effective methods are selected. The PROPRIKUS clinic employs doctors you can trust. New methods quickly reveal the disease. Doctors will help to cope with the problem. You will forget about pathology. Bring back your normal quality of life. Stop feeling uncomfortable.

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Candidiasis (thrush) of the oral cavity – symptoms and treatment

Oral candidiasis is an inflammatory disease that develops against the background of damage to the mucous membranes by fungi of the genus Candida. This is usually associated with a deterioration in local and general immunity. According to studies, the carriers of this fungus are up to 90% of the adult population, but the disease most often does not develop, since under normal conditions the pathogen does not act aggressively.

Causes of candidiasis

Thrush in the mouth in an adult is a mucosal lesion that may indicate serious health problems. For the reproduction of the fungus, special conditions are necessary. Most often, the disease occurs in patients who neglect oral hygiene. The presence of caries, inflammatory gum disease increases the chances of developing fungal inflammation. This is due to the fact that a large number of pathogenic microorganisms depletes the defense mechanisms.

The second group of reasons is the weakening of the immune system due to a number of diseases and conditions:

• HIV, diabetes mellitus;

• oncological diseases;

• dystrophy, deficiency of vitamins, minerals;

• surgeries, severe infections, etc.

There are also specific reasons for the development of thrush. It may appear after prolonged and powerful antibiotic therapy. The use of antibiotics leads to the destruction of beneficial flora and imbalance. This causes active reproduction of Candida.

Oral candidiasis also develops against the background of inhaled corticosteroids. Usually the lesion has the appearance of erythema and appears in areas where the drug has come into contact with the mucosa: in the palate, tongue.

Features of the diet affect the likelihood of developing candidiasis. So, the predominance of carbohydrates predisposes to the activity of the fungus. The growth of Candida and its attachment to the mucosa are enhanced in the presence of sugars.

Bad habits increase the chances of developing leukoplakia, lichen planus and other diseases. Especially when it comes to smoking. Candidiasis often develops in patients with tongue piercings.

The presence of removable dentures is also a risk factor if the patient does not follow the rules of hygiene. In the absence of high-quality cleansing, the prosthesis is covered with a biofilm, which contains a lot of fungi. Disinfection is the main measure for the prevention of the disease and part of the complex treatment for progressive oral candidiasis. If the patient does not remove the structure at night, this also increases the likelihood of developing the disease. The mucous membrane remains without oxygen for a long time, is not washed by saliva – these conditions are suitable for the development of fungi and anaerobic microorganisms. The prosthesis can injure the mucous membranes if it does not fit. Microtraumas weaken local defenses and contribute to the onset of the development of a fungal infection. Injuries can also be associated with sharp chipped teeth and fillings, chemical and thermal burns.

Dryness of the oral cavity due to decreased salivation, changes in the viscosity of saliva, its composition is one of the causes of candidiasis. This may be due to other diseases, so it is important to find out the causes of dryness in order to effectively deal with the consequences.

Oral candidiasis is more common in children. The immaturity of the immune system, the colonization of the oral cavity by Candida from the vaginal canal of the mother during natural childbirth lead to the fact that the disease develops in early infancy. However, older children can also suffer from an illness, which is associated with a weakening of the immune forces.

Types of oral candidiasis and symptoms

Manifestations of oral candidiasis may vary from patient to patient. This is due to the degree of damage to the mucous membranes, as well as the specific type of disease. There are four forms:

• acute pseudomembranous;

• acute atrophic;

• chronic atrophic;

• chronic hyperplastic.

Despite the fact that the treatment regimen for all forms is almost the same, the symptoms can vary significantly. Let’s consider them in more detail.

Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis

This form of oral candidiasis may be asymptomatic. There is slight discomfort due to a white film or small plaques rising above the mucosa. With a mild course, one or more plaques appear, they are easily removed by scraping, and the mucosal area under them has a bright red color. In severe cases, large plaques appear in large numbers. They can merge, forming large areas of damage. Sometimes the symptoms cover the entire mucous membrane. When the plaques thicken, their removal becomes problematic. A severe course is more typical for infants, as well as in adult patients after antibiotic therapy, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants.

Acute and chronic atrophic candidiasis

Acute atrophic candidiasis is accompanied by severe burning. There may be no white plaque, and the mucous membrane becomes bright red. Many patients report a metallic, sour, salty, or bitter taste in their mouths. A characteristic manifestation of the disease is dry mouth. This form of the disease is often associated with drug therapy.

In chronic atrophic candidiasis, redness and burning are less pronounced. Usually the disease develops against the background of the installation and wearing of prostheses.

Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis

This form of the disease is typical for adults. Oral thrush can spread to the mucous membranes of the cheeks, the corners of the mouth and lips, the back of the tongue, and the soft palate. One of the symptoms is the appearance of white plaques that tend to merge with each other. As the disease progresses, their surface becomes rough, rough. Over time, the elements may turn yellow. Formations merge with mucous membranes and it is impossible to remove them.

Diagnostic methods

Treatment by a general dentist. Diagnosis begins with an examination and a detailed survey: the doctor will find out what drugs you have taken recently, whether there are chronic and infectious diseases. A cytological examination of plaque taken from the mucosa is mandatory. This is important because the accumulation of non-fungal flora can be easily confused with a fungal infection.

Scraping is performed in the morning, on an empty stomach, it is not necessary to brush your teeth before the procedure. On the eve, it is important to refuse to eat foods rich in carbohydrates so as not to provoke the growth of pathogenic flora. Studies allow not only to accurately determine the pathogen and type of Candida fungus, but also to find out the sensitivity of fungi to the main antifungal drugs. Based on the results of the tests, the doctor will determine the fungus in the oral cavity and prescribe medication.

Features of treatment

The basis of treatment is systemic and local antifungal drugs. Today they are widely represented on the pharmaceutical market, but it is important to know that the level of Candida fungus resistance to fixed assets is growing every year. For example, resistance to drugs such as Fluconazole is almost complete. Previously, this remedy was used in almost all cases of the disease, but today doctors are forced to revise standard treatment regimens.

Treatment of thrush in the mouth in adults is selected individually. The choice of a systemic antifungal agent is based on the type of pathogen, the patient’s condition and the individual characteristics of his health. There are agents to which the infection has minimal resistance. The doctor may prescribe drugs based on nystatin, imidazole derivatives, etc.

In addition, local funds must be used:

• mouth rinses;

• gels and suspensions for application to affected areas;

• topical lozenges and lozenges;

• irrigation solutions and aerosols;

• ointments for laying in the oral cavity on a cotton-gauze swab, etc.

Your healthcare professional may prescribe an over-the-counter antiseptic or mild saline rinse. Usually, solutions based on iodine, chlorhexidine, potassium permanganate, gentian violet, sodium tetraborate in glycerin are used. Some pills the doctor may recommend laying on the cheek.

Conditions for effective treatment

Effective treatment of oral thrush involves addressing the underlying cause. It is very important to sanitize the oral cavity: to cure teeth destroyed by caries, to remove non-viable teeth and roots that can no longer be restored. These are chronic foci of inflammation, so simultaneous sanitation will shorten the treatment time. Tartar and plaque should also be removed. This is especially true in cases of candidal stomatitis associated with trauma to the gums with sharp edges of hard dental deposits.

Patients with removable dentures should be retrained in hygiene and disinfection of prosthetic structures. If the time of using the prosthesis comes to an end, it is important to replace it in a timely manner. Treatment of candidiasis will be useless if a person uses the prosthesis incorrectly and again creates conditions for the reproduction of fungi in the oral cavity.

Unsuitable crowns, bridges and other structures are also subject to replacement. It is also important to eliminate enamel chips, which become a source of injury to the gums, mucous membranes of the cheeks and tongue.

Smokers should, if possible, reduce their smoking episodes or give up smoking habits. If the disease developed while taking corticosteroids, it is important to explain the rules of treatment: you should rinse your mouth with plenty of warm water after spraying the drug.

In the treatment of oral candidiasis that has developed against the background of antibiotic therapy, measures should be taken to restore the normal microflora of the intestine and oral cavity. It may be necessary to consult another narrow specialist or therapist: you will need to take probiotics and prebiotics.

For all patients treated for candidiasis, a few general guidelines apply:

• maintaining oral hygiene;

• refusal of food rich in carbohydrates;

• Refusal of sugary drinks.

It is necessary to exclude from the diet food that can irritate the mucous membranes: dishes cooked with vinegar, marinades, spicy, peppery foods, smoked meats, sour fruits and berries. Also, you can not eat confectionery, pastries with yeast, sugar. It is better to give preference to warm dishes. It is necessary to observe such a diet for another 1.5-2 months after recovery.

In some cases, it is advisable to use toothpastes with glucose oxidase, lysozyme, lactoferrin. They improve the protective forces of the oral mucosa and can be part of a comprehensive prevention of inflammation. The choice of toothpaste must be agreed with the doctor, he will recommend the best remedy, and also tell you which brush is suitable.

Possible complications

If treatment is started late or incorrectly selected, acute oral candidiasis can be transformed into chronic or complicated by the transition to an invasive process that is difficult to treat.

Prevention of candidiasis

Specific prophylaxis of candidiasis in the oral cavity is carried out only in the presence of HIV infection, the patient undergoing radiation therapy, immunosuppressive or antibiotic therapy. In the absence of these risk factors, the doctor will make recommendations for a specific case.

Prevention of fungal diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, chronic systemic diseases involves control of the underlying pathology. It is important to be regularly observed by a doctor of your profile, to take prescribed medications.

If antibiotic therapy is necessary, the following rules must be followed:

• take antibiotics only as directed by your doctor;

• observe a sufficient duration of the course of treatment – do not cancel self-prescribed drugs when relief occurs;

• if a long course of treatment is needed or if repeated antibiotic therapy is required, take the prescribed antifungal agents for prophylaxis.

When treating asthma, ask your doctor about using nebulizers. After inhalation, it is important to rinse the mouth in order to prevent the negative effects of the drug components on the mucous membranes.