Intracranial hypertension – NHS

Intracranial hypertension (IH) is a build-up of pressure around the brain.

It can happen suddenly, for example, as the result of a severe head injury, stroke or ruptured brain aneurysm.

It can be caused by a condition that affects your brain, such as a brain abscess, brain tumour, meningitis or encephalitis.

IH can also develop as a complication of another condition such as high blood pressure.

Treatment for these types of IH depends on the cause.

Sometimes though there is no obvious reason why pressure builds up around the brain. Build-up of pressure with no known cause is known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

This page is about idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Symptoms of intracranial hypertension

Symptoms of intracranial hypertension (IH) can include:

• a constant throbbing headache which may be worse in the morning, or when coughing or straining; it may improve when standing up
• temporary loss of vision – your vision may become dark or “greyed out” for a few seconds at a time; this can be triggered by coughing, sneezing or bending down
• feeling and being sick
• feeling sleepy
• feeling irritable
• finding it difficult or painful to look at bright lights (photophobia)
• hearing a pulsing rhythmic noise in your ears (pulsatile tinnitus)
• problems with co-ordination and balance
• mental confusion
• loss of feeling or weakness

Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E if you have any of these symptoms and:

• they’ve come on quickly, such as a sudden severe headache, change in your vision, confusion or weakness
• you’ve recently had a head injury
• you have a high temperature, or you feel generally unwell

Diagnosing intracranial hypertension

A GP may suspect you have intracranial hypertension (IH) if you have symptoms of increased pressure on your brain, such as vision problems and headaches.

If a GP thinks you have IH they’ll refer you to a hospital specialist.

You may have several different tests to diagnose IH, such as:

• an examination to check functions such as your muscle strength, reflexes and balance. Any problems could be a sign of an issue with your brain or nerves
• an assessment of your eyes and vision
• a CT scan or MRI scan of your brain
• a lumbar puncture, where a needle is inserted into your spine to check for high pressure in the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord

Idiopathic IH may be diagnosed if you have increased pressure on your brain and no other cause can be found.

Treatments for idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Treatments for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IH) can include:

• losing weight if you’re overweight. This can often help to reduce your symptoms and may sometimes relieve them altogether
• stopping any medicine that may be causing your symptoms
• medicine to remove excess fluid from the body (diuretics)
• medicine to reduce the production of cerebrospinal fluid in your brain
• a short course of steroid medicine to relieve headaches and reduce the risk of vision loss
• regular lumbar punctures to remove excess fluid from your spine and help reduce the pressure on your brain

Surgery

Surgery may be considered if other treatments do not help, particularly if your vision is getting worse or you’re at risk of loss of vision.

The main types of surgery for idiopathic IH are:

• shunt surgery – a thin, flexible tube is inserted into the fluid-filled space in your skull or spine to divert excess fluid to another part of your body
• optic nerve sheath fenestration – the protective layer surrounding your optic nerve (the nerve connecting the eye to the brain) is opened up to relieve pressure on it and allow fluid to drain away

These procedures can provide relief from your symptoms, but they also carry a risk of potentially serious complications. Talk to the surgeon about what your operation involves and what the risks are.

Risk factors for idiopathic intracranial hypertension

While the cause, or causes, of idiopathic IH is unknown, a number of risk factors have been linked to the condition.

It’s a rare condition that mainly affects women in their 20s and 30s. It most often happens in women who have gained weight. The reason for this is unclear.

Other factors that have been linked with idiopathic IH include:

• some hormone conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or Addison’s disease
• taking certain medicines including some antibiotics, lithium (for mental health problems) and medicines for thyroid problems
• high levels of vitamin A
• a lack of red blood cells (iron deficiency anaemia)
• lupus – a problem with the immune system

Complications of idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Idiopathic IH is not usually life threatening, but it can be a lifelong problem.

It can affect your vision, and there’s a risk that you could lose your vision. This is because the increased pressure around the brain can cause swelling of the optic nerve.

Treatment can help with problems with your vision and can reduce the risk of loss of vision.

It’s important to tell your doctor straight away if you notice any changes in your vision.

Find out more about living with idiopathic IH from the IIH UK website.

Page last reviewed: 28 March 2023
Next review due: 28 March 2026

Causes, Treatment, and Related Conditions

Head pressure can result from headaches or ear infections, but it can also signal a more severe condition, such as a concussion or tumor. It may occur with other symptoms like dizziness.

A number of conditions can cause a sensation of tightness, weight, or pressure in the head. These sensations can range in intensity from mild to severe.

Most conditions that result in head pressure aren’t cause for alarm. Common ones include tension headaches, migraine, conditions that affect the sinuses, and ear infections.

Abnormal or severe head pressure is sometimes a sign of a serious medical condition, such as a brain tumor or aneurysm. However, these problems are rare.

Read on to learn more about types of pressure and what they might mean.

Do you feel pressure all over your head? Is the pain restricted to your forehead, temples, or a single side? The location of your pain can help your doctor identify potential causes.

Pressure, aches, and pain in the head have many potential causes. Tension headaches and migraine are among the most common.

Tension headaches

What it feels like: Pain from tension headaches is generally mild to moderate in severity. Some people describe it as an elastic band squeezing their head.

What it is: Also known as tension-type headaches (TTH), tension headaches are the most common type of headache. They affect an estimated 42 percent of the global population. However, their causes aren’t well-understood.

Causes:

• stress
• anxiety
• depression
• poor posture

Sinus headaches and other sinus conditions

What it feels like: A constant pressure behind your forehead, cheekbones, nose, jaw, or ears. It will also come along with other symptoms, such as nasal discharge.

What it is: Your sinuses are a series of connected cavities behind your forehead, eyes, cheeks, and nose. When the sinuses become inflamed, they produce excess mucus, which can lead to head pressure. This is also known as a sinusitis headache. True sinus headaches are rare; it’s easy to mistake a migraine for one.

Causes:

• allergies
• colds and flu
• sinus infections (sinusitis)

Ear conditions

What it feels like: Dull but constant pressure in the temples, ears, jaw, or side of the head. Ear conditions can affect one or both sides of the head.

What it is: Ear infections and earwax blockages are common ear conditions that can cause head pressure with ear pain.

Causes:

• ear barotrauma
• ear infections
• earwax blockage
• labyrinthitis
• ruptured eardrum
• outer ear infection (swimmer’s ear)

Migraine

What it feels like: Migraine pain is usually described as pulsing or throbbing. It typically occurs on one side of the head, and it can be so intense that it’s disabling. A migraine attack is often accompanied by additional symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.

What it is: Migraine is a common type of headache disorder. It first appears in adolescence or early adulthood and tends to reoccur. Migraine attacks often include warning signs and progress through distinct stages.

Causes: The causes of migraine aren’t well-understood, although genetic and environmental factors appear to be involved.

Other headaches

What they feel like: Pressure, pulsing, or throbbing all over or in a specific area of the head. Some headaches are accompanied by eye pain.

What they are: Most people experience a headache at some point in their lives. There are hundreds of types of headaches, including cluster, caffeine, and rebound headaches.

Causes: Headaches are caused by a wide range of factors. Some are medical conditions, while other types are symptoms of another condition.

Concussions and other head injuries

What it feels like: A sensation of mild pressure in your head or a headache. Related symptoms include confusion, nausea, and dizziness.

What it is: A concussion is a mild head injury. It occurs when the brain shakes, bounces, or twists inside the skull, which can affect brain activity and damage brain cells.

Causes: Concussions and other head injuries are caused by sudden impact to the head or whiplash. Falls, car accidents, and sports injuries are common.

Brain tumor

What it feels like: Pressure or heaviness in the head or neck. Brain tumors can cause severe headaches and are often accompanied by other symptoms, such as memory problems, vision problems, or difficulty walking.

What it is: A brain tumor occurs when cells grow and multiply to form an abnormal mass in the brain. Brain tumors are rare.

Causes: Brain tumors can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). They can originate in the brain (primary tumors) or grow from cancer cells that have traveled from elsewhere in the body (secondary tumors).

Brain aneurysm

What it feels like: Severe head pain that comes on suddenly. People who’ve had aneurysms rupture describe it as “the worst headache of their life.”

What it is: A brain aneurysm is a bulging or ballooning blood vessel. Excess pressure can cause the bulge to rupture and bleed into the brain.

Causes: The causes of brain aneurysms aren’t well-understood. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking cigarettes, and age.

Other conditions

A number of other conditions can cause head pressure. Some of these include:

• dehydration or hunger
• dental infections and other dental problems
• fatigue, and conditions or medications that cause fatigue
• high blood pressure
• infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis
• muscle strain in the head or neck
• stroke and transient ischemic attack (ministroke)

Sometimes head pressure occurs on its own, but it may also be accompanied by other symptoms.

Pressure in head and ears

Pressure in the head and ears might be a sign of an ear infection, earwax blockage, or dental infection. If you suspect infection, make sure to discuss your symptoms with a doctor, as infections can only be treated with antibiotics.

Pressure in head and dizziness

Dizziness accompanied by head pressure can be a sign of a number of conditions, including:

• allergic reaction
• concussion or head injury
• dehydration
• heat exhaustion
• high blood pressure
• infection
• migraine
• panic attack

Pressure in head and anxiety

Tension headaches have been linked to anxiety. If you’re experiencing anxiety or stress accompanied by pressure in the head, you might be having a tension headache.

Pressure in head and neck

The stress in the nerves and muscles of the neck can cause pain in the head. Sometimes pressure or pain appears in both the head and the neck. This can be caused by headaches, such as tension headaches or migraines. Other causes include whiplash, poor posture, muscle strain, and concussions.

Pressure in head and eyes

Head pressure accompanied by eye pressure can be a sign of eye strain, allergies, or sinus infections. Migraines and other headaches can also cause eye-related symptoms.

Some causes of head pressure and pain don’t require medical treatment. Home remedies and lifestyle changes may help to improve your symptoms.

Tension headaches in particular have been linked to stress, poor sleep, and mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Menstruation may also cause tension headaches.

Here are a few things to try if you suffer from chronic tension headaches:

• Reduce sources of stress.
• Make time for relaxing activities, such as taking a hot bath, reading, massage, or stretching.
• Improve your posture to avoid tensing your muscles.
• Get enough sleep.
• Treat sore muscles with ice or heat.

Over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers, such as aspirin, naproxen (Aleve), ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), or Excedrin can also help.

You should talk to a doctor if you consistently have to take pain medication for head pressure or pain more than two times per week. Make an appointment with your doctor if your discomfort is long term (chronic), severe, or unusual for you. Headaches that disrupt your day-to-day activities warrant medical treatment.

If you don’t already have a primary care provider, you can browse doctors in your area through the Healthline FindCare tool.

Seeking treatment for an underlying condition, such as sinusitis or an ear infection, can also help relieve head pressure. Depending on your condition, your doctor might refer you to a neurologist or ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT), also known as an otolaryngologist.

When the source of your head pressure isn’t clear or symptoms suggest a more serious condition, a doctor might order a CT scan or an MRI scan. Both of these diagnostic procedures produce a detailed image of your brain that your doctor will use to learn more about what is causing your pain.

The treatment your doctor will recommend depends on the underlying cause of head pressure and pain.

When headaches occur on a regular basis, your doctor might prescribe medication to help prevent them. These include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and other pain relievers. If your headaches are disrupting your daily life, your doctor will likely be able to help.

Lifestyle changes and alternative therapies are also effective in treating tension headaches. Alternative therapies primarily focus on relieving stress and tension. These include:

• acupuncture
• massage
• biofeedback
• essential oils

The most common causes of pressure and pain in the head are tension headaches and migraines. Both of these conditions respond well to treatments. In rare cases, pressure in the head is a sign of a more serious condition. If the issue persists, you should see a doctor.

High intracranial pressure – causes and treatment

Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure

Increased intracranial pressure is a fairly common disorder of the body. Patients during the day overcome headaches of varying degrees of intensity. It doesn’t matter if the person is awake or asleep. Increased intracranial pressure causes nausea and vomiting. You can distinguish intracranial pressure from simple poisoning by the symptoms that occur after vomiting: if the nausea has not gone away or has not become less, most likely the cause of the discomfort is increased pressure inside the skull. A person suffering from increased intracranial pressure becomes irritable and nervous, he can be overcome by unreasonable outbursts of aggression and anxiety.

One of the symptoms of this disorder is increased fatigue. Patients often complain about the inability to concentrate. Often with intracranial hypertension, libido decreases. Accompanied by high intracranial pressure attacks of tachycardia, high blood pressure or a sharp decrease in blood pressure. Patients often faint, with sudden movements they lose their sight. Externally, increased pressure is evidenced by the appearance of dark circles under the eyes and swelling of the face.

Intracranial pressure may also increase abnormally in children. You can recognize this based on the following symptoms. Children suffering from increased intracranial pressure inside the skull often begin to sleep poorly. Unreasonable anxiety appears, the child often cries and trembles. Children often lose their appetite. Pay attention to the fontanel: in children, with an increase in intracranial pressure, it becomes larger. The head as a whole is slightly enlarged in the circumferential part. Babies with these symptoms should be seen by a doctor immediately.

Causes of intracranial hypertension

This pathology occurs in many people and can indicate a range of life-threatening diseases and injuries. Most often, an increase in intracranial pressure is associated with the development of formations in the skull. These include various kinds of cysts and tumors, abscesses, vascular disorders that cause aneurysms. An increase in intracranial pressure in this case occurs due to the fact that neoplasms occupy the area inside the cranium and compress some parts of the brain. As a result, the distribution of pressure inside the cranium gradually changes. In infants, an abnormal increase in intracranial pressure is often associated with microcephaly. This pathology can also be caused by injuries that the baby received during childbirth.

The causes of increased intracranial pressure may be edema, which occurs due to the development of a number of diseases. In particular, cerebral edema is characteristic of encephalitis, meningitis, they are fixed after a stroke, as a result of an increased content of toxic substances in the patient’s blood. The most common cause of cerebral edema is various kinds of traumatic brain injury.

An increase in intracranial pressure can be caused by an excess of blood inside the skull. This symptom accompanies some diseases of the vessels and the brain and is characterized by an increase in blood flow. The vessels cannot cope with such volumes, they cannot carry out a qualitative outflow of blood. As a result, the pressure inside the skull increases significantly.

Intracranial hypertension can be caused by impaired inflow and outflow of CSF. This is the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain tissue. It is in constant motion and naturally puts pressure on the skull. During normal operation of all combined systems, part of the cerebrospinal fluid enters the bloodstream and is replaced by a new fluid. This keeps the pressure inside the skull constant. However, some diseases and injuries can disrupt this process.

Violations in the mechanism of absorption and production of CSF can also be caused by the action of certain drugs – in particular, antibiotics, hormonal agents. The most common anomaly is expressed in an increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid produced and the rate of its replacement, along with a decrease in the rate of absorption into the blood. As a result, an excess of cerebrospinal fluid is formed inside the cranium, which exerts excessive pressure on the environment.

It is also worth noting that the disease can also occur without an obvious reason on the basis of nervous shocks or constant worries. Often this happens after sudden changes in weight. This phenomenon is explained by changes in the endocrine system caused by the above factors.

Diagnosis and treatment

When symptoms of intracranial pressure are detected, doctors prescribe a comprehensive examination aimed at identifying the causes of the pathology. A neurologist deals with such health problems.

To make a correct diagnosis, the doctor will refer the patient for a CT or MRI scan. He also studied the state of the vessels of the brain and cervical region according to the results of ultrasound. To establish the features of the development of symptoms, the patient needs to do an x-ray of the skull, echoencephalography and angiography, and conduct an examination of the fundus. Doctors rarely resort to such a method as lumbar puncture, but in exceptional cases such a procedure may also become necessary. As a result of the examination, accurate indicators of intracranial pressure will be obtained.

Treatment of intracranial hypertension is based on the elimination of the causes of the pathology. That is why it is impossible to develop a single sequence and method in this case: the variability of causes is too great. If tumors or cysts are to blame for the problem, it is impossible to do without surgical intervention. In some cases, shunting is used. Medication treatment is prescribed if the anomaly was caused by infectious diseases or other causes amenable to this method of treatment. As a rule, a complex set of drugs consists of diuretics, osmodiuretics, vascular and neurometabolic drugs.

In view of the special complexity of the structure of the cranium and the determining effect of its organs on all systems of the body, in any case, the treatment of this disorder in the functioning of the body can be carried out only under the strict supervision of a doctor.

Pressing pain in the head. Causes of a feeling of constriction of the head.

Pressing pain in the head. Causes of a feeling of constriction of the head.

Gimranov Rinat Fazylzhanovich
Neurologist, neurophysiologist, experience – 33 years;
Professor of Neurology, MD;
Clinic for Rehabilitation Neurology. About the Author

Publication date: August 7, 2021

Updated: January 31, 2023

Feeling tightness, pressure in the head, compression of the brain by something is a common complaint, there are many reasons for this condition. Often it is associated with high blood pressure, but you should not immediately reach for drugs that lower blood pressure when it occurs.

Pain may be due to muscle strain, cardiovascular disease, spinal problems or fatigue. In each case, it is necessary to take into account the strength, frequency of attacks and accompanying symptoms for an accurate diagnosis [1].

Article content:

• 1 Types of pain
• 2 Causes
• 3 Concomitant symptoms
• 4 Diagnosis
• 5 Treatment
• 6 Prevention tick
• 7 References

Types of pain

Feeling of pressure, constriction or tightness in the head from the inside is a symptom. Such pain can be primary or secondary. In the first case, it is a manifestation of excessive tension, migraine or cluster pains. The problem can be easily solved with the help of self-massage or taking a specially selected drug.

The second option, when an attack is caused by a particular disease, is more complicated.

In such conditions, types of pain are distinguished taking into account the factors that cause pain:

1. Psychogenic, provoked by excessive psychological overstrain. They begin after stress or hard intellectual work without pauses for a good rest.
2. Arising from transient, non-pathological phenomena in the body. For example – due to sleep disorders.

1. Symptomatic, when the reason why only the right side hurts, or the head is strongly squeezed inside as if in a vise, is vascular, infectious disease, neurological disorder or neoplasm.

The problem for self-disposal of the emerging ailment is the inability to establish the root cause of the disease. The pain in different diseases is the same and the diagnosis cannot be established without an examination in the clinic.

Causes of occurrence

Deterioration of health forces a person to look for what is happening to him [2]. Patients are interested in the reasons why something constantly presses on the head from the inside, compresses and hurts inside, as if something is tightening the brain with a hoop.

There are many reasons.

1. Acute disturbance of blood flow in the brain. It is typical for age-related patients with strokes, occurs with speech disorders, problems with movement, and nausea.

1. Depressive state, exacerbation of mental illness. The depressed nervous system and psyche have a negative effect on physical well-being.

1. Traumatic brain injury, when a hematoma is formed, hemorrhage. Unpleasant phenomena haunt the victim even after the healing of wounds from injury. Accompanying symptoms are nausea, up to vomiting, fever.

1. Arterial hypertension (excessively high blood pressure). Often, hypertension becomes a symptom of a disease of the heart, blood vessels and internal organs. The cause is tumors of the adrenal glands [3], atherosclerosis, and other conditions. The feeling of pain bursting from the inside indicates not only the pathological state of the vessels themselves, but also the problems of supplying the brain with the necessary substances.

1. Low blood pressure (hypotension). There is a feeling that the skull is squeezed, compressed. The person feels lethargic, tired, powerless.

1. Increased intracranial pressure. It manifests itself at night or early in the morning after sleep due to problems with the outflow of venous blood and cleansing the brain of waste products. It is a precursor to venous stroke.

1. Neoplasms of the brain or its membranes. They are relatively rare, but often detected in the later stages, as they grow for a long time without symptoms. The first manifestation is a pressing, arching headache, which is difficult to respond to analgesics. Accompanied by dizziness and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure.

1. Infectious processes. If there is a feeling as if the skull is bound like a hoop or squeezes the head inside like a vise, the head constantly hurts, then the cause may be inflammation of the cortex or membranes of the brain due to a viral infection or bacterial infection. Both options are extremely dangerous. The disease is accompanied by fever, confusion, bouts of dizziness.

It is not always necessary to see a doctor immediately. If the pain is caused by fatigue or overexertion, it can be managed on your own. But in cases where the accompanying symptoms clearly indicate a critical condition, it is impossible to postpone a trip to the clinic.

Associated symptoms

An analysis of associated symptoms can help you distinguish between illness and fatigue. It is necessary to pay attention to dangerous, requiring urgent medical attention.

Dangerous symptoms that may accompany pressing pain in the head:

1. strong sensitivity to light and sound, formation of photophobia, intolerance to any noise;
2. overreaction to habitual smells, increased sense of smell;
3. vomiting without or with prior nausea;
4. shooting pains in occiput with every movement of head, neck;
5. unbearably intense pain in the muscles of the neck, shoulders, head;

1. sensation of heat on the face;
2. severe redness or blanching of the skin;
3. swelling in the eyelids, redness of the whites and pain in the eyes, lacrimation;
4. worsening runny nose, possibly mixed with pus, blood;

1. anxiety unprovoked by the situation, aggressiveness, hysteria;
2. violation of balance, the ability to navigate in space with sharp turns or tilts of the head;
3. fever, chills;
4. there is noise or constant buzzing in the ears.

With such symptoms, it is always necessary to exclude dangerous cerebrovascular conditions: strokes, cerebral infarctions, stratification of blood vessels that feed the nervous tissue [4].

Without the help of an experienced doctor, it is unlikely to be able to understand what kind of disease this is, when the skull presses on the brain, there is a strong constant pressure in the head, pain, the cause of this can be either a serious pathology or banal fatigue .

Diagnosis

Initially, people go to the therapist, as the reason for the development of such well-being can be a variety of problems. The doctor conducts an initial examination, determines the degree of danger of the condition and the possible root cause.

You can read more, figure out which doctor to contact for headaches. At the appointment, you will need to answer a number of questions:

• describe in detail the sensations that arise;
• indicate the frequency and duration of seizures;
• talk about other symptoms that occur;
• describe the lifestyle, existing chronic diseases, indicate the possible causes that provoke an attack.

If there is often a pressing, constricting headache, as if something is squeezing in the head, becomes constant and does not go away after taking painkillers, then a visit to the doctor becomes mandatory.

A typical headache diagnostic algorithm includes:

• blood tests: general, biochemical, sugar level, gas composition;
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is needed to detect neoplasms in the brain, hemorrhages and blood clots;
• rheoencephalography (REG) will show pathological processes in the vessels of the brain;
• Ultrasound of the vessels of the neck and head will help to identify the presence of atherosclerosis and the degree of its development.

The study of the cervical spine will not only help to establish the presence and stage of osteochondrosis of the spine. But it will also confirm whether there is occlusion of blood vessels by osteophytes, leading to oxygen starvation of the brain.

The causes of sharp compression, squeezing and pain in the head are different, why this or that part of the skull is clamped, the doctor will determine after receiving the results of the examinations.

At the same time, a treatment plan is drawn up, taking into account the characteristics of the pathological symptom and its cause.

Treatment

Short, rare episodes of cephalalgia are not difficult to endure, often a single dose of pain medication helps to forget about the problem.

However, if this sensation has become constant and very strong, the head is pressing, it hurts on both sides of the sides, there is a feeling that the head is compressed inside as if in a vise, and the headache only intensifies, then it is necessary to understand what it is and what to do in such a state.

Methods of treatment are selected depending on the root cause of the pain syndrome:

• In case of migraine attacks, salvation is individually selected painkillers. The disease, as a rule, is not life-threatening, but it is necessary to relieve seizures. Success in the fight against the problem shows the treatment of migraine with monoclonal antibodies.

• If you have hypertension, you need to quickly and gently lower your blood pressure to an acceptable level. This is done with the help of antihypertensive drugs, herbs, diuretics. After stopping the crisis and achieving stable numbers, physiotherapy is prescribed, which stabilizes well-being. Be sure to continue monitoring with a cardiologist, follow all the recommendations provided by doctors.

• Caused by tension, physical or psychological, headache is treated, first of all, getting rid of the cause. With the help of massage and selected preparations, the tension that has arisen is removed. For a long-term result, sedatives and antispasmodics are used, massage courses and physiotherapy exercises are prescribed.

• Pain attacks due to osteochondrosis require physiotherapy. Sessions of exercise therapy, massage, are supplemented with drugs that relieve pain. A certain result is expected from taking chondroprotectors, drugs that restore worn cartilage.

• In case of hormonal problems (thyroid gland, adrenal glands), treatment is prescribed by an endocrinologist, selecting medications based on test results.

There is no universal advice on what to do if the head is squeezed like in a vise, regularly presses at the temples, as this happens for various reasons.

For each person, drugs and measures to relieve an attack are selected individually, in accordance with the identified disease [5].

Prevention

If the cause of bursting constant severe or sharp pressure pain in the head was not a chronic disease, but an unhealthy lifestyle, then prevention will help get rid of the symptoms.

Attention should be paid to methods of preventing tightness in the head by people in whose lives there are causes that provoke pressure sensations. We have listed them in the article above.

Effective methods:

• Ventilate the working and sleeping area 3-5 times a day. Staying for hours in a room without fresh air has an extremely negative effect on well-being, especially in the summer.
• Regular walks that saturate the body with oxygen. You should choose places with clean air: parks, forest plantations, suburban areas, vast open spaces.
• Organization of a sleep regimen, the duration of which should not be less than 8-9 hours. It is extremely important that the rest time falls at night. Daytime rest is best avoided, as it is not characteristic of the human body.
• Periodic intake of natural sedatives helps to avoid unnecessary stress, to endure its consequences more gently.
• Diet revision. Refusal of unhealthy foods containing excess cholesterol. More attention should be paid to fresh vegetables and fruits.

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• Refusal of bad habits, smoking and regular alcohol consumption.
• Regular physical activity. Exercise technique and load are selected taking into account age and physical fitness.