Hyperglycemia in diabetes – Symptoms and causes

Overview

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia) affects people who have diabetes. Several factors can contribute to hyperglycemia in people with diabetes, including food and physical activity choices, illness, nondiabetes medications, or skipping or not taking enough glucose-lowering medication.

It’s important to treat hyperglycemia, because if left untreated, hyperglycemia can become severe and lead to serious complications requiring emergency care, such as a diabetic coma. In the long term, persistent hyperglycemia, even if not severe, can lead to complications affecting your eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart.

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Symptoms

Hyperglycemia doesn’t cause symptoms until glucose values are significantly elevated — usually above 180 to 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 10 to 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L). Symptoms of hyperglycemia develop slowly over several days or weeks. The longer blood sugar levels stay high, the more serious the symptoms become. However, some people who’ve had type 2 diabetes for a long time may not show any symptoms despite elevated blood sugar levels.

Early signs and symptoms

Recognizing early signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia can help you treat the condition promptly. Watch for:

• Frequent urination
• Increased thirst
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Headache

Later signs and symptoms

If hyperglycemia goes untreated, it can cause toxic acids (ketones) to build up in your blood and urine (ketoacidosis). Signs and symptoms include:

• Fruity-smelling breath
• Nausea and vomiting
• Shortness of breath
• Dry mouth
• Weakness
• Confusion
• Coma
• Abdominal pain

When to see a doctor

Call 911 or emergency medical assistance if:

• You are sick and can’t keep any food or fluids down
• Your blood glucose levels are persistently above 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L) and you have ketones in your urine

Make an appointment with your doctor if:

• You experience ongoing diarrhea or vomiting, but you’re able to take some foods or drinks
• You have a fever that lasts more than 24 hours
• Your blood glucose is more than 240 mg/dL (13.3 mmol/L) even though you’ve taken your diabetes medication
• You have trouble keeping your blood glucose within the desired range

Causes

During digestion, your body breaks down carbohydrates from foods — such as bread, rice and pasta — into various sugar molecules. One of these sugar molecules is glucose, a main energy source for your body. Glucose is absorbed directly into your bloodstream after you eat, but it can’t enter the cells of most of your tissues without the help of insulin — a hormone secreted by your pancreas.

When the glucose level in your blood rises, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. The insulin unlocks your cells so that glucose can enter and provide the fuel your cells need to function properly. Any extra glucose is stored in your liver and muscles in the form of glycogen.

This process lowers the amount of glucose in your bloodstream and prevents it from reaching dangerously high levels. As your blood sugar level returns to normal, so does the secretion of insulin from your pancreas.

Diabetes drastically lowers insulin’s effects on your body. This may be because your pancreas is unable to produce insulin (type 1 diabetes), or it may be because your body is resistant to the effects of insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintain a normal glucose level (type 2 diabetes). As a result, glucose tends to build up in your bloodstream (hyperglycemia) and may reach dangerously high levels if not treated properly. Insulin or other drugs are used to lower blood sugar levels.

Risk factors

Many factors can contribute to hyperglycemia, including:

• Not using enough insulin or oral diabetes medication
• Not injecting insulin properly or using expired insulin
• Not following your diabetes eating plan
• Being inactive
• Having an illness or infection
• Using certain medications, such as steroids
• Being injured or having surgery
• Experiencing emotional stress, such as family conflict or workplace challenges

Illness or stress can trigger hyperglycemia because hormones produced to combat illness or stress can also cause your blood sugar to rise. Even people who don’t have diabetes may develop transient hyperglycemia during severe illness. But people with diabetes may need to take extra diabetes medication to keep blood glucose near normal during illness or stress.

Complications

Long-term complications

Keeping your blood sugar in a healthy range can help prevent many diabetes-related complications. Long-term complications of untreated hyperglycemia can include:

• Cardiovascular disease
• Nerve damage (neuropathy)
• Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) or kidney failure
• Damage to the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy), potentially leading to blindness
• Clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye (cataract)
• Feet problems caused by damaged nerves or poor blood flow that can lead to serious skin infections, ulcerations, and in some severe cases, amputation
• Bone and joint problems
• Teeth and gum infections

Emergency complications

If blood sugar rises high enough or for a prolonged period of time, it can lead to two serious conditions.

• Diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetic ketoacidosis develops when you don’t have enough insulin in your body. When this happens, sugar (glucose) can’t enter your cells for energy. Your blood sugar level rises, and your body begins to break down fat for energy.

  This process produces toxic acids known as ketones. Excess ketones accumulate in the blood and eventually “spill over” into the urine. Left untreated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to a diabetic coma and be life-threatening.

• Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. This condition occurs when people produce insulin, but it doesn’t work properly. Blood glucose levels may become very high — greater than 1,000 mg/dL (55.6 mmol/L). Because insulin is present but not working properly, the body can’t use either glucose or fat for energy.

  Glucose is then spilled into the urine, causing increased urination. Left untreated, diabetic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state can lead to life-threatening dehydration and coma. Prompt medical care is essential.

Prevention

The following suggestions can help keep your blood sugar within your target range:

• Follow your diabetes meal plan. If you take insulin or oral diabetes medication, it’s important that you be consistent about the amount and timing of your meals and snacks. The food you eat must be in balance with the insulin working in your body.
• Monitor your blood sugar. Depending on your treatment plan, you may check and record your blood sugar level several times a week or several times a day. Careful monitoring is the only way to make sure that your blood sugar level remains within your target range. Note when your glucose readings are above or below your goal range.
• Take your medication as prescribed by your doctor.
• Adjust your medication if you change your physical activity. The adjustment depends on the blood sugar test results and on the type and length of the activity.

Symptoms, causes, and healthy levels

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

The human body naturally has sugar, or glucose, in the blood. The right amount of blood sugar gives the body’s cells and organs energy. Too much blood sugar is known as hyperglycemia.

The liver and muscles produce some blood sugar, but most comes from food and drinks that contain carbohydrates.

In order to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range, the body needs insulin. Insulin is a hormone that directs the body’s cells to take up glucose and store it.

If there is not enough insulin, or insulin does not work properly, blood sugar builds up. High blood sugar levels can cause health problems.

What does hyperglycemia feel like, why does it happen, and how do you know if your blood sugar levels are too high? Read on to find out more.

Blood sugar is fuel for the body’s organs and functions.

But, having high blood sugar does not provide a boost in energy.

In fact, the opposite often happens, because the body’s cells cannot access the blood sugar for energy.

How does this feel?

When a person has high blood sugar, they may:

• have a headache and other aches and pains
• find it hard to concentrate
• be very thirsty or hungry
• feel drowsy or tired
• have blurred vision
• feel their mouth is dry
• have bloating
• need to urinate often
• notice that wounds take a long time to heal

High blood sugar and low insulin can lead to a rise in ketones, and possibly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication that needs urgent medical attention.

If this occurs, the individual may experience:

• shortness of breath
• a fruity taste or smell on the breath
• a rapid heartbeat
• confusion and disorientation
• vomiting
• dehydration
• coma

In addition, the person’s blood sugar levels may be over 250 ml/dL.

People can experience high blood sugar levels in the morning, especially if they have diabetes. Click here to find out more.

Testing kits for levels of blood sugar and ketone levels are available for purchase online, for use at home.

However, anyone who thinks they have diabetes should see a doctor first.

How does high blood sugar affect the body?

High sugar in the blood can lead to a number of other symptoms and complications. Here are just a few.

Urination and thirst: High blood sugar goes into the kidneys and urine. This attracts more water, causing frequent urination. This can also lead to increased thirst, despite drinking enough liquids.

Weight loss: High blood sugar can cause sudden or unexplained weight loss. This occurs because the body’s cells are not getting the glucose they need, so the body burns muscle and fat for energy instead.

Numbness and tingling: High blood sugar can also cause numbness, burning, or tingling in the hands, legs, and feet. This is due to diabetic neuropathy, a complication of diabetes that often occurs after many years of high blood sugar levels.

Long-term complications

Over time, high blood sugar results in harm to the body’s organs and systems. Damage to the blood vessels can lead to complications, including:

• heart attack or stroke
• damage to the eye and loss of vision
• kidney disease or failure
• nerve problems in the skin, especially the feet, leading to sores, infections, and wound healing problems

Several types of diabetes can lead to high blood sugar.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. As a result, the body lacks insulin and blood sugar levels rise.

People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through a needle, pen, or insulin pump to keep blood sugar levels within the target range.

Only 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1, according to the American Diabetes Association.

In type 2 diabetes, the body does produce insulin but is unable to use it properly. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but often cannot make enough to keep blood sugar levels steady. This is known as insulin resistance.

People with type 2 diabetes may need to take insulin, pills, or make diet or exercise changes to help manage blood sugar levels.

Gestational diabetes can happen when insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels appear during pregnancy. People should monitor this during pregnancy, as it can lead to complications for the mother and the baby. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery.

Cystic fibrosis: There may be a link between diabetes and cystic fibrosis.

Medications: People who take beta blockers and certain steroids may also experience high blood sugar.

Risk factors for high blood sugar

Doctors do not know exactly what causes diabetes. Some factors may increase the risk, however.

Type 1 diabetes

Researchers believe certain genetic or environmental factors may make people more likely to get type 1 diabetes.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) say certain genes play a role, and other factors — such as viruses and infections — may have an impact.

The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation say that there is nothing a person can do to prevent type 1 diabetes. Eating, exercise, or other lifestyle choices will not change the outcome.

Type 1 diabetes usually begins during childhood or early adulthood, but it can happen at any age.

Type 2 diabetes

The following risk factors may make developing type 2 diabetes more likely:

• having certain genes
• being overweight or inactive
• having a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
• having African-American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian-American, Hispanic, or Pacific Islander ethnicity
• being aged over 45 years
• receiving treatment for high blood pressure, or having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
• having low levels of “good” HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides

Share on PinterestRegular blood sugar testing can help people with diabetes keep their blood sugar levels within the target level.

People who have high blood sugar should discuss their target levels with their doctor.

They may need regular testing to keep these within a healthy range. Each person is different and levels can vary between individuals.

To find out their blood sugar levels, the person may need to fast for 8 hours, 2 hours after a meal, or at both times.

Some people may also take a glucose tolerance test, in which they drink a sugary liquid and have a blood test after.

The American Diabetes Association recommend a pre-meal blood sugar level of 80–130 milligrams per deciliter (ml/dL). Around 1 to 2 hours after the beginning of a meal, blood sugar should be less than 180 ml/dL.

Managing blood sugar levels

Many people with diabetes must check their blood sugar levels daily with a glucose meter. This device takes a drop of blood, usually from a finger, and displays the sugar level within a few seconds.

People with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin as their doctor recommends, usually several times a day.

Those with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes may need to change their diet and exercise habits. They may also need to take oral medications or insulin.

Share on PinterestMonitoring your diet and exercise alongside blood sugar levels can help you maintain a healthy blood sugar level.

A number of strategies can help prevent hyperglycemia.

People should:

• check their blood sugar levels as their doctor advises and take the correct amount of insulin, if they have type 1 diabetes
• speak to their healthcare provider or dietitian about which foods to eat or avoid, how much to eat, and how often
• take precautions to avoid infections, for example, through regular hand washing, as illness, such as a cold, can trigger a rise in blood pressure
• plan their food intake and exercise to balance blood sugar levels
• minimize stress, as far as possible, for example, through exercise, getting enough sleep, and stress-reducing activities such as meditation or yoga

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can happen when a person:

• has certain medical conditions
• uses specific medications
• does a lot of exercise
• skips meals or eats too little

It can also be a side effect of diabetes medicines. Taking too much insulin can result in low blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of low blood sugar may include:

• feeling weak or shaky
• sudden nervousness, anxiety, or irritability
• sweating or chills
• extreme hunger
• confusion
• fast heart rate, or palpitations

A person can treat hypoglycemia rapidly by drinking a fruit juice or eating a glucose tablet, sugar lump, or candy.

Anyone who has frequent episodes of low blood sugar should speak to a doctor. They may recommend changing the type of dose of medication.

Anyone who experiences tiredness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or weight loss should see a doctor, as these could indicate diabetes or another health problem.

A routine health check often involves blood sugar testing, even if the person has no symptoms.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that adults age 40 to 70 years who are overweight have tests for diabetes.

Those with a family history of diabetes or other risk factors may need earlier or more frequent tests.

When a person has diabetes, their health and well-being depend on proper management of blood sugar levels.

To improve or maintain a good quality of life, the person should:

• visit a doctor regularly
• take medications as the doctor prescribes
• following diet and exercise guidelines

These strategies can help a person with diabetes to manage blood sugar, and this may slow the progression of diabetes.

The person should also carry a medical ID with them, especially if they use insulin, as this can provide important information in case of an emergency.

The American Diabetes Association note that IDs are now available with a compact USB drive that can contain a full medical record.

Symptoms, causes, and healthy levels

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

The human body naturally has sugar, or glucose, in the blood. The right amount of blood sugar gives the body’s cells and organs energy. Too much blood sugar is known as hyperglycemia.

The liver and muscles produce some blood sugar, but most comes from food and drinks that contain carbohydrates.

In order to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range, the body needs insulin. Insulin is a hormone that directs the body’s cells to take up glucose and store it.

If there is not enough insulin, or insulin does not work properly, blood sugar builds up. High blood sugar levels can cause health problems.

What does hyperglycemia feel like, why does it happen, and how do you know if your blood sugar levels are too high? Read on to find out more.

Blood sugar is fuel for the body’s organs and functions.

But, having high blood sugar does not provide a boost in energy.

In fact, the opposite often happens, because the body’s cells cannot access the blood sugar for energy.

How does this feel?

When a person has high blood sugar, they may:

• have a headache and other aches and pains
• find it hard to concentrate
• be very thirsty or hungry
• feel drowsy or tired
• have blurred vision
• feel their mouth is dry
• have bloating
• need to urinate often
• notice that wounds take a long time to heal

High blood sugar and low insulin can lead to a rise in ketones, and possibly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication that needs urgent medical attention.

If this occurs, the individual may experience:

• shortness of breath
• a fruity taste or smell on the breath
• a rapid heartbeat
• confusion and disorientation
• vomiting
• dehydration
• coma

In addition, the person’s blood sugar levels may be over 250 ml/dL.

People can experience high blood sugar levels in the morning, especially if they have diabetes. Click here to find out more.

Testing kits for levels of blood sugar and ketone levels are available for purchase online, for use at home.

However, anyone who thinks they have diabetes should see a doctor first.

How does high blood sugar affect the body?

High sugar in the blood can lead to a number of other symptoms and complications. Here are just a few.

Urination and thirst: High blood sugar goes into the kidneys and urine. This attracts more water, causing frequent urination. This can also lead to increased thirst, despite drinking enough liquids.

Weight loss: High blood sugar can cause sudden or unexplained weight loss. This occurs because the body’s cells are not getting the glucose they need, so the body burns muscle and fat for energy instead.

Numbness and tingling: High blood sugar can also cause numbness, burning, or tingling in the hands, legs, and feet. This is due to diabetic neuropathy, a complication of diabetes that often occurs after many years of high blood sugar levels.

Long-term complications

Over time, high blood sugar results in harm to the body’s organs and systems. Damage to the blood vessels can lead to complications, including:

• heart attack or stroke
• damage to the eye and loss of vision
• kidney disease or failure
• nerve problems in the skin, especially the feet, leading to sores, infections, and wound healing problems

Several types of diabetes can lead to high blood sugar.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. As a result, the body lacks insulin and blood sugar levels rise.

People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through a needle, pen, or insulin pump to keep blood sugar levels within the target range.

Only 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1, according to the American Diabetes Association.

In type 2 diabetes, the body does produce insulin but is unable to use it properly. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but often cannot make enough to keep blood sugar levels steady. This is known as insulin resistance.

People with type 2 diabetes may need to take insulin, pills, or make diet or exercise changes to help manage blood sugar levels.

Gestational diabetes can happen when insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels appear during pregnancy. People should monitor this during pregnancy, as it can lead to complications for the mother and the baby. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery.

Cystic fibrosis: There may be a link between diabetes and cystic fibrosis.

Medications: People who take beta blockers and certain steroids may also experience high blood sugar.

Risk factors for high blood sugar

Doctors do not know exactly what causes diabetes. Some factors may increase the risk, however.

Type 1 diabetes

Researchers believe certain genetic or environmental factors may make people more likely to get type 1 diabetes.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) say certain genes play a role, and other factors — such as viruses and infections — may have an impact.

The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation say that there is nothing a person can do to prevent type 1 diabetes. Eating, exercise, or other lifestyle choices will not change the outcome.

Type 1 diabetes usually begins during childhood or early adulthood, but it can happen at any age.

Type 2 diabetes

The following risk factors may make developing type 2 diabetes more likely:

• having certain genes
• being overweight or inactive
• having a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
• having African-American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian-American, Hispanic, or Pacific Islander ethnicity
• being aged over 45 years
• receiving treatment for high blood pressure, or having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
• having low levels of “good” HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides

Share on PinterestRegular blood sugar testing can help people with diabetes keep their blood sugar levels within the target level.

People who have high blood sugar should discuss their target levels with their doctor.

They may need regular testing to keep these within a healthy range. Each person is different and levels can vary between individuals.

To find out their blood sugar levels, the person may need to fast for 8 hours, 2 hours after a meal, or at both times.

Some people may also take a glucose tolerance test, in which they drink a sugary liquid and have a blood test after.

The American Diabetes Association recommend a pre-meal blood sugar level of 80–130 milligrams per deciliter (ml/dL). Around 1 to 2 hours after the beginning of a meal, blood sugar should be less than 180 ml/dL.

Managing blood sugar levels

Many people with diabetes must check their blood sugar levels daily with a glucose meter. This device takes a drop of blood, usually from a finger, and displays the sugar level within a few seconds.

People with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin as their doctor recommends, usually several times a day.

Those with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes may need to change their diet and exercise habits. They may also need to take oral medications or insulin.

Share on PinterestMonitoring your diet and exercise alongside blood sugar levels can help you maintain a healthy blood sugar level.

A number of strategies can help prevent hyperglycemia.

People should:

• check their blood sugar levels as their doctor advises and take the correct amount of insulin, if they have type 1 diabetes
• speak to their healthcare provider or dietitian about which foods to eat or avoid, how much to eat, and how often
• take precautions to avoid infections, for example, through regular hand washing, as illness, such as a cold, can trigger a rise in blood pressure
• plan their food intake and exercise to balance blood sugar levels
• minimize stress, as far as possible, for example, through exercise, getting enough sleep, and stress-reducing activities such as meditation or yoga

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can happen when a person:

• has certain medical conditions
• uses specific medications
• does a lot of exercise
• skips meals or eats too little

It can also be a side effect of diabetes medicines. Taking too much insulin can result in low blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of low blood sugar may include:

• feeling weak or shaky
• sudden nervousness, anxiety, or irritability
• sweating or chills
• extreme hunger
• confusion
• fast heart rate, or palpitations

A person can treat hypoglycemia rapidly by drinking a fruit juice or eating a glucose tablet, sugar lump, or candy.

Anyone who has frequent episodes of low blood sugar should speak to a doctor. They may recommend changing the type of dose of medication.

Anyone who experiences tiredness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or weight loss should see a doctor, as these could indicate diabetes or another health problem.

A routine health check often involves blood sugar testing, even if the person has no symptoms.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that adults age 40 to 70 years who are overweight have tests for diabetes.

Those with a family history of diabetes or other risk factors may need earlier or more frequent tests.

When a person has diabetes, their health and well-being depend on proper management of blood sugar levels.

To improve or maintain a good quality of life, the person should:

• visit a doctor regularly
• take medications as the doctor prescribes
• following diet and exercise guidelines

These strategies can help a person with diabetes to manage blood sugar, and this may slow the progression of diabetes.

The person should also carry a medical ID with them, especially if they use insulin, as this can provide important information in case of an emergency.

The American Diabetes Association note that IDs are now available with a compact USB drive that can contain a full medical record.

Symptoms, causes, and healthy levels

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

The human body naturally has sugar, or glucose, in the blood. The right amount of blood sugar gives the body’s cells and organs energy. Too much blood sugar is known as hyperglycemia.

The liver and muscles produce some blood sugar, but most comes from food and drinks that contain carbohydrates.

In order to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range, the body needs insulin. Insulin is a hormone that directs the body’s cells to take up glucose and store it.

If there is not enough insulin, or insulin does not work properly, blood sugar builds up. High blood sugar levels can cause health problems.

What does hyperglycemia feel like, why does it happen, and how do you know if your blood sugar levels are too high? Read on to find out more.

Blood sugar is fuel for the body’s organs and functions.

But, having high blood sugar does not provide a boost in energy.

In fact, the opposite often happens, because the body’s cells cannot access the blood sugar for energy.

How does this feel?

When a person has high blood sugar, they may:

• have a headache and other aches and pains
• find it hard to concentrate
• be very thirsty or hungry
• feel drowsy or tired
• have blurred vision
• feel their mouth is dry
• have bloating
• need to urinate often
• notice that wounds take a long time to heal

High blood sugar and low insulin can lead to a rise in ketones, and possibly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication that needs urgent medical attention.

If this occurs, the individual may experience:

• shortness of breath
• a fruity taste or smell on the breath
• a rapid heartbeat
• confusion and disorientation
• vomiting
• dehydration
• coma

In addition, the person’s blood sugar levels may be over 250 ml/dL.

People can experience high blood sugar levels in the morning, especially if they have diabetes. Click here to find out more.

Testing kits for levels of blood sugar and ketone levels are available for purchase online, for use at home.

However, anyone who thinks they have diabetes should see a doctor first.

How does high blood sugar affect the body?

High sugar in the blood can lead to a number of other symptoms and complications. Here are just a few.

Urination and thirst: High blood sugar goes into the kidneys and urine. This attracts more water, causing frequent urination. This can also lead to increased thirst, despite drinking enough liquids.

Weight loss: High blood sugar can cause sudden or unexplained weight loss. This occurs because the body’s cells are not getting the glucose they need, so the body burns muscle and fat for energy instead.

Numbness and tingling: High blood sugar can also cause numbness, burning, or tingling in the hands, legs, and feet. This is due to diabetic neuropathy, a complication of diabetes that often occurs after many years of high blood sugar levels.

Long-term complications

Over time, high blood sugar results in harm to the body’s organs and systems. Damage to the blood vessels can lead to complications, including:

• heart attack or stroke
• damage to the eye and loss of vision
• kidney disease or failure
• nerve problems in the skin, especially the feet, leading to sores, infections, and wound healing problems

Several types of diabetes can lead to high blood sugar.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. As a result, the body lacks insulin and blood sugar levels rise.

People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through a needle, pen, or insulin pump to keep blood sugar levels within the target range.

Only 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1, according to the American Diabetes Association.

In type 2 diabetes, the body does produce insulin but is unable to use it properly. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but often cannot make enough to keep blood sugar levels steady. This is known as insulin resistance.

People with type 2 diabetes may need to take insulin, pills, or make diet or exercise changes to help manage blood sugar levels.

Gestational diabetes can happen when insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels appear during pregnancy. People should monitor this during pregnancy, as it can lead to complications for the mother and the baby. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery.

Cystic fibrosis: There may be a link between diabetes and cystic fibrosis.

Medications: People who take beta blockers and certain steroids may also experience high blood sugar.

Risk factors for high blood sugar

Doctors do not know exactly what causes diabetes. Some factors may increase the risk, however.

Type 1 diabetes

Researchers believe certain genetic or environmental factors may make people more likely to get type 1 diabetes.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) say certain genes play a role, and other factors — such as viruses and infections — may have an impact.

The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation say that there is nothing a person can do to prevent type 1 diabetes. Eating, exercise, or other lifestyle choices will not change the outcome.

Type 1 diabetes usually begins during childhood or early adulthood, but it can happen at any age.

Type 2 diabetes

The following risk factors may make developing type 2 diabetes more likely:

• having certain genes
• being overweight or inactive
• having a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
• having African-American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian-American, Hispanic, or Pacific Islander ethnicity
• being aged over 45 years
• receiving treatment for high blood pressure, or having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
• having low levels of “good” HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides

Share on PinterestRegular blood sugar testing can help people with diabetes keep their blood sugar levels within the target level.

People who have high blood sugar should discuss their target levels with their doctor.

They may need regular testing to keep these within a healthy range. Each person is different and levels can vary between individuals.

To find out their blood sugar levels, the person may need to fast for 8 hours, 2 hours after a meal, or at both times.

Some people may also take a glucose tolerance test, in which they drink a sugary liquid and have a blood test after.

The American Diabetes Association recommend a pre-meal blood sugar level of 80–130 milligrams per deciliter (ml/dL). Around 1 to 2 hours after the beginning of a meal, blood sugar should be less than 180 ml/dL.

Managing blood sugar levels

Many people with diabetes must check their blood sugar levels daily with a glucose meter. This device takes a drop of blood, usually from a finger, and displays the sugar level within a few seconds.

People with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin as their doctor recommends, usually several times a day.

Those with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes may need to change their diet and exercise habits. They may also need to take oral medications or insulin.

Share on PinterestMonitoring your diet and exercise alongside blood sugar levels can help you maintain a healthy blood sugar level.

A number of strategies can help prevent hyperglycemia.

People should:

• check their blood sugar levels as their doctor advises and take the correct amount of insulin, if they have type 1 diabetes
• speak to their healthcare provider or dietitian about which foods to eat or avoid, how much to eat, and how often
• take precautions to avoid infections, for example, through regular hand washing, as illness, such as a cold, can trigger a rise in blood pressure
• plan their food intake and exercise to balance blood sugar levels
• minimize stress, as far as possible, for example, through exercise, getting enough sleep, and stress-reducing activities such as meditation or yoga

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can happen when a person:

• has certain medical conditions
• uses specific medications
• does a lot of exercise
• skips meals or eats too little

It can also be a side effect of diabetes medicines. Taking too much insulin can result in low blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of low blood sugar may include:

• feeling weak or shaky
• sudden nervousness, anxiety, or irritability
• sweating or chills
• extreme hunger
• confusion
• fast heart rate, or palpitations

A person can treat hypoglycemia rapidly by drinking a fruit juice or eating a glucose tablet, sugar lump, or candy.

Anyone who has frequent episodes of low blood sugar should speak to a doctor. They may recommend changing the type of dose of medication.

Anyone who experiences tiredness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or weight loss should see a doctor, as these could indicate diabetes or another health problem.

A routine health check often involves blood sugar testing, even if the person has no symptoms.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that adults age 40 to 70 years who are overweight have tests for diabetes.

Those with a family history of diabetes or other risk factors may need earlier or more frequent tests.

When a person has diabetes, their health and well-being depend on proper management of blood sugar levels.

To improve or maintain a good quality of life, the person should:

• visit a doctor regularly
• take medications as the doctor prescribes
• following diet and exercise guidelines

These strategies can help a person with diabetes to manage blood sugar, and this may slow the progression of diabetes.

The person should also carry a medical ID with them, especially if they use insulin, as this can provide important information in case of an emergency.

The American Diabetes Association note that IDs are now available with a compact USB drive that can contain a full medical record.

Symptoms, causes, and healthy levels

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

The human body naturally has sugar, or glucose, in the blood. The right amount of blood sugar gives the body’s cells and organs energy. Too much blood sugar is known as hyperglycemia.

The liver and muscles produce some blood sugar, but most comes from food and drinks that contain carbohydrates.

In order to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range, the body needs insulin. Insulin is a hormone that directs the body’s cells to take up glucose and store it.

If there is not enough insulin, or insulin does not work properly, blood sugar builds up. High blood sugar levels can cause health problems.

What does hyperglycemia feel like, why does it happen, and how do you know if your blood sugar levels are too high? Read on to find out more.

Blood sugar is fuel for the body’s organs and functions.

But, having high blood sugar does not provide a boost in energy.

In fact, the opposite often happens, because the body’s cells cannot access the blood sugar for energy.

How does this feel?

When a person has high blood sugar, they may:

• have a headache and other aches and pains
• find it hard to concentrate
• be very thirsty or hungry
• feel drowsy or tired
• have blurred vision
• feel their mouth is dry
• have bloating
• need to urinate often
• notice that wounds take a long time to heal

High blood sugar and low insulin can lead to a rise in ketones, and possibly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication that needs urgent medical attention.

If this occurs, the individual may experience:

• shortness of breath
• a fruity taste or smell on the breath
• a rapid heartbeat
• confusion and disorientation
• vomiting
• dehydration
• coma

In addition, the person’s blood sugar levels may be over 250 ml/dL.

People can experience high blood sugar levels in the morning, especially if they have diabetes. Click here to find out more.

Testing kits for levels of blood sugar and ketone levels are available for purchase online, for use at home.

However, anyone who thinks they have diabetes should see a doctor first.

How does high blood sugar affect the body?

High sugar in the blood can lead to a number of other symptoms and complications. Here are just a few.

Urination and thirst: High blood sugar goes into the kidneys and urine. This attracts more water, causing frequent urination. This can also lead to increased thirst, despite drinking enough liquids.

Weight loss: High blood sugar can cause sudden or unexplained weight loss. This occurs because the body’s cells are not getting the glucose they need, so the body burns muscle and fat for energy instead.

Numbness and tingling: High blood sugar can also cause numbness, burning, or tingling in the hands, legs, and feet. This is due to diabetic neuropathy, a complication of diabetes that often occurs after many years of high blood sugar levels.

Long-term complications

Over time, high blood sugar results in harm to the body’s organs and systems. Damage to the blood vessels can lead to complications, including:

• heart attack or stroke
• damage to the eye and loss of vision
• kidney disease or failure
• nerve problems in the skin, especially the feet, leading to sores, infections, and wound healing problems

Several types of diabetes can lead to high blood sugar.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. As a result, the body lacks insulin and blood sugar levels rise.

People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through a needle, pen, or insulin pump to keep blood sugar levels within the target range.

Only 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1, according to the American Diabetes Association.

In type 2 diabetes, the body does produce insulin but is unable to use it properly. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but often cannot make enough to keep blood sugar levels steady. This is known as insulin resistance.

People with type 2 diabetes may need to take insulin, pills, or make diet or exercise changes to help manage blood sugar levels.

Gestational diabetes can happen when insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels appear during pregnancy. People should monitor this during pregnancy, as it can lead to complications for the mother and the baby. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery.

Cystic fibrosis: There may be a link between diabetes and cystic fibrosis.

Medications: People who take beta blockers and certain steroids may also experience high blood sugar.

Risk factors for high blood sugar

Doctors do not know exactly what causes diabetes. Some factors may increase the risk, however.

Type 1 diabetes

Researchers believe certain genetic or environmental factors may make people more likely to get type 1 diabetes.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) say certain genes play a role, and other factors — such as viruses and infections — may have an impact.

The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation say that there is nothing a person can do to prevent type 1 diabetes. Eating, exercise, or other lifestyle choices will not change the outcome.

Type 1 diabetes usually begins during childhood or early adulthood, but it can happen at any age.

Type 2 diabetes

The following risk factors may make developing type 2 diabetes more likely:

• having certain genes
• being overweight or inactive
• having a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
• having African-American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian-American, Hispanic, or Pacific Islander ethnicity
• being aged over 45 years
• receiving treatment for high blood pressure, or having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
• having low levels of “good” HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides

Share on PinterestRegular blood sugar testing can help people with diabetes keep their blood sugar levels within the target level.

People who have high blood sugar should discuss their target levels with their doctor.

They may need regular testing to keep these within a healthy range. Each person is different and levels can vary between individuals.

To find out their blood sugar levels, the person may need to fast for 8 hours, 2 hours after a meal, or at both times.

Some people may also take a glucose tolerance test, in which they drink a sugary liquid and have a blood test after.

The American Diabetes Association recommend a pre-meal blood sugar level of 80–130 milligrams per deciliter (ml/dL). Around 1 to 2 hours after the beginning of a meal, blood sugar should be less than 180 ml/dL.

Managing blood sugar levels

Many people with diabetes must check their blood sugar levels daily with a glucose meter. This device takes a drop of blood, usually from a finger, and displays the sugar level within a few seconds.

People with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin as their doctor recommends, usually several times a day.

Those with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes may need to change their diet and exercise habits. They may also need to take oral medications or insulin.

Share on PinterestMonitoring your diet and exercise alongside blood sugar levels can help you maintain a healthy blood sugar level.

A number of strategies can help prevent hyperglycemia.

People should:

• check their blood sugar levels as their doctor advises and take the correct amount of insulin, if they have type 1 diabetes
• speak to their healthcare provider or dietitian about which foods to eat or avoid, how much to eat, and how often
• take precautions to avoid infections, for example, through regular hand washing, as illness, such as a cold, can trigger a rise in blood pressure
• plan their food intake and exercise to balance blood sugar levels
• minimize stress, as far as possible, for example, through exercise, getting enough sleep, and stress-reducing activities such as meditation or yoga

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can happen when a person:

• has certain medical conditions
• uses specific medications
• does a lot of exercise
• skips meals or eats too little

It can also be a side effect of diabetes medicines. Taking too much insulin can result in low blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of low blood sugar may include:

• feeling weak or shaky
• sudden nervousness, anxiety, or irritability
• sweating or chills
• extreme hunger
• confusion
• fast heart rate, or palpitations

A person can treat hypoglycemia rapidly by drinking a fruit juice or eating a glucose tablet, sugar lump, or candy.

Anyone who has frequent episodes of low blood sugar should speak to a doctor. They may recommend changing the type of dose of medication.

Anyone who experiences tiredness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or weight loss should see a doctor, as these could indicate diabetes or another health problem.

A routine health check often involves blood sugar testing, even if the person has no symptoms.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that adults age 40 to 70 years who are overweight have tests for diabetes.

Those with a family history of diabetes or other risk factors may need earlier or more frequent tests.

When a person has diabetes, their health and well-being depend on proper management of blood sugar levels.

To improve or maintain a good quality of life, the person should:

• visit a doctor regularly
• take medications as the doctor prescribes
• following diet and exercise guidelines

These strategies can help a person with diabetes to manage blood sugar, and this may slow the progression of diabetes.

The person should also carry a medical ID with them, especially if they use insulin, as this can provide important information in case of an emergency.

The American Diabetes Association note that IDs are now available with a compact USB drive that can contain a full medical record.

Symptoms, causes, and healthy levels

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

The human body naturally has sugar, or glucose, in the blood. The right amount of blood sugar gives the body’s cells and organs energy. Too much blood sugar is known as hyperglycemia.

The liver and muscles produce some blood sugar, but most comes from food and drinks that contain carbohydrates.

In order to keep blood sugar levels within a normal range, the body needs insulin. Insulin is a hormone that directs the body’s cells to take up glucose and store it.

If there is not enough insulin, or insulin does not work properly, blood sugar builds up. High blood sugar levels can cause health problems.

What does hyperglycemia feel like, why does it happen, and how do you know if your blood sugar levels are too high? Read on to find out more.

Blood sugar is fuel for the body’s organs and functions.

But, having high blood sugar does not provide a boost in energy.

In fact, the opposite often happens, because the body’s cells cannot access the blood sugar for energy.

How does this feel?

When a person has high blood sugar, they may:

• have a headache and other aches and pains
• find it hard to concentrate
• be very thirsty or hungry
• feel drowsy or tired
• have blurred vision
• feel their mouth is dry
• have bloating
• need to urinate often
• notice that wounds take a long time to heal

High blood sugar and low insulin can lead to a rise in ketones, and possibly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious complication that needs urgent medical attention.

If this occurs, the individual may experience:

• shortness of breath
• a fruity taste or smell on the breath
• a rapid heartbeat
• confusion and disorientation
• vomiting
• dehydration
• coma

In addition, the person’s blood sugar levels may be over 250 ml/dL.

People can experience high blood sugar levels in the morning, especially if they have diabetes. Click here to find out more.

Testing kits for levels of blood sugar and ketone levels are available for purchase online, for use at home.

However, anyone who thinks they have diabetes should see a doctor first.

How does high blood sugar affect the body?

High sugar in the blood can lead to a number of other symptoms and complications. Here are just a few.

Urination and thirst: High blood sugar goes into the kidneys and urine. This attracts more water, causing frequent urination. This can also lead to increased thirst, despite drinking enough liquids.

Weight loss: High blood sugar can cause sudden or unexplained weight loss. This occurs because the body’s cells are not getting the glucose they need, so the body burns muscle and fat for energy instead.

Numbness and tingling: High blood sugar can also cause numbness, burning, or tingling in the hands, legs, and feet. This is due to diabetic neuropathy, a complication of diabetes that often occurs after many years of high blood sugar levels.

Long-term complications

Over time, high blood sugar results in harm to the body’s organs and systems. Damage to the blood vessels can lead to complications, including:

• heart attack or stroke
• damage to the eye and loss of vision
• kidney disease or failure
• nerve problems in the skin, especially the feet, leading to sores, infections, and wound healing problems

Several types of diabetes can lead to high blood sugar.

In type 1 diabetes, the immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. As a result, the body lacks insulin and blood sugar levels rise.

People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin through a needle, pen, or insulin pump to keep blood sugar levels within the target range.

Only 5 percent of all people with diabetes have type 1, according to the American Diabetes Association.

In type 2 diabetes, the body does produce insulin but is unable to use it properly. The pancreas tries to make more insulin, but often cannot make enough to keep blood sugar levels steady. This is known as insulin resistance.

People with type 2 diabetes may need to take insulin, pills, or make diet or exercise changes to help manage blood sugar levels.

Gestational diabetes can happen when insulin resistance and high blood sugar levels appear during pregnancy. People should monitor this during pregnancy, as it can lead to complications for the mother and the baby. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after delivery.

Cystic fibrosis: There may be a link between diabetes and cystic fibrosis.

Medications: People who take beta blockers and certain steroids may also experience high blood sugar.

Risk factors for high blood sugar

Doctors do not know exactly what causes diabetes. Some factors may increase the risk, however.

Type 1 diabetes

Researchers believe certain genetic or environmental factors may make people more likely to get type 1 diabetes.

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) say certain genes play a role, and other factors — such as viruses and infections — may have an impact.

The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation say that there is nothing a person can do to prevent type 1 diabetes. Eating, exercise, or other lifestyle choices will not change the outcome.

Type 1 diabetes usually begins during childhood or early adulthood, but it can happen at any age.

Type 2 diabetes

The following risk factors may make developing type 2 diabetes more likely:

• having certain genes
• being overweight or inactive
• having a parent or sibling with type 2 diabetes
• having African-American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian-American, Hispanic, or Pacific Islander ethnicity
• being aged over 45 years
• receiving treatment for high blood pressure, or having blood pressure of 140/90 or higher
• having low levels of “good” HDL cholesterol or high levels of triglycerides

Share on PinterestRegular blood sugar testing can help people with diabetes keep their blood sugar levels within the target level.

People who have high blood sugar should discuss their target levels with their doctor.

They may need regular testing to keep these within a healthy range. Each person is different and levels can vary between individuals.

To find out their blood sugar levels, the person may need to fast for 8 hours, 2 hours after a meal, or at both times.

Some people may also take a glucose tolerance test, in which they drink a sugary liquid and have a blood test after.

The American Diabetes Association recommend a pre-meal blood sugar level of 80–130 milligrams per deciliter (ml/dL). Around 1 to 2 hours after the beginning of a meal, blood sugar should be less than 180 ml/dL.

Managing blood sugar levels

Many people with diabetes must check their blood sugar levels daily with a glucose meter. This device takes a drop of blood, usually from a finger, and displays the sugar level within a few seconds.

People with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin as their doctor recommends, usually several times a day.

Those with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes may need to change their diet and exercise habits. They may also need to take oral medications or insulin.

Share on PinterestMonitoring your diet and exercise alongside blood sugar levels can help you maintain a healthy blood sugar level.

A number of strategies can help prevent hyperglycemia.

People should:

• check their blood sugar levels as their doctor advises and take the correct amount of insulin, if they have type 1 diabetes
• speak to their healthcare provider or dietitian about which foods to eat or avoid, how much to eat, and how often
• take precautions to avoid infections, for example, through regular hand washing, as illness, such as a cold, can trigger a rise in blood pressure
• plan their food intake and exercise to balance blood sugar levels
• minimize stress, as far as possible, for example, through exercise, getting enough sleep, and stress-reducing activities such as meditation or yoga

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, can happen when a person:

• has certain medical conditions
• uses specific medications
• does a lot of exercise
• skips meals or eats too little

It can also be a side effect of diabetes medicines. Taking too much insulin can result in low blood sugar levels.

Symptoms of low blood sugar may include:

• feeling weak or shaky
• sudden nervousness, anxiety, or irritability
• sweating or chills
• extreme hunger
• confusion
• fast heart rate, or palpitations

A person can treat hypoglycemia rapidly by drinking a fruit juice or eating a glucose tablet, sugar lump, or candy.

Anyone who has frequent episodes of low blood sugar should speak to a doctor. They may recommend changing the type of dose of medication.

Anyone who experiences tiredness, increased thirst, frequent urination, or weight loss should see a doctor, as these could indicate diabetes or another health problem.

A routine health check often involves blood sugar testing, even if the person has no symptoms.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that adults age 40 to 70 years who are overweight have tests for diabetes.

Those with a family history of diabetes or other risk factors may need earlier or more frequent tests.

When a person has diabetes, their health and well-being depend on proper management of blood sugar levels.

To improve or maintain a good quality of life, the person should:

• visit a doctor regularly
• take medications as the doctor prescribes
• following diet and exercise guidelines

These strategies can help a person with diabetes to manage blood sugar, and this may slow the progression of diabetes.

The person should also carry a medical ID with them, especially if they use insulin, as this can provide important information in case of an emergency.

The American Diabetes Association note that IDs are now available with a compact USB drive that can contain a full medical record.

Causes, Symptoms, Treatments & Prevention

Overview

What is hyperglycemia?

Hyperglycemia, or high blood glucose, occurs when there is too much sugar in the blood. This happens when your body has too little insulin (the hormone that transports glucose into the blood), or if your body can’t use insulin properly. The condition is most often linked with diabetes.

Hyperglycemia is blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) while fasting (not eating for at least eight hours; a person with a fasting blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL has diabetes).

• A person has impaired glucose tolerance, or pre-diabetes, with a fasting blood glucose of 100 mg/dL to 125 mg/dL.
• A person has hyperglycemia if their blood glucose is greater than 180 mg/dL one to two hours after eating.

If you have hyperglycemia and it’s untreated for long periods of time, you can damage your nerves, blood vessels, tissues and organs. Damage to blood vessels can increase your risk of heart attack and stroke, and nerve damage may also lead to eye damage, kidney damage and non-healing wounds.

What are risk factors for hyperglycemia?

Major risk factors for hyperglycemia are:

• You have a family history of type 2 diabetes.
• You are African American, Native American, Hispanic or Asian American.
• You are overweight.
• You have high blood pressure or cholesterol.
• You have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
• You have a history of gestational diabetes.

Symptoms and Causes

What causes hyperglycemia in people with diabetes?

• The dose of insulin or oral diabetes medication that you are taking is not the most helpful dose for your needs.
• Your body isn’t using your natural insulin effectively (type 2 diabetes).
• The amount of carbohydrates you are eating or drinking is not balanced with the amount of insulin your body is able to make or the amount of insulin you inject.
• You are less active than usual.
• Physical stress (from illness, a cold, the flu, an infection, etc.) is affecting you.
• Emotional stress (from family conflicts, emotional problems, school or work stresses, etc.) is affecting you.
• You are taking steroids for another condition.
• The dawn phenomenon (a surge of hormones the body produces every morning around 4 am to 5 a.m.) is affecting you.

Other possible causes

• Endocrine conditions, such as Cushing syndrome, that cause insulin resistance.
• Pancreatic diseases such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and cystic fibrosis.
• Certain medications (such as diuretics and steroids).
• Gestational diabetes, which happens in 4% of pregnancies, and is due to decreased insulin sensitivity.
• Surgery or trauma.

What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia?

It’s especially important to know the early signs of hyperglycemia if you have type 1 diabetes. If hyperglycemia is left untreated in people with type 1 diabetes, it can develop into ketoacidosis, where ketones, which are toxic acids, build up in the blood. This condition is an emergency situation that can lead to coma or death.

Early symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

• High blood sugar.
• Increased thirst and/or hunger.
• Blurred vision.
• Frequent urination (peeing).
• Headache.

Additional symptoms include:

• Fatigue (feeling weak, tired).
• Weight loss.
• Vaginal and skin infections.
• Slow-healing cuts and sores.

Symptoms of ketoacidosis are:

• Vomiting.
• Dehydration.
• Unusual fruity smell on the breath.
• Deep labored breathing or hyperventilation.
• Rapid heartbeat.
• Confusion and disorientation.
• Coma.

Management and Treatment

How can I treat and manage hyperglycemia?

People with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can manage hyperglycemia by eating healthy, being active, and managing stress. In addition, insulin is a critical part of managing hyperglycemia for people with type 1 diabetes, while people with type 2 diabetes may need oral medications and eventually insulin to help them manage hyperglycemia.

If you don’t have diabetes and have any of the signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia, call your healthcare provider. Together you can work to manage your hyperglycemia.

Prevention

How do I prevent hyperglycemia?

• Exercise to help lower blood sugar. Work with your healthcare provider to make a daily activity plan.
• Follow your meal plan if you have one. Learn how carbohydrates impact your blood sugar, and work with your diabetes care team to find the best meal plan for you.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Don’t smoke.
• Limit drinking alcohol. Alcohol can raise blood sugar levels, but can also cause dangerously low blood sugar levels. Work with your provider to determine how much is safe to drink.

90,000 causes and consequences, how to lower blood sugar

This simple indicator can indicate various metabolic disorders and be a harbinger of several fatal diseases. Controlling your blood glucose is no more difficult than taking your temperature. But if you ignore it, the consequences can be fatal.

Reasons

Nutritionists regularly urge us to moderate our consumption of sweets and starchy foods in order to avoid becoming overweight.However, obesity is only one of the consequences of high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). The most common cause and largely consequence of this is diabetes mellitus. Impaired glucose metabolism often causes acute complications of diabetes: ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic coma. They can lead to loss of consciousness and death. There are also non-diabetes causes leading to hyperglycemia:

– improper high-calorie nutrition (sweet, flour fatty)

– stress

– chronic lack of B vitamins in the body

– pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

– increased level of thyroid hormones

– tumors

– smoking

Also, the intake of a number of medications raises the level of glucose – corticosteroids, beta-blockers, anti-cholesterol statins, rituximab, niacin, obsolete antidepressants and contraceptives.

Consequences

Normally, glucose metabolism in humans has a margin of safety. The body can maintain a normal blood plasma composition even with increased stress. However, the metabolic safety factor can disappear as a result of unhealthy lifestyles. Thereafter, sugar will rise during infectious diseases and acute stress. This, among other things, negatively affects the human nervous system and the functioning of the brain, and also leads to kidney failure.

An imbalance in the content of glucose and insulin in the blood plasma leads to a radical metabolic disorder, stimulates hypertension and the development of vascular atherosclerosis, and therefore increases the risk of heart attack or stroke. Many diabetics die of a heart attack before they develop vision, leg, or kidney problems.

Symptoms of high sugar

– sharp fluctuations in weight

– dry mouth

– constant thirst and hunger

– frequent urination

– chronic fatigue syndrome

– constant sleepiness with sufficient sleep time

– slow healing wounds and abrasions

– the smell of acetone in the exhaled air

– arrhythmia

– vision problems

– thinning and hair loss

We ourselves often push the body to an excessive increase in glucose levels.Not only the calorie content of foods is important, but also the diet. For example, having a full breakfast all day will stabilize your metabolism. Those who ignore breakfast have higher levels of insulin and sugar in the afternoon these days, compared to the days marked with the morning meal. Coffee and sweeteners also have a negative effect on glucose content. It is noteworthy that no drugs can fully compensate for the harm of such a diet.

How to reduce?

You can also control this parameter at home using a glucometer.If in the morning on an empty stomach the device shows more than 6 mmol / l or 2 hours after eating more than 8 mmol / l, this is a reason to urgently visit an endocrinologist. If at any time the indicator exceeds 11 mmol / l, this is a sign of diabetes mellitus. For children, these numbers should be slightly less, and for pregnant women, the test is generally not suitable. They need to take a two-hour glucose tolerance test and already in the 1st trimester. High sugar levels in early pregnancy greatly increase the risk of developing congenital heart defects in a baby.At the same time, no diabetes pills should be taken during pregnancy.

Some people have high sugar in the morning, others after eating, and still others in the evening. Depending on this, a different diet is prescribed, a schedule for taking medications and insulin injections. Hyperglycemia can also be associated with sudden, significant weight loss. In this case, severe type 1 diabetes is almost certainly present. These patients need regular insulin injections. If the situation is not so serious, treatment usually consists of a low-carbohydrate diet, increased physical activity and the use of metformin (drugs “Glucophage” or “Siofor”) in case you are overweight.Certain types of type 2 diabetes medications (Diabeton, Amaryl, Maninil, and others) can also quickly lower blood sugar. This is where the Zdravsiti drug search service comes in handy. But remember: Getting back to a healthy metabolism requires daily effort without breaks over the holidays and weekends!

Why high blood sugar in the morning

Many people with diagnosed diabetes wonder why sugar is higher in the morning than in the evening and what to do if there is high sugar in the morning on an empty stomach.The intensity and nature of metabolic processes in the body directly depends not only on the general state of health, but also on the time of day. In endocrinology, there are concepts such as the Somoji effect and the morning dawn effect. Both terms are familiar firsthand to people with diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Along with the listed effects, there is an additional list of reasons that can cause a sharp increase in blood glucose levels in the morning.

A slightly elevated blood sugar level can be detected in the so-called state of prediabetes, when the diagnosis of glucose metabolism has not yet been established.You should pay attention to such facts and consult a doctor to agree on the necessary changes in lifestyle and diet.

What is the morning dawn effect

In the time interval from 12 to 3 am the pancreas does not produce the hormone insulin, since there is no need for this biologically active compound. That is why, in the time interval from 3 to 8 in the morning, there is a sharp jump in blood glucose levels. The effect of morning dawn occurs in any person, regardless of the presence of problems with the production of the hormone insulin by the tissue of the pancreas.

If a person does not suffer from diabetes, then this phenomenon does not affect the general condition. Upon awakening, the body produces the amount of hormone that is necessary to normalize metabolic processes. Patients with diabetes mellitus are more difficult to tolerate the phenomenon of dawn, since their pancreas is not able to produce a physiological norm of insulin. That is why such people have an increase in the amount of sugar in their blood in the morning.

And the subsequent decrease in blood sugar levels, after, for example, morning physical exercises, looks quite logical.

What is the Somoji effect

An alternative name for this condition is chronic insulin overdose syndrome. Compared to the previous state, the Somoji effect is less common. This condition develops with the introduction of large dosages of the hormone insulin or in violation of the drug use regimen. The Somoji effect is based on the so-called rebound reaction, characterized by an increase in blood glucose levels in response to hypoglycemia with an overdose of insulin.The following clinical manifestations are characteristic of the Somoji effect:

1. Daytime sleepiness.
2. Dizziness.
3. General weakness.
4. Excessive sweating.
5. Increased appetite.

This condition can develop not only with incorrect insulin treatment. When sugar is high in the morning and normal in the afternoon, the reasons may be as follows:

1. Wrong food. With a deficiency of carbohydrates in the daily diet, a sharp drop in blood glucose levels is observed, followed by an increase.
2. Drinking alcohol. Ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages has a hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting the process of gluconeogenesis in the liver.
3. Physical overload. Excessive physical activity on the eve of insulin administration or immediately thereafter leads to a sharp decrease in blood sugar levels, followed by an increase in glucose concentration.

If this condition is left without proper attention, then the person is faced with a deterioration in the dynamics of the disease and the development of severe complications associated with hyperglycemia.

How to avoid the effects of diabetes in diabetes

In order to avoid the appearance of the Somoji effect in diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to adhere to these simple rules:

1. Regularly monitor your blood glucose levels with a portable blood glucose meter.
2. Follow the dietary advice given for patients with a similar diagnosis.
3. Completely stop drinking alcohol.
4. Avoid physical overload.

To avoid a sharp jump in blood glucose values ​​during the phenomenon of dawn, the following recommendations will help:

1. Dinner should be no later than 19:00.
2. In the evening, you should limit the consumption of foods rich in plant fiber.
3. The daily dosage of the hormone insulin should be distributed so that the long-acting drug is administered between 1:00 and 3:00 am.
4. For non-insulin dependent diabetes, the drug should be taken in the evening before bedtime and immediately after waking up in the morning and measuring blood sugar with a glucometer.

If these tips are ineffective, the only way to avoid spikes in blood sugar is to install a 24-hour insulin pump. If one of the effects develops in women during the period of gestational diabetes, then she should use all of the above recommendations.

With timely diagnosis and correction, both conditions do not pose a threat to the health and life of a diabetic. Correct treatment neutralizes metabolic disorders, and the disease itself passes into the stage of stable compensation.The prevention of morning hyperglycemia is based on the correct use of antihyperglycemic drugs and insulin, as well as the absence of errors in nutrition and the level of physical activity. If a diabetic has a high blood sugar level in the morning, the endocrinologist attending the doctor will tell you what to do.

90,000 Elevated blood sugar: causes and symptoms

Almost everyone has heard the expression “blood sugar”. But not everyone realizes that it is wrong and is a historical relic.In the Middle Ages, medicine considered the presence of sugar in the blood to be the cause of many diseases. In fact, it is not there – we are talking about the glucose level.

Glycemia

The level of sugar or glucose in the blood is called glycemia. The normal amount of fasting fingerstick glucose should be 3.3 to 5.5 mmol for every liter of blood. After eating, this figure should be in the range of 5.6-6.6 mmol / l.

Attention! If on an empty stomach it is higher than 6.7 mmol / l, then this is considered one of the main signs of diabetes mellitus.

With a reduced amount of glucose in the blood (below 3.3 mmol / l), they speak of hypoglycemia, and with an increased amount, of hyperglycemia. Both conditions manifest themselves as a deterioration in well-being.

In hypoglycemia, the central nervous system is deprived of its main fuel. As a result of a sharp drop in glucose levels, it is even possible for a person to fall into a coma. Hyperglycemia is also hazardous to health. It can be fatal.

Hyperglycemia

A common cause of hyperglycemia is malnutrition with the inclusion in the diet of a large number of sugar-containing foods and foods that are high in simple carbohydrates. The response of the body is expressed in the production of large amounts of insulin by the pancreas. As a result, an excessive amount of glucose accumulates in the tissues.

First signs of hyperglycemia

Mild hyperglycemia is expressed in increased thirst. More serious problems are indicated by signs such as:

• frequent urination;
• drastic weight loss;
• dry mouth;
• dry skin;
• arrhythmia;
• deep and rare breathing;

90,099 impaired consciousness;

• fatigue;
• fog before the eyes.

Attention! In the most severe cases, the person may go into a coma.

Diabetes mellitus

The main cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes either have insufficient insulin levels or the hormone does not work properly, that is, insulin resistance is observed. The glucose remains in the bloodstream, which ultimately leads to symptoms of hyperglycemia.

Attention! Excess glucose from the blood enters the urine and leads to the removal of the necessary minerals and salts from the body.As a result, a person has increased thirst and frequent urination, and dehydration may develop.

Other causes of hyperglycemia include problems with the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, and hypothalamus.

Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy

In some women, hyperglycemia develops as a result of a condition called gestational diabetes. It can be observed during the period of gestation. This form of diabetes develops when the body is unable to produce enough insulin to meet the needs of pregnancy, which causes blood glucose levels to rise.

Factors contributing to the development of hyperglycemia

Factors contributing to the development of diabetes mellitus include:

• stress;
• unhealthy food;
• Missed or incorrect dose of insulin or other antihyperglycemic drug;
• colds.

Prevention of increased blood sugar

The main preventive measure is proper nutrition. Recommended products are:

• black or special diabetic bread, in the amount of 200 g per day;
• lean meat and poultry – 100 g;
• soups with vegetables in meat or fish broth – twice a week;
• vegetables, fruits and garden herbs without restriction, with the exception of carrots, potatoes and beets, for which the norm is not more than 100-200 g;
• eggs – 1-2 pcs.;
• low-fat fermented milk products — 1-2 tbsp. in a day.

Eat correctly and regularly, exercise, exclude unhealthy foods from your diet and be healthy!

90,000 Early signs of high blood sugar and foods that lower it

Are you constantly hungry? Are you gaining weight even though you have reduced your calorie intake? Feeling persistent stomach problems? If the answer is yes, then you probably suffer from high blood sugar.This does not always indicate the presence of diabetes mellitus. Each of us can have a jump in our blood sugar levels if we consume certain foods, such as sweets, sodas, or baked goods. The real problem starts when sugar levels remain high for an extended period of time, which can indicate serious health problems.

Causes leading to high blood sugar

• Taking certain medications
• Stress
• Lack of physical activity 90 100
• Incorrect power supply 90 100
• Presence of diseases that contribute to the development of diabetes.

Diabetes symptoms

High blood sugar is a major symptom of diabetes, but not always and not the only one. In addition, patients with diabetes mellitus may have other symptoms:

• Dry mouth 90 100
• Thirst
• Frequent urination during the night period 90 100
• Feeling hungry
• Fatigue 90 100
• Dry and itchy skin 90 100
• Weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation 90 100
• Concentration problems 90 100
• Blurred vision 90 100
• Recurrent infections 90 100
• Stomach problems 90 100
• Nervous problems
• Slow healing of wounds and cuts 90 100
• Impotence

Lowering blood glucose levels with foods with a low glycemic index

The glycemic index (GI) is a numerical index that shows how the blood sugar level changes after eating a particular food.The GI has a scale from 0 to 100: glucose has an index of 100 and is the starting point. Foods with a high glycemic index are quickly absorbed into the blood and quickly digested, causing changes in sugar levels. Low-GI foods increase sugar levels gradually. The higher the GI of the food, the higher the glucose level will be at that particular point in time. The concept of GI is used by diabetologists to prescribe a correct, balanced diet for diabetics. In addition, foods with a low GI index can be useful not only for diabetics, but also for people who monitor their weight, as they reduce hunger and control appetite.

List of foods by their glycemic index:

Knowing the value of the GI of certain foods can help in the preparation of a balanced diet for diabetics, overweight people and those who lead a healthy lifestyle. It is advisable to avoid foods with a high GI – 70+. Foods with a moderate GI index – 55-69 – should be eaten with caution. Ideal for the diet will be foods with a low GI – from 0 to 54.

List of some foods:

• Eggs – 0
• Hummus (1 glass) – 6 90 100
• Broccoli – 10 90 100
• Walnuts (glass) – 15
• Cashew (glass) – 22 90 100
• Cherry (glass) – 22 90 100
• Grapefruit (medium size) – 25 90 100
• Yogurt without sugar – 23 90 100
• Beans (glass) – 34 90 100
• Apple (medium) – 38 90 100
• Tomato juice -38 90 100
• Spaghetti – 46 90 100
• Green Grapes – 46 90 100
• Pineapple juice – 46 90 100
• Carrots (large) – 47 90 100
• Orange (medium) – 48 90 100
• Banana (large) – 52 90 100
• Peas – 54.

Important:

The above products are listed with the average value for the average person. But every body reacts differently to different foods, so people with diabetes should check their blood glucose levels carefully for two hours after each meal.

The methods of treating diabetes mellitus used today by modern medicine allow people with diabetes to live life to the fullest. An important problem remains the possibility of determining the disease at the earliest stages.Knowing the first symptoms can help in quickly identifying the disease and initiating timely treatment. An equally important problem remains the awareness of the population about the threat of diabetes and its consequences: knowledge of the causes and factors affecting the onset and development of the disease, proper nutrition and a healthy lifestyle can prevent the onset of diabetes. 90,000 How not to get diabetes? And what do we even know about this disease?

November 14, 2018

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

Type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence.Sometimes it has genetic causes, but it can also be caused by a viral infection

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease from which more than a million people die every year, and anyone can get it.

Diabetes occurs when our bodies cannot keep up with blood sugar (glucose) levels. The blood becomes thick, and over time it can lead to heart attack, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, and gangrene of the lower extremities.

Diabetes is on the rise: today, according to WHO, there are 422 million diabetics in the world – almost four times more than just 40 years ago.

However, despite the serious health threat that diabetes poses, half of diabetics are unaware of their illness.

At the same time, in many cases, in order to avoid diabetes mellitus, it is enough just to change your habits and adjust your lifestyle. Here’s how to do it.

What causes diabetes?

When we eat food, our body converts the carbohydrates it contains into sugar (glucose). For its assimilation, insulin is responsible – a hormone of the pancreas, which gives the cells a signal to absorb glucose dissolved in the blood and use it as a source of energy.

Diabetes occurs when insulin production stops or a hormone stops functioning normally, causing sugar to build up in the blood.

Photo by Getty Images

What types of diabetes are there?

Diabetes mellitus is of several types.

In type 1 diabetes , the pancreas stops producing insulin and sugar begins to accumulate in the blood. Most often this happens quite early – in childhood or adolescence.

Scientists still do not know exactly why this happens, but they believe that a genetic predisposition or a viral infection that damages the cells of the pancreas responsible for the production of insulin may play a role here. Approximately 10% of diabetics have type 1 diabetes.

In type 2 diabetes insulin production does not stop completely, but either it is not produced enough, or something prevents it from working efficiently.

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

Insulin, which allows our body to process sugar, is produced by the pancreas

This usually occurs already in middle age or closer to old age, however, type 2 diabetes also occurs in young people if they are are obese or inactive. Representatives of certain peoples, especially those from South Asia, are also more inclined towards it.

Pregnant women are sometimes diagnosed with gestational diabetes, which means that their bodies do not produce enough insulin for both themselves and their unborn child.

Depending on the evaluation criteria, such a diagnosis can be made from 6 to 16% of all pregnant women – they need to closely monitor their blood sugar levels, maintaining it in the norm through diet, exercise and / or insulin injections so that they do not have developed type 2 diabetes.

There is also the so-called prediabetes – an increased level of glucose in the blood, which can also lead to the development of a full-fledged disease.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Photo by Getty Images

Caption,

Increased fatigue, constant thirst and too frequent urination can be signs of developing diabetes

The most common symptoms are:

• Constant thirst
• unusually frequent urination, especially at night time
• increased fatigue
• weight loss for no reason
• reduced visual acuity
• cuts and scrapes that take a long time to heal

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes most often develop in childhood or adolescence and are much more severe.

The risk group for type 2 diabetes usually includes people over 40 (South Asians over 25), as well as relatives of diabetics (brothers, sisters, children) and people who are overweight.

Can I prevent illness?

The risk of developing diabetes depends on genetic factors and environmental conditions, but you can maintain normal blood sugar levels through a healthy diet and an active lifestyle.

Photo by Getty Images

Photo caption,

One way to reduce your risk of diabetes is to replace refined sugars and white flour products with fruits and unrefined cereals.

You can start by reducing your consumption of confectionery and sugary drinks while replace bread and pasta with products made from wholemeal flour.

Foods made from refined sugar and refined grains contain less nutrients, as vitamins and fiber are found mainly in the shell of the grains. Examples of such foods are white flour, white bread, white rice, white pasta, baked goods, sodas, sweets, and sugar-added breakfast cereals.

A healthy diet includes vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains, as well as healthy vegetable oils, nuts and fish varieties rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids such as sardines, salmon or mackerel.

It is important to eat at regular intervals to avoid overeating.

Exercise can also help lower blood sugar. Doctors recommend spending at least two and a half hours a week doing aerobic activities such as walking or climbing stairs.

Photo Credit, Getty Images

Photo Caption,

It is important to avoid a sedentary lifestyle and exercise at least two and a half hours a week.

It will be easier for your body to maintain normal blood sugar if you are not overweight.But if you need to lose weight, it is better to do it slowly, losing no more than 0.5-1 kg per week.

To reduce the risk of heart disease, it is best not to smoke and keep your cholesterol levels in check.

What are the complications of diabetes?

High blood sugar can severely damage blood vessels.

When the blood thickens, it becomes more difficult for it to move around the body – it may not reach some cells at all, which increases the risk of nerve damage (loss of sensation and pain), loss of vision and infectious diseases of the feet.

According to the WHO, diabetes mellitus is one of the main causes of blindness, renal failure, heart attack, stroke and gangrene of the lower extremities, leading to amputation of the legs.

Photo author, Getty Images

Photo caption,

Heart attack is one of the possible complications of diabetes

In 2016 alone, about 1.6 million people died from the direct consequences of diabetes.

How many people have diabetes?

According to the WHO, between 1980 and 2014, the number of diabetics worldwide increased from 108 million to 422 million.

In 1980, less than 5% of the world’s adult population had diabetes. In 2014, this figure was already 8.5%.

The International Diabetes Federation estimates that 80% of people with diabetes live in low- or middle-income countries.

In developed countries, people living below the poverty line and / or eating cheap convenience foods are more likely to get diabetes.

Endocrinologist explained why diabetes is extremely dangerous with COVID-19 – Russian newspaper

Of all chronic diseases, the most dangerous with coronavirus is diabetes mellitus.This was stated by the head of the Ministry of Health Mikhail Murashko and a group of international scientists who published their research in the journal Science Advances. In Russia, more than five million cases of diabetes mellitus have been registered in the adult population and almost 50 thousand in children. What happens when two dangerous diseases overlap? The highest category endocrinologist Irina Presnyakova told Rossiyskaya Gazeta about this.

Jumps of dangerous sugar

Irina Valerievna, why are patients with diabetes at risk?

Irina Presnyakova : In my opinion, there are two main reasons.First: at risk are people with poorly compensated diabetes mellitus. That is, a person constantly lives with high blood sugar numbers, or he “jumps” from low to high values ​​(which is even worse). And it affects almost all organs and systems, including suppressing the immune system. Therefore, it is easier for such people to become infected, and complications of infections are more common in them.

Second reason: any infection, especially with fever and symptoms of intoxication (weakness, lack of appetite, muscle pain) or diarrhea, can lead to diabetes decompensation.That is, it is much more difficult for people with diabetes to maintain normal blood glucose levels during illness. Hence the risks of developing acute complications of diabetes – ketoacidosis, diabetic coma, severe hypoglycemia.

How does the virus affect the weakened body of a diabetic?

Irina Presnyakova : Any viral infection is stress for the body, a kind of “test of the strength of the defenses.” To counteract the causative agent of the infection, the body produces in an increased amount of stress hormones, cortisol and adrenaline.

These hormones interfere with the action of insulin and activate the production of glucose in the liver. Under these conditions, it is much more difficult for even a person with well-compensated diabetes to keep glucose within target levels. In addition, lack of appetite, vomiting, or diarrhea also affect blood glucose levels and require dose adjustments of antidiabetic drugs.

If carbohydrates are not supplied with food, the body quickly depletes their reserves in the liver and begins to burn fat for energy. When fat breaks down, ketone bodies (acetone) are formed and their level in the blood rises.If this situation lasts long enough, and insulin therapy is inadequate, then a person with type 1 diabetes may develop ketoacidosis and even ketoacidotic coma. Hyperosmolar diabetic coma can develop in people with type 2 diabetes, especially in the elderly and old age. Both of these acute complications of diabetes are very dangerous.

If COVID-19 nevertheless caught up with

If a diabetic does catch a coronavirus, advise how people should behave during illness.

Irina Presnyakova : Blood glucose levels can change dramatically during illness.Therefore, you should often monitor your blood sugar level in order to take timely measures when it rises or falls.

Do not stop insulin therapy during an acute illness, even if you eat less than usual. To lower blood sugar levels in coronavirus infection, a temporary increase in the dose of insulin (both long-acting and short-acting) may be required. And additional injections of (ultra) short insulin “to reduce” without food.

Patients with type 2 diabetes who do not receive insulin sometimes need to increase the dose of some drugs and, conversely, temporarily stop taking others.And sometimes they may need temporary insulin administration.

What is the best way to eat during illness? This is a very important point for diabetics.

Irina Presnyakova : If possible, you should eat enough carbohydrates and drink more fluids. Try to eat more often and in small portions. Save fast carbohydrates (sweets, honey, jams, juices) only in case of hypoglycemia or a rapid drop in blood sugar. If vomiting occurs, food should be replaced with carbohydrate-containing liquids (diluted juice, compote) – if blood glucose is low.And non-carbohydrate salt solutions (still mineral water) – if blood sugar is high.

Patients with type 1 diabetes on the background of an acute infectious disease should determine the level of ketones in the urine using test strips several times a day. This is especially important when blood glucose rises above 13-15 mmol / l. With the appearance of ketones in the urine and high blood sugar levels in any type of diabetes mellitus, additional injections of short insulin “without food” and an increase in the use of non-carbohydrate fluids are necessary.

At the peak of two illnesses

When should you sound the alarm and call an ambulance?

Irina Presnyakova : When the patient cannot cope with high blood sugar and high levels of ketones in the urine. When he has constant nausea and vomiting and cannot drink for more than 4-6 hours.

When it is difficult for the patient to breathe, or breathing is rapid and difficult. When he feels severe weakness, drowsiness, he cannot think clearly. In such cases, you need to immediately call an ambulance.

How can diabetics not get coronavirus infection? In addition to the well-known preventive measures, what does he need to know, are there any special rules for them in a pandemic?

Irina Presnyakova : In fact, the rules are elementary – you need to follow all the precautions that have now been introduced.

The best way to cope with an acute viral illness is to know these rules and be prepared to deal with the problem ahead of time. Wash your hands often, especially before eating, after using the toilet, during and after visiting crowded places (airports, train stations, shops, hospitals).

Carry an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, or at least wet alcohol wipes, in case you have nowhere to wash your hands. Wash your hands thoroughly. It is not enough just to rinse them under running water. Lather your hands (on all sides and between your fingers) for 20 seconds. Then rinse off under running warm water and close the tap (preferably with an elbow or a napkin).

Keep your distance, wear masks. Wipe with a solution of antiseptics those objects and surfaces that you grasp with your hands: doorknobs, mobile phones, control panels, keys.Ventilate the room in which you are, and do not forget about wet cleaning.

In your diet, try to adhere to a healthy, correct menu, eat more vegetables, fruits with a low glycemic index, whole grains, nuts, lean meats, fish and drink plenty of fluids. Don’t forget about physical activity.

Discuss in advance with your doctor what to do if your blood sugar is too low or too high, as well as if you develop any illness or cannot eat normally.Do not be afraid and do not be alarmed, do not escalate problems, maintain a healthy mind in yourself – so that the body is healthy!

All materials of the plot “COVID-19. We can handle it!” read here .

norm, reasons for increasing and decreasing glucose levels in human blood

Glucose and carbohydrate metabolites play an important role in providing energy to body tissues and in cellular respiration.A prolonged increase or decrease in its content leads to serious consequences that threaten human health and life. Therefore, doctors attach great importance to the control of blood glucose levels.

Several hormones affect its concentration in the blood at once – insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, thyrotropin, T3 and T4, cortisol and adrenaline. For diagnostic purposes, it is important to know the reference values, as well as deviations from the norm and what such indicators indicate. In addition to glucose, there are other markers of blood sugar: fructosamine, glycated hemoglobin, lactate, and others.But first things first.

Glucose in human blood

Like any other carbohydrate, sugar cannot be directly absorbed by the body and requires splitting into glucose using special enzymes with the ending “-ase” and bearing the unifying name of glycosyl hydrolases (glycosidases), or sucrases … “Hydro-” in the name of a group of enzymes indicates that the breakdown of sucrose into glucose occurs only in an aqueous medium. Various sucrases are produced in the pancreas and small intestine, where they are absorbed into the blood as glucose.

Good to know!

Sugar, or sucrose (beet, cane sugar), being a multisaccharide, consists of two monosaccharides – fructose and glucose [1]. Other sugars are also subject to decomposition to glucose – maltose (malt sugar), lactose (milk), nigerose (black rice), trehalose (mushroom), turanose (honey), cellobiose (woody birch), and so on. Starch, pectin, inulin and other complex carbohydrates are also broken down to glucose, gradually decreasing in molecular weight in the process of enzymatic hydrolysis, but this process is slower.Hence the name – slow carbohydrates.

So, glucose (dextrose) is formed by the breakdown of carbohydrate compounds into simple monosaccharides. It is absorbed by the small intestine. Its main (but not the only) source is carbohydrate-rich foods. It is extremely important for the human body that the amount of sugar is maintained at a constant normal level, as this substance supplies energy to the cells. It is of particular importance for skeletal muscles, heart and brain, which need energy the most.

If the sugar content is outside the normal range, then:

• energy starvation of cells occurs, as a result of which their functionality is significantly reduced; if a person has chronic hypoglycemia (low glucose content), then damage to the brain and nerve cells may occur;
• Excess substances are deposited in tissue proteins , causing their damage (in case of hyperglycemia – increased glucose content – they undergo destruction of the tissues of the kidneys, eyes, heart, blood vessels and nervous system).

The unit of change for glucose is millimole per liter (mmol / L). Its level depends on the time of day, on a person’s diet, his motor and intellectual activity, the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin, which has a sugar-reducing effect, as well as the intensity of the production of hormones that neutralize insulin.

Note!

The human body always keeps a certain amount of energy in reserve.This means that he receives glucose not only from the outside (from food), but also from his own intracellular sources – in the form of glycogen. Glycogen, sometimes called animal or human starch, is found in large quantities in liver cells called hepatocytes. Up to 6% of the cell mass and up to 120 grams in the total weight of the liver are glycogen granules [2]. Its significant reserves are located in the heart (up to 1% of cell weight) and other muscle tissue, but only for local consumption.The liver, on the other hand, is able to provide energy to the entire body, and not just itself.

There is another internal source of glucose – it is activated when glycogen stores are depleted, which usually happens after a day of fasting or earlier – as a result of severe nervous and physical exertion. This process is called gluconeogenesis [3] , it is designed to synthesize glucose from:

• lactic acid (lactate) , formed in loaded muscles and erythrocytes;
• glycerol , obtained by the body after fermentation of adipose tissue;
• amino acids – they are formed as a result of the breakdown of muscle tissue (proteins).

The scenario of obtaining glucose from amino acids is considered dangerous to human health and life, since the “eating” by the body of its own muscle mass can affect an organ such as the heart, as well as the smooth muscles of the intestines, blood vessels.

Blood test for glucose (sugar): the norm of indicators

The study of sugar levels is carried out in several ways, for each of which there are corresponding indications. Determining the concentration of this substance allows you to diagnose a number of serious diseases.What is the rate of blood sugar?

Fasting blood sugar

This test is taken after 8-14 hours of fasting. Blood is drawn from a vein. The general norm of glycemia in adults is 4.1–6.1 mmol / l, in children under 14 years old – 3.3–5.6 mmol / l. In women during pregnancy, indicators can reach 4.1–5.1 mmol / l [4].

Detection of glucose on an empty stomach in a volume of 7.0 mmol / l and above is a reason for additional laboratory tests, including hormones and enzymes.

Blood sugar “loaded” with glucose

If the results of a standard analysis for sugar cause doubts among experts, then a glucose tolerance test is performed. It can also be performed to detect diabetes and various disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.

Such a study is indicated in the presence of clinical signs of diabetes, combined with normal blood glucose levels, with periodic detection of sugar in urine, an increase in daily urine volume, a hereditary tendency to diabetes, or the presence of retinopathy of unexplained origin.Such an analysis is recommended for women who have given birth to children weighing more than four kilograms, as well as their children.

During the examination, blood is taken from the patient on an empty stomach, and then he takes 75 grams of glucose dissolved in tea. For children, the dosage is calculated using the formula 1.75 g / kg. Re-analysis is carried out one to two hours after taking the drug, while the blood sugar content should not exceed 7.8 mmol / l. If the plasma glucose level two hours after administration in the oral glucose tolerance test is 11.1 mmol / L or higher, this is a possible indication of diabetes mellitus [5].If the glucose concentration is below 11.1 mmol / l, but above 7.8 mmol / l, we can talk about impaired glucose tolerance [6].

Glycated hemoglobin

Compound of erythrocyte hemoglobin with glucose. Measurement of the concentration of glycated hemoglobin allows you to determine the content of sugar in the blood for the last two or three months. For analysis, a biomaterial is taken from a patient after a two- or three-hour fast. The advantages of this analysis include the fact that its results are not affected by the emotional state or the presence of infections in the patient, and there is no need to interrupt medication.

Glycated hemoglobin is measured as a percentage of the total hemoglobin. The level of less than 6% is considered the norm. A value of 6.5% or more is a criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus [7].

Fructosamine

It is a combination of glucose with plasma proteins, which allows you to determine the average sugar content over the last two to three weeks. For the analysis, venous blood is taken from the patient after an eight-hour fast. The normal concentration of fructosamine is less than 319 μmol / L.

For a retrospective assessment of the patient’s condition, the content of glycated hemoglobin is most often determined (the analysis shows the glucose concentration for three months), and the measurement of the concentration of fructosamine is prescribed when it is necessary to assess the patient’s condition over the past few weeks, in particular:

• with a sharp change in the treatment plan diabetes;
• during pregnancy in women with diabetes;
• in patients with anemia (in their case, the study for glycated hemoglobin does not give accurate results).

If a value above 370 μmol / L is recorded, this may indicate decompensation of carbohydrate metabolism, renal failure, hypothyroidism, or an increase in immunoglobulin class A (IgA). If fructosamine is below 286 μmol / l, this is a reason to suspect hypoproteinemia (hypoalbuminemia) in nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, hyperthyroidism; also, such a result may indicate abuse of ascorbic acid.

C-peptide

It is a constituent of the pancreatic secretion that allows the assessment of insulin production.Measuring the amount of this substance makes it possible to diagnose diabetes and evaluate the effectiveness of its treatment. C-peptide and insulin are produced in an equal ratio, but the concentration of C-peptide is constant and does not depend on the level of glucose in the blood of a person. Accordingly, the determination of its amount allows you to accurately assess the production of insulin. Normal fasting C-peptide values ​​vary widely – 260–1730 pmol / L.

An increase is observed after eating, hormonal drugs, glucocorticosteroids, contraceptives and some other means.If these factors are excluded, it is worth checking for the presence of diseases and conditions such as beta cell hypertrophy, insulinoma, the presence of antibodies to insulin, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, somatotropinoma (pituitary tumor), apudoma (a tumor that uncontrollably produces insulin into the blood), renal failure … A low level of C-peptide may indicate insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin therapy, alcoholic hypoglycemia, stress, the presence of antibodies to insulin receptors (with insulin-resistant type II diabetes mellitus).

Why can my blood glucose be increased or decreased?

So, increased blood glucose is observed in the presence of diseases of the endocrine system, pancreas, kidneys and liver, heart attack and stroke, diabetes mellitus. Almost the same reasons, only with the opposite sign, lead to a decrease in blood glucose. Sugar can be lowered in pathologies of the pancreas, some endocrine diseases, insulin overdose, severe liver disease, malignant tumors, fermentopathy, autonomic disorders, alcohol and chemical poisoning, taking steroids and amphetamines, fever and intense physical exertion.Hypoglycemia can occur with prolonged fasting, as well as in premature babies and babies born to mothers with diabetes.

This is interesting!

Of all human organs, the brain consumes the most energy, which means glucose. Although it weighs only 2% of body weight, it uses about half of the glucose produced by the liver and released into the blood [8].

How to get your sugar level back to normal?

In case of slight deviations from the norm of glucose in the blood, it is recommended to correct the diet.Patients with hyperglycemia need to limit the intake of carbohydrates from food. The “prohibited” group includes sugar-containing foods, white bread, pasta, potatoes, wine and sparkling drinks. At the same time, you should increase your intake of foods that lower sugar levels (cabbage, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, eggplants, pumpkin, spinach, celery, beans, and others).

Patients with diabetes are advised to adhere to diet No. 9. The use of sugar substitutes, in particular sucrasite, aspartame and saccharin, is allowed.However, they can make you feel hungry and, in some cases, upset stomach and intestines. The permissible dosage of these funds should be determined by the doctor.

In case of hypoglycemia , increase the intake of proteins, which are found in large quantities in nuts, beans, dairy products and lean meats. Prevention of hypo- and hyperglycemia consists in adherence to the diet and adequate physical activity.

If the increase in sugar is explained by diseases of the organs involved in glucose circulation, then such diabetes is considered to be secondary .In this case, it must be treated simultaneously with the underlying disease (cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, a tumor of the liver, pituitary gland, pancreas).

If the level of hyperglycemia is low, the doctor may prescribe medications that smoothly lower the sugar level, but do not increase the production of insulin. With confirmed insulin deficiency, patients are prescribed insulins, which are administered subcutaneously.