What does a high hematocrit level indicate. How is hematocrit measured. What are the common causes of elevated hematocrit. What symptoms may accompany high hematocrit levels. How is high hematocrit treated.

Understanding Hematocrit and Its Significance

Hematocrit (HCT) is a crucial component of the complete blood count (CBC) that measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood. This test provides valuable insights into your overall health and can indicate various medical conditions when results fall outside the normal range.

The normal hematocrit range varies slightly between men and women:

• For men: 41% to 50%
• For women: 36% to 44%

When your hematocrit level is higher than these ranges, it’s considered elevated or high. But what exactly does this mean for your health?

Causes of High Hematocrit Levels

Several factors can contribute to an elevated hematocrit level. Understanding these causes is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Dehydration

Dehydration is one of the most common causes of high hematocrit. When you’re dehydrated, your blood volume decreases, making the proportion of red blood cells appear higher. This is often a temporary condition that can be resolved by increasing fluid intake.

Lung Diseases

Chronic lung conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can lead to elevated hematocrit levels. These diseases impair the lungs’ ability to oxygenate blood effectively. In response, the body produces more red blood cells to compensate for the reduced oxygen levels.

Heart Disease

Cardiovascular problems can also result in high hematocrit. When the heart struggles to circulate blood efficiently, the body may increase red blood cell production as a compensatory mechanism. This is why hematocrit tests are often included in heart health screenings.

Polycythemia Vera

This rare blood cancer causes the bone marrow to produce excessive red blood cells. Polycythemia vera not only elevates hematocrit levels but can also lead to complications such as blood clots and an enlarged spleen.

Kidney Cancer

Certain types of kidney cancer can stimulate the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that promotes red blood cell formation. This can result in abnormally high hematocrit levels.

Symptoms Associated with High Hematocrit

Elevated hematocrit levels can manifest through various symptoms. Recognizing these signs can help in early detection and prompt medical intervention.

• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Vision problems
• Skin flushing or blushing

If you experience these symptoms persistently, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation.

Diagnostic Procedures for High Hematocrit

Diagnosing the underlying cause of high hematocrit often involves a series of tests and examinations.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A CBC is typically the first step in evaluating hematocrit levels. This test provides a comprehensive overview of your blood composition, including red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels, and platelet count.

Erythropoietin Level Test

Measuring erythropoietin levels can help determine if excessive red blood cell production is due to a kidney-related issue or polycythemia vera.

Imaging Studies

In cases where cancer is suspected, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may be ordered to examine the kidneys or other potentially affected organs.

Bone Marrow Biopsy

For suspected blood disorders like polycythemia vera, a bone marrow biopsy might be necessary to evaluate the production of blood cells at their source.

Treatment Options for High Hematocrit

The treatment for high hematocrit depends on its underlying cause and severity. Here are some common approaches:

Hydration Therapy

For dehydration-induced high hematocrit, increasing fluid intake is often the primary treatment. In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be administered.

Phlebotomy

This procedure involves removing blood to reduce the overall red blood cell count. It’s commonly used in conditions like polycythemia vera or when hematocrit levels are dangerously high.

Medications

Depending on the underlying cause, medications may be prescribed. For instance, hydroxyurea is often used to manage polycythemia vera by reducing red blood cell production.

Lifestyle Modifications

In some cases, lifestyle changes can help manage hematocrit levels. These may include:

• Quitting smoking
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Regular exercise
• Limiting alcohol consumption

Complications of Untreated High Hematocrit

Left untreated, high hematocrit can lead to serious health complications. Understanding these risks emphasizes the importance of timely medical intervention.

Blood Clots

Elevated hematocrit increases blood viscosity, raising the risk of blood clots. These clots can lead to life-threatening conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or stroke.

Cardiovascular Problems

The increased strain on the heart due to thicker blood can exacerbate existing heart conditions or contribute to the development of new ones.

Splenomegaly

In conditions like polycythemia vera, the spleen may enlarge as it works overtime to filter the excess red blood cells. This can cause abdominal discomfort and potentially lead to splenic rupture.

Prevention and Management of High Hematocrit

While some causes of high hematocrit are unavoidable, there are steps you can take to manage your risk and maintain healthy blood levels.

Stay Hydrated

Adequate hydration is crucial in preventing dehydration-induced high hematocrit. Aim to drink at least 8 glasses of water daily, more if you’re physically active or in hot weather.

Regular Health Check-ups

Routine blood tests can help detect abnormal hematocrit levels early, allowing for timely intervention. This is especially important if you have risk factors or a family history of blood disorders.

Manage Underlying Conditions

If you have chronic conditions like heart or lung disease, proper management can help prevent complications that might lead to elevated hematocrit.

Avoid Smoking and Excessive Alcohol

Both smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can affect your blood composition. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake can help maintain healthy hematocrit levels.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Recognizing when to consult a healthcare professional is crucial in managing high hematocrit effectively.

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Severe headaches or vision changes
• Chest pain or shortness of breath
• Symptoms of blood clots, such as swelling or pain in the legs
• Unexplained and persistent fatigue

Remember, early detection and treatment of high hematocrit can prevent serious complications and improve overall health outcomes.

Future Directions in Hematocrit Research

As medical science advances, new insights into hematocrit and its implications for health continue to emerge. Ongoing research is focusing on several key areas:

Genetic Factors

Scientists are investigating genetic markers that may predispose individuals to abnormal hematocrit levels. This research could lead to more personalized approaches to prevention and treatment.

Novel Treatments

New therapies for conditions that cause high hematocrit, such as targeted medications for polycythemia vera, are in various stages of development and clinical trials.

Artificial Intelligence in Diagnosis

AI-powered algorithms are being developed to analyze blood test results more accurately and quickly, potentially leading to earlier detection of abnormal hematocrit levels and underlying conditions.

Wearable Technology

Researchers are exploring the potential of wearable devices to monitor hematocrit levels continuously, which could revolutionize the management of conditions like polycythemia vera.

As research progresses, our understanding of hematocrit and its role in overall health continues to expand, promising improved diagnostic and treatment options for those affected by high hematocrit levels.

What It Means to Get High or Low Results > Personalabs

The hematocrit or HCT blood test measures the proportion of red blood cells to white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. 

High HCT blood test values (usually over 44% to 50%) indicate dehydration and conditions that cause RBC overproduction. Alternatively, extremely low hematocrit results may indicate anemia or other blood disorders that affect RBC formation (erythropoiesis) or destruction (hemolysis). 

Know more about the concerning levels of HCT and what the test results tell you when you read on.

Pro Tip: Hematocrit and other parts of the complete blood count (CBC) reveal essential information about your health. If you wish to learn more about what your blood test means, book a virtual consultation to speak to a healthcare provider. 

High HCT Meaning 

If your HCT blood test result shows high hematocrit, over 50% for men and 44% for women, it suggests that you have more red blood cells or erythrocytes due to an underlying health condition. It could also indicate that blood plasma is in critically low volume. 

Symptoms of high hematocrit include:

• Fatigue
• Dizziness 
• Headaches
• Vision problems
• Skin blushing or flushing

Causes of High HCT

Dehydration

If you have high HCT, you are likely to be dehydrated. In this case, you may not necessarily be producing too many RBCs. Instead, your blood has a low volume of plasma which stems from a lack of proper hydration. 

Lung Disease

Conditions affecting lung function, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can affect the organ’s ability to obtain oxygen. To compensate for the oxygen shortage, your body will produce more RBCs. If you have symptoms of pulmonary disorders, your doctor may order additional laboratory tests, including lung function blood tests. 

Heart Disease

People with heart disease are prone to high hematocrit and hemoglobin. As the heart cannot function fully to facilitate blood circulation, your body will counteract the said loss with increased erythrocyte production. Thus, an HCT blood test also provides additional information about your risk for cardiovascular diseases, making it a key part of heart health blood tests. 

Cancer

The primary cancer type that drives your bone marrow to produce excessive red blood cells is called polycythemia vera. Although extremely rare, this blood cancer slows down blood circulation, and leads to an enlarged spleen, increased blood clotting, and other life-threatening blood-related complications. Naturally, it also elevates your normal hematocrit levels. 

On the other hand, kidney cancer also influences erythrocyte production since it releases the protein (erythropoietin) that prompts the process. This can be further confirmed by additional tests, such as a red blood cell count, biopsy, MRI, etc. 

Did You Know? Several cancers can be detected by biomarkers screened through a blood test. In some cases, these cancers are first spotted through routine exams. Learn more about the types of cancer diagnosed through blood testing. 

Treatment for Elevated HCT

Lowering your high HCT will depend on its cause. For example, if it’s due to dehydration, your healthcare provider may recommend rehydration therapy. If your test result goes extremely above the normal range for HCT, your doctor may push for phlebotomy, wherein blood is extracted to reduce red blood cell count. 

Low HCT Meaning 

To get an HCT below the normal hematocrit range (less than 41% for men and 36% for women) indicates low red blood production or a high rate of destruction, potentially due to an underlying illness. 

The most common cause of low hematocrit is anemia, characterized by a reduced number of healthy red blood cells. You may spot anemia through the following symptoms:

• Fatigue
• Dizziness 
• Chest pain
• Headaches 
• Pale complexion
• Trouble breathing
• Cold hands and feet
• Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) 

Causes of Low HCT

Anemias 

As mentioned above, low HCT typically signals anemia, which can be due to a lack of nutrients, such as that in iron-deficiency anemia, or genetic factors like what’s causing sickle cell anemia and aplastic anemia. Additional blood tests are needed to verify the condition, including the anemia profile blood test. 

Blood Loss

Women who experience excessive menstrual bleeding are likely to have low HCT. In the same way, those who suffer from bacterial ulcers caused by H. pylori and other similar disorders leading to internal bleeding can also expect decreased HCT in their blood test. 

Did You Know? It’s possible to experience blood loss without seeing blood in your stool, as the naked eye does not easily detect it. Get the fecal occult blood test to determine if you have chronic digestive bleeding.

Thalassemia 

Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder wherein your body fails to produce enough hemoglobin, a crucial protein in the red blood cell. As a result, RBCs are low, indicated by low HCT and erythrocyte count.  

Kidney Problems

Your kidneys don’t just filter wastes from the blood. They also produce the protein erythropoietin, which signals the production of RBCs. Hence, disorders like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and other significant kidney problems lead to low secretion of erythropoietin, resulting in inadequate RBCs. 

Inflammatory Diseases

Conditions like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by increased inflammatory activities, negatively influence RBC formation and maturation. Similarly, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may also promote anemia leading to low HCT as it affects the absorption of iron, copper, vitamin B12, and other fundamental nutrients for erythropoiesis.  

Cancers

Leukemia and lymphoma are two types of cancers that directly impact bone marrow function. Hence, with these underlying conditions, you may likely get low HCT in your blood test and undergo further testing. 

Treatment for Low HCT

If low HCT is due to iron-deficiency anemia, your doctor may recommend supplements and certain lifestyle adjustments. Learn more about iron deficiency anemia and its physical impact, especially among women.  

On the other hand, if the condition is linked to more complex disorders like cancer, blood disease, CKD, etc., your healthcare provider will need more information to form an accurate diagnosis, entailing other types of assessment. Only then will your doctor prescribe a treatment that covers the process in which HCT is brought to its normal range.

How Is Hematocrit Measured?

Calculating hematocrit involves measuring the ratio of red blood cells through a reading device. When using a capillary tube, the length of the RBC packed length volume is compared to the total length of the blood sample. 

It is imperative to have the analysis within 10 minutes of the sample collection, as the erythrocyte layers can mix with the other blood components and platelets begin to clot. 

How and When Is It Done?

Your doctor will likely order an HCT blood test if you exhibit symptoms of anemia, blood loss, dehydration, and other blood disorders. As part of the CBC test, it also provides critical information on other disorders, such as cancer, lung disease, kidney disease, liver problems, and cardiovascular diseases.  

Unlike the other tests involved in CBC, wherein the blood samples can be collected through finger pricking, an HCT blood test will require a venous blood sample. This is drawn from the veins at the back of your elbow and should only be performed by a licensed phlebotomist. HCT measurement needs more volume of blood for accurate processing and analysis. 

Additionally, an HCT blood test alone does not require fasting or other special preparations prior to blood collection. But if it is part of a more extensive test or if you’re taking another test simultaneously, you may have to abstain from consuming food, drinks, and certain medications. 

Pro Tip: Venipuncture, the process of inserting a syringe needle into your vein for blood collection, can be a little discomforting. If you are anxious about your lab test appointment, read our tips on how to calm yourself when getting blood drawn. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What level of HCT is concerning?

The normal hematocrit range for men is 41% to 50%, while women should have 36% to 44%. HCT test values that go above or below these ranges signal problems in the blood ranging from anemia to blood loss for low HCT percentage and dehydration to blood cancer for high lab values. Either way, see your doctor for a proper diagnosis and additional lab tests. 

Can high HCT cause fatigue?

Feeling exhausted all the time is part of the symptoms of high HCT. The increased volume of RBCs causes the blood to be thicker and move slower, affecting the rate of oxygen distribution to cells. As a result, your brain receives less oxygen, making you tired and sleepy. 

Does low HCT mean dehydration?

It’s the other way around. Low HCT suggests conditions like anemia and other blood disorders, but it’s high HCT that indicates dehydration. The lack of sufficient fluid in your body results in blood plasma having less volume, which increases the percentage of RBC. 

Did You Know? Aside from an HCT blood test, other ways to detect dehydration include a urinalysis and the electrolyte blood test panel. Treatment for severe dehydration includes administering IV fluids and oral rehydration solution (ORS). 

The Bottom Line 

An HCT blood test helps detect various health conditions, especially blood disorders. However, without fully understanding what your test results mean may lead to misconceptions about the severity of the abnormality. In addition, it’s important to understand that a hematocrit blood test alone will not suffice as far as diagnosis goes. It’s always the best course of action to speak to your doctor whether by setting up an appointment, either for a physical or virtual consultation.

Hematrocit Blood Test – Testing.com

Test Quick Guide

Blood is made up of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets which are suspended in a liquid called plasma. A hematocrit (HCT) lab test determines the percentage of the blood that is composed of RBC.

An HCT test helps your medical provider screen for, diagnose, and monitor conditions that affect your blood or bone marrow. A measurement of HCT is routinely included in a complete blood count (CBC) but may also be ordered on its own if your provider suspects a condition affecting your RBC.

About the Test

Purpose of the test

The purpose of an HCT test is to evaluate the percentage of blood that is made up of RBC. This measurement indicates the viscosity, or thickness, of the blood and depends on the size and number of RBCs in a blood sample. HCT is most often evaluated as part of a CBC, which also includes measurements of RBC, WBC, platelets, and hemoglobin.

Often ordered during a routine medical check-up, a CBC is a common lab test. A CBC that includes HCT may also be ordered to evaluate the cause of certain symptoms, monitor patients receiving medical treatments, and track those with chronic health issues that affect the blood.

What does the test measure?

HCT measures the proportion of the blood that is composed of RBC and is expressed as a percentage.

RBCs are critical for the distribution of oxygen to the body’s cells. Once oxygen is used by cells to produce energy, RBCs transport the waste product, carbon dioxide, from the cells back to the lungs.

HCT levels can be affected by an increase or decrease in the number of RBCs and by changes in other components of the blood. Because HCT measures the percentage of RBC in the blood, relative increases or decreases in other blood components, like plasma or WBC, can lead to abnormal HCT results even if the RBC count is normal.

When should I get this test?

Your provider may test HCT as part of a CBC or if you are experiencing symptoms of an RBC disorder such as anemia. Indications for testing HCT include:

• Fatigue
• Moodiness
• Headaches
• Brain fog or difficulty concentrating
• Heavy menstrual flow
• Poor nutrition
• Blood in your stools or vomit
• Cancer and cancer treatment
• Excessive diarrhea or vomit
• Leukemia or other conditions associated with bone marrow
• Chronic health conditions, including kidney diseases

Finding an HCT Test

How can I get an HCT test?

An HCT test requires a sample of blood and is typically ordered by a doctor. A blood draw, also called venipuncture, is conducted by a health provider or a laboratory technician in a medical setting.

Can I take the test at home?

HCT testing is not usually performed at home. Conducting this test requires specialized tools and trained laboratory personnel.

How much does the test cost?

The cost of an HCT test depends on several factors, including other tests performed at the same time and whether or not you have health insurance or are paying out-of-pocket. The cost of HCT testing is often covered by insurance due to the routine nature of the test.

Refer to your health care provider, medical facility, or insurance company for specific details on costs, copays, and deductibles.

Taking an HCT Test

A blood sample is needed for HCT testing. To collect a blood sample, a needle is inserted into your arm and a vial, also known as a vacutainer, is placed on the provider’s end of the needle. The vial is then filled with blood that is used to test your hematocrit.

Before the test

There is no special preparation needed prior to an HCT test, unless specified by your provider.

During the test

Blood draws are a common medical procedure. Usually, blood is drawn from either the top of the hand or the vein on the inside of the elbow. To conduct a blood draw:

1. An antiseptic wipe is used to cleanse the area prior to the blood draw.
2. A band is placed around your arm to increase pressure in your vein, making your vein more visible and easier to access.
3. A needle is placed in your vein and a test tube is attached to the needle and filled with blood.
4. If you are getting other blood tests in addition to an HCT test you may have more than one vial of blood drawn.

After the test

Once the blood is drawn, the nurse or phlebotomist may ask you to hold pressure on the site of the venipuncture with a cotton swab for a few minutes. They may place a bandage on the cotton swab to maintain pressure.

After any blood draw, you will want to watch out for temporary side effects such as dizziness or lightheadedness. Your provider may want you to stay seated for a few minutes until they can determine that you are safe to get up and walk or drive.

Other than possible lightheadedness and bruising at the site where blood was drawn, there are few potential side effects from a blood draw.

HCT Test Results

Receiving test results

After the test is complete, results will be sent to your doctor for interpretation. HCT test results are most often part of the results of a CBC, which may be available to your doctor within a few minutes or up to several days.

Interpreting test results

HCT test results depend on several factors, including age and sex. The cutoff values for a normal test result, called its reference range, may also vary depending on the laboratory or methods used to conduct the test. Because of the many factors that affect HCT, it’s important to talk to a doctor for support in understanding your test result.

The reference ranges listed below describe common reference ranges for hematocrit:

Hematocrit Reference Ranges for Adults

An abnormal HCT level can indicate that your blood is either too thin or too thick compared to an average person of a similar population.

An abnormally low level of HCT indicates that your cells may not be getting enough oxygen, a condition known as anemia. Abnormally low HCT may be related to a variety of causes, including:

• Loss of blood
• Poor nutrition with low intake of iron, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 or folate
• Bone marrow disorders or cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or other cancers that spread to the marrow
• Destruction of RBCs
• Excessive water in the body

High HCT levels indicate conditions where there is either an overproduction of RBC or an abnormally high concentration of RBCs in your body. Some examples of causes of a high HCT include:

• Dehydration
• Lung disease
• Congenital heart disease
• Heart failure
• Certain types of kidney tumors
• Smoking
• Living at high altitudes
• Secondary polycythemia, a rare group of blood disorders caused by heritable changes to genes involved in the production of RBCs causing the body to produce too many RBCs
• Polycythemia vera, a rare blood disease in which the body produces too many RBCs

Although the results are accurate, laboratory parameters and provider reference ranges as well as personal variables may be subject to differences.

Abnormal HCT test results may or may not require additional follow-up testing. HCT is often evaluated alongside other components of a CBC to look for signs of disease or monitor health conditions.

For example, a doctor may order additional testing if you have low HCT to evaluate the cause of anemia. Testing for anemia may include a reticulocyte count, a renal panel, a liver panel, hemolysis testing, or a blood smear.

Follow-up testing is based on your symptoms, medical history, and the results of other tests. For questions about follow-up testing, speak with your doctor.

Talking with your doctor can help you understand your HCT result and any next steps. You may wish to ask the following questions:

• What does my result mean for my health?
• Is there anything I can do to change my HCT levels?
• Is there any further testing that needs to be done based on my HCT levels?

Resources

• CBC Blood Test (Complete Blood Count)
  Learn More
• Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Test
  Learn More
• Hemoglobin Blood Test
  Learn More
• White Blood Cell Count (WBC Blood Test)
  Learn More
• Platelet Count (PLT) Blood Test
  Learn More
• Blood Smear
  Learn More
• Iron Test
  Learn More
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Anemia
  Learn More
• National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: Thalassemias
  Learn More

Sources

See More

See Less

Take Control of Your Health

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.

I Accept

Complete blood count | decoding, indicators and norms of the UAC

Complete or clinical blood test is a detailed study prescribed by a doctor when a patient contacts and complains of feeling unwell.

Contains information about the nature of hematopoiesis, reflecting the general condition of the body, the values ​​of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the blood.

Biochemical results usually make it possible to determine the diagnosis immediately or after additional examinations: ultrasound, X-ray.

Blood transports various substances between tissues, organs and systems, ensuring the unity of the body. Thus, the processes occurring in different tissues and organs are reflected in the state of the blood.

Blood consists of a liquid part – plasma and formed elements – leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, each type of which has functions, for example, leukocytes are responsible for protecting immunity, platelets – for clotting, erythrocytes provide the body with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Analysis can identify possible diseases, in which case the composition of the blood changes. Clinical analysis sometimes allows you to identify the disease at an early stage, when the symptoms of the disease do not even appear. Clinical analysis helps clients understand the course of the disease, determine the intensity of the pathological process, so it is used as a diagnosis of inflammation, allergies, and diseases. A repeated general analysis (CLA) is carried out as prescribed by a doctor in order to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and, if necessary, adjust it. Hematological diseases require a primary study of cells for preventive purposes.

Deciphering the abbreviation of the general blood test

Now the English abbreviation is used on the forms with the results of the KLA, which means:

• WBC – white blood cells – white blood cells – Leukocytes;
• RBC – red blood cells – red blood cells – Erythrocytes;
• HGB – hemoglobin – Hemoglobin;
• HTC – hematocrit – Hematocrit;
• MCV – mean corpuscular volume – The average volume of erythrocytes;
• MCH – mean concentration hemoglobin – Mean concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte;
• MCHC – mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration – Mean concentration of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte;
• RDW – red cell distribution – Red blood cell distribution index;
• PLT – platelets – platelets;
• MPV – mean platelets volume
• PTC – Thrombocrit – Thrombocrit.

Indicators of the general blood test

Complete blood count contains mandatory parameters. A pediatrician, therapist or other specialists may refer the patient to an extended clinical blood test, which additionally includes the necessary indicators.

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells. It delivers oxygen from the lungs, and carbon dioxide, on the contrary, to the lungs. It contains iron, which makes red blood cells red.

Level is a very important indicator of him. Due to a decrease in its amount, the body receives less oxygen, which is necessary for its life.

For men, it is considered normal – from 130-160 g/l, for women – 120-140 g/l. The saturation of this element in newborn children significantly exceeds the norm in adults. However, in the first weeks it gradually decreases.

When the hemoglobin value is below normal, then anemia is diagnosed, a low level can also indicate overhydration of the body due to increased fluid intake. Elevated hemoglobin can be observed with thickening of the blood due to a violation of the function of coagulation or the use of diuretic drugs. Dehydration of the body can be caused not only by pathology, but also by increased physical exertion or extreme heat. An elevated hemoglobin level is a typical sign of erythremia – impaired blood formation, an increased number of red blood cells. Hemoglobin can also increase due to diseases of the respiratory system against the background of a constant lack of oxygen.

red blood cells

Erythrocytes are red blood cells responsible for metabolic processes. The blood is red in color, due to the high content of red blood cells, compared to other formed elements. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, so they are involved in the process of oxygen metabolism in the body.

Norms for men – 4-5 * 1012 per liter of blood, for women – 3.9-4.7 * 1012, which depend on the laboratory.

With anemia, bleeding, pregnancy, hyperhydration, the content of erythrocytes in the blood decreases. Excess, as a rule, indicates erythremia, such tumor formations as a kidney cyst or dropsy of the renal pelvis, dehydration and fluid loss with sweat, vomiting, diarrhea, when the blood thickens.

The average volume of erythrocytes MCV – mean corpuscular volume – the norm for men is 80-95 and for women – 80-100.

The mean concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte MCH – mean concentration hemoglobin – this indicator increases with hypothyroidism, anemia of an autoimmune nature, B12-deficiency anemia, liver pathologies, alcohol dependence, and decreases due to iron deficiency anemia or decreased thyroid function.

The average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes MCHC – mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration – an increase in this indicator almost always indicates a hardware error, and its decrease indicates iron deficiency anemia.

Hematocrit

Hematocrit – the ratio of formed elements to the total volume of blood in percent.

An increase in hematocrit occurs as a result of:

• dehydration;
• peritonitis;
• extensive burns;
• polycythemia.

A decrease in hematocrit is observed against the background of:

• anemia and iron deficiency;
• heart diseases;
• vascular and kidney pathologies;
• chronic hyperazotemia – increased nitrogen levels in the blood

color indicator

The color index of blood is calculated according to a formula that relates the level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells. Normally, the color index is close to one (0.85-1.05). Anemia leads to a deviation of the indicator. If the color index is below normal, then this indicates iron deficiency anemia, when hemoglobin is reduced more than the number of red blood cells. Anemia of another type is characterized by a color index above the norm, in this case, the number of red blood cells is reduced more than hemoglobin.

Reticulocytes

Reticulocytes are young, immature erythrocytes, which are always present in the blood, since the process of formation of erythrocytes in the blood is continuous. Norm: 0.2-1% or 2-10 reticulocytes out of 1000 erythrocytes. If reticulocytes are more than normal, then the body feels the need to increase red blood cells, for example, due to large blood loss. In the presence of anemia, radiation sickness, oncology (if metastases have affected the bone marrow), some kidney diseases are characterized by a reduced level of reticulocytes. Determining the RET indication is required for bone marrow transplantation, chemotherapy, as well as for assessing the processes of hematopoiesis, therapy with drugs containing iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, erythropoietin.

platelets

Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. They provide not only hemostasis, but also the body’s immunity during infection. Normal platelet content: 180-320*109 per liter. A decrease in this level may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process in the body, an autoimmune disease, leukemia; AIDS, alcohol poisoning, drugs, chemicals, aplastic anemia, bone marrow diseases.

An increase occurs after blood loss and surgery, and is also observed in malignant neoplasms, spleen atrophy, colitis, tuberculosis, osteomyelitis, joint diseases, liver cirrhosis, myelofibrosis.

Leukocytes

Leukocytes are white blood cells that perform a protective function. The norm of their content is in the range of 4-9*109 per litre.

A high level of leukocytes is observed in infectious diseases caused by bacteria, inflammatory processes, allergic reactions. Their number increases as a result of recent stress, bleeding, as well as due to tumor processes and some other pathologies.

The depressed state of the immune system causes a decrease in leukocytes due to weight loss, severe toxicosis, sepsis, diseases of the hematopoietic organs, radiation sickness, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency, leukemia, viral infections such as influenza, measles, rubella, as well as due to the use of sulfonamides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Not only the total number of leukocytes is important, but also their five types – neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, which have different functions, so it is important to know their ratio in the blood, that is, the leukocyte formula.

Pathological leukocytosis is observed in:

• purulent inflammatory diseases;
• severe burns;
• the use of the hormone insulin;
• malignant tumors;
• epilepsy;
• severe poisoning;
• allergies.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are non-specific immune response cells that have bactericidal and detoxifying functions. In the inflammatory process, there is an increase in the number of mature neutrophils that are produced by the bone marrow. First, a myelocyte is formed, which then becomes a metamyelocyte, then the stage of a stab neutrophil begins. A mature neutrophil is segmented. In the normal state of the body, myelocytes and metamyelocytes in the blood should be absent. Segmented neutrophils should make up 47-72% of the total number of leukocytes, and stab – 1-6%. When immunity is weakened, the proportion of stab nuclei increases, in this case the body sends still immature neutrophils to fight the infection. An analysis with such a result is called a stab shift.

Stress, intoxication, inflammation, bacterial infection, cancer also increase the number of neutrophils in the blood.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils neutralize immune complexes caused by foreign allergens. The norm of eosinophils is 1-5% of the total. An increase in this indicator indicates an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection (primarily an infection with worms).

Basophils

The normal content in the blood is: 0-1% of the total.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are the main cells of the immune system that recognize and destroy the invading agent. This is how the body fights viruses. The normal level of lymphocytes is 19-37% of the total. This figure is higher in children than in adults. At the age of one month to two years, the main type of leukocytes is lymphocytes. By the age of five, the number of leukocytes is already comparable to the number of neutrophils. Children at the age of 15 still have more lymphocytes than adults.

With a viral infection, with toxoplasmosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, there is an increased content of lymphocytes in the blood. A reduced number of lymphocytes indicates HIV infection and a depressed state of the immune system.

Monocytes

Monocytes stay in the blood for about 30 hours. Then they move from the bloodstream to tissues, where they turn into macrophages in order to finally destroy bacteria and tissues that have died from inflammation. The norm of monocytes is 3-11% of the total. An increased number of monocytes is a specific sign of mononucleosis, and is also characteristic of tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, indolent and long-term diseases.

ESR – erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Compared to plasma, erythrocytes are a heavier fraction of the blood. Therefore, when the test tube is vertical, its contents are divided into two parts: in the lower part – thick and dark erythrocytes, and in the upper part – light plasma. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is measured in mm/hour. Norm: for men – 2-10 mm / hour, for women – 2-15 mm / hour. In children, pregnant women and the elderly, normal values ​​​​are different.

The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation increases with an increase in their mass, that is, there is a strong adhesion to each other. The most common cause of such bonding is an inflammatory process. As a rule, the stronger the inflammation, the higher the ESR.

With an increase in ESR, autoimmune diseases occur in the body, blood, liver and biliary tract, and there may also be the following diseases:

• heart attack;
• stroke;
• tuberculosis;
• malignant tumors;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• diabetes mellitus.

Preparing for a complete blood count

1. Two weeks before the test, it is important to stop taking medicines for laboratory testing. If the medications taken are vital, then the doctor adjusts the treatment, because some drugs can affect blood parameters.
2. The day before the study, you should exclude the use of alcohol, fatty, spicy and fried foods, avoid physical and emotional stress, and you should not take a KLA after an x-ray examination, physiotherapy, sunbathing.
3. Dinner on the eve of the study no later than 22.00.
4. It is advisable to donate blood for general analysis in the morning on an empty stomach. Biological material for both capillary and venous blood can serve. Before this, you can not smoke, drink coffee, tea. Drinking water is allowed in a volume of not more than 0.5 liters. If the analysis is taken during the day, then after the last meal, approximately 5 hours should pass.
5. Women, undergoing a routine examination, it is advisable to postpone the delivery of the KLA until the end of menstruation.

The procedure for taking the KLA

1. Blood sampling for general analysis in both a child and an adult is almost the same. For a puncture, as a rule, the ring (IV) finger is used, which is disinfected with alcohol.
2. A puncture is made with a scarifier – a special tool in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe pad for a length of 2-3 millimeters for sampling from a finger.
3. A drop that appears immediately on the pad is removed with sterile dry cotton. Then, using a special glass adapter, they collect blood and transfer it to a test tube, which is mandatory signed after taking the biomaterial.
4. At the end, the finger is wiped again with a swab with alcohol and a sterile cotton swab is pressed until the bleeding stops.
5. About the presence of HIV, hepatitis, syphilis, the patient must be warned by a health worker.

Article author:

Bobykina Inna Igorevna
therapist

Learn more

You may be interested

September 19, 2022

Numb toes

August 26, 2022

Cervical osteochondrosis

August 21, 2022

Hemorrhoids

August 15, 2022

Why does the eye twitch 90 005

August 15, 2022

Dry mouth

August 5, 2022

Arm pain from shoulder up to the elbow

Anemia (anemia) – symptoms, signs, causes and treatment of the disease

Anemia (or anemia) – is it not enough? Hemoglobin? Red blood cells? Oxygen? Gland? What kind of anemia are there? How to distinguish them and how to treat? All this and more in our article.

Symptoms of anemia

The signs (symptoms) of anemia vary depending on the cause and severity of the anemia.

These include fatigue, weakness, pale or yellow skin, dizziness, chest pain, headaches, cold hands and feet, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat.

At first, the anemia may be so mild that you don’t notice it. But the symptoms get worse as the anemia gets worse.

In biology, all organisms are usually divided into anaerobic (do not use oxygen for energy) and aerobic (use oxygen for energy). As you may have guessed, humans are aerobic organisms. Almost all cells in our body use oxygen for energy. This means that we need not only air intakes (lungs and airways), but also carriers of this very oxygen to all tissues of the body. The hemoglobin molecule acts as such a carrier. These molecules are found in biconcave non-nuclear (that is, they do not carry genetic information and do not divide) cells called red blood cells. Thus, if a person has little hemoglobin, there is no one to carry oxygen. If a person has few red blood cells, hemoglobin has nowhere to pack. It is important to understand that hemoglobin must be in red blood cells. Alas, outside of these cells, it does more harm than good, as it has a bad effect on the kidneys and other tissues.

In other words, anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells and / or hemoglobin. Sometimes one decreases more, sometimes the other, but for the correct transfer of oxygen to the cells, it is necessary to have enough erythrocytes and hemoglobin in abundance.

An interesting fact from the life of red blood cells – despite the fact that these tiny cells, stuffed with hemoglobin, carry oxygen all their lives (they live 120 days), they themselves do not use this very oxygen. The fact is that erythrocytes are highly specialized cells and do not have mitochondria (cellular energy reactors), which are necessary for obtaining energy using oxygen. Such a mission of these cells is to bring oxygen attached to hemoglobin to others, but not to consume it themselves (they simply do not need it).

Did you know that the main consumers of oxygen are the liver, brain and heart (consuming 20.4%, 18.4% and 11.6% respectively). All skeletal muscles (that is, the muscles that move our body) consume about 20%. In addition, the kidneys consume about 7.2% and the skin 4.8%. The rest of the body consumes the remaining 17.6% oxygen. Despite the fact that the liver consumes the most oxygen due to its size and the implementation of a large number of biochemical reactions, we are especially interested in the oxygen starvation of the brain and heart. Alas, both of these organs are extremely affected by a lack of oxygen due to anemia. And if the brain is relatively protected by a large number of vessels and connections between them (this connection, of course, does not help in stopping the supply of oxygen to the lungs), then if there is a significant plaque on the vessels that feed the heart and at the same time anemia, the likelihood of necrosis (in medicine, the death of a section of the heart called a heart attack) part of the heart is greatly increased.

As you already understood, most cells of the body need oxygen, which means that both hemoglobin and red blood cells are needed.

But where do these same red blood cells come from, if we already know that they do not reproduce and do not even have genetic information?

Red blood cells, like other cells in our blood, come from stem cells located in the bone marrow. Normally, mature forms of these cells circulate in the blood, while their young precursors (known as blasts) are absent from the blood.

Before we dwell on some types of anemia in more detail, let’s look at what the abbreviations MCV, MHC, RBC mean in analyzes.

• HCT – hematocrit – the percentage of cells in the total mass of blood. For example, a hematocrit of 40 means that 40% of the mass of blood is cells.

• RBC – red blood cells. They are erythrocytes.

• Hgb or Hb – hemoglobin, the same oxygen-carrying protein.

• MCV – the average volume of an erythrocyte. This is a very important indicator according to which all anemias are divided into macrocytic (erythrocytes are more than usual) and microcytic (erythrocytes are less than usual).

• MCH is the average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte. It is also an extremely important indicator, according to which all anemias are divided into macrochromic (hemoglobin in the erythrocyte is more than usual) and microchromic (hemoglobin in the erythrocyte is less than usual). Perhaps you have a question – “what kind of anemia is it if there is a lot of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte?” Alas, this also happens – there is a lot of hemoglobin in each individual erythrocyte, but there are few erythrocytes themselves. But more on that later. Let’s look at some more basic abbreviations in the general blood test.

• MCHC – the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume of erythrocyte mass. This indicator is very close to MCH. For our convenience, we will use MCH (mean erythrocyte hemoglobin).

• Another extremely important indicator that needs to be mentioned is reticulocytes ( RTC ). Reticulocytes are young red blood cells that have just entered the bloodstream. Their content is often estimated as a percentage of the total number of erythrocytes. A decrease in the content of reticulocytes indicates insufficient production of red blood cells. An increase in the content of reticulocytes indicates that the red blood cells in the blood are destroyed too quickly and the bone marrow is forced to release young red blood cells into the blood in larger quantities.

• Leukocytes are often referred to as white blood cells in a blood test (WBC ).

• The cells responsible for the formation of a blood clot necessary to stop bleeding are called platelets and are designated PLT .

Doctors in the diagnosis of anemia use many other indicators, but we will limit ourselves to the above.

Now that we have covered the basic concepts of anemia, let’s dwell on some of its types in more detail.

Types of anemia

Iron deficiency anemia

As the name implies, this anemia occurs due to iron deficiency in the body. Iron is part of the hemoglobin molecule, and if it is deficient, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin. In the old days, this type of anemia was called “pale sickness” for the pale complexion of patients and lack of strength.

Hemoglobin in the erythrocyte becomes less than usual, which means that MCH decreases and anemia is called microchromic. In the absence of sufficient hemoglobin, the size of red blood cells (MCV) also decreases. Thus, iron deficiency anemia is also microcytic (lowered MCV).

Many patients mistakenly believe that the cause of this condition is a lack of iron in the body due to its deficiency in food or malabsorption in the intestines. However, this is not always the case in adult patients. So where does iron go and why is anemia not treated with pomegranate juice and apples?

The problem with iron deficiency can also occur in connection with the loss of blood by the patient. In women, the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia is heavy menstruation. Another cause of blood loss (and as a result of iron) is bleeding (even small ones) in the gastrointestinal tract. Alas, there may be several reasons – from relatively harmless bleeding hemorrhoids to stomach cancer and intestinal cancer. Thus, any iron deficiency anemia requires additional examination.

Both men and women are shown colonoscopy (study of the intestines with a video camera through the rectum) and gastroscopy (study of the stomach with a video camera through the mouth or nose). Women are shown a consultation with a gynecologist and an ultrasound examination of the small pelvis in order to deal with the cause of heavy blood loss during menstruation.

So let’s say your doctor diagnosed you with iron deficiency anemia based on low hemoglobin levels and low iron levels in your blood. In such a situation, the intake of a larger amount of a microelement into the body is required than food can provide. Most likely, the doctor will prescribe iron supplements for treatment. As a rule, these are pills that you need to drink for at least three months to replenish iron stores in the body. It is very important to continue taking iron supplements even after normalization of hemoglobin levels as prescribed by the doctor. This is necessary to normalize iron stores in the body.

Let’s move on to another common anemia – vitamin B12 and/or folic acid (vitamin B9) deficiency anemia .

It is macrocytic (high MCV) and macrochromic (high MCH) in character.

Vitamin B12 is found predominantly in animal products (liver, beef, dairy, eggs), while folic acid is found in nuts, liver, and green vegetables.

Both folic acid and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) are essential for DNA synthesis. Thus, with these types of anemia, not the synthesis of hemoglobin is disturbed, but the production of the erythrocytes themselves. Deficiencies in these substances may be due to dietary habits (eg in vegans) or malabsorption. For the normal absorption of vitamin B12, the cells of the stomach produce a special protein (intrinsic factor of Castle). Removal of all or part of the stomach, as well as damage to the gastric mucosa, including one’s own immunity, can cause B12 deficiency and anemia. Thus, B12-deficiency anemia may be autoimmune.

Anemia in such patients may be combined with other autoimmune pathologies (vitiligo, type 1 diabetes mellitus). If as a result of autoimmune gastritis or surgical treatment of the stomach, the absorption of vitamin B12 is impaired, it is prescribed intramuscularly or intravenously. The advantage of such treatment is a good and fast response. But it must be remembered that in such diseases, the elimination of deficiency by periodic injection of the vitamin is lifelong. Unfortunately, many patients drop out of treatment after they feel better and their hemoglobin levels return to normal. Under no circumstances should this be done.

After the initial course of vitamin B12, maintenance injections are given once every three months. The main thing is not to forget about them.

A small part of vitamin B12 is still absorbed by the so-called passive diffusion (that is, without the participation of the Castle protein). This means that in some cases, with pathology of the stomach, you can do without injections, taking the vitamin preparation inside. But such a decision is made by the doctor individually, depending on the degree of deficiency and other factors.

Let us dwell a little more on anemia associated with a deficiency of folic acid (folates). It may be caused by dietary deficiency, alcoholism, intestinal malabsorption of the vitamin, and pregnancy (to prevent damage to the fetal nervous system, all women should take 400 micrograms of folic acid daily, starting one month before the planned pregnancy and up to 12 weeks of pregnancy) . For the treatment of folate deficiency anemia, oral folic acid is prescribed. It is important to remember that while reducing the level of vitamin B12, folate treatment is carried out in combination with cyanocobalamin therapy.

Let’s move on to another type of anemia – pregnant anemia . Since anemia in pregnant women is a very common condition, it is often isolated into a separate group. An interesting fact is that normally in pregnant women the volume of circulating blood increases due to plasma. This means that normally the hematocrit (HCT) decreases – the blood becomes more dilute. The level of hemoglobin in the analysis also decreases, because it is estimated in terms of a liter of blood: the larger the plasma volume, the lower the hemoglobin.

That is why during pregnancy the hemoglobin norm differs from the norm of a non-pregnant woman.

Anemia of pregnancy is defined as Hb <110 g/l in the first trimester, <105 g/l in the second and third trimesters, and <100 g/l in the postpartum period. The most common causes of anemia in pregnant women are iron and folic acid deficiency, both present before pregnancy and detected during it. At the same time, if folic acid is prescribed to all pregnant women to prevent defects in the fetal nervous system, then the issue of prescribing iron supplements is usually decided individually based on an assessment of the results of a general blood test, the level of iron and ferritin (the protein that accumulates iron in our body) blood . In order to prevent anemia and other complications, every woman should be observed by a gynecologist even when planning a pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs, you should definitely consult a doctor. The doctor will prescribe the necessary tests and, according to indications, recommend medications.

Consider another common anemia – anemia of chronic diseases . This problem is also known as anemia of chronic inflammation. Many infectious (for example, HIV), rheumatic diseases (vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis), and malignant tumors can lead to this condition. In all these conditions, the level of various inflammatory mediators increases and the utilization of iron is disturbed, the life time of erythrocytes is shortened.

The so-called functional iron deficiency is formed – a condition in which there is an insufficient inclusion of iron in the precursors of erythrocytes against the background of clearly sufficient iron reserves in the body. The main treatment for anemia of chronic disease is the treatment of the underlying cause, that is, the underlying disease – infectious, rheumatological or oncological.

Another type of anemia is anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) . Our kidneys perform many functions besides filtering blood plasma. Specialized kidney cells produce the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the production of new red blood cells in the bone marrow. With its deficiency, the process of erythropoiesis (the production of new red blood cells) slows down significantly. Fortunately, scientists have learned how to make erythropoietin in the lab. Recombinant (that is, genetically engineered) erythropoietin has been shown to improve this type of anemia and reduce the need for blood transfusions in patients with chronic kidney disease.

A severe type of anemia is aplastic anemia . Its basis is insufficient production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

Most often, the causes of this are autoimmune damage to the bone marrow, parvovirus infection, and certain medications. Treatment includes immunosuppressants, red blood cell transfusions, and even bone marrow transplantation. If aplastic anemia is combined with a lack of platelets and leukocytes, this condition is called pancytopenia .

A serious cause of anemia can be various forms of leukemia (“cancer” of the blood). As a rule, in such cases, a large number of leukocytes and a decrease in the number of other cells are observed in the blood test. The treatment of such patients is carried out by a hematologist using special anticancer drugs.

A large group of diseases are hemolytic anemia . They can be caused by a lack of certain enzymes, autoimmune processes (the immune system attacks its own red blood cells), infections (eg, malaria, babesiosis), and excessive spleen function (hypersplenism). All these conditions are united by the destruction of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin. During the processing of hemoglobin in the body, bilirubin is formed. This is normal, but with increased red blood cell destruction and hemoglobin release, the amount of bilirubin rises and the skin may turn yellow (jaundice).

Terminals

1. The main tool in the diagnosis of anemia is a complete blood count. Blood levels of iron, ferritin, vitamin B12, vitamin B9 (folic acid), erythropoietin, and other indicators can be assessed to clarify the cause of anemia.

2. Anemia requires additional examination as prescribed by a doctor. As you remember, iron deficiency anemia requires the exclusion of oncological diseases of the stomach and intestines.