What are the three stages of sepsis. How does sepsis progress. What are the risk factors for sepsis. What are the serious effects of sepsis. What is the sepsis survival rate. Why does sepsis seem to be on the rise. How are nursing home residents at risk for sepsis.

The Three Stages of Sepsis: A Comprehensive Overview

Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s response to infection spirals out of control. Understanding the three stages of sepsis is crucial for early detection and treatment. Let’s explore each stage in detail:

Stage 1: Sepsis

The first stage of sepsis can be challenging to identify, but there are several common symptoms to watch for:

• High fever (above 101째F or 38째C) or low body temperature (below 96.8째F or 36째C)
• Heart rate exceeding 90 beats per minute
• Confirmed bacterial, fungal, or viral infection through positive blood culture results
• Rapid breathing rate higher than 20 breaths per minute

To receive a sepsis diagnosis, a patient must exhibit at least two of these symptoms. Early detection at this stage significantly improves the chances of survival, and most patients make a full recovery with appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Stage 2: Severe Sepsis

As sepsis progresses to its second stage, it begins to affect vital organs. Symptoms of severe sepsis include:

• Abnormal heartbeat or poor cardiac output
• Decreased urine output
• Sudden changes in mental state
• Difficulty breathing or acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Abnormal pain
• Chills due to reduced body temperature
• Extreme weakness
• Unconsciousness and confusion

A diagnosis of severe sepsis requires the presence of at least one of these symptoms. At this stage, medical professionals may use the SSC Sepsis 6 bundle to monitor factors such as urine output.

Stage 3: Septic Shock

The final and most dangerous stage of sepsis is septic shock. Despite medical intervention, patients in septic shock experience persistently low blood pressure and elevated serum lactate levels. Lactate, a chemical naturally produced by the body during times of stress, can indicate severe tissue damage and organ failure when present in high levels.

How Does Sepsis Progress?

Sepsis progression can be rapid and unpredictable. It typically begins with an infection, often in the lungs, skin, urinary tract, or gastrointestinal system. As the body mounts an extreme immune response, inflammation spreads throughout the bloodstream, leading to blood clots and leaky blood vessels. This impaired blood flow deprives organs of essential nutrients and oxygen, potentially resulting in tissue damage, organ failure, and death if left untreated.

The timeline of sepsis progression varies from person to person, but it’s crucial to note that the risk of dying from sepsis increases by approximately 8% for every hour of delayed treatment. This underscores the importance of early recognition and intervention.

Risk Factors for Sepsis: Who’s Most Vulnerable?

While sepsis can affect anyone, certain factors increase the risk of developing this life-threatening condition:

1. Age: Very young children and older adults are at higher risk
2. Weakened immune system: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or long-term steroid use can compromise immunity
3. Chronic medical conditions: Diabetes, kidney disease, and lung disease increase susceptibility
4. Recent hospitalization or invasive medical procedures
5. Severe burns or wounds
6. Indwelling catheters or breathing tubes

Understanding these risk factors can help individuals and healthcare providers stay vigilant and take preventive measures when necessary.

The Serious Effects of Sepsis: Beyond the Immediate Crisis

Sepsis can have far-reaching consequences that extend beyond the initial medical emergency. Some of the serious effects include:

• Organ damage or failure: Particularly affecting the kidneys, lungs, and liver
• Tissue death: Potentially leading to amputations
• Cognitive impairment: Memory loss, difficulty concentrating, and other neurological issues
• Post-sepsis syndrome: A collection of physical and psychological symptoms that can persist for months or years
• Increased risk of future infections: Survivors may be more susceptible to subsequent bouts of sepsis

These long-term effects highlight the importance of not only surviving sepsis but also focusing on comprehensive post-sepsis care and rehabilitation.

Sepsis Survival Rate: Understanding the Statistics

The survival rate for sepsis varies depending on several factors, including the stage at which it’s diagnosed, the patient’s overall health, and the quality of care received. According to recent data:

• Approximately 70% of patients diagnosed with severe sepsis survive
• The mortality rate increases significantly for those who progress to septic shock
• Early detection and treatment can dramatically improve survival rates

It’s important to note that while these statistics provide a general overview, individual outcomes can vary widely. Prompt medical attention and adherence to treatment protocols are crucial for improving survival chances.

Sepsis on the Rise: Examining the Trend

In recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in sepsis cases worldwide. Several factors contribute to this trend:

1. Aging population: As the global population ages, more people are at risk for sepsis
2. Antibiotic resistance: The rise of drug-resistant bacteria makes infections harder to treat
3. Increased awareness and improved diagnosis: Better recognition of sepsis may lead to higher reported cases
4. Complex medical interventions: Advanced medical procedures can sometimes introduce infection risks
5. Chronic health conditions: The prevalence of conditions like diabetes and obesity, which increase sepsis risk, is growing

Understanding these factors can help healthcare systems and policymakers develop strategies to combat the rising incidence of sepsis.

Nursing Home Residents: A Population at High Risk for Sepsis

Nursing home residents are particularly vulnerable to sepsis due to several factors:

• Advanced age and frailty
• Multiple chronic health conditions
• Weakened immune systems
• Frequent use of indwelling devices like catheters
• Close living quarters that can facilitate the spread of infections

To protect this vulnerable population, nursing homes must implement rigorous infection control protocols, provide staff training on sepsis recognition, and ensure prompt access to medical care when needed.

Legal Recourse: Recovering Damages in Nursing Home Negligence Claims

When sepsis occurs in a nursing home setting due to negligence, families may have grounds for legal action. Potential damages that can be recovered in a nursing home negligence claim include:

• Medical expenses related to sepsis treatment
• Pain and suffering experienced by the resident
• Loss of quality of life
• Wrongful death damages if the sepsis proves fatal
• Punitive damages in cases of gross negligence

Consulting with experienced nursing home lawyers can help families understand their rights and options in these difficult situations.

Sepsis Awareness and Prevention: A Call to Action

As sepsis continues to pose a significant health threat, increasing awareness and implementing preventive measures are crucial. Some key strategies include:

1. Education: Raising public awareness about sepsis symptoms and the importance of early treatment
2. Improved infection control: Implementing stringent protocols in healthcare settings to prevent infections
3. Early screening: Developing and utilizing effective screening tools to identify sepsis in its early stages
4. Research: Investing in studies to better understand sepsis mechanisms and develop new treatments
5. Policy changes: Advocating for healthcare policies that prioritize sepsis prevention and treatment

By focusing on these areas, we can work towards reducing the incidence and impact of sepsis on individuals and communities.

The Role of Technology in Sepsis Management

Advancements in technology are playing an increasingly important role in the fight against sepsis. Some promising developments include:

• AI-powered early warning systems: Algorithms that analyze patient data to predict sepsis risk
• Rapid diagnostic tools: New technologies that can identify sepsis-causing pathogens more quickly
• Telemedicine: Remote monitoring systems that allow for early intervention in high-risk patients
• Wearable devices: Continuous monitoring of vital signs to detect early signs of infection
• Electronic health records: Improved data sharing and analysis to identify sepsis trends and risk factors

These technological innovations hold the potential to revolutionize sepsis detection, treatment, and prevention in the coming years.

Global Impact of Sepsis: A Public Health Challenge

Sepsis is not just a medical issue; it’s a global public health challenge with far-reaching consequences:

1. Economic burden: Sepsis treatment costs billions of dollars annually worldwide
2. Healthcare resource strain: Sepsis cases can overwhelm hospital systems, particularly during pandemics
3. Long-term disability: Survivors often face ongoing health challenges, impacting workforce productivity
4. Health inequities: Sepsis disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries with limited healthcare access
5. Antibiotic stewardship: The need to balance effective sepsis treatment with responsible antibiotic use

Addressing these global challenges requires coordinated efforts from healthcare providers, policymakers, and international organizations.

Sepsis in Special Populations: Tailoring Prevention and Treatment

While sepsis can affect anyone, certain populations require special consideration in terms of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment:

• Neonates: Newborns have unique risk factors and symptoms that can make sepsis detection challenging
• Pregnant women: Sepsis during pregnancy can have severe consequences for both mother and fetus
• Immunocompromised individuals: Those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplants require vigilant monitoring
• Elderly: Age-related changes in immune function and comorbidities complicate sepsis management
• Individuals with chronic diseases: Conditions like diabetes or kidney disease alter sepsis risk and progression

Tailoring sepsis protocols to address the unique needs of these populations is crucial for improving outcomes across diverse patient groups.

The Psychological Impact of Sepsis: Supporting Survivors and Families

The trauma of sepsis extends beyond physical symptoms, often leaving lasting psychological effects on survivors and their families:

1. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Many sepsis survivors experience PTSD symptoms
2. Depression and anxiety: Mood disorders are common in the aftermath of sepsis
3. Cognitive changes: “Brain fog” and memory issues can persist long after recovery
4. Caregiver burden: Family members may face significant stress and emotional challenges
5. Social isolation: Physical limitations and psychological effects can lead to withdrawal

Addressing these psychological aspects is crucial for comprehensive sepsis care and long-term recovery. Support groups, counseling, and rehabilitation programs can play vital roles in helping survivors and their families navigate the challenges of post-sepsis life.

Emerging Therapies and Future Directions in Sepsis Treatment

As our understanding of sepsis pathophysiology grows, new treatment approaches are being explored:

• Immunomodulatory therapies: Targeting the immune response to prevent overwhelming inflammation
• Personalized medicine: Tailoring treatments based on individual genetic and biomarker profiles
• Extracorporeal therapies: Advanced blood purification techniques to remove inflammatory mediators
• Stem cell therapies: Exploring the potential of stem cells to repair organ damage
• Nanotechnology: Developing targeted drug delivery systems for more effective treatments

While many of these approaches are still in experimental stages, they offer hope for improved sepsis outcomes in the future. Continued research and clinical trials are essential to translate these promising therapies into standard care practices.

As we conclude our comprehensive exploration of sepsis, it’s clear that this condition remains a significant medical challenge. From understanding its stages and risk factors to exploring emerging therapies and global impacts, the complexity of sepsis demands ongoing attention from healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers alike. By staying informed and vigilant, we can work together to improve sepsis prevention, detection, and treatment, ultimately saving lives and reducing the burden of this devastating condition.

What Are the Three Stages of Sepsis?

Sepsis refers to a potentially life-threatening syndrome that triggers the body’s response to an infection, typically in the lungs, skin, or urinary or gastrointestinal tracts. The immune system functions by protecting the body from infections and illness. However, a person’s body can go into an over-extended chain reaction to an infection, with immune chemicals entering the bloodstream to fight the infection. This extreme response to a disease is closely similar to a systemic inflammatory immune response, but the two should not be confused.

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• Classification of Sepsis in Three Stages
• How Does Sepsis Progress?
• Risk Factors for Sepsis
• What Are the Serious Effects of Sepsis?
• Sepsis Survival Rate
• Sepsis Seems To Be On the Rise
• Nursing Home Residents At Risks
• What Damages Can I Recover in a Nursing Home Negligence Claim?
• Our Nursing Home Lawyers Can Help Sepsis Victims

In sepsis, immune chemicals in the bloodstream trigger inflammation, leading to blood clots and leaky blood vessels. When the blood flow is impaired, the lack of transport can impair needed nutrients and oxygen to internal organs. Without timely evaluation and intervention, sepsis morphs quickly and can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death.

Although usually stemming from a bacterial infection, viral infections such as COVID-19 and the flu have been known to begin the rapid progression from sepsis to severe sepsis, and unfortunately, to septic shock.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are over 1.5 million cases of sepsis annually. The condition leads to more than 270,000 deaths each year.

• Someone in the United States is diagnosed with sepsis every 20 seconds.
• The risk of dying from sepsis increases by as much as 8% for every hour of delayed treatment.
• On average, approximately 30% of patients diagnosed with severe sepsis do not survive.

– The Sepsis Alliance

September is Sepsis Awareness Month. Not many years ago, the CDC estimated less than 50% of Americans had ever heard about sepsis or facts about the prevalence and preventability of this insidious and alarming condition.

Unfortunately, many people have loved ones who currently reside in nursing homes and assisted living facilities where any infection is a constant concern for falling prey to sepsis. Early recognition is critical.

Levin & Perconti has successfully represented families in Chicago, and throughout the state, in cases of nursing home neglect. Contact us if you have questions or concerns about the safety of a family member currently residing in a community living facility.

Sepsis happens in three stages, namely sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Read more about these stages and the timeline to better understand how to help yourself or your loved one when the condition arises.

Stage 1: Sepsis

Sepsis can be hard to identify in its early stages, but common symptoms that show evidence of the disease during its first stage include:

• A high fever above 101℉ (38℃) or low temperature below 96.8℉ (36℃)
• A heart rate above 90 beats per minute
• A bacterial infection, fungal infection, or viral infection confirmed through positive blood culture results
• Rapid breathing rate higher than 20 breaths per minute

You must have at least two of these early symptoms of sepsis before a medical professional makes a diagnosis. The sooner you receive medical care, the higher your chances for survival. If caught before it affects vital organs, it’s possible to treat the infection with antibiotic therapy. Most people who have sepsis detected at this stage make a full recovery.

Stage Two: Severe Sepsis

The second stage of sepsis, severe sepsis, is diagnosed when life-threatening organ dysfunction happens characterized by symptoms or vital signs, including:

• Abnormal heartbeat or poor cardiac output
• Decreased urine output
• Sudden changes in mental state
• Difficulty breathing or acute respiratory distress syndrome
• Abnormal pain
• Chills due to reduced body temperature
• Extreme weakness
• Unconsciousness and confusion

Any infection in the body can lead to sepsis. Kidney, bloodstream, or abdominal area infections, as well as pneumonia, can put you at a greater risk of this condition. You must exhibit at least one of these symptoms of severe sepsis to be diagnosed with severe-stage sepsis syndrome. Urine output is one factor measured by doctors in the SSC Sepsis 6 bundle immediately after an early diagnosis.

Stage Three: Septic Shock

Patients transitioning to stage 3 are said to be in septic shock, the most dangerous phase of sepsis. Despite medical intervention, low blood pressure is present, and there are elevated serum lactate levels in patients with septic shock. Lactate is a chemical naturally produced by the body to fuel the cells during times of stress. Its presence in elevated quantities is commonly associated with sepsis and severe inflammatory response syndrome.

Your doctor will use a mean arterial pressure calculation to determine your blood pressure level. Usually, the reading should be at least 60 mm HG or higher to ensure enough blood flow to the vital organs. A dramatic drop in these levels can be life-threatening.

The symptoms of septic shock are similar to those in stage two, including perfusion abnormalities (e.g., elevated lactate levels). This stage has the highest chance of mortality, with estimates ranging between 30% and 50%.

Post-Sepsis Syndrome

Sepsis can have lingering consequences in the form of post-sepsis syndrome. This condition is particularly prevalent for patients confined to a hospital for an extended period or those who spent some time in an intensive care unit (ICU). Post-sepsis syndrome is the name given to a collection of symptoms that people may develop after sepsis or septic shock, which vary in severity and have both personal and economic consequences.

The physical consequences of post-sepsis syndrome include:

• Sleep disturbances
• Debilitating fatigue
• Rash
• Hair loss
• Painful joints
• Lack of appetite
• Shortness of breath
• Renal failure
• Cardiovascular events
• Swelling of the legs and arms

Data reported by the National Institute Of Health indicates a survivor of sepsis is likely to experience “cognitive impairment, functional disabilities, and psychological deficits,” including:

• Panic attacks
• Flashbacks
• Nightmares
• Depression

Ultimately, post-septic syndrome may lead to rehospitalization and reduced quality of life.

Sepsis progresses rapidly and can be a fast killer. Experts recommend that patients, their caregivers and families, and their healthcare providers consider sepsis a possibility. They emphasize the need for early recognition, treatment, and prevention of infections.

It’s critical to seek treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis to prevent the condition from progressing. Studies reveal that the type and source of the infection largely influence the severity and progression of the situation.

In one clinical trial, results showed the risk of sepsis progression to be highest in people with bacteremia, followed by those with peritonitis and pneumonia. The category also includes Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacteria in the blood. Blood cultures can establish the presence of these bacteria. The presence of these pathogens can increase the possibility of advancing to severe cases of sepsis or septic shock within the first month of being in the ICU.

It’s important to note that the stage at which clinicians diagnose the condition also influences the chances of survival. Those initially diagnosed with septic shock clinically have a higher risk of death within 28 days. Progression from sepsis to severe sepsis or septic shock within the first week of diagnosis increases the chances of mortality.

Any person with an infection may potentially develop sepsis, although some conditions make one more susceptible. Although sepsis is not contagious, it does spread rapidly through the body. Early detection is key to recovery.

However, certain people, especially adults 65 years and older and people with chronic diseases or medical conditions, are at a higher risk. Those most likely to show signs and symptoms are:

• Geriatric population: CDC evaluation found that greater than 90% of adults who developed sepsis had a previous serious health condition that could increase their risk factor for sepsis and septic shock.
• Those with chronic health issues (cancer, diabetes, respiratory illness, kidney disease, AIDS, liver disease) or a weakened immune system
• Those undergoing chemotherapy
• Those with metabolic acidosis
• Recent surgical patients
• Organ donor recipients
• Former sepsis patients
• Patients currently in a hospital, especially in an intensive care unit (ICU)
• People with a recent history of hospitalization
• Infants with a weakened immune system

Children younger than one year are also at high risk, which curtails their survival rates. Exposure to invasive devices like breathing tubes, equipment used to administer intravenous (IV) fluids, and catheters is also a risk factor for developing sepsis. Blood poisoning and germs that cause chronic illness can also lead to sepsis.

Signs that you or your loved one may be suffering from sepsis include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Increased breathing rate
• Swelling
• Altered mental status
• Gastrointestinal distress
• Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Newborns and Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis happens when your baby gets an infection in the blood within the first month of their life. Sepsis in newborns is classified depending on the timing of the disorder, whether it was contracted during birth (early onset) or after birth (late-onset). The timing is crucial as it helps the doctor determine the kind of treatment to administer, for example, antibiotics.

Babies born with low birth weight or prematurely have a higher risk of late sepsis onset. The increased risk is because of their body’s immune system that’s still immature. The signs of sepsis in a newborn may be subtle and not specific, including:

• Abdominal pain and swelling
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Not feeding well
• Low body temperature
• Apnea or temporary stopping of breathing
• Paleness
• Fever
• Seizures
• Jitteriness
• Poor skin circulation
• Jaundice

Sepsis in newborns is one of the leading causes of infant death. However, when caught early and administered quick treatment, babies will recover completely and not have other problems.

Maternal universal screening, physical examination, and appropriate neonatal screening have played a significant role in decreasing the risk of pediatric sepsis.

Seniors and Sepsis

Older adults have a higher risk of sepsis because they:

• Often have a reduced immunity that slows down wound healing
• Often have other conditions like arthritis or diabetes
• Are at a higher risk of having malnutrition
• Have more frequent infections that can lead to sepsis

Sepsis usually develops from a urinary or respiratory tract infection like pneumonia (can be detected through a chest x-ray) or the flu. COVID-19 also emerged as a significant risk factor for sepsis, mainly affecting older adults.

Unfortunately, the early signs of sepsis may not be easy to spot in older people, causing the condition to progress more rapidly. The Sepsis Alliance reports that people over 65 are 13 times more likely to end up in the emergency room with sepsis than those under 65. Sixty-three percent of people over 60 are also at risk of getting sepsis upon entering the ICU.

When an older person recovers from sepsis, it’s a fact that they also have an increased risk of:

• Getting a repeat specific infection on common sites of infection through exposure to an infectious agent
• Organ damage and heart failure
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Chronic pain and fatigue
• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Overall, it’s crucial to recognize the signs of sepsis in older people and ensure prompt treatment to reduce the risk of progression.

As sepsis worsens, it impairs blood flow to vital organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys, leading to their impairment. Sepsis is also a common cause of abnormal blood clotting, resulting in burst blood vessels or small blood clots that damage or destroy tissues, often leading to complications, including:

• Permanent brain damage
• Tissue damage or death
• Kidney failure
• Permanent damage in the lungs induced by mechanical ventilation
• Damage to the heart valve

A sequential organ failure assessment score is usually necessary to quantify the number of failed organs and the severity.

Sepsis is a medical emergency, and you should get immediate medical attention from your healthcare provider after diagnosis. Early diagnosis and treatment can help increase the general life expectancy of people suffering from the condition. While most people recover from mild sepsis, the mortality rate for septic shock is approximately 40%. Additionally, a person who survives severe sepsis is at a higher risk of getting future infections.

How long can you have sepsis before it kills you?

Research conducted at the Institute of Healthcare Policy and Innovation at the University of Michigan shows that many people die in the months and years following sepsis diagnosis and treatment. Forty percent of the study subjects who survived the first 30 days under hospital care died within two years. However, it’s not clear if the patients die because of the incidence of sepsis or from other health conditions they may have.

When treatment or medical intervention is missing, sepsis is a leading cause of death, more significant than breast cancer, lung cancer, or heart attack. Research shows that the condition can kill an affected person in as little as 12 hours. Being empowered with the correct information to notice the tell-tale signs and receive immediate treatment could save a life.

Sepsis is a leading cause of death in U.S. hospitals. This growing trend might be due to the increase in our aging population, understaffing in health care facilities, or even the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Nevertheless, preventing infection is a major concern and one that the medical industry can’t ignore.

Based on research data, the Sepsis Alliance estimates that as many as 80% of sepsis deaths could be prevented with rapid evaluation and treatment. For every hour treatment is delayed, the risk of death increases by as much as 8%. Therefore, educating the public about sepsis is paramount to saving lives.

According to an investigation published by the Advisory Board, 25,000 nursing home residents die annually after transferring from the hospital suffering from the initial stages of sepsis. The investigation continued to reveal that a large majority of the nursing homes in the United States don’t prevent wounds and bedsores that lead to severe stage sepsis. Seventy-two percent of these homes have received citations for not being proactive in infection-control programs.

Sadly, sepsis can sometimes be a warning sign of nursing home neglect or abuse. Nursing homes have a mandate to take care of elderly residents and ensure they’re safe, well-cared for, and receive their medications on time.

Alarming Data About Sepsis In Community Living Facilities

Community living can be a breeding ground for infection.  NBC 5 Chicago reported: “Illinois nursing homes fall below national norms for risks of pressure sores or failure to properly treat them. Inspectors have cited about 60% of Illinois nursing homes for this deficiency.”

Skilled nursing and assisted living facilities are required to ensure the safety of the residents in their care. Infection control policies and procedures are not discretionary issues.

Gabby’s Law was enacted to honor the memory of a 5-year-old girl who succumbed to sepsis almost 12 years ago from an undetected tick bite. This legislation requires Illinois hospitals to:

• Initiate a policy and procedure for recognizing and treating sepsis
• Adequately train staff in the process
• Collect sepsis data to improve quality of care

Nursing home patients are highly susceptible to infection and sepsis, mainly due to advanced age, comorbidities, and increasing mobility issues. Sepsis is one of the main reasons to transfer a resident of a nursing facility to a hospital.

Sepsis might not always be preventable, but seeking treatment immediately is paramount to survival. Unfortunately, many victims of sepsis don’t survive. When death is the end result of negligence, it constitutes a wrongful death, and it’s often compensable. Wrongful death claims add additional layers of complexity to personal injury law.

There’s a definite legal hierarchy regarding who’s eligible to file a claim after someone dies from negligence, typically a surviving spouse, child, or parent, or if no surviving relatives step forward, a personal representative of the decedent’s estate might be eligible to file. In addition to medical bills and funeral expenses, it’s sometimes possible to receive compensation for mental anguish, loss of companionship, and the anticipated value of lost wages and benefits.

Sadly, there’s no amount of money sufficient to make up for an unexpected loss of life from negligence. However, we hope that after the untimely death of an elderly loved one, family members can gain a margin of financial security and some type of closure from a wrongful death claim.

If a skilled nursing facility fails in its legal responsibility to ensure the welfare and safety of those entrusted to their care, they may be found liable for the consequences of their actions. Reasons for culpability include:

• Hiring unqualified employees
• Not providing sufficient training and supervision
• Being found understaffed
• Violation of state and federal regulations

Our legal team takes an aggressive approach to combat the toll nursing home negligence has on entire families. If your loved one suffered injuries or died from sepsis due to nursing home negligence, contact us today to determine if you have a valid case and if you’re eligible to receive compensation to ease the financial burdens associated with the harm.

Persons or families harmed entirely by someone else’s negligence or intent in Illinois may be eligible to receive compensation for economic and non-economic damages.

Economic damages include:

• Medical expenses, past and future
• Rehabilitation costs
• Property damage repair or replacement
• Accommodations and assistive devices
• Renovations to make a home or vehicle accessible
• Lost wages and loss of employment opportunities
• The loss of Social Security benefits
• The loss of health insurance
• Other verifiable monetary losses

Non-economic damages include:

• Pain and suffering
• Loss of companionship or consortium
• Loss of enjoyment of life
• Changes in family relationships
• Emotional distress
• Disfigurement or permanent physical impairment

$700,000

Settlement

for the death of a 72-year-old woman who suffered pressure ulcers, malnutrition, dehydration and sepsis while residing at the facility.

$500,000

Settlement

for the family of a 69-year-old resident who died as a result of developing numerous pressure ulcers, a sepsis infection, and suffering dehydration while under the facility’s care.

Sepsis is a medical emergency that can’t go untreated. If your elderly loved one develops an initial infection, especially due to staff negligence, that leads to sepsis while in a nursing home, you may have a valid lawsuit against the facility. Don’t hesitate to reach out to a lawyer if you notice:

• Inadequate cleaning and sanitization of the kitchen, restrooms, and common areas
• Downplaying of medical complaints when there’s an urgent need for medical help
• Not bathing residents regularly
• Dirty bed linens that aren’t changed regularly

You may be able to seek compensation for the damages with the help of a nursing home abuse lawyer. Levin and Perconti is a nationally recognized firm with experience in nursing home abuse cases, and we’re here to help your family. Reach out to us today to schedule a free case consultation.

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It was very difficult going over the facts in our mother’s case, but they were so compassionate and understanding… I feel that the law firm of Levin & Perconti is probably the best firm in the Chicago area and I would, from the bottom of my heart, recommend them to anyone who needs representation for themselves or for their loved ones.

M.R.Z.,Daughter of Illinois nursing home patient

Margaret, Daisy and Bryan. This magnificent cohesive team led by Margaret represented us for my mom’s nursing home wrongful death case.
They were most patient and responded timely to many questions throughout the entire process. All demonstrated professionalism and extensive knowledge of case and state laws. Their in-depth investigative work uncovered details which were unknown to us and yet sadly confirmed our suspicions. We would recommend the Levin and Perconti Law firm and especially this team.

Kathy and Ron

Our deepest appreciation to the law firm of Levin & Perconti, and in particular to Margaret Battersby Black, in the handling of the lawsuit we field n behalf of our sister who sustained life-threatening injuries as a nursing home resident.
Margaret’s representation, guidance, and professionalism gave us the sense that we could put our trust in Levin & Perconti and the final outcome proved that to be true.

D.G., Nursing Home Client

Hospice Care for Sepsis/Septic Shock

By hospice on June 13, 2022 in Blog

Table of Contents

Sepsis differs from other serious or chronic diseases that frequently lead to a hospice referral. A sepsis-related infection can swiftly spread throughout the body and worsen if it is not treated and handled rapidly.

What does septic mean, and what is the most common cause of sepsis? In this guide, we will go into depth on the topic.

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What is sepsis infection?

Sepsis is a life-threatening illness caused by your body’s response to an infection. Our bodies release chemicals into our bloodstream when we are infected, in an effort to fight off deadly germs and viruses. When this process works as it should, your body takes care of the illness and you recover from it.

Severe sepsis can cause organs including the brain, heart, and kidneys to be deprived of blood supply due to inflammatory responses triggered by your body’s own defenses. This, in turn, can result in organ failure and tissue damage.

When the illness is at its most acute, the body’s response to infection can cause blood pressure to drop dangerously low. When this happens, it’s referred to as septic shock.

What causes septic infection?

Septic shock or sepsis can be caused by a number of different factors. One of the most prevalent causes is an infection caused by bacteria. However, it can be caused by viruses or other infectious agents. It is also caused by any form of infection. Pneumonia, a urinary tract infection, or an infection in the abdomen, such as appendicitis, are the most prevalent causes.

Infections in the lungs, stomach, kidneys, and bladder are also commonly found among sepsis-infected patients.

How do you get sepsis?

This life-threatening condition occurs when the immune system of the patient’s body is compromised by underlying health issues or long-term illnesses. When sepsis begins, it may be due to an infection that develops after surgery or from a tiny wound. When an infection you already have sets off a chain reaction in your body, you’re at risk of developing sepsis. This disease can even strike patients who had no idea they had an infection at all.

The body’s ability to fight off the infection that leads to sepsis is also hindered by factors such as poor nutrition, diminishing functional or cognitive condition, or unmanaged symptoms.

Septic shock happens when there is a substantial drop in blood pressure, which can’t be controlled with traditional therapy and occurs when sepsis becomes more severe.

Various indicators and tests, such as temperature, heart rate, breathing rate, blood and platelet counts, biomarker analysis, and other cultures and tests, are used by clinicians to diagnose sepsis and identify the source of infection.

What is the difference between septic shock and sepsis?

Sepsis can progress to septic shock when the body’s response to infection causes the patient’s blood pressure to drop dangerously low. Standard blood pressure drugs and additional fluids typically don’t work well to get blood pressure back up to normal levels.

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Sepsis end of life symptoms

Health disorders like diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol put people over the age of 65 at an increased risk. Those who are most prone to display symptoms include:

• Geriatric population: According to a CDC evaluation, more than 90% of individuals with sepsis had a significant medical condition that could have increased their risk of developing sepsis and septic shock in the past.
• Those with long-term health conditions (such as cancer, diabetes, lung illness, kidney disease, AIDS, or liver disease) or a compromised immune system
• Individuals receiving chemotherapy
• Those who are suffering from metabolic acidosis
• Newly recovered surgery patients
• Beneficiaries of organ donors
• Previous sepsis patients
• Patients who are currently being treated in a hospital, particularly in an intensive care unit (ICU).
• Adults with a recent hospitalization history
• Children with compromised immune systems

How long does it take before sepsis results in death?

It has been found that many people who have been diagnosed and treated for sepsis die in the months and years following their diagnosis. 40% of the research participants who made it through the first 30 days of hospital care passed away within two years. It’s unclear, though, whether the patients’ deaths mainly result from sepsis or from any coexisting illnesses.

Sepsis is a primary cause of death when treatment or medical intervention is lacking, more so than breast cancer, lung cancer, or heart attack. According to research, the illness can cause a person’s death in as little as 12 hours. A patient’s life may be saved if someone is equipped with the necessary knowledge to recognize the warning signals and seek prompt medical attention.

Is sepsis fatal?

Your body suffers more complications as sepsis worsens. Death can happen when a patient starts having any one of the below-mentioned complications:

• Kidney failure
• Amputation of fingers and toes resulting from gangrene.
• Damage to the lungs, brain, or heart.

In 25% to 40% of instances, sepsis can result in death.

Is death from sepsis painful?

Dying from sepsis is a painful event since patients with sepsis shock can die within hours or days if they don’t receive immediate medical attention and proper treatment. Patients who are older tend to have more painful deaths because they are more likely to have:

• Repeated exposure to an infectious agent
• Heart failure and organ damage
• Stress disorder (PTSD)
• Chronic weariness and pain
• The syndrome of systemic inflammatory response

Septic shock death timeline

Clinically identified cases of septic shock are more likely to pass away within 28 days than undiagnosed cases. Within the first week of diagnosis, sepsis that progresses to severe sepsis or septic shock increases the risk of death.

Is sepsis curable?

Sepsis can be avoided if it is diagnosed immediately and treated appropriately.

Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity may combat bacterial infections early on. Your doctor can treat your sepsis by giving you medication that specifically targets the bacterium that is making you sick. Vasopressors, which narrow your blood vessels, are frequently prescribed by doctors to lower blood pressure. You could also be given insulin to maintain control over your blood sugar or corticosteroids to fight inflammation.

If the disease progresses, your doctor is likely to keep you in the intensive care unit of the hospital (ICU). Your medical staff will seek to manage your blood pressure, keep your organs functioning, and stop the infection. Extra oxygen and intravenous fluids can assist with this. Most people who are diagnosed with sepsis at this early stage make a full recovery.

You could require further treatment, such as a breathing machine or renal dialysis if your condition is severe. Alternatively, you might require surgery to drain or remove an infection.

How hospice care may benefit patients and their loved ones

Many sepsis infections occur in individuals who are already very unwell, hospitalized, in the intensive care unit (ICU), or recovering from a medical procedure. The latent consequences of this sneaky disease, however, can cause elderly or disabled individuals to be adequately managed and discharged to outpatient treatment, only to start a persistent and progressive decline.

For managing long-term symptoms, addressing pain, and supporting the patient and their loved ones, hospice care can be the best option. When a doctor determines clinically that a patient has six months or less to live if their condition or disease progresses as expected, they are eligible for hospice care.

Get in touch with myallamericanhospice. com today to learn more about what you or your loved one might go through if they become sick from sepsis. Our hospice care specialists can answer all your concerns and provide you with comprehensive information on the full process of receiving hospice care.

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Sepsis. What is Sepsis?

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Sepsis is a common purulent infection that develops due to the penetration and circulation of various pathogens and their toxins in the blood. The clinical picture of sepsis consists of an intoxication syndrome (fever, chills, pale earthy skin color), thrombohemorrhagic syndrome (hemorrhages in the skin, mucous membranes, conjunctiva), metastatic lesions of tissues and organs (abscesses of various localizations, arthritis, osteomyelitis, etc.). Sepsis is confirmed by the isolation of the pathogen from a blood culture and local foci of infection. With sepsis, massive detoxification, antibiotic therapy, and immunotherapy are indicated; according to indications – surgical removal of the source of infection.

• Causes of sepsis
• Pathogenesis
• Classification
• Symptoms of sepsis
• Complications of sepsis
• Sepsis diagnostics
• Treatment of sepsis
• Prognosis and prevention
• Prices for treatment

General

Sepsis (blood poisoning) is a secondary infectious disease caused by the ingress of pathogenic flora from the primary local infectious focus into the bloodstream. Today, from 750 to 1.5 million cases of sepsis are diagnosed annually in the world. According to statistics, abdominal, pulmonary and urogenital infections are most often complicated by sepsis, so this problem is most relevant for general surgery, pulmonology, urology, and gynecology. Within pediatrics, the problems associated with neonatal sepsis are studied. Despite the use of modern antibacterial and chemotherapeutic drugs, mortality from sepsis remains at a consistently high level of 30-50%.

Sepsis

Causes of sepsis

The most important factors leading to the breakdown of anti-infective resistance and the development of sepsis are:

• on the part of the macroorganism – the presence of a septic focus, periodically or permanently associated with the blood or lymphatic channel; disturbed reactivity of the body
• on the part of the infectious agent – qualitative and quantitative properties (massiveness, virulence, generalization by blood or lymph)

The leading etiological role in the development of most cases of sepsis belongs to staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, meningococci, gram-negative flora (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter), to a lesser extent – fungal pathogens (candida, aspergillus, actinomycetes).

Detection of polymicrobial associations in the blood increases the mortality rate in patients with sepsis by 2.5 times. Pathogens can enter the bloodstream from the environment or be introduced from foci of primary purulent infection.

Nosocomial infection is of great importance: its growth is facilitated by the widespread use of invasive diagnostic procedures, immunosuppressive drugs (glucocorticoids, cytostatics). Under conditions of immunodeficiency, against the background of trauma, surgical stress or acute blood loss, the infection from chronic foci spreads freely throughout the body, causing sepsis. The development of sepsis is more susceptible to premature babies, patients who are on mechanical ventilation for a long time, hemodialysis; oncological, hematological patients; patients with diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.

Pathogenesis

The mechanism of development of sepsis is multistage and very complex. From the primary infectious focus, pathogens and their toxins penetrate the blood or lymph, causing the development of bacteremia. This causes the activation of the immune system, which reacts with the release of endogenous substances (interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, prostaglandins, platelet activating factor, endothelins, etc.), causing damage to the endothelium of the vascular wall. In turn, under the influence of inflammatory mediators, the coagulation cascade is activated, which ultimately leads to the occurrence of DIC. In addition, under the influence of released toxic oxygen-containing products (nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, superoxides), perfusion decreases, as well as oxygen utilization by organs. A logical outcome in sepsis is tissue hypoxia and organ failure.

Sepsis

Classification

Forms of sepsis are classified depending on the localization of the primary infectious focus. Based on this feature, primary (cryptogenic, essential, idiopathic) and secondary sepsis are distinguished. In primary sepsis, the entrance gate cannot be found. The secondary septic process is divided into:

• surgical – develops when an infection enters the blood from a postoperative wound
• obstetric-gynecological – occurs after complicated abortions and childbirth
• urosepsis – characterized by the presence of an entrance gate in the genitourinary apparatus (pyelonephritis, cystitis, prostatitis)
• dermal – the source of infection is purulent skin diseases and damaged skin (boils, abscesses, burns, infected wounds, etc.)
• peritoneal (including biliary, intestinal) – with localization of primary lesions in the abdominal cavity
• pleuro-pulmonary – develops against the background of purulent lung diseases (abscess pneumonia, pleural empyema, etc.)
• odontogenic – due to diseases of the dentoalveolar system (caries, root granulomas, apical periodontitis, periostitis, periorbital phlegmon, osteomyelitis of the jaws)
• tonsillogenic – occurs against the background of severe tonsillitis caused by streptococci or staphylococci
• rhinogenic – develops due to the spread of infection from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, usually with sinusitis
• otogenic – associated with inflammatory diseases of the ear, often purulent otitis media.
• umbilical – found in neonatal omphalitis

According to the time of occurrence, sepsis is divided into early (occurs within 2 weeks from the moment the primary septic focus appears) and late (occurs later than two weeks). According to the rate of development, sepsis can be fulminant (with the rapid development of septic shock and the onset of death within 1-2 days), acute (4 weeks), subacute (3-4 months), recurrent (up to 6 months with alternating attenuation and exacerbations) and chronic (lasting more than a year).

Sepsis in its development goes through three phases: toxemia, septicemia and septicopyemia. The toxemia phase is characterized by the development of a systemic inflammatory response due to the onset of the spread of microbial exotoxins from the primary focus of infection; in this phase, bacteremia is absent. Septicemia is marked by dissemination of pathogens, the development of multiple secondary septic foci in the form of microthrombi in the microvasculature; there is persistent bacteremia. The septicopyemia phase is characterized by the formation of secondary metastatic purulent foci in the organs and the skeletal system.

Symptoms of sepsis

The symptomatology of sepsis is extremely polymorphic, depending on the etiological form and course of the disease. The main manifestations are due to general intoxication, multiple organ disorders and localization of metastases.

In most cases, the onset of sepsis is acute, however, in a quarter of patients, the so-called presepsis is observed, characterized by febrile waves alternating with periods of apyrexia. The state of presepsis may not turn into a detailed picture of the disease if the body manages to cope with the infection. In other cases, the fever takes an intermittent form with severe chills, followed by heat and sweating. Sometimes hyperthermia of a permanent type develops.

The condition of the patient with sepsis is rapidly aggravated. The skin becomes pale gray (sometimes icteric) color, facial features are sharpened. There may be herpetic rashes on the lips, pustules or hemorrhagic rashes on the skin, hemorrhages in the conjunctiva and mucous membranes. In the acute course of sepsis, bedsores quickly develop in patients, dehydration and exhaustion increase.

Under conditions of intoxication and tissue hypoxia, sepsis develops multiple organ changes of varying severity. Against the background of fever, signs of CNS dysfunction are clearly expressed, characterized by lethargy or agitation, drowsiness or insomnia, headaches, infectious psychoses and coma. Cardiovascular disorders are represented by arterial hypotension, weakening of the pulse, tachycardia, deafness of heart tones. At this stage, sepsis can be complicated by toxic myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and acute cardiovascular failure.

The respiratory system reacts to the pathological processes occurring in the body with the development of tachypnea, pulmonary infarction, respiratory distress syndrome, and respiratory failure. On the part of the digestive tract, anorexia, the occurrence of “septic diarrhea” alternating with constipation, hepatomegaly, and toxic hepatitis are noted. Violation of the function of the urinary system in sepsis is expressed in the development of oliguria, azotemia, toxic nephritis, acute renal failure.

In the primary focus of infection in sepsis, characteristic changes also occur. Wound healing slows down; granulations become lethargic, pale, bleeding. The bottom of the wound is covered with a dirty grayish coating and areas of necrosis. The discharge acquires a cloudy color and a fetid odor.

Metastatic foci in sepsis can be detected in various organs and tissues, which causes the layering of additional symptoms characteristic of the purulent-septic process of this localization. The consequence of the introduction of infection into the lungs is the development of pneumonia, purulent pleurisy, abscesses and gangrene of the lung. With metastases to the kidneys, pyelitis and paranephritis occur. The appearance of secondary purulent foci in the musculoskeletal system is accompanied by the phenomena of osteomyelitis and arthritis. With brain damage, the occurrence of cerebral abscesses and purulent meningitis is noted. There may be metastases of a purulent infection in the heart (pericarditis, endocarditis), muscles or subcutaneous adipose tissue (soft tissue abscesses), abdominal organs (liver abscesses, etc.).

Complications of sepsis

The main complications of sepsis are associated with multiple organ failure (renal, adrenal, respiratory, cardiovascular) and DIC (bleeding, thromboembolism).

The most severe specific form of sepsis is septic (infectious-toxic, endotoxic) shock. It often develops with sepsis caused by staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative flora. The harbingers of septic shock are the disorientation of the patient, visible shortness of breath and impaired consciousness. Disorders of blood circulation and tissue metabolism are rapidly growing. Characterized by acrocyanosis against the background of pale skin, tachypnea, hyperthermia, a critical drop in blood pressure, oliguria, increased heart rate up to 120-160 beats. per minute, arrhythmia. Mortality in the development of septic shock reaches 90%.

Sepsis 1

Sepsis diagnostics

Recognition of sepsis is based on clinical criteria (infectious-toxic symptoms, the presence of a known primary focus and secondary purulent metastases), as well as laboratory parameters (blood culture for sterility).

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that short-term bacteremia is also possible with other infectious diseases, and blood cultures with sepsis (especially against the background of ongoing antibiotic therapy) are negative in 20-30% of cases. Therefore, blood cultures for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria must be carried out at least three times and preferably at the height of a febrile attack. Bacteriological culture of the contents of the purulent focus is also performed. PCR is used as an express method for isolating the DNA of the causative agent of sepsis. In the peripheral blood, there is an increase in hypochromic anemia, an acceleration of ESR, leukocytosis with a shift to the left.

It is necessary to differentiate sepsis from lymphogranulomatosis, leukemia, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever A and B, brucellosis, tuberculosis, malaria and other diseases accompanied by prolonged fever.

Sepsis treatment

Patients with sepsis are admitted to the intensive care unit. The complex of therapeutic measures includes antibacterial, detoxification, symptomatic therapy, immunotherapy, elimination of protein and water-electrolyte disorders, restoration of organ functions.

In order to eliminate the source of infection that supports the course of sepsis, surgical treatment is performed. It may consist in opening and draining a purulent focus, performing necrectomy, opening purulent pockets and intraosseous abscesses, sanitizing cavities (with soft tissue abscess, phlegmon, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, etc. ). In some cases, it may be necessary to resect or remove the organ along with the abscess (for example, with an abscess of the lung or spleen, carbuncle of the kidney, pyosalpinx, purulent endometritis, etc.).

The fight against microbial flora involves the appointment of an intensive course of antibiotic therapy, flow-through washing of drains, local administration of antiseptics and antibiotics. Prior to culture with antibiotic susceptibility, therapy is started empirically; after verification of the pathogen, if necessary, the antimicrobial drug is changed. In sepsis, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, and various combinations of drugs are usually used for empirical therapy. With candidosepsis, etiotropic treatment is carried out with amphotericin B, fluconazole, caspofungin. Antibiotic therapy continues for 1-2 weeks after normalization of temperature and two negative blood cultures.

Detoxification therapy for sepsis is carried out according to general principles using saline and polyionic solutions, forced diuresis. In order to correct the CBS, electrolyte infusion solutions are used; amino acid mixtures, albumin, donor plasma are introduced to restore the protein balance. To combat bacteremia in sepsis, extracorporeal detoxification procedures are widely used: plasmapheresis, hemosorption, hemofiltration. With the development of renal failure, hemodialysis is used.

Immunotherapy involves the use of antistaphylococcal plasma and gamma globulin, transfusion of leukocyte mass, the appointment of immunostimulants. As symptomatic agents, cardiovascular drugs, analgesics, anticoagulants, etc. are used. Intensive drug therapy for sepsis is carried out until a stable improvement in the patient’s condition and normalization of homeostasis.

Prognosis and prevention

The outcome of sepsis is determined by the virulence of the microflora, the general condition of the body, the timeliness and adequacy of the therapy. Elderly patients with concomitant general diseases, immunodeficiencies are predisposed to the development of complications and an unfavorable prognosis. With various types of sepsis, the mortality rate is 15-50%. With the development of septic shock, the probability of death is extremely high.

Preventive measures against sepsis consist in the elimination of foci of purulent infection; proper management of burns, wounds, local infectious and inflammatory processes; observance of asepsis and antiseptics when performing medical and diagnostic manipulations and operations; prevention of nosocomial infection; vaccination (against pneumococcal, meningococcal infection, etc.).

Sources

1. 0011

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Sepsis in children with cancer

What is sepsis?

Sepsis is a serious disease that can develop as a result of an abrupt reaction of the body to an infection. The infection can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Sepsis is an emergency that requires early diagnosis and treatment. Sepsis can cause a decrease in blood flow to the tissues and organs of the body. As a result, the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the organs decreases and the removal of toxins from them slows down. Poor blood flow can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, septic shock, and death.

Sepsis is a serious disease that can develop as a result of an abrupt reaction of the body to an infection.

What is septic shock?

The condition of a patient with sepsis may worsen, and then the disease will become severe. Lack of treatment can lead to septic shock. This serious condition is characterized by a critical drop in blood pressure and a violation of the blood supply to the organs, which leads to a violation of their functions.

Why is sepsis a serious illness?

Approximately 75,000 cases of sepsis in children are reported in the United States each year, of which approximately 7,000 are fatal. According to the World Health Organization, there are about 20 million cases of sepsis in children worldwide every year and about 2.9million child deaths in the under-5 age group.

Even if the disease is not fatal, the patient may be at risk of long-term disability or organ problems. Late initiation of treatment increases the risk of death and disability. For every hour of delay in treatment, the chance of dying from sepsis increases by 8%.

If worsening, sepsis can become severe. Left untreated, septic shock can result. This serious condition is characterized by a critical drop in blood pressure and a violation of the blood supply to the organs, which leads to a violation of their functions.

Sepsis is a medical emergency that requires early diagnosis and treatment.

What are the signs and symptoms of sepsis?

Possible signs and symptoms of sepsis:

• Fever of 38°C (100.4°F) or more
• Chills or tremors
• Fast breathing
• Low blood pressure
• Palpitations
• Pain or discomfort
• Pale or “marbled” (bluish) skin
• Cold, damp skin or redness
• Confusion, drowsiness or difficulty waking the patient
• Poor appetite
• Irritability, fussiness, confusion, or generally unusual behavior

Who is at risk of developing sepsis?

Some people are at increased risk of developing sepsis. Risk factors:

• Weak immune system
• Presence of infection or open wound
• Recent surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy
• Presence of certain medical equipment, such as an intravenous catheter, CVC, or port
• Absence/impaired function of the spleen
• Sickle cell disease
• Taking drugs that suppress the immune system

How is sepsis diagnosed?

After a medical examination, your child will be tested for sepsis. They are listed below.

• Blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid or stool tests
• Chest x-ray

How is sepsis treated?

Treatment of sepsis depends on the underlying cause. The most common, but not the only, cause is bacterial infection. Antibiotics are used to treat a bacterial infection. They are given right away and your child will take them until the test results indicate the exact cause of the sepsis. If the cause is bacteria, the doctor will tell you how long your child will need to take antibiotics. Your child will also receive infusions that promote the flow of blood and body fluids to tissues and organs.

Other treatments for sepsis include:

• Medicines to treat fever such as acetaminophen (Tylenolâ)
• Administering oxygen through a mask or small tubes inserted into the nose
• May require heart monitor

Can sepsis be prevented in cancer patients?

The best way to prevent sepsis is to diagnose and treat infections early. To prevent infection and reduce the risk of sepsis, do the following:

• Wash your hands frequently
• Take a bath and brush your teeth daily
• Wear medical masks according to instructions
• Keep wounds clean
• Change damp or soiled dressings
• Avoid crowds and stay away from sick people
• Clean and disinfect surfaces
• Vaccinate as recommended by
• Properly care for central venous catheters, such as central catheters and ports

If your child has signs and symptoms of an infection, contact your doctor immediately.