What are the common symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. How does IBS affect daily life. What factors contribute to the development of IBS. Can lifestyle changes help manage IBS symptoms. Are there specific triggers that exacerbate IBS. How is IBS diagnosed and treated. What role does the gut-brain connection play in IBS.

Understanding Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Comprehensive Overview

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a complex gastrointestinal disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by a group of symptoms that occur together, including abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. While the exact cause of IBS remains elusive, researchers have identified several factors that may contribute to its development and exacerbation.

The Hallmark Symptoms of IBS: Recognizing the Signs

IBS manifests through a variety of symptoms that can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. The primary symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain or discomfort, often related to bowel movements
• Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or alternating between both)
• Bloating
• A feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation
• Presence of whitish mucus in stool

It’s important to note that women with IBS may experience more severe symptoms during their menstrual periods. Despite its painful nature, IBS does not lead to other health problems or cause damage to the digestive tract.

How can IBS symptoms vary among individuals?

IBS symptoms can vary greatly from person to person. Some individuals may primarily experience diarrhea (IBS-D), while others may suffer from constipation (IBS-C). Many people with IBS alternate between these two extremes, known as IBS-M (mixed type). The severity and frequency of symptoms can also fluctuate over time, with periods of remission and flare-ups.

Unraveling the Causes of IBS: A Multifaceted Approach

The etiology of IBS is not fully understood, but experts believe that a combination of factors may contribute to its development. These factors include:

1. Brain-gut interaction: IBS is considered a functional gastrointestinal disorder, involving problems with how the brain and gut work together.
2. Gut motility issues: Some individuals with IBS may experience abnormal movement of food through the digestive tract, leading to changes in bowel habits.
3. Visceral hypersensitivity: People with IBS may have increased sensitivity to pain in the gut, even with normal amounts of gas or stool present.
4. Stress and psychological factors: Early life stress, trauma, and certain mental health conditions may play a role in IBS development.
5. Infections: Bacterial infections in the digestive tract or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) may contribute to IBS symptoms.
6. Food intolerances or sensitivities: Certain foods may trigger or exacerbate IBS symptoms in some individuals.
7. Genetic predisposition: Research suggests that genetic factors may increase susceptibility to IBS.

How does the brain-gut axis influence IBS?

The brain-gut axis plays a crucial role in IBS. This bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system of the gut influences various aspects of digestive function. In IBS, this communication may be disrupted, leading to alterations in gut motility, sensitivity, and even immune function. Stress and emotions can directly impact gut function through this axis, explaining why psychological factors are often intertwined with IBS symptoms.

The Role of Stress and Psychological Factors in IBS

Stress and psychological factors have been increasingly recognized as significant contributors to IBS. While it’s unclear whether these factors cause IBS or vice versa, their impact on symptom severity and frequency is well-documented. A 2017 study published in the Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility found that individuals with IBS have higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to those without the disorder.

Can childhood trauma increase the risk of developing IBS?

Research suggests that experiencing psychological trauma during childhood may increase the likelihood of developing IBS later in life. This connection highlights the complex interplay between early life experiences, stress, and gut health. The mechanisms behind this association are not fully understood but may involve long-term changes in stress response systems and gut-brain communication.

The Gut Microbiome and IBS: A Delicate Balance

The human digestive tract is home to trillions of microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiome. These microbes play crucial roles in digestion, immune function, and overall health. In recent years, researchers have discovered that alterations in the gut microbiome may contribute to IBS symptoms.

How can antibiotics affect the gut microbiome and potentially trigger IBS?

While antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial infections, they can also disrupt the delicate balance of the gut microbiome. This disruption may lead to changes in gut function and potentially trigger or exacerbate IBS symptoms. Some studies have found that individuals who have taken antibiotics are at a higher risk of developing IBS, particularly in the months following antibiotic use.

Diagnosing IBS: A Process of Elimination

Diagnosing IBS can be challenging, as there is no specific test that can definitively confirm the condition. Instead, healthcare providers typically use a combination of symptom assessment, physical examination, and exclusion of other potential causes. The Rome criteria, a set of diagnostic criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders, are often used to help identify IBS.

What are the Rome IV criteria for diagnosing IBS?

The Rome IV criteria, the most recent version, state that IBS can be diagnosed when a person has recurrent abdominal pain on average at least one day per week in the last three months, associated with two or more of the following:

• Related to defecation
• Associated with a change in frequency of stool
• Associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool

These symptoms should have started at least six months before diagnosis. It’s important to note that other conditions with similar symptoms must be ruled out before a diagnosis of IBS can be made.

Managing IBS: A Multifaceted Approach to Treatment

While there is no cure for IBS, various treatment strategies can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment approaches often involve a combination of lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, stress management techniques, and in some cases, medication.

How can dietary modifications help in managing IBS symptoms?

Dietary changes can play a significant role in managing IBS symptoms. Some strategies that may be helpful include:

• Identifying and avoiding trigger foods
• Following a low FODMAP diet under the guidance of a healthcare professional
• Increasing fiber intake gradually to help regulate bowel movements
• Staying hydrated
• Limiting caffeine and alcohol consumption
• Eating regular, balanced meals

It’s important to work with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian to develop a personalized dietary plan that addresses individual needs and symptoms.

The Mind-Body Connection: Stress Management and IBS

Given the strong connection between stress and IBS symptoms, stress management techniques can be invaluable in managing the condition. Various approaches have shown promise in reducing symptom severity and improving overall well-being for individuals with IBS.

What stress management techniques are effective for IBS?

Several stress reduction strategies have demonstrated benefits for individuals with IBS:

• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): This form of psychotherapy can help individuals identify and change thought patterns and behaviors that may contribute to IBS symptoms.
• Mindfulness meditation: Regular mindfulness practice can help reduce stress and improve overall gut function.
• Gut-directed hypnotherapy: This specialized form of hypnosis focuses on improving gut function and reducing IBS symptoms.
• Relaxation techniques: Deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery can help manage stress and reduce symptom severity.
• Regular exercise: Physical activity can help reduce stress, improve gut motility, and alleviate IBS symptoms.

Incorporating one or more of these techniques into daily life can significantly improve symptom management and overall quality of life for those living with IBS.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in IBS Management

As our understanding of IBS continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for treatment and management. Some promising areas of investigation include:

What role do prebiotics and probiotics play in IBS management?

Prebiotics and probiotics have gained attention for their potential to modulate the gut microbiome and alleviate IBS symptoms. Prebiotics are non-digestible fibers that feed beneficial gut bacteria, while probiotics are live microorganisms that can confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Some studies have shown that certain probiotic strains may help reduce bloating, abdominal pain, and other IBS symptoms. However, more research is needed to determine the most effective strains and dosages for different IBS subtypes.

Other emerging areas of research in IBS management include:

• Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT): This procedure involves transferring stool from a healthy donor to an IBS patient to restore a healthy gut microbiome.
• Targeted pharmacological interventions: Researchers are developing new medications that target specific aspects of IBS pathophysiology, such as visceral hypersensitivity or gut motility disorders.
• Personalized medicine approaches: As we learn more about the genetic and microbiome factors that contribute to IBS, there is potential for more tailored treatment strategies based on individual patient profiles.
• Gut-brain axis modulation: Novel therapies aimed at regulating the communication between the gut and the brain are being explored as potential treatments for IBS.

While these areas show promise, it’s important to note that more research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and risks in IBS management.

Living with IBS can be challenging, but with a comprehensive understanding of the condition and a multifaceted approach to management, many individuals can find relief from their symptoms and improve their quality of life. By working closely with healthcare providers, staying informed about the latest research, and adopting a proactive approach to self-care, those affected by IBS can develop effective strategies for managing their condition and maintaining optimal digestive health.

Symptoms & Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

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What are the symptoms of IBS?

The most common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are pain in your abdomen, often related to your bowel movements, and changes in your bowel movements. These changes may be diarrhea, constipation, or both, depending on what type of IBS you have.

Other symptoms of IBS may include

• bloating
• the feeling that you haven’t finished a bowel movement
• whitish mucus in your stool

Women with IBS often have more symptoms during their periods.

IBS can be painful but doesn’t lead to other health problems or damage your digestive tract.

To diagnose IBS, you doctor will look for a certain pattern in your symptoms over time. IBS is a chronic disorder, meaning it lasts a long time, often years. However, the symptoms may come and go.

What causes IBS?

Doctors aren’t sure what causes IBS. Experts think that a combination of problems may lead to IBS. Different factors may cause IBS in different people.

Functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders such as IBS are problems with brain-gut interaction—how your brain and gut work together. Experts think that problems with brain-gut interaction may affect how your body works and cause IBS symptoms. For example, in some people with IBS, food may move too slowly or too quickly through the digestive tract, causing changes in bowel movements. Some people with IBS may feel pain when a normal amount of gas or stool is in the gut.

Certain problems are more common in people with IBS. Experts think these problems may play a role in causing IBS. These problems include

• stressful or difficult early life events, such as physical or sexual abuse
• certain mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and somatic symptom disorder
• bacterial infections in your digestive tract
• small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, an increase in the number or a change in the type of bacteria in your small intestine
• food intolerances or sensitivities, in which certain foods cause digestive symptoms

Research suggests that genes may make some people more likely to develop IBS.

Last Reviewed November 2017

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This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by the NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.

The NIDDK would like to thank:
Lin Chang, M.D., David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles

What’s causing your IBS – Harvard Health

While the exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is unknown, studies have suggested that IBS might be related to a few specific changes in the body. Some symptoms may be caused by spasms, uncontrolled contractions in the muscles of the colon. The nerve endings in the intestines also may become unusually sensitive, magnifying pain. The reasons for these changes are not always known, but factors that have been linked with IBS include bacterial overgrowth, use of antibiotics, and stress, among others.

Psychological factors. The brain and gut are intimately connected. Your thoughts and emotions can trigger symptoms in the gut, and the health of your gut can shape your mental well-being. Stress can cause more contractions in the intestines and increase sensitivity. It’s not clear whether stress or other psychological factors may be a cause of IBS or vice versa. However, we do know that people with IBS often have higher levels of stress and anxiety and that this distress also can make IBS symptoms worse. A 2017 study in the Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility found that people with IBS have higher levels of depression and anxiety compared with those who don’t have the disorder. IBS also is more common among people who experienced psychological trauma as children.

Antibiotics. The human digestive tract contains trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi known collectively as the gut microbiota or gut flora. These microorganisms play several critical roles in our health, including digestion and immune system function. When we take antibiotics to combat bacterial infections, the drugs also kill helpful bacteria in the gut. Repeated treatments or long-term use of antibiotics may alter the gut flora in a way that disrupts the colon’s normal function. Some animal and human research suggests that this disruption may lead to IBS in some cases. However, studies have not had consistent results, so more research is needed.

Bacterial overgrowth. Some people with IBS also have a surplus of bacteria in the small intestines, a condition called small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). It’s unclear whether SIBO can be a cause of IBS, but people with IBS are more likely than others to test positive for SIBO. In addition, some research has found that IBS symptoms often decrease after antibiotic treatment that focuses on bacteria in the small intestine.

SIBO occurs when extra bacteria in the colon back up into the small intestine. In this situation, people often have symptoms typical of IBS such as bloating, constipation, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Estimates vary about how many people diagnosed with IBS also have SIBO, but research in the March 2017 issue of Gut and Liver suggested it may be between 19% and 37%. Most studies diagnose SIBO with a breath test that measures gases released by the body’s breakdown of sugars such as glucose and lactulose. There is a debate, however, about the reliability of the test results.

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causes, symptoms and treatment at the FSCC FMBA

General description

Ischemic heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. According to experts, in 2030 more than 23 million people will die from CVD.

Coronary artery disease (CHD) is a disease caused by insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart (myocardium), which occurs due to impaired blood supply to the myocardium due to damage to the coronary arteries. Clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease are diverse: from acute manifestations in the form of myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death to long-term chronic diseases – angina pectoris (periodic retrosternal pain), postinfarction cardiosclerosis, chronic heart failure.

Causes

IHD occurs as a result of atherosclerosis of large (epicardial) coronary (cardiac) arteries of varying degrees: from a slight narrowing of the lumen in the vessel to its complete blockage by atheromic (cholesterol, fatty) masses or a thrombus that has developed at the site of a “vulnerable” (damaged) atherosclerotic plaque (ASP) . Other causes of coronary artery disease are spasm of the coronary arteries and damage to the microvasculature in the myocardium. In most cases, they also develop against the background of existing atherosclerosis.

It is possible to identify the most susceptible to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) groups of the population: people suffering from high blood pressure; addicted to smoking; suffering from high cholesterol; diabetes mellitus; with chronic kidney disease. Male sex and advanced age are also powerful risk factors for developing coronary artery disease.

Symptoms of coronary heart disease

The main, but far from the only symptom of coronary artery disease is pressing or squeezing pain behind the sternum or in the region of the heart. In chronic coronary artery disease, pain occurs initially during exercise and causes a gradual decrease in its tolerance. In the acute form of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction or a pre-infarction state (unstable angina pectoris) develops.

During an attack of coronary artery disease, the patient may also feel:

• pain or burning in the chest, under the shoulder blade, in the back, in the upper abdomen;
• feeling of heaviness in the chest;
• sensation of uneven heartbeat, irregular heartbeat, palpitations;
• feeling of sinking heart;
• shortness of breath;
• weakness;
• nausea;
• dizziness and fainting;
• sweating.

The discomfort may disappear or disappear completely after the completion of physical activity. With myocardial infarction or with unstable angina, the connection between complaints and physical activity is lost, and complaints can develop at rest and last for a long time (tens of minutes, hours). Usually, all of the above symptoms do not appear at the same time. In various forms of coronary heart disease, a certain feeling of discomfort dominates.

If you notice such sensations in yourself, contact your cardiologist as soon as possible. If chest pain or other symptoms described above do not disappear within 10 minutes at rest, call the ambulance team. IHD progression can develop slowly over years. At the same time, in some patients, coronary disease is asymptomatic or with erased or atypical symptoms.

To prevent disturbances in the work of the heart or the development of severe forms of coronary artery disease, undergo a comprehensive examination of the heart at our center of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency. Running coronary disease is very dangerous! At a later stage, it can lead to a fatal heart attack or severe heart failure with severe disability.

IHD diagnostics

Diagnosis of coronary artery disease is carried out by cardiologists in several stages. When questioning the patient, complaints are clarified, symptoms that may be characteristic of coronary heart disease are clarified. Examination of the patient helps to note visual changes – swelling and discoloration of the skin (cyanosis), listening to the heart reveals murmurs, rhythm disturbance.

Next, the patient passes laboratory tests for certain indicators in the blood, which may indicate a pathology. Also important is the standard biochemical analysis, as well as the determination of glucose and cholesterol levels.

But the most accurate method for diagnosing coronary disease is instrumental:

• ECG;
• ultrasound of the heart;
• stress tests with exercise or drug stimulation of the heart;
• Holter ECG monitoring;
• angiography of the coronary arteries (coronary angiography).

Timely examination helps to avoid serious consequences and the development of an irreversible form of coronary heart disease. Give your health a few hours, because this time will help preserve the quality of life in the future.

Prevention of coronary heart disease

Prevention of CVD is much easier than cure. To maintain healthy arteries and blood vessels, it is necessary to eliminate risk factors that negatively affect your health:

• Smoking cessation;
• Blood pressure monitoring
• Normalization of the level of “bad” cholesterol (low density lipoprotein)
• Combating stress and depression
• Minimizing alcohol intake;
• Refusal of smoked, fatty, fried and salty foods.

Give more time to an active lifestyle: moderate physical activity, therapeutic exercises, morning exercises, walking, swimming, dancing. Physical activity will help strengthen the walls of blood vessels and maintain normal weight, if necessary, reduce it.

The most important thing in the prevention of coronary artery disease is timely observation by a specialist. In order not to visit medical institutions several times to pass all the necessary tests and undergo research, contact our cardiology center. FSCC FMBA offers patients several programs for a comprehensive study of the heart. You can get acquainted with them here.

IHD treatment

When IHD is detected, the cardiologist determines the treatment model. Our clinic can offer you:

• drug therapy for coronary artery disease – a complex of modern medicines is prescribed, which allows you to control the symptoms and significantly improve the prognosis of the disease. The main drugs for the treatment of coronary artery disease are: antiplatelet agents (reduce the likelihood of blood clots in the coronary arteries), B-blockers, nitrates, calcium antagonists, enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin II receptor blockers (allow to prevent the development of pain, shortness of breath, edema) and statins (allow to reduce and control cholesterol). Treatment of coronary disease can take place on an outpatient basis or in the cardiology department of our center. When drug therapy for coronary artery disease does not help, they seek advice from a cardiac surgeon who will apply the following treatment methods:

  • surgical intervention aimed at myocardial revascularization (restoration of normal blood flow to the heart muscle):
  • stenting of affected arteries of the heart – intravascular surgery. Under local anesthesia, a catheter is inserted through the radial (on the forearm) or less often through the femoral (in the groin) artery, through which a special device is passed into the arteries of the heart. A special metal frame construction coated with drugs that suppress inflammation at the site of intervention is installed with the help of a balloon in the place of narrowing of the vessel. The balloon expands, as a result of which the stent presses the cholesterol plaque against the walls of the vessel and restores its patency;
  • coronary artery bypass surgery is an open heart surgery, the purpose of which is to restore a full blood supply. It is carried out by bypassing the place of narrowing of the vessel with the help of shunts (vascular prostheses), which redirect blood flow from the clogged areas of the arteries to healthy ones. The most commonly used coronary bypass grafts are the patient’s own arteries and veins. At the same time, arterial bypasses have a significant advantage in terms of long-term improvement in prognosis and pain relief as a result of surgery. In our Department of Cardiac Surgery, the operation is performed both with the help of cardiopulmonary bypass, and without (off pump).

The FSCC FMBA Cardiology Center is one of the few that performs coronary bypass surgery using mini-thoractomy. This method of surgery significantly speeds up postoperative rehabilitation and has no significant restrictions on physical activity within three months after the operation.

Our center employs highly qualified specialists who have confirmed their experience at the international level. Many years of experience and high-tech equipment allow us to achieve excellent results in surgical procedures.

In their daily practice, our doctors use the latest achievements of medical science and the most advanced medical technologies. Offering treatment to patients with coronary artery disease, our cardiologists, angiosurgeons and cardiac surgeons are always looking for the most effective, less traumatic and most appropriate way for each individual patient to carry it out.

It is important for us not only to save you from suffering, but also to ensure a long and comfortable life.

With care for you and your heart!

This article is an informational material and is not intended for self-diagnosis and self-treatment. If signs of discomfort appear, you should contact your doctor.

Causes, risk factors for CHD and social aspects

Coronary artery disease (CHD) is a common disease with severe complications. The incidence of coronary artery disease is associated with its multifactorial nature and the social characteristics of the environment in which patients are located. Why ischemia develops, who is at risk and how to assess this risk for yourself – we tell in the article.

Why ischemia occurs in the myocardium

The heart muscle is supplied with blood by the coronary, or coronary, vessels, which bring oxygenated (oxygenated) blood to the myocardium and carry away oxygen-deprived blood. If this process is disturbed and the inflow of oxygenated blood to the myocardium does not cover the oxygen demand of the heart muscle, ischemia develops in the heart.

The blood supply to the myocardium can be disturbed both slowly and quickly – from several years to hours or even minutes. With prolonged chronic oxygen starvation, stable or progressive forms of angina pectoris develop. Postinfarction cardiosclerosis also belongs to the chronic form of coronary artery disease. In situations of rapid disruption of blood supply, acute forms of ischemic disease occur – sudden coronary death, unstable angina, or myocardial infarction.

The causes of insufficient myocardial oxygenation are divided into non-coronary – if the problem is located outside the vessels (a sharp jump in pressure, tachycardia or hypertrophy of the heart muscle) and coronarogenic, when the coronary vessels are to blame for oxygen starvation of the heart, in which the lumen narrows or spasm occurs.

Coronary causes of myocardial ischemia

• Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels due to the deposition of cholesterol in the form of plaques or uniform impregnation of the wall with lipid compounds. Without diet and other aspects of disease prevention, the lumen of the vessels will progressively narrow, annually increasing the risk of developing acute forms of coronary artery disease.

• Anatomical malformations of the coronary vessels (formed in utero, that is, during the development of the fetus during pregnancy).

• Coronaritis is an inflammatory process in the coronary vessels, caused by systemic pathologies of the connective tissue, autoimmune or general infectious diseases. Inflammatory processes in the walls of the coronary arteries lead to edema, a change in their structure and a decrease in the lumen, which leads to a deterioration in the blood supply to the myocardium.

• Dissection of an aortic aneurysm – tearing of the aorta is accompanied by blood flow into the space between the layers of its wall, which leads to progressive dissection of the latter and narrowing of its lumen.

• Coronary embolism of various origins is a complete or partial blockage of the lumen of the coronary arteries by foreign bodies, gases, tissue particles, including fatty tissue, and also by a thrombus. As a result, the blood supply to the heart is stopped, which causes a sharp oxygen starvation and subsequent necrosis of the myocardium.

Prolonged oxygen starvation of the myocardium can lead to the development of chronic forms of coronary artery disease, and a sharp one – to myocardial infarction.

IHD risk factors

Factors in the development of coronary heart disease are divided into two groups – deterministic, which cannot be influenced, and non-deterministic, amenable to adjustment.

Deterministic factors

Genetic:

• age – although coronary artery disease often develops in the elderly, at present this disease is “getting younger”;

• gender – men are more likely to suffer from myocardial ischemia, since the female body synthesizes estrogens that have a beneficial effect on blood vessels and the heart, however, during menopause, the vessels lose “estrogen protection”, which increases the incidence of coronary artery disease in women;

• obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension in a family history.

Anatomical, physiological and biochemical:

• hypertonic disease;

• obesity;

• dyslipidemia;

• diabetes.

Non-deterministic (controllable) factors

• Low physical activity. The lack of regular exercise slows down blood flow, which creates conditions for thrombosis, and weak contractions of an untrained heart reduce myocardial oxygenation.

• Arterial hypertension. Vessels that are in tension for a long time pass less blood, leading to oxygen starvation of the heart muscle.

• Overweight (including metabolic syndrome). Obesity is accompanied by lipid degeneration of the heart, the deposition of fatty complexes in the walls of blood vessels and an increased content of lipids in the blood. All this together impedes the movement of blood and normal oxygenation of the myocardium.

• Dyslipidemia is a general group of diseases characterized by improper absorption of lipids and an abnormal ratio of their fractions. As a result of these violations, “bad” fats are deposited in the vessels, starting the process of their narrowing.

• Smoking. Increases the risk of atherosclerosis by increasing the concentration of low-density lipoproteins in the blood, which are the basis of cholesterol plaques. In addition, this bad habit provokes an increase in the level of fibrinogen, a protein that is the basis of blood clots.

• Diabetes. A persistent increase in blood glucose levels damages blood vessels, leading to the development of changes similar to those in atherosclerosis. Arteries and capillaries become rigid (stiff), narrow and lose their ability to expand.

Daily half-hour exercise normalizes myocardial oxygenation and body weight

Social aspects of coronary heart disease

Low awareness of the population about the causes of the disease, the mechanisms of its development and consequences, as well as a sedentary lifestyle and bad habits, lead to the fact that the disease “gets younger” and reaches middle age.

The above risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease are adjustable, they are also called behavioral, or behavioral.