What is magnesium oxide used to treat. Magnesium Oxide: A Comprehensive Guide to Benefits, Side Effects, and Uses

13.05.202208.06.2023 by alexxlab

What are the main uses of magnesium oxide. How does it compare to other forms of magnesium. What are the potential benefits and side effects of magnesium oxide. How should magnesium oxide be dosed and are there any interactions to be aware of.

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Understanding Magnesium Oxide: Composition and Comparison

Magnesium oxide is an inorganic salt composed of magnesium and oxygen ions. It’s a popular form of magnesium supplement, often used in dietary products and over-the-counter medications. Despite its high elemental magnesium content, magnesium oxide has a relatively low bioavailability compared to other magnesium forms.

How does magnesium oxide stack up against other magnesium supplements? A 2019 study examining 15 different magnesium supplements found that magnesium oxide had the lowest bioavailability. Interestingly, a combination of magnesium oxide and magnesium glycerophosphate showed the highest bioavailability, suggesting that mixed formulations might be more effective.

The low absorption rate of magnesium oxide in the intestines can lead to digestive effects, particularly diarrhea. This property is actually beneficial when using magnesium oxide as a laxative for constipation treatment. A 2017 rat study revealed that only 15% of orally administered magnesium oxide was absorbed, with the remainder excreted in feces. Human studies suggest even lower absorption rates.

Therapeutic Applications of Magnesium Oxide

Despite its low absorption rate, magnesium oxide has demonstrated efficacy in treating various medical conditions. Let’s explore some of its therapeutic applications:

Headache and Migraine Management

Magnesium plays a crucial role in proper nerve cell functioning, and a deficiency can lead to migraine headaches. Studies have shown that magnesium oxide may be effective in reducing headache symptoms, potentially rivaling some migraine medications in efficacy.

A 2021 randomized, controlled, double-blind study involving 63 migraine sufferers found that 500 mg of magnesium oxide daily was as effective as valproate sodium, a common migraine medication, in reducing migraine frequency. Earlier research also suggests potential benefits for children experiencing migraines.

Are there more effective forms of magnesium for migraine treatment? While magnesium oxide shows promise, some studies indicate that magnesium sulfate and magnesium citrate may be more effective due to their higher absorption rates.

Stress and Anxiety Reduction

Magnesium plays a vital role in the body’s stress response, and studies have shown a correlation between frequent stress and lower magnesium stores. Some research suggests that magnesium supplementation may help reduce stress and anxiety levels in certain populations.

A 2017 review of 18 studies found that magnesium oxide, when combined with vitamin B6, may reduce stress and anxiety in women with premenstrual syndrome. However, researchers acknowledge the need for more high-quality studies to confirm these findings.

Constipation Relief

One of the most common uses of magnesium oxide is in the treatment of constipation. Its low absorption rate and subsequent laxative effect make it an effective option for promoting bowel movements.

Potential Benefits of Magnesium Oxide Supplementation

Beyond its primary therapeutic applications, magnesium oxide supplementation may offer additional health benefits:

Blood pressure regulation
Blood sugar control
Bone health support
Mood improvement
Sleep quality enhancement

It’s important to note that while these potential benefits exist, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of magnesium oxide’s effects in these areas.

Side Effects and Precautions

While magnesium oxide is generally considered safe for most people when taken as directed, it can cause some side effects, particularly at higher doses. Common side effects include:

Diarrhea
Nausea
Stomach cramps
Vomiting

Can magnesium oxide interact with other medications? Yes, magnesium oxide can interact with certain medications, including antibiotics, bisphosphonates, and some heart medications. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting magnesium oxide supplementation, especially if you’re taking other medications.

Dosage Recommendations

The appropriate dosage of magnesium oxide can vary depending on the intended use and individual factors. For general supplementation, doses typically range from 200-400 mg per day. However, for specific conditions, dosages may be higher:

Constipation: 400-1200 mg daily
Migraine prevention: 400-600 mg daily
Stress reduction: 200-400 mg daily

It’s essential to follow the recommended dosage on the product label or as advised by a healthcare professional. Exceeding the recommended dose can lead to adverse effects and potential magnesium toxicity.

Magnesium Oxide vs. Other Magnesium Forms

While magnesium oxide has its uses, other forms of magnesium may be more suitable for certain purposes due to their higher bioavailability:

Magnesium citrate: Often used for constipation relief and general supplementation
Magnesium glycinate: Known for its high absorption and minimal digestive side effects
Magnesium malate: May be beneficial for chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia
Magnesium threonate: Potentially effective for cognitive function and brain health

How do you choose the right form of magnesium? The best form depends on your specific health needs and goals. Consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate magnesium supplement for your situation.

Magnesium Oxide in Combination Therapies

Magnesium oxide is often used in combination with other nutrients or medications to enhance its effects or provide complementary benefits. Some common combinations include:

Magnesium oxide with vitamin B6 for stress and anxiety reduction
Magnesium oxide with calcium for bone health
Magnesium oxide with vitamin D for improved absorption and bone health

Are combination therapies more effective than magnesium oxide alone? In some cases, yes. For example, the combination of magnesium oxide and vitamin B6 has shown promising results in reducing stress and anxiety symptoms in women with premenstrual syndrome. However, the effectiveness of combination therapies can vary depending on the specific health condition and individual factors.

Magnesium Oxide and Digestive Health

Magnesium oxide’s effects on digestive health extend beyond its use as a laxative. It may also help with:

Acid reflux: Magnesium oxide can act as an antacid, neutralizing stomach acid
Indigestion: Its antacid properties may provide relief from indigestion symptoms
Gut microbiome: Some research suggests magnesium may support a healthy gut microbiome

How does magnesium oxide compare to other antacids? While effective, magnesium oxide may not be as potent as some other antacids. However, its additional health benefits make it a versatile option for those dealing with digestive issues.

Magnesium Oxide for Gut Motility

Magnesium oxide’s laxative effect is due to its ability to draw water into the intestines, which softens stool and promotes bowel movements. This property makes it particularly useful for individuals dealing with chronic constipation or those preparing for certain medical procedures requiring bowel clearance.

Is magnesium oxide suitable for long-term use as a laxative? While generally safe for short-term use, long-term use of magnesium oxide as a laxative should be discussed with a healthcare provider. Prolonged use may lead to electrolyte imbalances or dependency.

Magnesium Oxide and Cardiovascular Health

The potential cardiovascular benefits of magnesium oxide supplementation are an area of ongoing research. Some studies suggest that magnesium may help:

Lower blood pressure
Reduce the risk of heart disease
Improve lipid profiles
Support overall heart function

How does magnesium oxide contribute to heart health? Magnesium plays a crucial role in regulating heart rhythm, maintaining healthy blood pressure, and supporting proper blood vessel function. While magnesium oxide may not be the most bioavailable form, it can still contribute to overall magnesium intake and potentially support cardiovascular health.

Magnesium Oxide and Hypertension

Several studies have explored the potential of magnesium supplementation in managing hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that magnesium supplementation resulted in a small but significant reduction in blood pressure. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of magnesium oxide supplementation for blood pressure management.

Magnesium Oxide and Metabolic Health

Magnesium plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Some research suggests that magnesium supplementation, including magnesium oxide, may have beneficial effects on metabolic health, including:

Improved insulin sensitivity
Better blood sugar control
Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes

Can magnesium oxide help manage diabetes? While magnesium supplementation shows promise in supporting metabolic health, it’s not a replacement for standard diabetes treatments. Individuals with diabetes should consult their healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Magnesium Oxide and Weight Management

Some studies have suggested a link between magnesium status and body weight. While magnesium oxide itself is not a weight loss supplement, ensuring adequate magnesium intake may support overall metabolic health and potentially aid in weight management efforts.

Magnesium Oxide and Bone Health

Magnesium is an essential mineral for bone health, playing a role in bone formation and maintenance. While calcium often takes the spotlight in bone health discussions, magnesium is equally important. Magnesium oxide supplementation may contribute to bone health by:

Supporting calcium absorption
Aiding in vitamin D activation
Promoting proper bone mineralization

Is magnesium oxide effective for preventing osteoporosis? While magnesium is crucial for bone health, the effectiveness of magnesium oxide specifically in preventing osteoporosis requires more research. A balanced diet rich in various nutrients, including magnesium from different sources, is generally recommended for optimal bone health.

Magnesium Oxide and Muscle Function

Beyond its role in bone health, magnesium is also vital for proper muscle function. Adequate magnesium levels can help prevent muscle cramps, support muscle recovery after exercise, and contribute to overall muscle health.

Magnesium Oxide and Neurological Health

The potential neurological benefits of magnesium oxide supplementation are an area of growing interest. Some research suggests that magnesium may support:

Cognitive function
Mood regulation
Neuroprotection
Sleep quality

Can magnesium oxide improve sleep quality? Some studies suggest that magnesium supplementation may improve sleep quality, particularly in individuals with low magnesium levels. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal form and dosage of magnesium for sleep benefits.

Magnesium Oxide and Cognitive Function

While research on magnesium oxide specifically for cognitive function is limited, studies on magnesium supplementation in general have shown potential benefits for memory and learning. However, other forms of magnesium, such as magnesium threonate, may be more effective for cognitive support due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier more easily.

Magnesium Oxide: Considerations for Special Populations

While magnesium oxide can be beneficial for many individuals, certain populations may need to take special precautions or consider alternative forms of magnesium:

Pregnant women: Magnesium needs increase during pregnancy, but high doses of magnesium oxide may cause diarrhea
Older adults: May have reduced magnesium absorption and increased risk of deficiency
Individuals with kidney problems: Should consult a healthcare provider before taking magnesium supplements
Athletes: May have increased magnesium needs but might benefit from more easily absorbed forms

How do you determine if magnesium oxide is right for you? Consider your specific health needs, any existing medical conditions, and consult with a healthcare provider to determine if magnesium oxide supplementation is appropriate and safe for your individual situation.

Magnesium Oxide and Children

Magnesium oxide can be used in children, particularly for constipation relief. However, dosages should be carefully determined based on the child’s age and weight, and under the guidance of a pediatrician.

Future Research and Potential Applications

As our understanding of magnesium’s role in health continues to evolve, ongoing research is exploring new potential applications for magnesium oxide and other magnesium forms. Areas of interest include:

Depression and anxiety disorders
Chronic pain management
Metabolic syndrome
Alzheimer’s disease prevention
Athletic performance enhancement

What developments can we expect in magnesium research? Future studies may focus on optimizing magnesium formulations for specific health conditions, exploring synergistic effects with other nutrients, and investigating the long-term impacts of magnesium supplementation on various aspects of health.

Innovative Delivery Methods

Researchers are also exploring new ways to improve the bioavailability of magnesium oxide and other forms of magnesium. This includes developing novel delivery systems, such as nanoparticle formulations or transdermal applications, which could potentially enhance absorption and effectiveness.

Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions

Magnesium oxide is a supplement often used to treat migraine and constipation. It may provide other health benefits, including potentially lowering blood pressure and blood sugar levels.

Magnesium is a mineral that’s needed for many bodily processes, including blood sugar regulation, nerve function, energy production, and DNA synthesis (1).

It’s found in a number of foods but can also be taken as a dietary supplement. These supplements contain different forms of magnesium, including magnesium citrate, magnesium glycinate, and magnesium oxide.

Magnesium oxide is one of the most common forms sold in supplement form, either as a stand-alone supplement or in multinutrient products.

This article explains everything you need to know about magnesium oxide, including how it compares with other forms of magnesium, its potential benefits and side effects, and how to take it.

Magnesium oxide is an inorganic salt of magnesium formed with ions of magnesium and oxygen (2).

It’s one of many forms of magnesium available for purchase in supplement form. It’s added to dietary supplements as well as over-the-counter medications used to treat constipation, indigestion, and headaches.

Compared with other forms of magnesium, it may be less effective at raising blood magnesium levels (3).

How does it compare with other forms of magnesium?

Magnesium oxide and other inorganic salts of magnesium like magnesium carbonate are high in elemental magnesium, which is the total amount of magnesium in a supplement (3).

However, they have a low solubility rate, making them less bioavailable than other forms of the mineral. So, even though magnesium oxide supplements provide a good amount of magnesium, it’s not the most available form for your body to utilize (3).

A 2019 study confirmed this by testing 15 magnesium supplements and finding that a supplement containing only magnesium oxide had the lowest bioavailability (3).

Meanwhile, a supplement with both inorganic and organic magnesium salts — magnesium oxide and magnesium glycerophosphate, respectively — had the highest bioavailability (3).

Because of its low absorption rate in your intestines, magnesium oxide may lead to digestive effects like diarrhea. In fact, its strong laxative effects are why it’s commonly used to treat constipation (3).

A 2017 rat study demonstrated its low absorption rate, concluding that only 15% of orally administered magnesium oxide was absorbed, while 85% was excreted in the feces. Older research suggests the absorption rate is even lower in humans (4, 5).

In contrast, magnesium citrate, magnesium acetyl taurate, magnesium malate, and magnesium glycinate all have high absorption rates and are more effective at increasing magnesium levels in the body (6, 7, 8, 9, 10).

Still, magnesium oxide has been shown to offer several benefits and is commonly used to treat medical conditions like chronic constipation.

Summary
Magnesium oxide is an inorganic salt of magnesium. Even though it contains high amounts of magnesium, it has low absorbability in the body. Still, it has been shown to offer health benefits like constipation relief.

Research shows that magnesium oxide is effective at treating certain medical conditions.

May help treat headaches

Magnesium is needed for proper nerve cell functioning. As such, a deficiency in this mineral can lead to migraine headaches.

Studies show that magnesium oxide may reduce headache symptoms. It may even be as effective as some migraine headache medications (11).

For example, a 2021 randomized, controlled, double-blind study in 63 people who experienced migraine found that taking 500 mg of magnesium oxide daily reduced migraine frequency as effectively as a migraine medication called valproate sodium (12).

Older research also suggests that magnesium oxide may reduce migraine in children (13).

However, other forms of magnesium like magnesium sulfate and magnesium citrate may be more effective at treating migraine, as they are typically better absorbed (14, 15, 16).

May reduce stress and anxiety

Magnesium plays an important role in your body’s stress response. In fact, studies have shown that people who experience frequent stress tend to have lower magnesium stores (17).

Some studies have shown that supplementing with magnesium may help reduce levels of stress and anxiety in certain populations.

For example, a 2017 review of 18 studies found that magnesium oxide may reduce stress and anxiety in women with premenstrual syndrome, but only when combined with vitamin B6 (18).

Despite these promising results, researchers acknowledge that the quality of existing studies on the subject is poor, and future well-designed studies are needed (18).

Helps treat constipation

One of the most common uses of magnesium oxide supplements is constipation treatment. The supplement has an osmotic effect, meaning it draws water into the intestines to cause a laxative effect that can help relieve constipation in both children and adults.

In a small 2019 randomized, double-blind, controlled study, 34 women with mild to moderate constipation were treated with either 1.5 grams of magnesium oxide or a placebo daily for 4 weeks (19).

Many women in the magnesium group experienced significantly improved bowel movement frequency, stool form, colonic transport time, and quality of life compared with the placebo group (19).

In fact, over 70% of those treated with magnesium oxide reported overall symptom improvement, compared with only 25% of those in the placebo group (19).

Similarly, a study in 90 people with constipation found that taking either 1.5 grams of magnesium oxide or 1 gram of senna, another laxative, significantly improved spontaneous bowel movements and constipation-related quality of life compared with a placebo (20).

Magnesium oxide has also been shown to prevent constipation after surgery, treat opioid-induced constipation, and improve functional constipation in children (21).

That said, while magnesium oxide has been shown to be safe for treating constipation, it may lead to dangerously high magnesium levels in certain populations, such as those with kidney impairment and older adults (5).

May lower blood pressure

Magnesium oxide supplements may help reduce elevated blood pressure levels.

A 2018 study in 48 people with high blood pressure found that treatment with 300 mg of magnesium oxide per day for 1 month significantly decreased both systolic (the top number) and diastolic (the bottom number) blood pressure (23).

Researchers theorize that the supplement may lower blood pressure by decreasing cellular calcium levels to relax smooth muscle cells and widen blood vessels (23).

May lower blood sugar levels

Magnesium supplements may lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.

For example, supplements containing magnesium oxide and zinc have been shown to lower blood sugar levels in people with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes, which is diabetes that can occur during pregnancy (24).

In a 2015 study, 70 women with gestational diabetes supplemented with either 250 mg of magnesium oxide or a placebo daily for 6 weeks (25).

The magnesium oxide treatment significantly improved blood sugar levels. It also reduced triglyceride levels and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and malondialdehyde, compared with the placebo group (25).

Magnesium oxide supplements have also been shown to improve blood sugar management in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes and Iranian adults with type 2 diabetes (26, 27).

Summary
Magnesium oxide may help treat migraine and constipation, reduce blood pressure, improve blood sugar management, and decrease levels of stress and anxiety in certain populations.

While supplementing with magnesium oxide may offer some benefits, there are potential side effects to consider.

Magnesium oxide is generally safe when used in appropriate doses. However, taking large amounts over long periods can lead to high blood magnesium levels, or hypermagnesemia, which is a serious condition that can be fatal (28, 29).

Groups particularly at risk of developing hypermagnesemia include those with kidney disease, older adults with bowel disorders, and those taking 1,000 mg of magnesium oxide or more per day (28, 30).

A 2019 case series discussed four cases of hypermagnesemia, one of which was fatal. All of the patients were over 65 years old and had kidney disease (30).

As such, researchers urge healthcare professionals to be aware of this risk and monitor magnesium levels in those being treated with magnesium oxide and other forms of magnesium (30).

Magnesium oxide may also result in digestive side effects like bloating and diarrhea, especially when taken at higher doses (31, 32).

What’s more, the supplement may suppress the absorption of certain medications, including antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, as well as those used to treat urinary incontinence and Parkinson’s disease (33, 34, 35).

If you’re interested in taking magnesium oxide, consult your healthcare professional to determine whether it’s appropriate and safe for you.

Summary
High doses of magnesium oxide may cause dangerously high blood magnesium levels, which is more likely in specific populations. It may also cause side effects like bloating and diarrhea and reduce the effectiveness of certain medications.

How much magnesium oxide to take depends on the treatment purpose.

For example, magnesium oxide is used to prevent migraine with daily 500-mg doses (12).

Meanwhile, 300 mg per day has been shown to help treat high blood pressure, while 250 mg per day may help lower blood sugar levels in women with gestational diabetes (23, 25).

Higher doses of the supplement — usually over 1 gram — are used to treat constipation, though daily doses as low as 250 mg may be enough for some people (5).

Summary
Magnesium oxide dosing generally ranges from 250–1,000 mg per day depending on what it’s being used to treat. Taking too much can be dangerous. Speak with your healthcare professional if you have questions regarding dosing or side effects.

Magnesium oxide is a form of magnesium commonly taken as a dietary supplement. It has a lower bioavailability than other forms of magnesium, but it may still offer benefits.

Mainly, it’s used to treat migraine and constipation. It may also help reduce blood pressure, blood sugar, and anxiety in certain populations.

Taking too much magnesium is dangerous and can cause elevated blood magnesium levels, digestive side effects, and hindered absorption of certain medications.

If you’re interested in supplementing with magnesium oxide, consult your healthcare professional first to find out if it’s the right choice for you.