What is omnicef used to treat. Omnicef (Cefdinir): Uses, Dosage, and Side Effects for Pediatric Patients
What is Omnicef used to treat. How should Omnicef be administered to children. What are the potential side effects of Omnicef in pediatric patients. When should parents contact a healthcare provider while their child is taking Omnicef.
Understanding Omnicef: A Powerful Antibiotic for Pediatric Use
Omnicef, also known by its generic name cefdinir, is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic commonly prescribed for children to combat various bacterial infections. As a parent or caregiver, it’s crucial to understand the proper use, potential side effects, and important considerations when administering this medication to your child.
The Primary Uses of Omnicef in Pediatric Patients
Omnicef is primarily used to treat bacterial infections in children. But which specific conditions does it target?
- Respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)
- Ear infections (otitis media)
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis)
- Sinusitis
Healthcare providers prescribe Omnicef when they determine that these infections are likely caused by bacteria susceptible to this antibiotic. It’s important to note that Omnicef is not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu.
Proper Administration of Omnicef to Children
Ensuring the correct administration of Omnicef is crucial for its effectiveness and your child’s safety. How should you give this medication to your child?
- Follow the prescribed dosage and schedule strictly
- Administer with or without food (with food if it causes stomach upset)
- Shake the liquid suspension well before each use
- Use the provided measuring device for accurate dosing
- Complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve
Can Omnicef be given with other substances? It’s important to avoid giving antacids containing aluminum or magnesium within 2 hours of Omnicef. Similarly, iron supplements should not be administered within 2 hours before or after Omnicef, except for iron-fortified infant formula, which is safe to use concurrently.
Potential Side Effects and Safety Considerations
While Omnicef is generally well-tolerated, it’s essential to be aware of potential side effects. What are the most common side effects of Omnicef in children?
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Abdominal pain
- Headache
- Rash
In rare cases, more severe side effects may occur. Parents and caregivers should be vigilant for signs of allergic reactions, severe diarrhea, or other unusual symptoms. Prompt medical attention is crucial if any of these occur.
Recognizing Serious Side Effects
Which symptoms warrant immediate medical attention?
- Signs of allergic reaction (rash, hives, difficulty breathing)
- Severe or persistent diarrhea
- Unusual bleeding or bruising
- Yellowing of the skin or eyes
- Seizures
- Changes in urination patterns
Drug Interactions and Precautions
Omnicef may interact with other medications or health conditions. It’s crucial to inform your child’s healthcare provider about all medications, supplements, and health issues before starting Omnicef treatment. Are there specific conditions or medications that may interfere with Omnicef?
- Allergies to cephalosporin antibiotics
- Kidney problems
- Diabetes (some Omnicef formulations contain sugar)
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Certain blood-thinning medications
Healthcare providers will consider these factors when determining if Omnicef is appropriate for your child and may adjust the dosage or recommend alternative treatments if necessary.
Monitoring Your Child’s Progress on Omnicef
While taking Omnicef, it’s important to monitor your child’s response to the medication. How can you tell if the antibiotic is working?
- Improvement in symptoms within a few days
- Reduction in fever
- Increased energy and appetite
- Clearing of visible signs of infection (if applicable)
If your child’s condition doesn’t improve or worsens after a few days of treatment, contact your healthcare provider. They may need to reassess the diagnosis or adjust the treatment plan.
Special Considerations for Infants and Toddlers
Administering medication to very young children can present unique challenges. What should parents of infants and toddlers keep in mind when giving Omnicef?
- Use of the appropriate measuring device for accurate dosing
- Potential for temporary staining of teeth or tongue
- Importance of maintaining oral hygiene
- Possibility of diaper rash due to changes in stool consistency
For infants, mixing the medication with a small amount of formula or expressed breast milk can help with administration. However, always consult with your healthcare provider before altering the medication in any way.
Long-term Considerations and Antibiotic Resistance
While Omnicef is an effective antibiotic, it’s important to use it judiciously to prevent antibiotic resistance. How can parents contribute to responsible antibiotic use?
- Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a healthcare provider
- Complete the full course of treatment as directed
- Never save leftover antibiotics for future use
- Avoid pressuring healthcare providers for antibiotics for viral infections
By following these guidelines, parents can help ensure that Omnicef and other antibiotics remain effective tools in fighting bacterial infections in children.
Promoting Gut Health During and After Antibiotic Treatment
Antibiotics like Omnicef can disrupt the natural balance of gut bacteria. How can parents support their child’s digestive health during and after treatment?
- Offer probiotic-rich foods or supplements (with healthcare provider approval)
- Encourage a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Ensure adequate hydration
- Monitor for signs of digestive distress
These measures can help minimize gastrointestinal side effects and support overall health during antibiotic treatment.
When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention
While Omnicef is generally safe, certain situations require prompt medical intervention. In which cases should parents seek immediate medical care?
- Signs of severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
- Persistent, severe, or bloody diarrhea
- High fever that doesn’t respond to treatment
- Severe abdominal pain
- Unusual bleeding or bruising
- Seizures or convulsions
These symptoms may indicate a serious adverse reaction or complication that requires immediate medical attention. Don’t hesitate to contact emergency services if you’re concerned about your child’s well-being.
Understanding C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea (CDAD)
One rare but serious potential complication of antibiotic use, including Omnicef, is C. difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). What should parents know about this condition?
- Can occur during or after antibiotic treatment
- Characterized by severe, persistent diarrhea
- May be accompanied by abdominal pain and fever
- Can lead to serious complications if left untreated
If your child experiences symptoms suggestive of CDAD, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this condition effectively.
Storing and Disposing of Omnicef Properly
Proper storage and disposal of Omnicef are essential for maintaining its effectiveness and preventing accidental ingestion. How should parents handle Omnicef at home?
- Store at room temperature, away from heat and moisture
- Keep out of reach of children
- Discard any unused medication after the prescribed course
- Do not flush down the toilet or pour down the drain
- Use medication take-back programs or follow local disposal guidelines
By following these guidelines, parents can ensure the safe and effective use of Omnicef while protecting their children and the environment.
Reconstituting Omnicef Suspension
If your child is prescribed Omnicef in liquid form, you may need to reconstitute it at home. What steps should you follow to prepare the suspension correctly?
- Add water to the powder in the bottle as directed by the pharmacist
- Shake the bottle vigorously to mix the contents thoroughly
- Check that all powder is dissolved, with no clumps remaining
- Add more water if necessary to reach the fill line on the bottle
- Shake again before each use to ensure proper mixing
Proper reconstitution is crucial for ensuring accurate dosing and effectiveness of the medication. If you’re unsure about the process, don’t hesitate to ask your pharmacist for a demonstration or additional instructions.
Supporting Your Child’s Recovery During Antibiotic Treatment
While Omnicef works to fight the bacterial infection, there are additional steps parents can take to support their child’s recovery. What measures can complement antibiotic treatment?
- Ensure adequate rest and sleep
- Maintain proper hydration
- Provide a balanced, nutritious diet
- Use over-the-counter pain relievers or fever reducers as recommended by your healthcare provider
- Apply warm compresses for ear infections or sinus pain
- Use a humidifier to ease respiratory symptoms
These supportive measures can help alleviate symptoms and promote faster recovery while the antibiotic does its work.
Monitoring for Signs of Improvement or Worsening
As your child progresses through the course of Omnicef treatment, it’s important to stay vigilant. What signs should parents watch for to assess their child’s response to the medication?
- Reduction in fever within 48-72 hours
- Improvement in energy levels and appetite
- Decrease in pain or discomfort associated with the infection
- Clearing of visible symptoms (e.g., ear drainage, skin lesions)
- Return to normal sleep patterns
If these improvements are not observed or if symptoms worsen, it’s crucial to contact your healthcare provider for reassessment. They may need to adjust the treatment plan or consider alternative diagnoses.
Educating Children About Antibiotic Use
For older children and teenagers, understanding the importance of proper antibiotic use can be valuable. How can parents educate their children about responsible antibiotic consumption?
- Explain the difference between bacterial and viral infections
- Discuss the importance of completing the full course of antibiotics
- Teach about potential side effects and when to report them
- Emphasize the role of good hygiene in preventing infections
- Encourage questions and open communication about their health
By involving children in their healthcare decisions and educating them about antibiotics, parents can foster a sense of responsibility and promote better health outcomes in the long term.
Addressing Common Misconceptions About Antibiotics
There are several misconceptions about antibiotic use that can lead to improper usage. What are some common myths about antibiotics that parents should be aware of?
- Myth: Antibiotics can treat viral infections like colds and flu
- Myth: Leftover antibiotics can be saved for future use
- Myth: Stopping antibiotics when feeling better is okay
- Myth: Antibiotics have no side effects
- Myth: More antibiotics mean faster recovery
By understanding and dispelling these myths, parents can make more informed decisions about their child’s antibiotic use and contribute to the fight against antibiotic resistance.
Cefdinir: Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Pediatric Medication
This information from Lexicomp® explains what you need to know about this medication, including what it’s used for, how to take it, its side effects, and when to call your healthcare provider.
Brand Names: Canada
Omnicef
What is this drug used for?
- It is used to treat bacterial infections.
What do I need to tell the doctor BEFORE my child takes this drug?
- If your child is allergic to this drug; any part of this drug; or any other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell the doctor about the allergy and what signs your child had.
This drug may interact with other drugs or health problems.
Tell the doctor and pharmacist about all of your child’s drugs (prescription or OTC, natural products, vitamins) and health problems. You must check to make sure that it is safe to give this drug with all of your child’s other drugs and health problems. Do not start, stop, or change the dose of any drug your child takes without checking with the doctor.
What are some things I need to know or do while my child takes this drug?
- Tell all of your child’s health care providers that your child is taking this drug. This includes your child’s doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists.
- Do not give to your child longer than you have been told. A second infection may happen.
- This drug may affect certain lab tests. Tell all of your child’s health care providers and lab workers that your child takes this drug.
- If your child has high blood sugar (diabetes) and you test your child’s urine glucose, talk with your child’s doctor to find out which tests are best to use.
- If your child has high blood sugar (diabetes), talk with the doctor. Some of these products have sugar.
- If your child takes this drug with an iron product, your child’s stools may turn a reddish color. This is normal.
If your child is pregnant or breast-feeding a baby:
- Talk with the doctor if your child is pregnant, becomes pregnant, or is breast-feeding a baby. You will need to talk about the benefits and risks to your child and the baby.
What are some side effects that I need to call my child’s doctor about right away?
WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your child’s doctor or get medical help right away if your child has any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
- Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed.
- Dark urine or yellow skin or eyes.
- Seizures.
- Fever, chills, or sore throat; any unexplained bruising or bleeding; or feeling very tired or weak.
- Diarrhea is common with antibiotics. Rarely, a severe form called C diff–associated diarrhea (CDAD) may happen. Sometimes, this has led to a deadly bowel problem. CDAD may happen during or a few months after taking antibiotics. Call your child’s doctor right away if your child has stomach pain, cramps, or very loose, watery, or bloody stools. Check with your child’s doctor before treating diarrhea.
What are some other side effects of this drug?
All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your child’s doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother your child or do not go away:
- Diarrhea.
These are not all of the side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, call your child’s doctor. Call your child’s doctor for medical advice about side effects.
You may report side effects to your national health agency.
How is this drug best given?
Give this drug as ordered by your child’s doctor. Read all information given to you. Follow all instructions closely.
All products:
- Give this drug with or without food. Give with food if it causes an upset stomach.
- Use as you have been told, even if your child’s signs get better.
- Do not take antacids that have aluminum or magnesium in them within 2 hours of this drug.
- Do not give iron products within 2 hours before or 2 hours after giving this drug.
Liquid (suspension):
- Shake well before use.
- Measure liquid doses carefully. Use the measuring device that comes with this drug. If there is none, ask the pharmacist for a device to measure this drug.
- You may give this drug with infant formula that has iron in it.
What do I do if my child misses a dose?
- Give a missed dose as soon as you think about it.
- If it is close to the time for your child’s next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your child’s normal time.
- Do not give 2 doses at the same time or extra doses.
How do I store and/or throw out this drug?
Capsules:
- Store at room temperature in a dry place. Do not store in a bathroom.
Liquid (suspension):
- Store liquid (suspension) at room temperature. Throw away any part not used after 10 days.
- Store in a dry place. Do not store in a bathroom.
All products:
- Keep all drugs in a safe place. Keep all drugs out of the reach of children and pets.
- Throw away unused or expired drugs. Do not flush down a toilet or pour down a drain unless you are told to do so. Check with your pharmacist if you have questions about the best way to throw out drugs. There may be drug take-back programs in your area.
General drug facts
- If your child’s symptoms or health problems do not get better or if they become worse, call your child’s doctor.
- Do not share your child’s drug with others and do not give anyone else’s drug to your child.
- Some drugs may have another patient information leaflet. If you have any questions about this drug, please talk with your child’s doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
- If you think there has been an overdose, call your poison control center or get medical care right away. Be ready to tell or show what was taken, how much, and when it happened.
Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer
This generalized information is a limited summary of diagnosis, treatment, and/or medication information. It is not meant to be comprehensive and should be used as a tool to help the user understand and/or assess potential diagnostic and treatment options. It does NOT include all information about conditions, treatments, medications, side effects, or risks that may apply to a specific patient. It is not intended to be medical advice or a substitute for the medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment of a health care provider based on the health care provider’s examination and assessment of a patient’s specific and unique circumstances. Patients must speak with a health care provider for complete information about their health, medical questions, and treatment options, including any risks or benefits regarding use of medications. This information does not endorse any treatments or medications as safe, effective, or approved for treating a specific patient. UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates disclaim any warranty or liability relating to this information or the use thereof. The use of this information is governed by the Terms of Use, available at https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/know/clinical-effectiveness-terms.
Last Reviewed Date
2023-05-16
Copyright
© 2023 UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All rights reserved.
Last Updated
Monday, December 12, 2022
Cefdinir- Uses, Dosages, Side Effects, and Precautions
1. Can I take cefdinir and doxycycline together?
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum tetracycline-class antibiotic used to treat parasitic and bacterial infections, whereas Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat only bacterial infections. There are no studies that show interactions of disadvantages of taking these antibiotics together. However, it may cause severe side effects, and you should consult your doctor before taking these medicines.
2. What not to take with cefdinir?
Cefdinir should not be taken with antacids or mineral supplements that contain magnesium, aluminum, or iron, as these substances may make it harder for the body to absorb the medicine. Maintain at least a 2hour gap between your mineral supplements and Cefdinir dose. Avoid consumption of alcohol as it may worsen your side effects and make you feel sick. Consult your doctor before taking this medicine and take precautions accordingly.
3. Can cefdinir get you high?
Cefdinir is an antibiotic that should be taken as prescribed by your doctor. If you miss a dose and remember it, don’t take it later, which is near your other dose. Skip the dose if you forget and directly have the later one. If your body gets cefdinir as an overdose, you may get headaches, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Follow your prescription and take cefdinir accordingly. Unless taken in overdose, cefdinir won’t make you high.
4. Can you smoke on cefdinir?
Smoking is dangerous to health and may cause severe ill effects in itself. Tobacco smoke interacts with medications and influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, causing the bacteria to be more resistant to antibiotics. If you are a smoker, you may require higher doses of antibiotics than regular patients, and it also may take longer for the infection to be treated. Choose wisely.
5. Is cefdinir a sulfa drug?
Cefdinir or Omnicef is an anti-bacterial cephalosporin sulfonamide (a “sulfa” drug) and a folic acid inhibitor. Sulfa drugs are synthetic antibiotics containing the sulfanilamide molecular structure. Sulfa drugs are used to treat many bacterial infections in the body, such as UTI (urinary tract infections), bronchitis, eye infections, tonsillitis, otitis media, and other such conditions.
6. Is cefdinir a strong antibiotic?
Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin-type antibiotic that kills and prevents bacterial growth. Cefdinir is effective against mild to moderate infections caused by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Cefdinir, when taken orally, reaches a peak level in the blood within 2-4 hours. Cefdinir is prescribed worldwide and is safe to use even in children. Consult your doctor and follow the prescribed dosage.
7. Is cefdinir the same thing as amoxicillin?
Both Cefdinir and amoxicillin are antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is a penicillin-type antibiotic, while cefdinir is a cephalosporin antibiotic. Even the effectiveness of both the drugs against disease is the same. It depends on your doctor which medication is prescribed to you based on your infection severity and body type.
8. How quickly does cefdinir work?
Antibiotics are always quick at work. Cefdinir, a cephalosporin antibiotic, is effective and shows immediate relief at a certain level after taking the drug within 2-4hours. You may be treated entirely and feel better in 2 days of the cefdinir administration but follow and complete the course as prescribed by your doctor. It may take longer than 3 days, too, to see the results after taking Cefdinir.
9. How long does it take for cefdinir to work for pneumonia?
Pneumonia is a bacterial infection that infects the air sacs in one or both lungs. Cefdinir is used majorly to treat pneumonia infections in children and adults. Depending on the dosage type, your age, and other health factors, cefdinir may take 3-10 days to treat pneumonia. It is critical to follow the accurate dosage on time as prescribed by your doctor.
10. Is cefdinir effective for strep throat?
Cefdinir is an effective treatment for both lower and upper respiratory tract infections. Strep throat is a bacterial infection that may cause a sore and scratchy throat. Cefdinir may result in quick relief when taken for strep throat. However, it is not recommended to take Cefdinir on your own without consulting a doctor.
Cefdinir: Pediatric Medication | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Pediatric Medicine
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Provided by Lexicomp ® , this document contains all the information you need to know about this medicine, including indications, directions for use, side effects, and when your healthcare provider should be contacted.
Brand names: Canada
Omnicef
What is this drug used for?
- It is used to treat various types of bacterial infections.
What do I need to tell the doctor BEFORE my child takes this drug?
- If your child has an allergy to this drug, any of its ingredients, other drugs, foods, or substances. Tell the doctor about the allergy and how it manifested itself in the child.
Combining this drug with certain drugs and diseases may be unfavorable.
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about all medicines your child is taking (prescription and over-the-counter, natural, and vitamins) and any health problems. You need to make sure that this drug is safe to use for your child’s illnesses and in combination with other drugs he or she is already taking. Do not start, stop taking, or change the dosage of any drug your child is taking without the doctor’s approval.
What do I need to know or do while my child is taking this drug?
- Tell all health care providers who care for your child that your child is taking this drug. These are your child’s doctors, nurses, pharmacists and dentists.
- If your child has high blood sugar (diabetes) and you are testing for glucose in their urine, talk to your child’s doctor about the best tests to use.
- If your child has high blood sugar (diabetes), talk to your doctor. Some of these preparations contain sugar.
- This drug may affect the results of some lab tests. Tell all health care workers and laboratory workers who provide your child’s health care that your child is taking this drug.
- Do not give your child longer than prescribed. A secondary infection may occur.
- If a child takes this drug with an iron supplement, the color of the child’s stool may turn reddish. This is fine.
If your daughter is pregnant or breastfeeding:
- Consult physician if your daughter is pregnant, pregnant, or breastfeeding. The benefits and risks for your daughter and her baby will need to be discussed.
What side effects should I report to my child’s doctor right away?
WARNING/CAUTION: Although rare, some people may have very serious and sometimes deadly side effects of this drug. Call your child’s doctor right away or get medical help if your child has any of the following signs or symptoms that could be associated with a very bad side effect:
- Signs of an allergic reaction, such as rash, hives, itching, red and swollen skin with blisters or peeling, possibly accompanied by fever, wheezing or wheezing, tightness in the chest or throat, difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking, unusual hoarseness, swelling in the mouth, face, lips, tongue or throat.
- Difficulty urinating or a change in the amount of urine produced.
- Dark urine or yellowed skin or eyes.
- Seizures.
- fever, chills, sore throat; the appearance of bruising and bleeding for unexplained reasons; pronounced feeling of tiredness or weakness.
- Diarrhea often occurs when taking antibiotics. In rare cases, severe diarrhea caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile (C. diff.) [CDAD] may occur. Sometimes this leads to intestinal problems, ending in death. CDAD may occur during or several months after antibiotics are taken. If your child develops pain, abdominal cramps, or very loose, watery, or bloody stools, call their healthcare provider right away. Check with your child’s doctor before treating diarrhea.
What are some other side effects of this drug?
Any drug can cause side effects. However, for many people, side effects are either minor or non-existent. Contact your child’s doctor or seek medical attention if any of these or other side effects bother your child or if they persist:
- Diarrhea.
This list of possible side effects is not exhaustive. If you have any questions about side effects, ask your child’s doctor. Talk to your child’s doctor about side effects.
You can report side effects to the National Health Board.
What is the best way to give this drug?
Give this drug to your child as directed by your doctor. Read all the information provided to you. Strictly follow all instructions.
All forms:
- Keep giving this drug as directed by your child’s doctor or other health care provider, even if your child is feeling well.
- Give this drug with or without food. If the drug causes stomach upset, give it with food.
- Do not take antacids containing aluminum or magnesium within 2 hours of taking this drug.
- Do not give your child iron supplements within 2 hours before and 2 hours after taking this drug.
Liquid (suspension):
- Shake well before use.
- Liquid doses should be measured with caution. Use the dispenser that comes with the medicine. If the dispenser is not provided in the package, ask the pharmacist for a dosing agent for this drug.
- You can give this drug with iron-containing infant formula.
What if my child misses a dose of medication?
- Give the missed dose as soon as possible.
- If it is time for your child to take the next dose, do not take the missed dose and then go back to your child’s normal schedule.
- Do not give a double dose at the same time or additional doses.
How do I store and/or discard this drug?
Capsules:
- Store at room temperature in a dry place. Do not store in the bathroom.
Liquid (suspension):
- Store the liquid (suspension) at room temperature. Throw away any unused servings after 10 days.
- Store in a dry place. Do not store in the bathroom.
All forms:
- Keep all medicines in a safe place. Keep all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.
- Dispose of unused or expired drugs. Do not empty into a toilet or sewer unless instructed to do so. If you have any questions about disposing of medicines, ask your pharmacist. Drug disposal programs may be in place in your area.
General information about medicines
- If your child’s symptoms or health problems do not improve, or worsen, contact your child’s doctor.
- Do not share your child’s medicine with others and do not give anyone else’s medicine to your child.
- Some medicines may come with other patient information leaflets. If you have questions about this drug, talk with your child’s doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care professional.
- If you think you have overdosed, call a poison control center or get medical help right away. Be prepared to tell or show what drug you took, how much, and when it happened.
Consumer Use of Information and Limitation of Liability
This summary information includes a summary of the diagnosis, treatment, and/or drug product. It is not intended to be a comprehensive source of data and should be used as a tool to help the user understand and/or evaluate potential diagnostic and treatment options. It does NOT include all information about conditions, treatments, medications, side effects, or risks that may apply to a particular patient. It should not be considered medical advice or a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment provided by a physician based on a medical examination and assessment of the patient’s specific and unique circumstances. Patients should consult with their physician for full information about their health, medical issues, and treatment options, including any risks or benefits regarding the use of medications. This information is not a guarantee that a treatment or drug is safe, effective, or approved for a particular patient. UpToDate, Inc. and its subsidiaries disclaim any warranties or liabilities related to this information or its use. The use of this information is subject to the Terms of Use found at https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/know/clinical-effectiveness-terms.
Last revision date
2020-07-20
Copyright
© UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors, 2023. All rights reserved.
Date last updated
Monday, December 12, 2022
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