What are the symptoms of decompression sickness. How can divers prevent the bends. Who is at higher risk of developing decompression illness. What is the optimal treatment for severe cases of the bends.

What is Decompression Sickness and How Does it Occur?

Decompression sickness, commonly known as “the bends,” is a potentially serious condition that can affect scuba divers and individuals exposed to rapid changes in environmental pressure. But what exactly causes this condition?

The bends occur when dissolved gases, primarily nitrogen, form bubbles in the blood and tissues as a result of a rapid decrease in surrounding pressure. This typically happens when a diver ascends too quickly from depths, not allowing sufficient time for the body to eliminate excess nitrogen absorbed during the dive.

To understand this process better, consider the analogy of opening a carbonated drink. When you pop the cap, you decrease the pressure inside the container, causing dissolved gases to rapidly form bubbles. Similarly, in decompression sickness, nitrogen bubbles can form in your body, potentially causing damage to blood vessels and disrupting normal blood flow.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Decompression Sickness

Identifying the symptoms of decompression sickness is crucial for prompt treatment. What should divers and medical professionals look out for?

• Joint pain (the most common symptom, often severe enough to cause a bent posture)
• Dizziness and headaches
• Cognitive difficulties and confusion
• Extreme fatigue
• Tingling or numbness in extremities
• Weakness in arms or legs
• Skin rashes

It’s important to note that symptoms can vary in severity and may not appear immediately after surfacing. In some cases, signs of decompression sickness may develop hours after a dive, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance.

Risk Factors: Who is More Susceptible to the Bends?

While any diver can potentially experience decompression sickness, certain factors can increase the risk. Understanding these risk factors is essential for divers and medical professionals alike. Who is more likely to develop the bends?

• Individuals over 30 years of age
• Women (due to physiological differences in body composition)
• Those with low cardiovascular fitness
• People with a high percentage of body fat
• Divers who consume alcohol or use tobacco
• Individuals experiencing fatigue, seasickness, or lack of sleep
• Those with current or past injuries
• Divers in cold water environments
• People with lung disease

Of particular concern are individuals with certain heart defects. Those with abnormal openings in the heart, such as patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, or ventricular septal defect, are at significantly higher risk of developing severe symptoms from decompression illness.

The Unique Risks for Heart Defect Patients

Why are heart defects particularly problematic when it comes to decompression sickness? In these cases, the abnormal openings can allow bubbles to bypass the lung’s filtering system and enter directly into the arterial circulation. This can lead to more severe manifestations of decompression sickness, including an increased risk of stroke due to air embolism.

Prevention Strategies: Minimizing the Risk of Decompression Sickness

While the risks of decompression sickness are significant, there are several strategies divers can employ to minimize their chances of developing this condition. How can divers protect themselves from the bends?

1. Adhere to proper ascent rates and decompression stops as indicated by dive tables or dive computers
2. Avoid flying within 24 hours after diving
3. Abstain from alcohol consumption before diving
4. Steer clear of hot tubs, saunas, or hot baths immediately after diving
5. Ensure proper hydration and rest before and after dives
6. Consult with a doctor before diving if you have a history of serious illness, injury, or recent surgery

It’s crucial to note that some individuals should avoid diving altogether or should carefully consider the special risks involved. This includes people with heart defects, those with asthma or other lung diseases, and individuals with unrepaired groin hernias.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Decompression Sickness

Diagnosing decompression sickness primarily relies on the diver’s history and presenting symptoms. Interestingly, blood tests and joint X-rays typically do not show signs of the condition, making a thorough understanding of the diver’s recent activities crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Once diagnosed, what is the recommended treatment for decompression sickness? The initial emergency treatment focuses on maintaining blood pressure and administering high-flow oxygen. Intravenous fluids may also be given to support circulation. The affected individual should be positioned on their left side with the head of the bed tilted down to optimize blood flow.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: The Gold Standard

For severe cases of decompression sickness, the optimal treatment involves hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This procedure involves placing the patient in a pressurized chamber where they breathe pure oxygen. The increased pressure helps to reduce the size of nitrogen bubbles and improves oxygen delivery to tissues, promoting healing and reducing symptoms.

The duration and number of hyperbaric treatments required can vary depending on the severity of the case and the individual’s response to therapy. In some instances, multiple sessions may be necessary to achieve full recovery.

Long-term Effects and Recovery from Decompression Sickness

While many divers recover fully from decompression sickness with prompt and appropriate treatment, it’s important to understand that the condition can have long-term effects. How long can symptoms persist, and what should affected individuals expect during recovery?

Joint pain, the most common symptom of decompression sickness, can last for days or even weeks after the initial incident. Some divers may experience residual symptoms such as fatigue, mild cognitive impairment, or sensory disturbances for extended periods.

Recovery time can vary significantly depending on the severity of the case and the individual’s overall health. It’s crucial for affected divers to follow up with medical professionals and adhere to any recommended restrictions on diving or other activities during the recovery period.

Advancing Research and Understanding of Decompression Sickness

As our understanding of decompression sickness continues to evolve, researchers are exploring new avenues for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. What areas of study are currently at the forefront of decompression sickness research?

• Genetic factors that may influence susceptibility to decompression sickness
• Advanced imaging techniques for early detection of bubble formation
• Development of more accurate decompression algorithms for dive computers
• Investigation of potential pharmacological interventions to reduce bubble formation or mitigate its effects
• Exploration of the long-term health impacts of repeated subclinical decompression stress

These ongoing research efforts hold promise for improving diver safety and enhancing our ability to manage decompression sickness effectively in the future.

The Role of Education and Training in Preventing Decompression Sickness

While understanding the physiological aspects of decompression sickness is crucial, the importance of proper education and training for divers cannot be overstated. How does diver education contribute to the prevention of the bends?

Comprehensive dive training programs typically cover:

• The physics and physiology of diving
• Proper use of dive tables and computers
• Recognition of early warning signs of decompression sickness
• Emergency procedures and first aid for diving-related illnesses
• Importance of proper equipment maintenance and pre-dive checks

By emphasizing these aspects, dive training helps to instill a culture of safety and responsible diving practices. This knowledge empowers divers to make informed decisions about their dive profiles, ascent rates, and surface intervals, significantly reducing their risk of developing decompression sickness.

Continuing Education for Experienced Divers

It’s worth noting that education shouldn’t stop after initial certification. Experienced divers can benefit from refresher courses and advanced training programs that delve deeper into topics such as:

• Technical diving and decompression procedures
• Physiological effects of extreme environments
• Advanced dive planning and risk assessment
• Updates on latest research and best practices in dive safety

These ongoing educational opportunities help to reinforce safe diving practices and keep divers informed about the latest developments in dive science and safety.

The Impact of Decompression Sickness on the Diving Industry

Decompression sickness not only affects individual divers but also has broader implications for the diving industry as a whole. How does the risk of the bends influence diving practices and regulations?

The diving industry has implemented various measures to mitigate the risk of decompression sickness:

• Stringent safety standards for dive operators and instructors
• Regular equipment maintenance and safety checks
• Limitations on dive profiles for recreational divers
• Mandatory safety stops and controlled ascent rates
• Incorporation of conservative factors in dive table and computer algorithms

These industry-wide practices help to create a safer environment for divers while also protecting dive operators from potential liability issues related to decompression incidents.

Insurance and Legal Considerations

The risk of decompression sickness has also led to the development of specialized dive insurance policies. These policies typically cover medical treatment, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, as well as evacuation costs in case of diving emergencies. Many dive operators now require proof of such insurance before allowing divers to participate in more advanced or remote diving activities.

From a legal standpoint, dive operators and instructors have a duty of care to their clients. This includes providing proper training, maintaining safe diving practices, and having emergency action plans in place. Failure to meet these standards could result in legal liability in the event of a decompression incident.

Technological Advancements in Decompression Safety

As technology continues to advance, new tools and innovations are emerging to enhance diver safety and reduce the risk of decompression sickness. What cutting-edge technologies are being developed or implemented in the diving world?

• Advanced dive computers with real-time tissue saturation modeling
• Wearable sensors that monitor physiological parameters during dives
• Smartphone apps for dive planning and post-dive analysis
• Improved breathing gas mixtures and rebreather technologies
• Virtual reality simulations for dive training and emergency scenario practice

These technological advancements are helping to provide divers with more accurate and personalized information about their decompression status, allowing for safer dive profiles and more informed decision-making.

The Promise of Artificial Intelligence in Dive Safety

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are also beginning to play a role in dive safety. These technologies have the potential to:

• Analyze large datasets of dive profiles to identify patterns associated with increased risk
• Provide personalized dive recommendations based on individual physiological data and dive history
• Enhance real-time monitoring and early warning systems for potential decompression issues
• Assist in the development of more accurate decompression models

While many of these AI applications are still in the research and development phase, they hold promise for significantly improving our ability to prevent and manage decompression sickness in the future.

The Global Impact of Decompression Research

Research into decompression sickness has implications that extend far beyond the recreational diving community. How does our understanding of the bends contribute to other fields of study and industry?

Decompression research has applications in various areas, including:

• Aerospace medicine and high-altitude physiology
• Hyperbaric medicine for non-diving conditions (e.g., wound healing, carbon monoxide poisoning)
• Occupational health and safety for workers in pressurized environments (e.g., tunnel workers, submariners)
• Development of medical treatments for conditions involving gas bubbles in the body (e.g., certain types of stroke)
• Understanding of basic physiological processes related to gas exchange and bubble dynamics

The knowledge gained from studying decompression sickness in divers has led to advancements in these related fields, demonstrating the far-reaching impact of this area of research.

Collaboration Across Disciplines

The complex nature of decompression sickness requires a multidisciplinary approach to research and treatment. Collaboration between diverse fields such as physiology, physics, bioengineering, and computer science is driving innovation in decompression science.

This collaborative approach is not only advancing our understanding of the bends but also contributing to broader scientific knowledge about the human body’s response to pressure changes and gas dynamics.

As research continues and our understanding deepens, the insights gained from studying decompression sickness will likely continue to have wide-ranging implications for human health and safety in various extreme environments.

Decompression Sickness – Harvard Health

What is it?

Decompression sickness, also called generalized barotrauma or the bends, refers to injuries caused by a rapid decrease in the pressure that surrounds you, of either air or water. It occurs most commonly in scuba or deep-sea divers, although it also can occur during high-altitude or unpressurized air travel. However, decompression sickness is rare in pressurized aircraft, such as those used for commercial flights.

When you scuba dive with compressed air, you take in extra oxygen and nitrogen. Your body uses the oxygen, but the nitrogen is dissolved into your blood, where it remains during your dive. As you swim back toward the surface after a deep dive, the water pressure around you decreases.

If this transition occurs too quickly, the nitrogen does not have time to clear from your blood. Instead, it separates out of your blood and forms bubbles in your tissues or blood. It is these nitrogen bubbles that cause decompression sickness. The condition is called the bends because the joint and bone pains can be so severe they double you over.

What happens inside your body during decompression sickness is similar to what happens when you open a carbonated drink. When you open the can or bottle, you decrease the pressure surrounding the beverage in the container, which causes the gas to come out of the liquid in the form of bubbles. If nitrogen bubbles form in your blood, they can damage blood vessels and block normal blood flow.

Factors that put you at higher risk of decompression sickness include:

• Heart muscle birth defects, including patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect
• Being older than 30
• Being female
• Low cardiovascular fitness
• High percentage of body fat
• Use of alcohol or tobacco
• Fatigue, seasickness or lack of sleep
• Injuries (old or current)
• Diving in cold water
• Lung disease

Someone with an abnormal hole or opening in the heart from a birth defect is at especially high risk of developing serious symptoms from decompression illness. Because bubbles create high blood pressure in the lungs, blood and bubbles from your veins may flow more readily through the heart’s opening. This means your blood can re-circulate into arteries without first getting oxygen. An opening in the heart can also allow a relatively large air bubble (called an air embolism) to circulate into your arteries. An air embolism can cause a stroke.

People with asthma or another lung disease may have thin-walled air pockets in their lungs called bullae. These pockets do not empty quickly when the persons exhales. As they return to the surface after a deep dive, air in the bullae may expand. If a bulla ruptures, it could cause a collapsed lung or allow a large air bubble (air embolism) to enter the arteries.

Symptoms

Symptoms of decompression sickness include:

• Joint pain  
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Difficulty thinking clearly
• Extreme fatigue
• Tingling or numbness
• Weakness in arms or legs
• A skin rash

Diagnosis

Your diving history and symptoms are key factors in diagnosing decompression sickness. Blood tests and joint X-rays usually do not show any signs of the problem.

Expected duration

Joint pain, the most common symptom from decompression sickness, can last for days or weeks.

Prevention

To minimize the risk of decompression sickness while diving:

• Dive and rise slowly in the water, and don’t stay at your deepest depth longer than recommended. Scuba divers typically use dive tables that show how long you can remain at a given depth.
• Do not fly within 24 hours after diving.
• Don’t drink alcohol before diving.
• Avoid hot tubs, saunas or hot baths after diving.
• Make sure you are well hydrated, well rested and prepared before you scuba dive. If you recently had a serious illness, injury or surgery, talk to your doctor before diving.

Some people should avoid diving altogether, or should consider special risks. If you have a heart defect, it is not safe to dive. If you have asthma, a history of a ruptured lung at any time in your life or another lung disease, discuss diving safety with a doctor before deciding whether to dive. A person who requires insulin to treat diabetes may have wide swings in blood glucose levels during a dive, and caution is advised. Avoid diving if you have a groin hernia that has not been repaired, since expanding gas in the hernia can cause symptoms.

Treatment

Emergency treatment for decompression sickness involves maintaining blood pressure and administering high-flow oxygen. Fluids also may be given. The person should be placed left side down and if possible the head of the bed tilted down.

The optimal treatment is the use of a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, which is a high-pressure chamber in which the patient receives 100% oxygen. This treatment reverses the pressure changes that allowed gas bubbles to form in the blood stream. The treatment drives nitrogen back into its liquid form so that it can be cleared more gradually from the body over a period of hours.

It is not recommended that divers with decompression sickness attempt to treat themselves with deep diving.

When to call a professional

If you experience symptoms of decompression sickness after scuba diving or flying, get to a doctor as soon as you can. Hyperbaric treatment is most successful if given within several hours after symptoms start.

Prognosis

Most cases of decompression sickness respond well to a single treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Your doctor may suggest repeated treatments if you continue to experience symptoms, especially neurological symptoms.

Additional info

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society

https://www.uhms.org/

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At Mercedes-Benz, our employees and communities are at the heart of everything we do.

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For nearly a century, Mercedes-Benz has made it our mission to move the world. Through our employees and their achievements, we’ve created a company we can all be proud of.

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  Mercedes-Benz was founded in 1926 by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Emil Jellinek, whose daughter Mercedes is our original namesake.

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  With offices in 93 locations worldwide and a corporate headquarters in Stuttgart, Germany, our global presence continues to grow.

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  Our vehicles are manufactured in 17 countries on five continents, and distributed all over the world.

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  From the crumple zone in 1959 to the airbag in 1980 and PRE-SAFE® braking in 2002, Mercedes-Benz has invented many of the automotive technologies we see today.

The First Driver

Bertha Benz: The First Driver

She forged the road ahead and paved it for us all. Discover the story of Bertha Benz and her historic first drive.

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  Brand history: 130 years of Mercedes-Benz

  Illustrations provided by the press service of Mercedes-Benz RUS

  The Mercedes-Benz brand for motorists from all over the world is not only one of the most recognizable and significant car manufacturers in the world, but also directly associated with the very concept of “car”. And this is justified at least by the historical significance of the brand: exactly 130 years ago, the German engineer Karl Benz officially filed a patent for a “vehicle with a gasoline engine.”

  The event that marked the beginning of the history of not only the German brand, but the entire world automobile industry, occurred on January 29, 1886. It was on this day that a German engineer and innovator named Benz received patent No. 37435 for his creation – the world’s first car with a gasoline engine.

  Of course, Benz’s invention was very different from the modern image of the car: in fact, he installed a four-stroke engine he developed from scratch on a tricycle.

  In the same year, independently of Benz, design engineer Gottlieb Daimler created his own motorized carriage. Daimler assembled a single cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine. It was supposed to be installed in carriages. Daimler was assisted in the development of the new technology by engineer Wilhelm Maybach. Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and

  Wilhelm Maybach

  Both engineers founded private companies with the help of partners and investors. Benz founded Benz & Cie in Mannheim in October 1883, and Daimler founded the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) brand in November 1890. From 1901, Daimler’s company began to produce cars under the Mercedes brand.

  The legendary brand got its name from the nickname of the daughter of the Austrian businessman Emil Jellinek named Adriana (Mercedes is the girl’s nickname). Her father, Honorary Vice Consul in Monaco, was wealthy and interested in modern technology. At his request in 189In the year 7, Gottlieb Daimler installed a 6 horsepower two-cylinder engine on a vehicle. After the success of this project, he ordered 4 more copies and sold them at a profit.

  The same Mercedes She had a four-cylinder engine with a volume of almost 6 liters. and a power of 35 hp. The car was characterized by a wide wheelbase, a low center of gravity and an inclined steering column.

  A honeycomb-type cooler has also become a distinguishing feature of the brand. The car weighed 900 kg and had a top speed of 80 km/h. The model was designed by Wilhelm Maybach himself.

  The first cars and engines of the Mercedes brand

  The merger of the two most famous German manufacturers at that time took place in 1926. Thanks to the deal, the industrialists not only managed to survive in the difficult post-war period, but also significantly expanded their business.

  The united concern was named “Daimler-Benz AG”, and another outstanding German designer Ferdinand Porsche became the first head, and later – the creator of another legendary Porsche brand.

  All cars produced after the merger are named Mercedes-Benz, in honor of the company’s most successful car and its creator, Karl Benz.

  The Daimler-Benz AG logo becomes a three-pointed star, which is framed by a wreath – the legacy of the Benz logo. In the future, this wreath will be turned into a regular circle, which is still used today. One of the simplest (and recognizable) logos in history has become a symbol of luxury and wealth.

  Mercedes logo

  The collaboration between Benz and Daimler turned out to be one of the longest in the history of the automotive industry, as both companies in this combination survived until 1998. Their first joint car was the K.

  At the same time, the Mercedes CCK and SSKL, designed by Hans Niebel, appeared. In addition to the typical sports versions, the manufacturer also offers convertibles and production models with rally-adapted bodywork.

  Daimler-Benz AG produces one legendary series after another. So, under the leadership of Ferdinand Porsche, the “S” series, a new generation of sports cars, appeared. The most famous car and the progenitor of the S-series was the car that was popularly nicknamed the “Death Trap”. Having received the name “Mercedes-Benz 24/100/140”, the car had a powerful six-cylinder engine and developed a high speed for those times – up to 140 km / h.

  The 18/80 HP model, known as the Nürburg 460 (1928), also received fame, equipped with an eight-cylinder engine with a displacement of 4622 cc. cm and a maximum power of 80 liters. With. at 3400 rpm; the 500K and 540K roadsters (30s) and the 770 model called Grosser Mercedes, whose first generation was built from 1930 to 1938. The model had a luxurious salon in which Adolf Hitler moved.

  Advertising 770

  The first model and mass production of the diesel Mercedes 260D was launched from 1936 to 1940. The 2.5 liter diesel engine had a power of 45 hp. With. Some of the cars of this brand were subsequently used by the German army.

  World War II almost destroyed the Daimler-Benz AG business. All production facilities of the company were practically destroyed. Factories in Stuttgart, Sindelfingen and Mannheim literally turned into a pile of rubble. In 1945, after the final meeting of the board of directors, a report was even issued, the result of which was the idea that the Daimler-Benz concern no longer exists.

  However, despite all the difficulties, Daimler-Benz AG recovered quickly enough and in 1947 launched the 170 model, which had an engine capacity of 1767 m³, 4 cylinders and a power of 52 hp. With. A car that was completely different from previous models was the Mercedes 300 – a limousine formed on a frame with crossed beams. It was equipped with a three-liter six-cylinder engine with 115 hp. s., and its special version was created for the first German Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.

  Among the cars produced by Mercedes-Benz after the Second World War, the 300 SL Coupe stands out with its characteristic “winged” doors that opened with part of the roof. It was the first sports car built after the war. The road version of this unusual vehicle was released in 1954.

  Mercedes-Benz 300 SL Coupe

  In February 1954, the 300 SL appeared. March 1957 years began to produce the model 300 SL Roadster, beloved by Elvis Presley.

  Cars produced in the 70-90s became iconic for the brand.

  In 1975-1986, the Mercedes W123, popularly known as the “barrel”, was formed. In the 80s, the 190 model debuted, which was produced in the years from 1982 to 1993 and replaced by the C class. At the same time, the popular Mercedes W124 appeared, which was produced until 1997. After that, the W210 appears on the market, since 2002 it has been replaced by the W211, W212 versions. It is these models that are called class E.

  Mercedes-Benz W211

  In 1998, Mercedes buys back shares of the American company Chrysler. As a result, Daimler-Benz has gained a chance to get wider access to the US market. This agreement changed the corporate name of the company to Daimler Chrysler, the cooperation continued for almost 10 years. The decision to break off cooperation was influenced by the results of the poor financial condition of Chrysler. After the sale of the shares of the American concern, the company returns the name Daimler AG.

  Today, the company manufactures Mercedes A, B, C and E class models. The brand’s modern cars are renowned for their safety and are still considered the most prestigious in the world. Mercedes S Class even entered the Book of Records as “the most durable car that has ever been released. ”

  Andrey Rodionov, Head of Corporate Communication at Mercedes-Benz RUS JSC

  – When 130 years ago Karl Benz applied for a patent for “a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine” it meant the birth of the automobile. In the same year, Gottlieb Daimler created his own car. Thus began the 130-year success story of Mercedes-Benz, we entered the age of speed and the global automotive industry was born.

  The patent became part of the UNESCO Memory of the World program, among such well-known works as the Gutenberg Bible, Magna Carta and Symphony No. 9 in D minor by J.S. Bach. And it is no accident: the inventions of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, thanks to their ingenuity and entrepreneurial flair, revolutionized the field of transportation, opening up new opportunities for people.

  Today’s innovations are based on the same values ​​as 130 years ago: safety, comfort, efficiency and faith in success. Thanks to them, the brand demonstrates a dynamic growth in global sales, and in Russia in 2015 it is a confident leader in the premium segment. Mercedes-Benz delights its fans with the premieres expected in Russia – this is the new intelligent E-Class, the chic GLS, the sporty SL and SLC. And, of course, new special offers.

  Mercedes-Benz ads have also always stood out for their trademark execution and creativity – the brand has never spared money on marketing.

  Advertisement for the BlueEFFICIENCY system (the system is a technical solution for optimizing fuel consumption and emissions).

  A billboard was placed at Johannesburg Airport, which was originally just a white surface and the Mercedes-Benz logo. After a while, air pollutants accumulated on the billboard, and the message was clearly visible on the white base: “If more cars had BlueEFFICIENCY, you would not be able to read this.”

  Mercedes-Benz B-Class Prints Designed by Shanghai Berlin Agency

  “Left Brain, Right Brain” advertising campaign , right hemisphere”)

  Mercedes image ad for breast cancer

  2010

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  2014 Marilyn Monroe

  9 0004

  PETROL decoding. What is BENZ.

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  On this page you can find out how this abbreviation is deciphered – gasoline..

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Abbreviation YaOKD

• continental-range nuclear weapons

Abbreviation meanings CBSS

• Council of the Baltic Sea States
• dry high alumina concrete mixes

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Meaning of abbreviation IFRS Committee

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• public-state association
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9 0266 National Broadcasting Council

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Values ​​of abbreviation AIIS KUE

• automated information and measuring system for commercial accounting of electricity

Values ​​of abbreviation SPb GGK 900 03

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