What is decompression sickness. How does it occur in scuba divers. What are the risk factors for developing the bends. What symptoms should divers watch out for. How can decompression sickness be prevented and treated.

What is Decompression Sickness and How Does it Occur?

Decompression sickness, commonly known as “the bends,” is a potentially serious condition that can affect scuba divers and individuals exposed to rapid changes in pressure. But what exactly causes this condition?

Decompression sickness occurs when dissolved gases, primarily nitrogen, form bubbles in the blood and tissues as pressure decreases. During a dive, the body absorbs nitrogen under high pressure. As a diver ascends too quickly, this nitrogen can’t be eliminated fast enough, leading to bubble formation. These bubbles can cause various symptoms and potentially severe health complications.

The Science Behind Bubble Formation

The process of bubble formation in decompression sickness is similar to what happens when you open a carbonated beverage. As pressure decreases, dissolved gases come out of solution, forming bubbles. In the human body, these bubbles can damage blood vessels, obstruct blood flow, and cause tissue injury.

Risk Factors for Developing Decompression Sickness

While any diver can potentially experience decompression sickness, certain factors increase the risk. Understanding these risk factors is crucial for divers to assess their personal risk and take appropriate precautions.

• Age: Being older than 30
• Gender: Females are at higher risk
• Physical condition: Low cardiovascular fitness and high body fat percentage
• Lifestyle factors: Use of alcohol or tobacco
• Health conditions: Heart defects, lung diseases
• Environmental factors: Diving in cold water
• Physical state: Fatigue, seasickness, or lack of sleep
• Previous or current injuries

Heart Defects and Increased Risk

Individuals with certain heart defects, such as patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, or ventricular septal defect, are at particularly high risk for severe decompression sickness. These conditions can allow bubbles to bypass the lungs and enter the arterial circulation, potentially causing a stroke or other serious complications.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Decompression Sickness

Identifying the symptoms of decompression sickness early is crucial for prompt treatment and better outcomes. What signs should divers be aware of?

• Joint pain (often severe enough to cause a bent posture, hence the name “the bends”)
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Cognitive difficulties
• Extreme fatigue
• Tingling or numbness
• Weakness in arms or legs
• Skin rash

It’s important to note that symptoms can vary in severity and may not appear immediately after surfacing. Divers should remain vigilant for several hours after a dive and seek medical attention if any symptoms develop.

Diagnosing Decompression Sickness: Challenges and Approaches

Diagnosing decompression sickness can be challenging, as there are no specific tests that can definitively confirm the condition. How do medical professionals approach this diagnosis?

The primary factors in diagnosing decompression sickness are the diver’s recent diving history and the presence of characteristic symptoms. Blood tests and joint X-rays typically do not show signs of the condition. This reliance on clinical presentation underscores the importance of divers being honest and thorough when discussing their diving activities with healthcare providers.

The Role of Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment in Diagnosis

In some cases, the response to hyperbaric oxygen treatment can help confirm the diagnosis. If symptoms improve with this treatment, it supports the diagnosis of decompression sickness.

Prevention Strategies for Decompression Sickness

Preventing decompression sickness is far preferable to treating it. What steps can divers take to minimize their risk?

1. Follow proper ascent procedures: Dive and rise slowly in the water, adhering to recommended depth and time limits.
2. Use dive tables or computers: These tools help calculate safe dive profiles based on depth and time.
3. Avoid flying after diving: Wait at least 24 hours before air travel.
4. Stay hydrated and well-rested: Proper hydration and adequate rest can help reduce risk.
5. Avoid alcohol before diving: Alcohol can increase dehydration and impair judgment.
6. Skip hot tubs and saunas after diving: Heat can cause residual nitrogen to form bubbles more easily.
7. Consider your health: If you have a recent illness, injury, or surgery, consult a doctor before diving.

Special Considerations for High-Risk Individuals

Some individuals should exercise extra caution or avoid diving altogether. These include people with heart defects, asthma, a history of lung rupture, or other lung diseases. Individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes should also be cautious due to potential blood glucose fluctuations during dives.

Emergency Treatment for Decompression Sickness

When decompression sickness is suspected, prompt and appropriate treatment is crucial. What does emergency treatment for this condition involve?

The primary components of emergency treatment for decompression sickness include:

• Maintaining blood pressure
• Administering high-flow oxygen
• Providing intravenous fluids
• Positioning the patient left side down with the head tilted down

These measures aim to stabilize the patient and reduce further bubble formation while preparing for definitive treatment.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: The Gold Standard Treatment

The optimal treatment for decompression sickness is hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This involves placing the patient in a pressurized chamber and administering 100% oxygen. The increased pressure helps reduce bubble size and drives nitrogen back into solution, while the high oxygen concentration helps tissues recover from injury.

Long-Term Effects and Recovery from Decompression Sickness

While many divers recover fully from decompression sickness with prompt treatment, some may experience lingering effects. How long can symptoms persist, and what factors influence recovery?

Joint pain, the most common symptom of decompression sickness, can last for days or weeks even with appropriate treatment. More severe cases, particularly those involving neurological symptoms, may have longer recovery periods or result in permanent deficits.

Factors Influencing Recovery

• Severity of initial symptoms
• Time elapsed before treatment
• Presence of pre-existing health conditions
• Age and overall health of the diver
• Adherence to post-treatment recommendations

It’s crucial for divers who have experienced decompression sickness to follow medical advice regarding future diving activities. In some cases, temporary or permanent restrictions on diving may be necessary to prevent recurrence.

Advancements in Decompression Sickness Research and Prevention

As our understanding of decompression sickness evolves, new approaches to prevention and treatment are emerging. What recent advancements have been made in this field?

Improved Decompression Algorithms

Researchers are continually refining decompression algorithms used in dive computers and tables. These improvements aim to provide more accurate and personalized guidance for divers, taking into account individual factors that may influence susceptibility to decompression sickness.

Biomarkers for Early Detection

Scientists are investigating potential biomarkers that could indicate the presence of bubble formation or tissue injury before symptoms appear. This research could lead to the development of blood tests or other diagnostic tools for early detection of decompression sickness.

Protective Agents

Some studies are exploring the use of protective agents that could be taken before or after diving to reduce the risk of bubble formation or mitigate tissue damage. While still in early stages, this research holds promise for enhancing diver safety.

Virtual Reality Training

Virtual reality simulations are being developed to provide more realistic and immersive training for divers. These tools can help divers practice emergency procedures and decision-making skills in a safe environment, potentially reducing the risk of errors that could lead to decompression sickness.

The Role of Dive Planning and Education in Preventing Decompression Sickness

Proper dive planning and education play crucial roles in preventing decompression sickness. How can divers enhance their knowledge and skills to minimize risk?

Continuing Education

Diving organizations offer various advanced courses that cover topics such as deep diving, nitrox use, and decompression procedures. These courses provide valuable knowledge and skills that can help divers make safer decisions underwater.

Pre-Dive Planning

Thorough pre-dive planning is essential for safe diving. This includes:

• Assessing dive site conditions
• Reviewing dive profiles and no-decompression limits
• Checking equipment
• Discussing emergency procedures with dive buddies
• Considering personal fitness and health status

Use of Dive Computers

Modern dive computers provide real-time information on depth, time, and decompression status. Learning to properly use and interpret dive computer data can significantly enhance diving safety.

Understanding Personal Limits

Recognizing and respecting personal limits is crucial. Factors such as experience level, physical fitness, and comfort in different diving conditions all play a role in determining safe diving practices for each individual.

The Impact of Decompression Sickness on the Diving Community

Decompression sickness has a significant impact on the diving community, influencing everything from training practices to equipment design. How has awareness of this condition shaped the diving industry?

Emphasis on Safety in Training

Dive training organizations have increasingly emphasized safety protocols and conservative diving practices in their curricula. This focus helps new divers develop good habits and a safety-first mindset from the beginning of their diving careers.

Equipment Innovation

The diving equipment industry has responded to the challenge of decompression sickness with innovations such as more sophisticated dive computers, improved breathing gas mixtures, and better thermal protection to reduce some risk factors associated with cold water diving.

Research Funding

Awareness of decompression sickness has driven funding for research into diving physiology, bubble dynamics, and treatment protocols. This ongoing research continues to improve our understanding of the condition and how to prevent it.

Community Support

The diving community has developed support networks for divers affected by decompression sickness, including online forums, support groups, and educational resources. These networks help spread awareness and provide valuable information to divers at all experience levels.

Decompression Sickness in Other Contexts: Beyond Scuba Diving

While commonly associated with scuba diving, decompression sickness can occur in other situations involving rapid pressure changes. What other activities or professions are at risk for this condition?

High-Altitude Aviation

Pilots and passengers in unpressurized aircraft at high altitudes can experience a form of decompression sickness known as altitude sickness. While less common in commercial flights, it remains a concern for military aviation and some private aircraft.

Spacecraft and Space Travel

Astronauts face the risk of decompression sickness during spacewalks and when transitioning between different pressure environments in space. NASA and other space agencies have developed specific protocols to minimize this risk.

Compressed Air Work

Workers in compressed air environments, such as tunnel construction or underwater welding, can be at risk for decompression sickness. These industries have developed specialized decompression procedures to protect workers.

Freediving

While less common than in scuba diving, freedivers who engage in repeated deep dives can potentially develop a mild form of decompression sickness. This risk increases with the use of weighted sleds for rapid descents.

Understanding the broader contexts in which decompression sickness can occur helps highlight the importance of proper training, equipment, and safety protocols in any activity involving significant pressure changes.

Decompression Sickness – Harvard Health

What is it?

Decompression sickness, also called generalized barotrauma or the bends, refers to injuries caused by a rapid decrease in the pressure that surrounds you, of either air or water. It occurs most commonly in scuba or deep-sea divers, although it also can occur during high-altitude or unpressurized air travel. However, decompression sickness is rare in pressurized aircraft, such as those used for commercial flights.

When you scuba dive with compressed air, you take in extra oxygen and nitrogen. Your body uses the oxygen, but the nitrogen is dissolved into your blood, where it remains during your dive. As you swim back toward the surface after a deep dive, the water pressure around you decreases.

If this transition occurs too quickly, the nitrogen does not have time to clear from your blood. Instead, it separates out of your blood and forms bubbles in your tissues or blood. It is these nitrogen bubbles that cause decompression sickness. The condition is called the bends because the joint and bone pains can be so severe they double you over.

What happens inside your body during decompression sickness is similar to what happens when you open a carbonated drink. When you open the can or bottle, you decrease the pressure surrounding the beverage in the container, which causes the gas to come out of the liquid in the form of bubbles. If nitrogen bubbles form in your blood, they can damage blood vessels and block normal blood flow.

Factors that put you at higher risk of decompression sickness include:

• Heart muscle birth defects, including patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect
• Being older than 30
• Being female
• Low cardiovascular fitness
• High percentage of body fat
• Use of alcohol or tobacco
• Fatigue, seasickness or lack of sleep
• Injuries (old or current)
• Diving in cold water
• Lung disease

Someone with an abnormal hole or opening in the heart from a birth defect is at especially high risk of developing serious symptoms from decompression illness. Because bubbles create high blood pressure in the lungs, blood and bubbles from your veins may flow more readily through the heart’s opening. This means your blood can re-circulate into arteries without first getting oxygen. An opening in the heart can also allow a relatively large air bubble (called an air embolism) to circulate into your arteries. An air embolism can cause a stroke.

People with asthma or another lung disease may have thin-walled air pockets in their lungs called bullae. These pockets do not empty quickly when the persons exhales. As they return to the surface after a deep dive, air in the bullae may expand. If a bulla ruptures, it could cause a collapsed lung or allow a large air bubble (air embolism) to enter the arteries.

Symptoms

Symptoms of decompression sickness include:

• Joint pain  
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Difficulty thinking clearly
• Extreme fatigue
• Tingling or numbness
• Weakness in arms or legs
• A skin rash

Diagnosis

Your diving history and symptoms are key factors in diagnosing decompression sickness. Blood tests and joint X-rays usually do not show any signs of the problem.

Expected duration

Joint pain, the most common symptom from decompression sickness, can last for days or weeks.

Prevention

To minimize the risk of decompression sickness while diving:

• Dive and rise slowly in the water, and don’t stay at your deepest depth longer than recommended. Scuba divers typically use dive tables that show how long you can remain at a given depth.
• Do not fly within 24 hours after diving.
• Don’t drink alcohol before diving.
• Avoid hot tubs, saunas or hot baths after diving.
• Make sure you are well hydrated, well rested and prepared before you scuba dive. If you recently had a serious illness, injury or surgery, talk to your doctor before diving.

Some people should avoid diving altogether, or should consider special risks. If you have a heart defect, it is not safe to dive. If you have asthma, a history of a ruptured lung at any time in your life or another lung disease, discuss diving safety with a doctor before deciding whether to dive. A person who requires insulin to treat diabetes may have wide swings in blood glucose levels during a dive, and caution is advised. Avoid diving if you have a groin hernia that has not been repaired, since expanding gas in the hernia can cause symptoms.

Treatment

Emergency treatment for decompression sickness involves maintaining blood pressure and administering high-flow oxygen. Fluids also may be given. The person should be placed left side down and if possible the head of the bed tilted down.

The optimal treatment is the use of a hyperbaric oxygen chamber, which is a high-pressure chamber in which the patient receives 100% oxygen. This treatment reverses the pressure changes that allowed gas bubbles to form in the blood stream. The treatment drives nitrogen back into its liquid form so that it can be cleared more gradually from the body over a period of hours.

It is not recommended that divers with decompression sickness attempt to treat themselves with deep diving.

When to call a professional

If you experience symptoms of decompression sickness after scuba diving or flying, get to a doctor as soon as you can. Hyperbaric treatment is most successful if given within several hours after symptoms start.

Prognosis

Most cases of decompression sickness respond well to a single treatment with hyperbaric oxygen. Your doctor may suggest repeated treatments if you continue to experience symptoms, especially neurological symptoms.

Additional info

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society

https://www.uhms.org/

About Us | Mercedes-Benz USA

Skip Navigation

At Mercedes-Benz, our employees and communities are at the heart of everything we do.

Quick Facts

For nearly a century, Mercedes-Benz has made it our mission to move the world. Through our employees and their achievements, we’ve created a company we can all be proud of.

• 94

  Years

  Mercedes-Benz was founded in 1926 by Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Emil Jellinek, whose daughter Mercedes is our original namesake.

• 93

  Locations

  With offices in 93 locations worldwide and a corporate headquarters in Stuttgart, Germany, our global presence continues to grow.

• 5

  Continents

  Our vehicles are manufactured in 17 countries on five continents, and distributed all over the world.

• 6

  Firsts

  From the crumple zone in 1959 to the airbag in 1980 and PRE-SAFE® braking in 2002, Mercedes-Benz has invented many of the automotive technologies we see today.

The First Driver

Bertha Benz: The First Driver

She forged the road ahead and paved it for us all. Discover the story of Bertha Benz and her historic first drive.

• ©2023 Mercedes-Benz USA, LLC
• • • Site Map
    • Privacy & Legal Notices
    • Interest-Based Ads
    • Accessibility

  *

  Starting price is MSRP, or Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price. MSRP excludes transportation and handling charges, destination charges, taxes, title, registration, license, tag, preparation and documentary service fees, insurance charges, and Dealer add-on products, accessories and associated labor and installation charges. MSRP for a base model prior to customer build also excludes charges for optional equipment, products, packages, and accessories. Actual vehicle price and availability may vary by Dealer and should be confirmed with the dealer selected by customer.

  MBFS NMLS #2546

  **

  Stated rates of acceleration are based upon manufacturer’s track results and may vary depending on model, environmental and road surface conditions, driving style, elevation and vehicle load.

  †

  EPA estimated fuel economy. Compare the estimated mpg to the estimated mpg of other vehicles. You may get different mileage depending on how fast you drive, weather conditions and trip length. Your actual highway mileage will probably be less than the highway estimate.

  ‡

  With optional trailer hitch. Read Operator’s Manual before towing. In some states, aftermarket trailer brakes are required. See dealer for details.

  ††

  EPA estimated driving range with a fully charged battery. Driving range may vary based on model, terrain, temperature, driving style, optional equipment, use of vehicle features, and other factors.

  1

  Vehicle may not be exactly as shown.

  2

  As a concept car, the designs, features, etc. are subject to change.

  Total Price includes estimated taxes and fees if ZIP code is provided but is subject to change and may vary based on locations of Dealer and customer, inventory levels, vehicle features and discounts and rebates, if any. Additional products added to your deal will affect the final price. Actual vehicle price and availability must be confirmed with Dealer.

  Brand history: 130 years of Mercedes-Benz

  Illustrations provided by the press service of Mercedes-Benz RUS

  The Mercedes-Benz brand for motorists from all over the world is not only one of the most recognizable and significant car manufacturers in the world, but also directly associated with the very concept of “car”. And this is justified at least by the historical significance of the brand: exactly 130 years ago, the German engineer Karl Benz officially filed a patent for a “vehicle with a gasoline engine.”

  The event that marked the beginning of the history of not only the German brand, but the entire world automobile industry, occurred on January 29, 1886. It was on this day that a German engineer and innovator named Benz received patent No. 37435 for his creation – the world’s first car with a gasoline engine.

  Of course, Benz’s invention was very different from the modern image of the car: in fact, he installed a four-stroke engine he developed from scratch on a tricycle.

  In the same year, independently of Benz, design engineer Gottlieb Daimler created his own motorized carriage. Daimler assembled a single cylinder four-stroke internal combustion engine. It was supposed to be installed in carriages. Daimler was assisted in the development of the new technology by engineer Wilhelm Maybach. Karl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler and

  Wilhelm Maybach

  Both engineers founded private companies with the help of partners and investors. Benz founded Benz & Cie in Mannheim in October 1883, and Daimler founded the Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) brand in November 1890. From 1901, Daimler’s company began to produce cars under the Mercedes brand.

  The legendary brand got its name from the nickname of the daughter of the Austrian businessman Emil Jellinek named Adriana (Mercedes is the girl’s nickname). Her father, Honorary Vice Consul in Monaco, was wealthy and interested in modern technology. At his request in 189In the year 7, Gottlieb Daimler installed a 6 horsepower two-cylinder engine on a vehicle. After the success of this project, he ordered 4 more copies and sold them at a profit.

  The same Mercedes She had a four-cylinder engine with a volume of almost 6 liters. and a power of 35 hp. The car was characterized by a wide wheelbase, a low center of gravity and an inclined steering column.

  A honeycomb-type cooler has also become a distinguishing feature of the brand. The car weighed 900 kg and had a top speed of 80 km/h. The model was designed by Wilhelm Maybach himself.

  The first cars and engines of the Mercedes brand

  The merger of the two most famous German manufacturers at that time took place in 1926. Thanks to the deal, the industrialists not only managed to survive in the difficult post-war period, but also significantly expanded their business.

  The united concern was named “Daimler-Benz AG”, and another outstanding German designer Ferdinand Porsche became the first head, and later – the creator of another legendary Porsche brand.

  All cars produced after the merger are named Mercedes-Benz, in honor of the company’s most successful car and its creator, Karl Benz.

  The Daimler-Benz AG logo becomes a three-pointed star, which is framed by a wreath – the legacy of the Benz logo. In the future, this wreath will be turned into a regular circle, which is still used today. One of the simplest (and recognizable) logos in history has become a symbol of luxury and wealth.

  Mercedes logo

  The collaboration between Benz and Daimler turned out to be one of the longest in the history of the automotive industry, as both companies in this combination survived until 1998. Their first joint car was the K.

  At the same time, the Mercedes CCK and SSKL, designed by Hans Niebel, appeared. In addition to the typical sports versions, the manufacturer also offers convertibles and production models with rally-adapted bodywork.

  Daimler-Benz AG produces one legendary series after another. So, under the leadership of Ferdinand Porsche, the “S” series, a new generation of sports cars, appeared. The most famous car and the progenitor of the S-series was the car that was popularly nicknamed the “Death Trap”. Having received the name “Mercedes-Benz 24/100/140”, the car had a powerful six-cylinder engine and developed a high speed for those times – up to 140 km / h.

  The 18/80 HP model, known as the Nürburg 460 (1928), also received fame, equipped with an eight-cylinder engine with a displacement of 4622 cc. cm and a maximum power of 80 liters. With. at 3400 rpm; the 500K and 540K roadsters (30s) and the 770 model called Grosser Mercedes, whose first generation was built from 1930 to 1938. The model had a luxurious salon in which Adolf Hitler moved.

  Advertising 770

  The first model and mass production of the diesel Mercedes 260D was launched from 1936 to 1940. The 2.5 liter diesel engine had a power of 45 hp. With. Some of the cars of this brand were subsequently used by the German army.

  World War II almost destroyed the Daimler-Benz AG business. All production facilities of the company were practically destroyed. Factories in Stuttgart, Sindelfingen and Mannheim literally turned into a pile of rubble. In 1945, after the final meeting of the board of directors, a report was even issued, the result of which was the idea that the Daimler-Benz concern no longer exists.

  However, despite all the difficulties, Daimler-Benz AG recovered quickly enough and in 1947 launched the 170 model, which had an engine capacity of 1767 m³, 4 cylinders and a power of 52 hp. With. A car that was completely different from previous models was the Mercedes 300 – a limousine formed on a frame with crossed beams. It was equipped with a three-liter six-cylinder engine with 115 hp. s., and its special version was created for the first German Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer.

  Among the cars produced by Mercedes-Benz after the Second World War, the 300 SL Coupe stands out with its characteristic “winged” doors that opened with part of the roof. It was the first sports car built after the war. The road version of this unusual vehicle was released in 1954.

  Mercedes-Benz 300 SL Coupe

  In February 1954, the 300 SL appeared. March 1957 years began to produce the model 300 SL Roadster, beloved by Elvis Presley.

  Cars produced in the 70-90s became iconic for the brand.

  In 1975-1986, the Mercedes W123, popularly known as the “barrel”, was formed. In the 80s, the 190 model debuted, which was produced in the years from 1982 to 1993 and replaced by the C class. At the same time, the popular Mercedes W124 appeared, which was produced until 1997. After that, the W210 appears on the market, since 2002 it has been replaced by the W211, W212 versions. It is these models that are called class E.

  Mercedes-Benz W211

  In 1998, Mercedes buys back shares of the American company Chrysler. As a result, Daimler-Benz has gained a chance to get wider access to the US market. This agreement changed the corporate name of the company to Daimler Chrysler, the cooperation continued for almost 10 years. The decision to break off cooperation was influenced by the results of the poor financial condition of Chrysler. After the sale of the shares of the American concern, the company returns the name Daimler AG.

  Today, the company manufactures Mercedes A, B, C and E class models. The brand’s modern cars are renowned for their safety and are still considered the most prestigious in the world. Mercedes S Class even entered the Book of Records as “the most durable car that has ever been released. ”

  Andrey Rodionov, Head of Corporate Communication at Mercedes-Benz RUS JSC

  – When 130 years ago Karl Benz applied for a patent for “a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine” it meant the birth of the automobile. In the same year, Gottlieb Daimler created his own car. Thus began the 130-year success story of Mercedes-Benz, we entered the age of speed and the global automotive industry was born.

  The patent became part of the UNESCO Memory of the World program, among such well-known works as the Gutenberg Bible, Magna Carta and Symphony No. 9 in D minor by J.S. Bach. And it is no accident: the inventions of Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, thanks to their ingenuity and entrepreneurial flair, revolutionized the field of transportation, opening up new opportunities for people.

  Today’s innovations are based on the same values ​​as 130 years ago: safety, comfort, efficiency and faith in success. Thanks to them, the brand demonstrates a dynamic growth in global sales, and in Russia in 2015 it is a confident leader in the premium segment. Mercedes-Benz delights its fans with the premieres expected in Russia – this is the new intelligent E-Class, the chic GLS, the sporty SL and SLC. And, of course, new special offers.

  Mercedes-Benz ads have also always stood out for their trademark execution and creativity – the brand has never spared money on marketing.

  Advertisement for the BlueEFFICIENCY system (the system is a technical solution for optimizing fuel consumption and emissions).

  A billboard was placed at Johannesburg Airport, which was originally just a white surface and the Mercedes-Benz logo. After a while, air pollutants accumulated on the billboard, and the message was clearly visible on the white base: “If more cars had BlueEFFICIENCY, you would not be able to read this.”

  Mercedes-Benz B-Class Prints Designed by Shanghai Berlin Agency

  “Left Brain, Right Brain” advertising campaign , right hemisphere”)

  Mercedes image ad for breast cancer

  2010

  2011

  2013

  2014 Marilyn Monroe

  9 0004

  PETROL decoding. What is BENZ.

  ? Online values ​​

  BENZ. decoding. What is BENZ.? Online values ​​- Sokrascheniya.Ru

  Online library of abbreviations and abbreviations

  • Main
  • petrol

  On this page you can find out how this abbreviation is deciphered – gasoline.

  • gasoline

  K

  • Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia

  Abbreviation Bl . B.

  • Middle East

  Abbreviations JMPS

  • magazine of the Ministry of Railways

  Abbreviation meanings KAOLVI

  • Kuibyshev joint stock company of alcoholic beverages

  Abbreviation meanings tours sovbur

  • soviet bourgeois

  resistant glass

• trichlorosilane

Abbreviations NIPGS

• Hypersonic Research Enterprise

Abbreviation EBDPI

• legal information electronic database
• legal information reference database

9027 2

Abbreviation values ​​ GGED

• main propulsion motor

Values abbreviations LTT STC

• Scientific and Technical Center “Laser Engineering and Technology” Research Institute of Electrophysical Equipment named after D.