How do you recognize sinus infection symptoms. What are the most effective over-the-counter remedies for sinus infections. Can decongestants and antihistamines provide relief for sinus problems. Are nasal irrigation methods like Neti pots safe and effective for treating sinus infections. When should antibiotics be considered for sinus infection treatment.

Understanding Sinus Infections: Symptoms and Causes

Sinus infections, also known as sinusitis, can cause significant discomfort and interfere with daily life. These infections occur when the sinus cavities become inflamed, often due to viral, bacterial, or allergic causes. Recognizing the symptoms is crucial for proper treatment and relief.

Common sinus infection symptoms include:

• Sinus pressure and pain
• Nasal congestion and discharge
• Headache
• Fever
• Bad breath
• Tooth pain
• Ear pressure

Is the color of nasal discharge a reliable indicator of a sinus infection? Contrary to popular belief, yellow or green nasal discharge doesn’t necessarily indicate a bacterial infection. Viral infections can also cause discolored drainage. The duration and severity of symptoms are more telling factors in distinguishing between viral and bacterial sinus infections.

Viral vs. Bacterial Sinus Infections

How can you differentiate between viral and bacterial sinus infections? Bacterial sinus infections typically last for 10 days or more and may cause high fevers (102°F or higher). In contrast, viral infections usually show improvement within six days, with fevers only occurring in the first few days. This distinction is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment approach.

Over-the-Counter Remedies: First Line of Defense

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are often the first resort for managing sinus infection symptoms. These remedies can provide significant relief, especially considering that over 80% of sinus infections are caused by viruses.

Which OTC medications are most effective for sinus infections?

• Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen for fever, muscle aches, headache, and sore throat
• Throat sprays or cough drops for post-nasal drip symptoms
• Combination cold and sinus sleep medications (e.g., NyQuil) for nighttime relief

These medications target various symptoms associated with sinus infections, providing comprehensive relief. However, it’s important to follow dosage instructions carefully and consult a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.

Decongestants and Antihistamines: Targeting Specific Symptoms

Decongestants and antihistamines can be particularly effective in managing sinus infection symptoms, especially those related to congestion and inflammation.

Which decongestants and antihistamines are recommended for sinus infections?

• Sudafed (pseudoephedrine)
• Claritin (loratadine)
• Zyrtec (cetirizine)
• Benadryl (diphenhydramine)

How do these medications work? Decongestants help reduce nasal swelling, while antihistamines block the effects of histamine, a compound released during allergic reactions. Even though these medications are primarily designed for allergy symptoms, they can provide relief for sinus infections due to the similarity in symptoms.

It’s worth noting that some individuals may experience side effects such as drowsiness, especially with first-generation antihistamines like Benadryl. Always read labels carefully and consider non-drowsy options for daytime use.

Nasal Irrigation: A Natural Approach to Sinus Relief

Nasal irrigation methods, such as Neti pots and sinus rinses, offer a drug-free approach to managing sinus infection symptoms. These techniques involve flushing the nasal passages with a saline solution to clear congestion and promote healing.

How effective are Neti pots and sinus rinses for treating sinus infections? These methods can be highly effective in:

• Clearing sinus drainage
• Thinning mucus
• Improving breathing
• Removing allergens and irritants

For optimal results, use nasal irrigation once daily for mild symptoms or up to three to four times daily for more severe cases. If you have chronic sinus issues or allergies, using a Neti pot three times per week can help prevent symptoms.

Safety Considerations for Nasal Irrigation

While nasal irrigation is generally safe, it’s crucial to use sterile water to avoid introducing harmful bacteria to the nasal passages. Sterile water can be obtained by boiling tap water and letting it cool or by purchasing distilled or sterile water.

Are there any side effects to using Neti pots? Some users may experience nasal dryness or occasional nosebleeds. These issues can often be resolved by reducing the frequency of use or ensuring the saline solution is properly prepared.

Aromatherapy: Harnessing the Power of Scents

Aromatherapy offers a natural and pleasant way to alleviate sinus infection symptoms. Certain essential oils have properties that can help open up the respiratory tract and provide relief from congestion.

Which essential oils are most effective for sinus infections?

• Eucalyptus
• Peppermint
• Tea tree
• Lavender

How can you use aromatherapy for sinus relief? Consider adding a few drops of these essential oils to a home humidifier or diffuser. The diffused scent can help clear nasal passages and provide a soothing effect. Alternatively, you can add a few drops to hot water and inhale the steam for quick relief.

It’s important to note that while aromatherapy can provide symptomatic relief, it should not be considered a cure for sinus infections. Always use essential oils as directed and discontinue use if any irritation occurs.

Antibiotics: When Are They Necessary?

While antibiotics are often sought after for sinus infections, they are not always necessary or appropriate. In fact, overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, a growing concern in modern healthcare.

When should antibiotics be considered for sinus infections? Antibiotics are typically reserved for cases where:

• Symptoms persist for more than 10 days without improvement
• Severe symptoms are present, including high fever (102°F or higher)
• There’s clear evidence of a bacterial infection

How do healthcare providers determine if antibiotics are necessary? Doctors consider the duration and severity of symptoms, as well as any underlying health conditions that may complicate the infection. In some cases, additional tests may be performed to confirm a bacterial infection.

Potential Side Effects of Antibiotics

While antibiotics can be effective in treating bacterial sinus infections, they come with potential side effects, including:

• Gastrointestinal distress
• Yeast infections
• Allergic reactions
• Antibiotic resistance (with overuse)

It’s crucial to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. This helps prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Lifestyle Modifications for Sinus Infection Prevention

While treating sinus infections is important, preventing them is even better. Certain lifestyle modifications can help reduce the frequency and severity of sinus infections.

What lifestyle changes can help prevent sinus infections?

• Stay hydrated to keep nasal passages moist
• Use a humidifier in dry environments
• Practice good hand hygiene to prevent the spread of viruses
• Avoid known allergens and irritants
• Quit smoking and avoid secondhand smoke
• Manage allergies effectively

How does staying hydrated help prevent sinus infections? Proper hydration helps thin mucus secretions, making it easier for the body to clear them from the nasal passages. This can prevent the buildup of bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.

The Role of Diet in Sinus Health

Can dietary changes impact sinus health? Some evidence suggests that certain foods may help reduce inflammation and support overall sinus health:

• Foods rich in vitamin C (citrus fruits, berries, leafy greens)
• Omega-3 fatty acids (fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseeds)
• Probiotic-rich foods (yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut)
• Spicy foods (can help clear nasal passages)

While dietary changes alone may not prevent sinus infections, a balanced diet can support overall immune function and potentially reduce the frequency of infections.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Sinus Infections

While many sinus infections can be managed at home, some situations warrant medical attention. Recognizing these scenarios is crucial for preventing complications and ensuring appropriate treatment.

When should you see a doctor for a sinus infection?

• Symptoms persist for more than 10 days without improvement
• High fever (102°F or higher) develops
• Severe facial pain or swelling occurs
• Vision changes or eye swelling is present
• Symptoms worsen after initial improvement

How do doctors diagnose sinus infections? Healthcare providers typically diagnose sinus infections based on symptoms and physical examination. In some cases, additional tests may be ordered:

• Nasal endoscopy to visualize the sinus passages
• CT scan to get detailed images of the sinuses
• Cultures to identify specific bacteria (in severe or recurrent cases)

Complications of Untreated Sinus Infections

While rare, untreated sinus infections can lead to serious complications. These may include:

• Spread of infection to nearby structures (eyes, brain)
• Chronic sinusitis
• Meningitis (in severe cases)
• Bone infections

Prompt treatment and appropriate medical care can help prevent these complications and ensure a faster recovery from sinus infections.

Emerging Treatments and Research in Sinus Infection Management

As medical science advances, new treatments and approaches to managing sinus infections are being developed. These innovations offer hope for more effective and targeted therapies in the future.

What are some emerging treatments for sinus infections?

• Immunotherapy for chronic sinusitis related to allergies
• Biologics targeting specific inflammatory pathways
• Advanced nasal sprays with longer-lasting effects
• Minimally invasive surgical techniques for chronic cases

How might these new treatments improve sinus infection management? These emerging therapies aim to provide more personalized treatment options, potentially reducing the need for antibiotics and offering better long-term management for chronic sufferers.

The Role of the Microbiome in Sinus Health

Recent research has shed light on the importance of the sinus microbiome in maintaining sinus health. The microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms that naturally inhabit the sinuses.

How does the sinus microbiome affect sinus infections? A healthy, diverse microbiome may help prevent the overgrowth of harmful bacteria and reduce the risk of infections. Future treatments may focus on maintaining or restoring a healthy sinus microbiome to prevent and manage sinus infections.

Ongoing research in this area may lead to probiotic treatments specifically designed for sinus health, offering a new approach to prevention and treatment of sinus infections.

Holistic Approaches to Sinus Infection Management

In addition to conventional treatments, many individuals seek holistic approaches to manage sinus infections. These methods often focus on supporting overall health and boosting the body’s natural defenses against infections.

What holistic approaches can complement traditional sinus infection treatments?

• Acupuncture
• Herbal remedies (e.g., elderberry, echinacea)
• Stress reduction techniques (meditation, yoga)
• Nutritional supplements (vitamin D, zinc)

While scientific evidence for some of these approaches may be limited, many people find them helpful in managing symptoms and supporting overall sinus health. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment regimen, especially when combining holistic approaches with conventional medications.

The Mind-Body Connection in Sinus Health

Can stress and emotional well-being impact sinus health? Some research suggests that chronic stress may weaken the immune system, potentially making individuals more susceptible to infections, including sinus infections. Stress reduction techniques and practices that promote emotional well-being may indirectly support sinus health by bolstering overall immune function.

Incorporating stress management techniques into daily life, such as regular exercise, adequate sleep, and mindfulness practices, may complement other sinus infection prevention strategies.

Environmental Factors and Sinus Infections

The environment plays a significant role in sinus health and can influence the frequency and severity of sinus infections. Understanding and managing environmental factors can be an important part of preventing and managing sinus issues.

What environmental factors can impact sinus health?

• Air pollution
• Humidity levels
• Allergens (pollen, dust mites, mold)
• Irritants (smoke, strong odors)
• Seasonal changes

How can you mitigate environmental risk factors for sinus infections?

• Use air purifiers to reduce airborne allergens and pollutants
• Maintain proper indoor humidity levels (30-50%)
• Regularly clean and replace air filters in HVAC systems
• Use allergy-proof bedding covers
• Monitor local air quality reports and limit outdoor exposure on high-pollution days

Climate Change and Sinus Health

Is climate change affecting sinus health? Some research suggests that climate change may be impacting patterns of allergies and respiratory health. Changes in temperature and precipitation can affect pollen production and distribution, potentially leading to longer and more severe allergy seasons. This, in turn, may increase the risk of sinus infections for some individuals.

Staying informed about local environmental conditions and adapting prevention strategies accordingly can help manage the impact of these changing environmental factors on sinus health.

5 Best Ways to Treat a Sinus Infection

Sinus infections bring facial pain, pressure and overall discomfort, which can leave you with your head under a pillow for days. Whether you’re suffering through your first sinus infection, or you get them year after year, Katherine Alatorre, DO, UnityPoint Health, covers how to get rid of a sinus infection, including sinus rinses and other remedies, to help you get relief fast.

Sinus Infection Symptoms

Dr. Alatorre sees more sinus symptoms and complaints in the fall and spring, usually coinciding with increased viral illnesses. But these symptoms, including the color of your nasal drainage, don’t necessarily mean you’re going to end up with an infection.

“Most feel if they have sinus drainage that isn’t clear, it’s a sinus infection – but that’s not the case,” Dr. Alatorre says. “Most common cold viruses can also cause yellow or green coloring to the drainage as well.”

She lists the following as sinus infection symptoms:

• Sinus pressure
• Nasal drainage 
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Headache
• Fever
• Bad breath
• Tooth pain
• Ear pressure

“Bacterial sinus infections can last for 10 days or more, don’t improve with time and can cause fevers of 102 degrees or higher. Viral infections see improvement by day six or so, with a fever only in the first one to three days,” Dr. Alatorre says.

Sinus Infection vs. COVID-19

It can be hard to tell the difference between COVID-19 and a sinus infection, especially if you’ve been vaccinated or have mild symptoms. If you experience a fever greater than 100.4, notice any changes in taste or smell, recently travel or know of an exposure, it’s best to get a COVID-19 test.

Are Sinus Infections Contagious?

The sinus infection, itself, isn’t contagious but what causes it may be. 

“The majority of sinus infections are caused by viruses. Some people who get a common cold virus will notice swelling, inflammation and mucus buildup in the sinuses, which is a sinus infection. The virus that leads to your sinus infection is contagious to others. Typically, you’re contagious a few days before symptoms begin until symptoms go away, which can be about two weeks,” Dr. Alatorre says.

Bacteria or allergies can also cause sinus infections. Those, however, aren’t contagious to others.

How to Treat a Sinus Infection

Think you have a sinus infection? Here are the best treatment options according to Dr. Alatorre:

1. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Remedies

Any OTC remedies typically used for colds can also help treat sinus infections, as greater than 80 percent of symptoms are caused by viruses. Tylenol or ibuprofen work well for fever, muscle aches, headache and sore throat symptoms. Throat sprays or cough drops can help with post-nasal drip symptoms. If you’re having trouble sleeping, try a combination cold and sinus sleep medication, like Nyquil.

2. Decongestant & Antihistamine Medications

Along the same lines as OTC options, antihistamine medications, such as Sudafed, Claritin, Zyrtec or Benadryl, can also offer sinus infection symptom relief. While these medications specifically target allergy symptoms, sinus infection symptoms can be similar, making antihistamines worth a try.

3. Neti Pots & Sinus Rinses

Neti Pots and sinus rinses can be used for any nasal congestion, including from allergies, colds or sinus infections. They help with nasal irrigation and clear sinus drainage from the nose to make it easier to breathe, so you feel less stuffy. They also thin the mucus and allow the natural defenses in your nose to clear the nasal discharge, washing away possible allergens or other irritants.

“If you use a Neti Pot, once daily is usually enough, but it can be used three to four times for more severe symptoms, as long as you’re not experiencing any discomfort with use. If you have allergies or chronic issues, you can use it three times per week to help prevent symptoms,” Dr. Alatorre says.

Neti Pots and saline rinses require sterile water, which can be boiled or purchased (container will say distilled or sterile). Keep the Neti Pot clean between uses to avoid introducing bacteria to the nasal passages. Side effects from the Neti Pot include nasal dryness and, at times, bloody noses, which can be relieved by using it less often or making sure you’re using a saline solution.

4. Aromatherapy

Aromatherapy is a great home remedy and natural treatment for sinus infections. Using eucalyptus, peppermint or other scents can possibly help open up the respiratory tract. These essential oils can be put into some home humidifiers, which will diffuse the scent.

5. Antibiotics

Many patients seek medical treatment sooner rather than later because the symptoms of sinus congestion from a cold, virus or bacteria are all equally uncomfortable. But, since most sinus infections are caused by viruses, it’s usually preferred to not prescribe antibiotic options for treatment, unless the person has more concerning symptoms lasting longer than 10 days with a fever greater than 102 degrees.

“Some people do get chronic sinus infections, and there can be rare complications, such as abscesses (collections of pus) in the nasal passages. These are uncommon and are usually more related to the anatomy of the sinus passages than putting off treatment. I would recommend if anyone is concerned about their symptoms to go in and be evaluated. Your doctor will prescribe further treatment, if needed,” Dr. Alatorre says.

With antibiotic resistance rates climbing, it’s important to use antibiotics for sinus infection treatment only when necessary.

Symptoms, treatments, and home remedies

Sinus headaches occur due to pressure inside a person’s sinuses, causing pain. Doctors may recommend over-the-counter and prescription medications for sinus headaches. Some home remedies, such as steam inhalation and saltwater rinses, may also be beneficial.

Sinus headaches often occur due to a sinus infection, or sinusitis. They can also occur due to allergies, chronic inflammation, or structural issues, such as nasal polyps. Treatment depends on the cause, but people can usually manage sinus headaches at home.

In this article, learn the symptoms, causes, and treatments for sinus headaches and how to tell the difference between sinus headaches and migraine.

A thin membrane, similar to that of the nose, lines the sinuses. If a person has an infection or allergy, the membrane can swell up, which can cause pressure and pain. Fluid can also build up in the sinuses, which can also create pressure.

A person may feel sinus pain in their cheeks, the bridge of the nose, the area above the nose, or the crown of the head. The pain may occur on both sides, or just one side, depending on the cause.

Some people find that the pain worsens after coughing, leaning over, or bending down. Sometimes, the pain radiates into the teeth when bending over.

Sinus pain can last for a short time or be a longer-term problem. Doctors sort cases into four categories:

• acute — lasts less than 4 weeks
• subacute — lasts between 4–8 weeks
• chronic — lasts more than 8 weeks
• recurrent — returns more than 3 times per year

Several things can cause or contribute to sinusitis.

Infections

Sinus headaches are often the result of a viral infection. However, sometimes sinus infections occur due to bacteria or fungi.

During a sinus infection, the sinuses become inflamed, and the body produces more mucus. This, on its own, can cause a sinus headache.

However, if bacteria start to grow inside the sinuses, a person may develop a bacterial infection. The bacteria produce gases that cause sinus pressure, which also causes pain.

The symptoms of a sinus infection include:

• blocked or runny nose
• thick mucus when blowing the nose
• mucus in the back of the throat — postnasal drip
• tooth pain
• reduced sense of smell
• unpleasant breath

If the infection is bacterial, a person may also have a fever.

Allergies

Allergies, particularly hay fever, can also cause sinus headaches. This is because allergies can cause blocked or inflamed sinuses. A person with allergies may also experience:

• sneezing
• red or watering eyes
• an itchy mouth or throat
• itchy eyes
• nasal congestion

Structural differences

If someone has a condition that prevents mucus from draining effectively from the nose and sinuses, they may be prone to blockages and infections. Examples of these conditions include:

• Nasal polyps: These are painless growths that can develop inside the nose. They may cause blockages if they grow large enough.
• Deviated septum: This occurs when the septum, which divides the nose into two cavities, is not symmetrical. This makes one nasal passage significantly smaller than the other, which can result in the smaller side being congested.
• Enlarged adenoids: Adenoids are small patches of tissue located at the back of the nose. If they are too big, they can prevent the sinuses from draining. Young children do not have fully developed sinuses, so enlarged adenoids can cause chronic sinusitis in this age group.
• Dental issues: According to a 2021 review, nearly 30% of chronic sinusitis cases that affect both maxillary sinuses, which are in the cheeks, may have dental problems as the underlying cause. If the roots of the upper teeth extend into the sinuses, for example, it can cause blockages and become a site for recurring infections.

What helps a sinus headache depends on the cause.

Over-the-counter medications

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications can help with many cases of sinusitis. If someone has a viral illness, OTC pain or cold medications can relieve pain and a blocked or runny nose. If the headache is the result of allergies, OTC antihistamines may help.

People may also be able to purchase OTC nasal sprays that contain saline to flush the nasal passages or that contain steroids. However, people should not use steroid sprays for a prolonged period without consulting a doctor.

Prescription treatments

If OTC treatments do not work, a doctor may prescribe decongestant medication. For allergies, a nasal spray containing antihistamines or steroids may help reduce inflammation and other symptoms.

For bacterial infections that do not improve on their own, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics. This will not work with a viral infection. Additionally, many sinus infections clear up without antibiotics.

Taking antibiotics unnecessarily can cause significant side effects and bacterial resistance. A doctor may recommend waiting to see if a person’s symptoms improve before taking them.

Medical procedures

If someone repeatedly experiences a sinus headache or has sinusitis for months, a doctor may refer them to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist.

The ENT specialist will ask about symptoms, take a medical history, and examine the person’s nose and face. They may also take images of the head with an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI scan to see if there is a structural cause for the symptoms.

If the ENT thinks it would be beneficial, they may recommend a type of surgery known as functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). FESS involves widening the sinuses by removing some tissue causing a blockage or inflating a tiny balloon to widen the passages. A doctor then removes the balloon.

Home remedies cannot cure a sinus infection or allergies, but they may help relieve some of the symptoms, including a sinus headache.

Inhaling steam

Some people find breathing in steam helpful for relieving sinusitis. A 2016 study in 871 people found that steam inhalation could reduce headaches, although it did not help with other symptoms or prevent a recurrence.

If someone wants to try this remedy, they can do this by:

• boiling some water and allowing it to cool slightly
• pouring the water into a large heatproof bowl
• leaning their face over the bowl
• covering their head with a small towel
• breathing slowly in and out through the nose

Cleaning the nose with saltwater

A 2019 review found some indication that saltwater solutions can treat sinusitis. However, the researchers state that there was not enough evidence to confirm it helps or the best delivery method.

People can purchase nasal rinsing kits with premixed saltwater solutions. Alternatively, they can make the solution at home. To do this:

1. Purchase 1 pint of distilled or sterile water. Alternatively, boil regular water from a faucet for 3–5 minutes and then leave to cool.
2. Dissolve 1 teaspoon (tsp) of salt and 1 tsp of baking soda into the water.
3. Wash the hands with soap and water.
4. Stand over a sink and pour a small amount into a cupped palm. Sniff the water into one nostril, or use a nasal irrigation device, such as a neti pot.
5. Repeat in the other nostril. Allow as much water to flush out of the nose as possible. If it runs down the back of the throat, spit it out.

People should dispose of any leftover salt water, and make a fresh solution if using this technique repeatedly. A person should also clean any nasal irrigation devices thoroughly after each use. People should not use nasal rinses in children unless instructed by a doctor.

Many people confuse sinus headaches with migraine headaches. Migraine is a neurological condition that causes episodes involving moderate-to-severe headaches, along with other symptoms.

According to the American Migraine Foundation, migraine is underdiagnosed. In several studies, many people who thought they had sinus pain actually had migraine pain. It is one of the most common misdiagnoses for migraine.

Migraine headaches and sinus headaches can share similar symptoms, including:

• pain in one area of the face or forehead, often on one side of the head
• pain that worsens with physical activity
• a blocked nose or watery eyes

However, migraine can also cause:

• sensitivity to light or sound
• nausea
• vomiting

Some with migraine also experience auras, which are temporary sensory disturbances. These may include tingling sensations on the skin, visual hallucinations, or auditory hallucinations. Sinus headaches cannot cause auras.

Migraine headaches are also typically more severe than sinus headaches. They can prevent normal functioning at work, in social settings, or at home. The treatment for each condition is different, so if a person has frequent headaches, they should consult a doctor for a diagnosis.

If a sinus headache is not causing too much pain, a person may be able to manage it at home. A person should rest, drink plenty of fluids, and take OTC medications to relieve the pain, if possible.

However, anyone with severe pain should consult a doctor. A person should also seek medical advice if:

• the pain gets better and then worse again
• symptoms do not improve after 10 days
• someone has a fever lasting more than 3–4 days

Seek medical help immediately if someone experiences any of the following:

• vision changes
• severe facial pain or pressure
• high fever
• shortness of breath
• difficulty thinking
• swelling around the eyes
• neck stiffness

Sinus headaches occur when pressure or blockages inside the sinuses cause pain. The pain may be around the forehead, bridge of the nose, or cheeks. Often, it occurs due to a viral infection. Bacteria, fungi, and allergies can also be a cause.

Usually, a sinus infection will go away on its own. People can take OTC medication to relieve symptoms. However, if someone has persistent allergies, structural differences inside the nose or sinuses, or a weakened immune system, they may experience recurring or chronic sinus pain. People can also mistake migraine pain for sinus headaches.

If a sinus headache does not improve within 10 days or keeps recurring, a person should seek medical advice.

most common causes of headache

Medicine and health

09/16/22

And how to properly deal with unpleasant sensations

Svetlana Belitskaya

medical journalist

Headache is a common ailment that every person faces in life.

Such pain may be throbbing or constant, sharp or dull, transient or prolonged. Sometimes a headache is not dangerous, but in some cases it can be a symptom of a serious illness.

Let’s talk about the types of headaches that occur most often: why they occur, how to cope with unpleasant sensations and when it is better to see a doctor.

Go see a doctor

Our articles are written with love for evidence-based medicine. We refer to authoritative sources and go to doctors with a good reputation for comments. But remember: the responsibility for your health lies with you and your doctor. We don’t write prescriptions, we give recommendations. Relying on our point of view or not is up to you.

Tension headache

This is the most common type. Usually mild or moderate.

Symptoms. The pain is dull and aching. It feels like a tight bandage around the head – from the forehead to the back of the head. Sometimes causes soreness of the skin on the head, neck and shoulders.

Episodes of severe tension-type headache may be confused with migraine. Unlike migraines, tension headaches are bilateral and do not cause nausea or vomiting. But with a severe attack, it may be accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and sound.

Types of tension headache – British Medical Journal BMJ

Muscle contraction in tension headache – National Library of Medicine

Tension headache – Mayo Clinic

The frequency of occurrence of tension headache is divided into three types:

900 43 episodic – one -twice a month.
1. Frequent – no more than 15 times a month for several hours.
2. Chronic – occurs more than 15 days per month or may be almost constant.

Reasons. Previously, it was thought that these pains were associated with tension in the muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders. Scientists now believe that although muscle tension is important for the occurrence of tension headache, the main reason lies in the increased sensitivity of the entire pain system of the body. Most likely, susceptibility to tension-type headache depends on genetic factors.

The most common trigger is stress. Provoke an attack can: alcohol, excess caffeine, poor sleep, dehydration, fatigue.

Treatment. From episodic pain, rest and taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers – Pentalgin, ibuprofen and others help.

Treatment of chronic tension pain requires a visit to a doctor who can prescribe stronger painkillers, muscle relaxants, antidepressants. For chronic pain, psychotherapeutic treatment is indicated, which helps to cope with stress.

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Migraine

Migraine is a common neurological disease, the main symptom of which is throbbing pain on one side of the head. The disease begins at a young age and affects one in five women and one in fifteen men.

Symptoms. Headache severe, felt on one side of the head. Usually localized near the eye and temple, but can spread to the back of the head and face. Accompanied by nausea, vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light and sound.

Migraine – Mayo Clinic

Migraine – NHS

Migraine headache – Cleveland Clinic

Attacks last from a few hours to a few days. Often against their background, loss of appetite, chills or a feeling of heat, dizziness develop.

There are several main types of migraine. The most common is a common migraine without aura.

In second place is migraine with aura, or complicated. This type of disease accounts for 20% of all cases.

Aura is a group of symptoms that last from 10 minutes to an hour and warn of an upcoming migraine. Migraine aura manifests itself:

• bright flashing dots and lights before the eyes;
• blind spots, up to complete temporary loss of vision;
• numbness or tingling of the skin;
• ringing in the ears;
• changes in the sense of smell or taste.

How psychotherapy techniques help me cope with migraines

There is also a “silent migraine” – without pain. In this case, an aura appears, but pain does not occur after it.

Doctors consider status migraine to be the most severe type of migraine: it is a condition with attacks that last longer than three days and are accompanied by very severe headache and vomiting.

There are types of migraine with severe neurological symptoms: hemiplegic, retinal, migraine with stem aura. But they are rare.

In any type of migraine, the attack or its aura may be preceded by a prodromal period. Occurs one or two days before an attack. Characterized by:

• a sharp change in mood, problems with sleep;
• constipation;
• increased urination or fluid retention;
• neck stiffness;
• unbearable craving for any product;
• frequent yawning.

How do I deal with chronic migraine

After the migraine attack itself, 80% of the time there is a postdromal period that lasts a day or two. At this time, a person feels exhausted, quickly irritated, unable to focus. Most people describe their condition as depression. But some are overwhelmed by euphoria.

Reasons. The exact cause of migraine is unknown. It is assumed that the neurotransmitter serotonin is involved in the development of an attack. It has been established that the tendency to migraines is determined genetically.

Migraine attacks have triggers: stress, extreme fatigue, certain foods or drinks, such as coffee, alcohol, sausages.

Treatment. Usually, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – ibuprofen, aspirin, “Pentalgin” are used to stop a migraine attack. Rest in a dark, quiet, cool room helps a lot.

How to treat migraine in children and adolescents

If a person is diagnosed with migraine, they are prescribed drugs from the triptan group, such as sumatriptan or zolmitriptan. They affect the work of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Additionally, depending on the patient’s condition, monoclonal antibodies, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed.

Cluster headache

Cluster headaches are one of the most painful. People with cluster pain say that the onset of an attack is like sticking a hot poker in the eye.

Despite the terrible pain, cluster seizures are not dangerous, but they significantly impair the quality of life.

Symptoms. Attacks are painful and develop rapidly. They often begin without warning, in a dream.

Cluster headache – Mayo Clinic

Management of cluster headache – British Medical Journal BMJ

Cluster headache – National Library of Medicine

Pain localized in or behind one eye. May radiate to other areas of the face, head, and neck located on the same side of the body as the affected eye.

Painful or reddened skin, nasal congestion, swelling, lacrimation, drooping eyelids may be present on the affected side.

Sometimes an attack is accompanied by increased sensitivity to sounds and light.

Seizure lasts from 15 minutes to several hours. The most severe pain lasts no longer than two hours. It leaves as quickly and suddenly as it begins.

A distinctive feature of cluster pain is the occurrence in series, or clusters. A single attack takes several hours. Then the pain goes away, but returns after a few hours. A person can experience up to four attacks per day, which form one cluster.

A few hours after the cluster ends, the next one starts. Usually the number of attacks in each cluster is the same and they start at approximately the same time.

Cluster pains are episodic and chronic. Episodic ones come regularly in the period from one week to a year. This is followed by a break of at least three months. Often, cycles of episodic cluster pain occur in spring and autumn. Breaks between cycles can be up to several years.

In chronic pain, the cluster cycle lasts from a few weeks to a year. And then, less than a month later, the next one begins.

Reasons. Cluster pains are associated with dilation of blood vessels that press on the trigeminal nerve. Because of what the vessels dilate, it has not been exactly established. This may be due to changes in the work of the hypothalamus and neurotransmitters, mainly serotonin.

Cluster pain is more common in men aged 20 to 50 years. Genetic predisposition plays a role.

Treatment. To alleviate seizures, drugs from the triptan group are used, which affect the functioning of serotonin receptors.

For severe cluster pain, steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, blood pressure drugs, and anticonvulsants are prescribed to prevent attacks.

In extremely severe cases of chronic pain, surgery is performed to disable the trigeminal nerve.

Chronic hemicrania

Chronic hemicrania – persistent moderate to severe headache in one side of the head.

Symptoms. Chronic hemicrania does not relieve pain. For 3-6 months, one side of the head constantly hurts. Several times a day, the pain becomes stronger, then returns to its previous level.

Chronic Hemicrania – National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Chronic Hemicrania – Cleveland Clinic

Eye redness, tearing, nasal congestion, drooping eyelid on the side of the head affected by pain. Sometimes the pain is similar to migraine and is accompanied by throbbing, nausea, sensitivity to light and sounds.

The cause of has not been established. It is only known that women suffer from chronic hemicrania twice as often as men. And physical activity and alcohol increase the pain.

Treatment. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin helps with chronic hemicrania. It is taken continuously for an indefinite period of time. Since indomethacin is harmful to the gastric mucosa, it is prescribed along with antacids. Other anti-inflammatory pain relievers are less effective for this type of pain.

The pain usually subsides after 3-6 months from the onset, but may return. Tricyclic antidepressants are sometimes prescribed to prevent relapses.

Primary stabbing headache

Primary stabbing headache is otherwise known as “ice prick” pain. Scientists argue about the prevalence of this type of headache. Some researchers believe that no more than 2% of the world’s population suffers from primary stabbing pains. Others believe that every third adult has experienced such pain at least once in their life.

Primary stabbing headache – Cleveland Clinic

Ice stab headache – American Migraine Foundation

Primary stabbing headache therapy – British Medical Journal BMJ

Symptoms. The pain is extremely intense. Occurs suddenly during sleep or wakefulness. Lasts from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. It affects different parts of the head. During the day, it can be repeated up to 50 times. And it can occur once, but usually for several days in a row.

Sometimes the primary stabbing pain resembles a short-term cluster pain. But it is never accompanied by drooping of the eyelid, lacrimation, reddening of the face.

The cause of has not been determined. It is assumed that pain is caused by fleeting disturbances in the central mechanisms of pain control in the brain.

Primary stabbing headache affects people of all ages and both sexes. But a special risk group is made up of women prone to migraines and patients with cluster headaches.

Triggers – stress, disruption of the usual daily routine, alcohol, hormonal changes.

Treatment. Since the primary stabbing pains last only a few seconds, no painkillers are taken for them. But if “ice shots” occur frequently, prophylactic agents are prescribed. These are usually the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin and the sleep hormone melatonin. In rare cases, anticonvulsant drugs are indicated.

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People who are prone to primary stabbing pains are advised:

• observe the daily routine, get enough sleep;
• limit alcohol and caffeine intake;
• learn to manage stress — master the skills of muscle relaxation, meditation.

Primary exercise headache

Pain occurs during or after intense exercise. Not associated with any disease.

Primary exercise headache – Neurology reports

Tension headache – Cleveland Clinic

Symptoms. Pain is bilateral or on one side of the head, radiating to the neck. Often pulsating. It occurs quickly, lasting from a few minutes to several hours. Sometimes it resembles a migraine and is accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and sound.

Reasons. The attack begins due to the expansion of the blood vessels of the brain during intense physical exertion. However, it is not known why physiologically normal vasodilation causes pain in some people and not in others. It has been observed that pain from physical activity more often affects those who suffer from migraines or have close relatives with this disease.

Seizure triggers – any activity that accompanies physical exertion: running, aerobics, swimming, sex, coughing. Exercising at altitude, in heat or cold, increases the risk of an attack.

Treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are taken to relieve pain. Indomethacin works best. Some people benefit from taking beta-blockers such as propranolol.

Sinus headache

Sinus headache occurs due to sinusitis – inflammation of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

Sinus headache – Mount Sinai Hospital website

Migraine or sinus headache – American Migraine Foundation

Symptoms. Pain, pressure and distension in the area of ​​the eyebrows, upper teeth, forehead, under the eyes. The malaise is accompanied by thick discharge from the nose, deterioration of the sense of smell. Other symptoms of inflammation of the sinuses may be noted: general poor health, a slight rise in temperature, redness of the nasal passages.

Sinus pain is aggravated by tilting the head, moving to a horizontal position, in the morning after waking up, when going out into the cold from a warm room.

Sinus headache is sometimes confused with migraine with nasal symptoms, which also presents with nasal congestion and facial pressure. But sinus pain has several differences from migraine. Such pain is not accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and is not aggravated by noise or bright light. And the discharge from the nose is thicker than with a migraine.

Reasons. Sinus headache is caused by accumulation of mucus and swelling in the sinuses, which can be caused by:

• colds, acute respiratory viral diseases;
• allergy;
• neoplasms, eg polyps;
• deviated septum.

Take antihistamines for allergies. Polyps are removed surgically. With a viral infection, they wait until it goes away on its own, and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays are used to alleviate symptoms. For bacterial infections, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

Pain from drug abuse

This type of pain is otherwise known as rebound pain. Associated with excessively frequent use of headache medications.

Drug Abuse Pain – Migraine Foundation of America

Drug Abuse Pain – National Library of Medicine

Symptoms. Manifestations of rebound pain depend on the type of pain that was treated with painkillers, and on the type of these drugs. General features:

• high frequency of occurrence – almost every day;
• good effect from painkillers, which disappears as soon as the effect of the drug ends;
• increased anxiety, irritability.

Reasons. Frequent use of any medication used for headaches. It can be aspirin, ibuprofen, Sumatriptan, Ergotamine and others.

Which application is “too frequent” cannot be clearly stated. It depends on the type of drug and its combination with other drugs.

Treatment. To eliminate rebound headaches, it is necessary to reduce the number of pain medications taken. Reducing the frequency of admission is carried out according to the scheme developed by the doctor, and only under his control. In severe cases, a hospital stay may be required.

Hormonal headache

This type of headache occurs only in women and is associated with changes in hormonal status. Often such pains are called menstrual. But they can also be triggered by other hormonal changes.

Hormonal headache – NHS

Menstrual migraine – Cleveland Clinic

Symptoms. Hormonal headache presents as usual migraine. Usually without an aura.

Moderate to severe pain intensity. Pulsating in one part of the head. Accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and sounds, nausea, dizziness, chills or sweating.

Reasons. Hormonal pain begins when the levels of female sex hormones, mainly estrogen, fall. This happens before the onset of menstruation, during pregnancy, taking oral contraceptives, menopause.

Why some women have a normal level of decreased sex hormones causes a headache, while others do not – has not been established. Probably a genetic predisposition matters.

Treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – ibuprofen, “Pentalgin” are used to alleviate the attack. The doctor may prescribe medications from the triptan group – Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan – or hormone replacement therapy.

Thunderhead headache

Thunderbolt refers to a severe headache that comes on suddenly, like a bolt from the blue.

Thunderclap Headache – Mayo Clinic

Thunderbolt Headache – National Library of Medicine

Symptoms. People often describe this pain as the most severe in their lives. It starts suddenly and instantly reaches a maximum. It lasts from a minute to several hours, and sometimes even days. Covers the entire head and extends to the neck.

Thunderous pain is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, fainting, numbness, speech problems, confusion.

Reasons. Thundering pain is primary, that is, not associated with serious illnesses. In this case, its cause usually remains unidentified. But often a sudden and extremely severe headache is a sign of a serious brain injury, such as a hemorrhage.

Treatment. Since thunder-like pain can be associated with life-threatening diseases, if it occurs, you should immediately seek medical help.

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Treatment depends on the cause. If the cause is not established and there are no serious health problems, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.

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Why does the headache not go away? – reference book Omega-Kyiv

Headaches are symptoms of body fatigue. To eliminate a mild headache, it is really enough to drink painkillers and sleep well. If the pain disturbs the patient often, it is necessary to consult a doctor for advice. Most often, regular pain indicates a chronic nature of the disease. Constant headaches are the most dangerous for a person. It is impenetrable pain that can be a sign of migraine, diseases of the central nervous system, and even oncology.

Possible causes of headache:

• Intoxication of the body;
• Head injury;
• SARS, influenza and other viral diseases;
• Helminthiasis;
• Migraine;
• Blood pressure instability;
• Brain tumor.

Intoxication of the body occurs when poisoned by food or vapors of toxic substances. Most often, headache is accompanied by nausea, vomiting and fever. If, in addition to these symptoms, there is also a violation of the central nervous system, vision worsens or double vision, you should urgently contact a medical center for help. These symptoms may indicate botulism.

Head injuries can cause headaches. At the same time, the consequences of a traumatic brain injury are most often chronic and subsequently can regularly torment the patient. Painful sensations can be aching, at times intensify. In case of chronic pain in the head caused after an injury, it is recommended to perform a CT scan of the head to exclude tumor formations.

Headache in ARVI most often accompanies the patient during the first few days of a cold. Localized pain in the eye sockets, temples and forehead. When the body temperature drops, the headache goes away.

Helminthiasis indicates the presence of parasites in the body. Having settled, helminths multiply and grow, while poisoning the human body with the products of their vital activity. Due to severe intoxication, a person may suffer from frequent and severe headaches.

Migraine is a disease that provokes sharp and prolonged attacks of headache, some of which do not go away within a couple of days. With migraines, the headache is not eliminated by painkillers, because the disease can be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Only sleep and rest can partially “dull” the pain. On average, migraine attacks disturb the patient several times a year. Clinical cases are not excluded when a headache occurs several times a month and even a week. This is a good reason to see a doctor for additional tests and to have a second CT scan of the head.

Instability of blood pressure is always accompanied by pain in the head. An increase or a sharp drop is accompanied by a knock in the temples, aching pain and disappears only after taking the appropriate drug to normalize blood pressure.

If the headache does not go away for a long time and the pills do not help, there is an urgent need to conduct a complete diagnosis of the brain. Such signs may indicate a neoplasm in the brain. With a tumor, pain can be partially eliminated by using painkillers with narcotic components in the composition.

How to relieve a headache?

The most common way to relieve headaches is to get enough sleep and rest. If the pain does not go away after a long, sound sleep, then you need to take painkillers. To determine the appropriate drug, it is recommended to consult a doctor. If the headache does not go away after taking the pill, it is important to diagnose the brain with specialized devices.

How to treat a headache?

Before medication can be used to treat headaches, the cause of the headache must be diagnosed. To do this, you should contact the medical center for a comprehensive diagnosis of the body. Self-treatment is highly discouraged, because you can harm the body even more.