What are the most effective pain relievers for sinus headaches. How can you distinguish between different types of headaches. What are the best methods for preventing recurring headaches.

Understanding the Different Types of Headaches

Headaches are a common ailment that affects nearly everyone at some point. With over 150 different types classified into primary and secondary categories, identifying the specific cause of your headache is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. Let’s explore the three most common types of headaches and their characteristics.

Tension Headaches: The Most Common Culprit

Tension headaches are characterized by a dull, constant pain on both sides of the head, often spreading across the forehead or to the back of the head. These headaches are typically milder than other types and don’t usually come with additional symptoms. However, the pain can persist for hours.

What causes tension headaches? Common triggers include:

• Stress and anxiety
• Depression
• Lack of exercise or sleep
• Eye strain
• Loud noises
• Dehydration
• Hunger
• Poor posture

Sinus Headaches: When Your Sinuses Are to Blame

Sinus headaches share similarities with tension headaches, presenting as a dull, constant pain. However, the pain originates from the sinuses and can be felt deeper in the forehead, cheeks, or bridge of the nose. This type of headache may worsen with movement and can spread to the teeth and jaw.

What triggers sinus headaches? The primary causes are:

• Sinusitis (inflammation from sinus infection)
• Allergies

Sinus headaches often come with additional symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, and thick green or yellow mucus.

Migraines: The Intense Throbbing Pain

Migraines are a severe headache disorder characterized by intense, throbbing pain typically localized to one temple or behind an eye. These headaches can last for a day or more and are often accompanied by:

• Nausea
• Sensitivity to light
• Sensitivity to sound

Migraines are a chronic, lifelong issue that can cause multiple attacks per week, significantly impacting quality of life.

Choosing the Right Pain Reliever for Your Headache

Selecting the appropriate pain reliever depends on the type of headache you’re experiencing. Here’s a guide to help you choose the most effective option for your specific headache type.

Pain Relievers for Tension Headaches

For tension headaches, Dr. April Kolb, a Family Medicine physician at The Iowa Clinic, recommends:

• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen

Why are these recommended over acetaminophen? Ibuprofen and naproxen are more effective for tension headaches due to their anti-inflammatory properties.

Best Pain Relievers for Sinus Headaches

When dealing with sinus headaches, the following pain relievers are most effective:

• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen

Why are these preferred for sinus headaches? Both ibuprofen and naproxen are anti-inflammatory drugs that can help reduce the inflammation in your sinuses, addressing the root cause of the pain.

In addition to pain relievers, nasal decongestants can provide relief for other sinus-related symptoms.

Effective Pain Relief for Migraines

For migraine relief, Dr. Kolb suggests the following options:

• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen
• Excedrin Migraine (contains acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine)

Why is Excedrin Migraine recommended? The combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine in Excedrin Migraine can be particularly effective for migraines. The caffeine component helps constrict blood vessels, which can alleviate migraine pain.

Beyond Pain Relievers: Additional Treatment Strategies

While pain relievers can provide immediate relief, it’s essential to address the underlying causes of recurring headaches. Let’s explore some additional treatment strategies for each type of headache.

Managing Tension Headaches

For those experiencing frequent tension headaches, consider implementing these lifestyle changes:

• Improving sleep quality and duration
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques or therapy
• Increasing water intake
• Practicing good posture
• Engaging in regular exercise

Treating Sinus Headaches

To effectively manage sinus headaches, it’s crucial to address the root cause. Dr. Kolb recommends:

• Identifying and treating allergies
• Addressing upper respiratory infections
• Treating bacterial sinus infections
• Using saline nasal rinses for symptomatic relief

Coping with Migraines

For migraine sufferers, a multifaceted approach is often necessary:

• Identifying and avoiding personal triggers
• Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule
• Managing stress through relaxation techniques
• Considering preventive medications prescribed by a healthcare provider
• Using cold compresses during attacks

Prevention Strategies for Recurring Headaches

Preventing headaches is often more effective than treating them after they occur. Here are some general prevention strategies that can help reduce the frequency and severity of all types of headaches:

Lifestyle Modifications for Headache Prevention

• Maintain a regular sleep schedule
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day
• Practice stress-reduction techniques such as meditation or yoga
• Exercise regularly to improve overall health and reduce tension
• Limit caffeine and alcohol intake
• Avoid known trigger foods

Environmental Adjustments

• Ensure proper lighting in your work and living spaces to reduce eye strain
• Use an air purifier to reduce allergens that may trigger sinus headaches
• Maintain good posture, especially if you work at a desk
• Take regular breaks from screens to prevent digital eye strain

When to Seek Medical Attention for Headaches

While most headaches can be managed at home, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical attention. Seek help if you experience:

• Sudden, severe headache often described as a “thunderclap”
• Headache accompanied by fever, stiff neck, confusion, or vision changes
• Headache following a head injury
• Chronic headaches that don’t respond to over-the-counter treatments
• Headaches that interfere with daily activities or quality of life

A healthcare provider can help diagnose the underlying cause of your headaches and develop a personalized treatment plan.

Natural Remedies and Alternative Therapies for Headache Relief

In addition to conventional treatments, many people find relief from headaches through natural remedies and alternative therapies. While these methods may not work for everyone, they can be worth exploring as complementary treatments:

Herbal and Nutritional Supplements

• Butterbur: Studies suggest it may help prevent migraines
• Feverfew: Traditional herb used for headache relief
• Magnesium: May help reduce the frequency of migraines
• Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): Potentially effective for migraine prevention
• Coenzyme Q10: May decrease the frequency of migraines

Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as some may interact with medications or have side effects.

Mind-Body Techniques

• Acupuncture: May help reduce the frequency and intensity of headaches
• Biofeedback: Teaches you to control certain bodily processes to reduce pain
• Massage therapy: Can help relieve tension and promote relaxation
• Yoga: Combines physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation
• Tai Chi: Gentle exercise that can reduce stress and improve overall well-being

Aromatherapy and Essential Oils

Some people find relief from headaches using essential oils such as:

• Peppermint oil: May help ease tension headaches when applied to the temples
• Lavender oil: Known for its relaxing properties, may help with stress-related headaches
• Eucalyptus oil: Can help clear sinuses and potentially relieve sinus headaches

When using essential oils, always dilute them properly and perform a patch test to check for any allergic reactions.

The Role of Diet in Headache Management

Diet can play a significant role in both triggering and preventing headaches. Understanding the connection between what you eat and drink and your headache patterns can be a powerful tool in managing your symptoms.

Common Dietary Triggers

While triggers can vary from person to person, some common dietary factors that may contribute to headaches include:

• Caffeine (both excessive intake and withdrawal)
• Alcohol, especially red wine
• Aged cheeses
• Processed meats containing nitrates
• Artificial sweeteners
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
• Chocolate
• Citrus fruits

Dietary Approaches for Headache Prevention

Adopting certain dietary habits may help reduce the frequency and severity of headaches:

• Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day
• Eat regular meals: Skipping meals can trigger headaches in some people
• Limit processed foods: Focus on whole, nutrient-dense foods
• Consider a low-tyramine diet: This may be helpful for some migraine sufferers
• Experiment with elimination diets: Under medical supervision, this can help identify personal food triggers

Keeping a food diary can be an effective way to identify potential dietary triggers and patterns related to your headaches.

Technological Innovations in Headache Treatment

As our understanding of headaches evolves, so do the treatment options available. Several innovative technologies are emerging as promising tools for headache management:

Neuromodulation Devices

These devices use electrical or magnetic stimulation to target specific nerves involved in headache pain:

• Transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation (t-SNS)
• Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS)
• Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS)

While some of these devices are already FDA-approved for certain types of headaches, others are still in clinical trials.

Smartphone Apps for Headache Management

Various apps are available to help track headaches, identify triggers, and manage treatment:

• Headache logs and diaries
• Meditation and relaxation apps
• Pain management apps with personalized recommendations

These apps can provide valuable insights and help users communicate more effectively with their healthcare providers.

Wearable Devices

Some wearable devices are designed specifically for headache relief:

• Headbands that deliver electrical stimulation
• Devices that apply pressure to specific points on the head
• Smart glasses that filter certain light wavelengths known to trigger migraines

While these technologies show promise, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider before trying any new treatment approach.

By understanding the different types of headaches, choosing appropriate pain relievers, implementing lifestyle changes, and exploring innovative treatment options, you can develop a comprehensive strategy for managing and preventing headaches. Remember, what works best may vary from person to person, so don’t hesitate to work with a healthcare provider to find the most effective approach for your individual needs.

How to Relieve and Prevent Headaches

Identifying the cause of your headache is the key to getting rid of your pain and getting on with your day.

Posted
by Featured Provider April Kolb on Tuesday, June 18, 2019

Everyone gets headaches. They are so common and occur as symptoms of so many illnesses that there’s an entire classification system devoted to headaches.

Typically, a headache isn’t anything that a dose of Tylenol can’t cure. It might even go away on its own. But then the pain comes back and you aren’t sure what to do. If you can pinpoint the cause, you can find relief faster and prevent the pounding the next time.

There are so many types of headaches, it’ll make your head hurt.

Seriously. There are more than 150 different types! They are classified into two categories: primary headaches that are health conditions all their own and secondary headaches, which are a symptom of something else.

It doesn’t matter what your headache stems from, the result is the same — your head hurts. Of the 150-plus types of primary and secondary headaches, these three are the most likely reasons you’re rubbing your forehead.

1. Tension Headaches

When you have dull, constant pain on both sides of your head, it’s a tension headache. Sometimes the pain can spread across your forehead or to the back of your head. Tension headaches are the most common form of headache. They are milder than the other types and don’t usually come with other symptoms, but the pain can last for hours.

There are many possible causes for that tension building in your head. Stress, anxiety and depression are common triggers. It could also be the result of a lack of exercise or sleep, eye strain, loud noises, dehydration, hunger or poor posture.

To ease the tension, take a pain reliever, says April Kolb, DO, Family Medicine physician at The Iowa Clinic’s Waukee Alice’s Road location.

“Usually acetaminophen doesn’t work very well for tension headaches. I usually recommend ibuprofen or naproxen for that,” she says.

If you get tension headaches repeatedly, you may need to look beyond short-term pain relief and make lifestyle changes that get to the root of your problem, like:

• Getting better sleep.
• Managing your stress, anxiety or depression.
• Drinking more water.
• Improving your posture.
• Getting regular exercise.

2. Sinus Headaches

Sinus headaches are similar to tension headaches in that the pain is dull and constant. Because the pain originates from your sinuses, you may be able to feel it deeper in your forehead, cheeks or bridge of your nose. Your sinus pain may worsen and spread to your teeth and jaw, which you’ll notice when you walk, run, jump or exercise.

Sinus headaches are caused by sinusitis, which is inflammation resulting from a sinus infection or allergies. They typically come with other signs of allergies or infection, like nasal congestion, runny nose and thick green or yellow mucus.

If you have a sinus headache, reach for a bottle of ibuprofen or naproxen instead of acetaminophen. They are both anti-inflammatory drugs that can help ease the inflammation in your sinuses. A nasal decongestant can provide relief for your other symptoms.

“If you use ibuprofen, it would help temporarily. But you really need to figure out what the cause of the sinus issues are so you can address them — whether that’s allergies, an upper respiratory infection or a bacterial sinus infection,” Dr. Kolb says. “You can do symptomatic treatments too. I recommend saline nasal rinses as a good place to start.”

3. Migraines

If your headache is only in one temple on the right or left side or behind an eye, it could be a migraine. A migraine is a severe headache disorder that, believe it or not, is the third most common disease in the world. The intense, throbbing pain can last for a day or more. Along with the pounding head, migraines cause a number of other issues, including nausea and sensitivity to light or sound.

Migraines are a chronic, lifelong issue that can cause attacks multiple times a week. And it feels like nothing can provide relief. They can leave you immobile in a dark, quiet room with an ice pack on your head, hoping that the pain reliever kicks in and the migraine runs its course quickly.

“Start with ibuprofen or naproxen. I like Excedrin Migraine as well because it has acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine in it,” says Dr. Kolb. “The caffeine can help with your migraines because there’s a strong vascular component to it.”

Migraines are genetic, but for most people, they have a specific trigger. Many of the same things that cause tension headaches can trigger migraines. Bright lights, loud noises or hormonal changes can do it too.

If you have chronic migraines, you need a more effective remedy than you have at home. Your primary care provider can help. Headaches that occur on more than 15 days in the month over a three month period with at least eight having tell-tale migraine symptoms are probably chronic migraines. Your doctor can prescribe medications like sumatriptan or rizatriptan or other treatments to help prevent migraines.

What causes your headache may not be so clear.

Tension, sinus and migraine headaches are the most common types but there are so many more rare headache disorders or illnesses that bring them on. And your headache doesn’t always fit neatly into one classification. You can have a headache on top of your head, on both sides, behind the eyes, in the back of your head or all of the above. A dull, constant headache can turn into a throbbing one, or the reverse can happen. It’s hard to tell if these mixed symptoms are the signs of a tension headache, migraine or something else.

Headache Location and Relief Chart

View the following chart as a PDF.

When over-the-counter pills and other at-home treatments aren’t enough, or if your pain is severe or recurring, schedule an appointment with your doctor.

If you experience any of these issues, don’t wait for an appointment — get medical help right away, Dr. Kolb says:

• A headache is more severe or different than your typical headache.
• An extremely painful headache or migraine comes on suddenly.
• You have a headache following a blow to the head, which might be the sign of a concussion.
• You are confused or are having trouble with your vision, balance or speech.
• Your head hurts even worse after strenuous physical activity.
• You have weakness, tingling and numbness along with an aching head.

But most of the time, you’ll be fine. You’ll follow the classic advice by taking two pain relievers and not even have to call your doctor in the morning.

The 10 best medications for sinus pressure

Sinus pressure can occur when illness, injury, or allergies cause tissue swelling inside the nasal passages. Decongestants, antihistamines, and other medications can help relieve it.

The best medication for sinus pressure will depend on several factors, including the cause of the problem and a person’s circumstances.

This article looks at some of the most suitable medications for sinus pressure.

The sinuses are hollow spaces in the bones that surround the nose. They produce mucus to keep the nostrils clean and lubricated.

If an infection, allergy, or injury causes the tissue inside the nose to swell up, this can block the sinuses and lead to sinus pressure. A person may feel pressure or pain in their:

• eyes
• cheeks
• forehead

People may also experience a stuffy or runny nose or a headache.

Common causes of sinus pressure include:

• infections, including flu and the common cold
• allergies, including hay fever
• injury
• migraine

Decongestants narrow the blood vessels in the nose. This allows the swollen tissue to shrink and enables air to pass through the sinuses more easily.

Pill and spray decongestants are available. Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine products are only suitable for adults and children over 4 years of age.

When taking over-the-counter (OTC) decongestants, it is important to follow the advice on the label. Additionally, people should not use more than one decongestant at once.

Sometimes, decongestants can interfere with prescription medicines. Anyone already taking prescription medication or who has one of the following medical conditions should also speak with their doctor before taking a decongestant:

• diabetes
• glaucoma
• a heart condition
• high blood pressure
• prostate issues
• thyroid issues

The possible side effects of decongestants include:

• nervousness
• dizziness
• sleeping problems
• high blood pressure
• heart palpitations

Examples of decongestants include the following.

1. Naphazoline

Naphazoline is usually an eye drop product. People can use it if they have a cold, allergy, or eye irritation. Privine is a type of naphazoline.

2. Oxymetazoline

Oxymetazoline is a nasal spray. People can use it to relieve sinus pressure if they have a cold or allergies, including hay fever.

Afrin, Dristan, Nostrilla, and Vicks Sinus Nasal Spray are all types of oxymetazoline.

3. Phenylephrine

Phenylephrine can ease stuffiness and sinus pressure and is available as a pill or a nasal spray.

Neo-Synephrine, Sinex, Rhinall, and the pill form of Sudafed-PE all contain phenylephrine.

4. Pseudoephedrine

People with colds or allergies can use pseudoephedrine to ease sinus pressure. This medication comes in tablet or liquid form. Sudafed 12-hour tablets contain pseudoephedrine.

People can take antihistamines to treat allergies. Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to a substance that is not harmful and releases chemicals that doctors call histamines. For example, people may be allergic to pet dander, pollen, or dust.

Antihistamines block the effects of histamine and ease allergy symptoms, which can include sinus pressure.

The possible side effects of these medicines include:

• vision changes, such as blurry vision
• dry mouth
• loss of appetite
• feeling dizzy
• feeling drowsy
• feeling nervous, irritable, or excitable

People should speak with a doctor before taking antihistamines if they are pregnant or have the following health conditions:

• diabetes
• epilepsy
• heart disease
• high blood pressure
• overactive thyroid
• glaucoma

Different types of antihistamines are available from drug stores or on prescription from a doctor. Some last between 4 and 6 hours, while others can last for 12–24 hours.

However, driving or operating heavy machinery after taking some types of antihistamines may not be safe. People should always follow the instructions on the packet.

Common types of antihistamines include the following.

5. Azelastine nasal sprays

Azelastine nasal spray is only available on prescription. Doctors may call it Astepro or Astelin.

Adults and children over the age of 6 years can use this medication. Azelastine has a half life — the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance to reduce by half in the body — of around 20 hours.

6. Loratadine

Loratadine comes as a liquid or a tablet and is available over the counter. Claritin is its brand name.

Adults and children over the age of 2 years can use it. However, it is unsuitable for children who weigh less than 30 kilograms. People tend to use this medication just once a day.

OTC pain medication can also help ease the discomfort of sinus pressure.

Different medicines work in different ways and have different risks and side effects. People should always follow the instructions on the label.

Examples of OTC pain medications include the following.

7. Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen changes the way the body senses pain. It is available as a tablet or liquid.

People should always follow the instructions on the packet and only take one product containing acetaminophen at a time. This is because taking too much can cause liver damage. Additionally, anyone who is allergic to acetaminophen should not take it.

Possible serious side effects of acetaminophen include:

• a rash
• hives
• itching
• swelling in the face, throat, tongue, lips, eyes, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs
• red, irritated, or peeling skin
• difficulty breathing or swallowing

Anyone who experiences any of these side effects should seek emergency medical attention.

8. Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing swelling, which can help ease sinus pressure.

Anyone who is allergic to ibuprofen should not take this medication. Additionally, some people who are allergic to aspirin are also allergic to ibuprofen.

In some individuals, ibuprofen can cause bleeding in the gut. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), people who are most at risk are:

• those aged 60 years or over
• those who have had stomach ulcers or bleeding problems in the past
• anyone who is also taking a blood thinning or steroid drug
• anyone who is also taking another NSAID, such as aspirin or naproxen
• anyone who has three or more alcoholic drinks daily while also taking ibuprofen
• people who take ibuprofen for longer periods

Other medications that may help ease sinus pressure include the following.

9. Steroids

Steroid nasal sprays can ease the swelling that leads to sinus pressure. They are available over the counter and on prescription from a doctor.

They are generally safe, but as with all medicines, they can pose risks. For example, some people may get nose bleeds. In rare cases, steroid nasals sprays can cause eye problems, such as glaucoma and cataracts.

10. Antibiotics

Bacterial infections can sometimes cause sinus pressure. When this is the case, antibiotics will clear the underlying infection.

These medications are only available from a doctor, who will usually recommend taking them for between 3 and 28 days.

Common side effects include:

• nausea or vomiting
• diarrhea
• bloating
• indigestion
• loss of appetite
• stomach pain

Other treatments for sinus pressure include:

• Inhaling steam: Inhaling the steam from a bowl of hot water or a warm shower can help ease the symptoms of sinus pressure.
• Warming compress: A person can try placing a warm compress over the nose and forehead.
• Drinking lots of fluids: It is always important to stay hydrated when experiencing illness.
• Using a saline nasal spray: According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, rinsing the nose with a saline spray can help clear the nasal passages.

Sinus pressure can feel like a pain or tightness around the eyes, nose, and forehead. It is usually a symptom of an infection, allergy, or injury.

There are many medicines for sinus pressure, including decongestants and antihistamines. The right one depends on several factors, including the cause of the problem.

most common causes of headache

Medicine and health

09/16/22

And how to properly deal with unpleasant sensations

Svetlana Belitskaya

medical journalist

Headache is a common ailment that every person faces in life.

Such pain may be throbbing or constant, sharp or dull, transient or prolonged. Sometimes a headache is not dangerous, but in some cases it can be a symptom of a serious illness.

Let’s talk about the types of headaches that occur most often: why they occur, how to cope with unpleasant sensations and when it is better to see a doctor.

Go see a doctor

Our articles are written with love for evidence-based medicine. We refer to authoritative sources and go to doctors with a good reputation for comments. But remember: the responsibility for your health lies with you and your doctor. We don’t write prescriptions, we give recommendations. Relying on our point of view or not is up to you.

Tension headache

This is the most common type. Usually mild or moderate.

Symptoms. The pain is dull and aching. It feels like a tight bandage around the head – from the forehead to the back of the head. Sometimes causes soreness of the skin on the head, neck and shoulders.

Episodes of severe tension-type headache may be confused with migraine. Unlike migraines, tension headaches are bilateral and do not cause nausea or vomiting. But with a severe attack, it may be accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and sound.

Types of tension headache – British Medical Journal BMJ

Muscle contraction in tension headache – National Library of Medicine

Tension headache – Mayo Clinic

The frequency of occurrence of tension headache is divided into three types:

900 43 episodic – one -twice a month.
1. Frequent – no more than 15 times a month for several hours.
2. Chronic – occurs more than 15 days per month or may be almost constant.

Reasons. Previously, it was thought that these pains were associated with tension in the muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders. Scientists now believe that although muscle tension is important for the occurrence of tension headache, the main reason lies in the increased sensitivity of the entire pain system of the body. Most likely, susceptibility to tension-type headache depends on genetic factors.

The most common trigger is stress. Provoke an attack can: alcohol, excess caffeine, poor sleep, dehydration, fatigue.

Treatment. From episodic pain, rest and taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers – Pentalgin, ibuprofen and others help.

Treatment of chronic tension pain requires a visit to a doctor who can prescribe stronger painkillers, muscle relaxants, antidepressants. For chronic pain, psychotherapeutic treatment is indicated, which helps to cope with stress.

How to Relax Quickly: 9 Breathing Practices

How to treat effectively and inexpensively

The best materials on how to check a prescription, choose a quality medicine from a dozen analogues and return money for treatment are in your mail twice a month on Thursdays. Free

Migraine

Migraine is a common neurological disease, the main symptom of which is throbbing pain on one side of the head. The disease begins at a young age and affects one in five women and one in fifteen men.

Symptoms. Headache severe, felt on one side of the head. Usually localized near the eye and temple, but can spread to the back of the head and face. Accompanied by nausea, vomiting and extreme sensitivity to light and sound.

Migraine – Mayo Clinic

Migraine – NHS

Migraine headache – Cleveland Clinic

Attacks last from a few hours to a few days. Often against their background, loss of appetite, chills or a feeling of heat, dizziness develop.

There are several main types of migraine. The most common is a common migraine without aura.

In second place is migraine with aura, or complicated. This type of disease accounts for 20% of all cases.

Aura is a group of symptoms that last from 10 minutes to an hour and warn of an upcoming migraine. Migraine aura manifests itself:

• bright flashing dots and lights before the eyes;
• blind spots, up to complete temporary loss of vision;
• numbness or tingling of the skin;
• ringing in the ears;
• changes in the sense of smell or taste.

How psychotherapy techniques help me cope with migraines

There is also a “silent migraine” – without pain. In this case, an aura appears, but pain does not occur after it.

Doctors consider status migraine to be the most severe type of migraine: it is a condition with attacks that last longer than three days and are accompanied by very severe headache and vomiting.

There are types of migraine with severe neurological symptoms: hemiplegic, retinal, migraine with stem aura. But they are rare.

In any type of migraine, the attack or its aura may be preceded by a prodromal period. Occurs one or two days before an attack. Characterized by:

• a sharp change in mood, problems with sleep;
• constipation;
• increased urination or fluid retention;
• neck stiffness;
• unbearable craving for any product;
• frequent yawning.

How do I deal with chronic migraine

After the migraine attack itself, 80% of the time there is a postdromal period that lasts a day or two. At this time, a person feels exhausted, quickly irritated, unable to focus. Most people describe their condition as depression. But some are overwhelmed by euphoria.

Reasons. The exact cause of migraine is unknown. It is assumed that the neurotransmitter serotonin is involved in the development of an attack. It has been established that the tendency to migraines is determined genetically.

Migraine attacks have triggers: stress, extreme fatigue, certain foods or drinks, such as coffee, alcohol, sausages.

Treatment. Usually, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – ibuprofen, aspirin, “Pentalgin” are used to stop a migraine attack. Rest in a dark, quiet, cool room helps a lot.

How to treat migraine in children and adolescents

If a person is diagnosed with migraine, they are prescribed drugs from the triptan group, such as sumatriptan or zolmitriptan. They affect the work of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Additionally, depending on the patient’s condition, monoclonal antibodies, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed.

Cluster headache

Cluster headaches are one of the most painful. People with cluster pain say that the onset of an attack is like sticking a hot poker in the eye.

Despite the terrible pain, cluster seizures are not dangerous, but they significantly impair the quality of life.

Symptoms. Attacks are painful and develop rapidly. They often begin without warning, in a dream.

Cluster headache – Mayo Clinic

Management of cluster headache – British Medical Journal BMJ

Cluster headache – National Library of Medicine

Pain localized in or behind one eye. May radiate to other areas of the face, head, and neck located on the same side of the body as the affected eye.

Painful or reddened skin, nasal congestion, swelling, lacrimation, drooping eyelids may be present on the affected side.

Sometimes an attack is accompanied by increased sensitivity to sounds and light.

Seizure lasts from 15 minutes to several hours. The most severe pain lasts no longer than two hours. It leaves as quickly and suddenly as it begins.

A distinctive feature of cluster pain is the occurrence in series, or clusters. A single attack takes several hours. Then the pain goes away, but returns after a few hours. A person can experience up to four attacks per day, which form one cluster.

A few hours after the cluster ends, the next one starts. Usually the number of attacks in each cluster is the same and they start at approximately the same time.

Cluster pains are episodic and chronic. Episodic ones come regularly in the period from one week to a year. This is followed by a break of at least three months. Often, cycles of episodic cluster pain occur in spring and autumn. Breaks between cycles can be up to several years.

In chronic pain, the cluster cycle lasts from a few weeks to a year. And then, less than a month later, the next one begins.

Reasons. Cluster pains are associated with dilation of blood vessels that press on the trigeminal nerve. Because of what the vessels dilate, it has not been exactly established. This may be due to changes in the work of the hypothalamus and neurotransmitters, mainly serotonin.

Cluster pain is more common in men aged 20 to 50 years. Genetic predisposition plays a role.

Treatment. To alleviate seizures, drugs from the triptan group are used, which affect the functioning of serotonin receptors.

For severe cluster pain, steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, blood pressure drugs, and anticonvulsants are prescribed to prevent attacks.

In extremely severe cases of chronic pain, surgery is performed to disable the trigeminal nerve.

Chronic hemicrania

Chronic hemicrania – persistent moderate to severe headache in one side of the head.

Symptoms. Chronic hemicrania does not relieve pain. For 3-6 months, one side of the head constantly hurts. Several times a day, the pain becomes stronger, then returns to its previous level.

Chronic Hemicrania – National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Chronic Hemicrania – Cleveland Clinic

Eye redness, tearing, nasal congestion, drooping eyelid on the side of the head affected by pain. Sometimes the pain is similar to migraine and is accompanied by throbbing, nausea, sensitivity to light and sounds.

The cause of has not been established. It is only known that women suffer from chronic hemicrania twice as often as men. And physical activity and alcohol increase the pain.

Treatment. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin helps with chronic hemicrania. It is taken continuously for an indefinite period of time. Since indomethacin is harmful to the gastric mucosa, it is prescribed along with antacids. Other anti-inflammatory pain relievers are less effective for this type of pain.

The pain usually subsides after 3-6 months from the onset, but may return. Tricyclic antidepressants are sometimes prescribed to prevent relapses.

Primary stabbing headache

Primary stabbing headache is otherwise known as “ice prick” pain. Scientists argue about the prevalence of this type of headache. Some researchers believe that no more than 2% of the world’s population suffers from primary stabbing pains. Others believe that every third adult has experienced such pain at least once in their life.

Primary stabbing headache – Cleveland Clinic

Ice stab headache – American Migraine Foundation

Primary stabbing headache therapy – British Medical Journal BMJ

Symptoms. The pain is extremely severe. Occurs suddenly during sleep or wakefulness. Lasts from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. It affects different parts of the head. During the day, it can be repeated up to 50 times. And it can occur once, but usually for several days in a row.

Sometimes the primary stabbing pain resembles a short-term cluster pain. But it is never accompanied by drooping of the eyelid, lacrimation, reddening of the face.

The cause of has not been determined. It is assumed that pain is caused by fleeting disturbances in the central mechanisms of pain control in the brain.

Primary stabbing headache affects people of all ages and both sexes. But a special risk group is made up of women prone to migraines and patients with cluster headaches.

Triggers – stress, disruption of the usual daily routine, alcohol, hormonal changes.

Treatment. Since the primary stabbing pains last only a few seconds, no painkillers are taken for them. But if “ice shots” occur frequently, prophylactic agents are prescribed. These are usually the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin and the sleep hormone melatonin. In rare cases, anticonvulsant drugs are indicated.

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People who are prone to primary stabbing pains are advised:

• observe the daily routine, get enough sleep;
• limit alcohol and caffeine intake;
• learn to manage stress — master the skills of muscle relaxation, meditation.

Primary exercise headache

Pain occurs during or after intense exercise. Not associated with any disease.

Primary exercise headache – Neurology reports

Tension headache – Cleveland Clinic

Symptoms. Pain is bilateral or on one side of the head, radiating to the neck. Often pulsating. It occurs quickly, lasting from a few minutes to several hours. Sometimes it resembles a migraine and is accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and sound.

Reasons. The attack begins due to the expansion of the blood vessels of the brain during intense physical exertion. However, it is not known why physiologically normal vasodilation causes pain in some people and not in others. It has been observed that pain from physical activity more often affects those who suffer from migraines or have close relatives with this disease.

Seizure triggers – any activity that accompanies physical exertion: running, aerobics, swimming, sex, coughing. Exercising at altitude, in heat or cold, increases the risk of an attack.

Treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are taken to relieve pain. Indomethacin works best. Some people benefit from taking beta-blockers such as propranolol.

Sinus headache

Sinus headache occurs due to sinusitis – inflammation of the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

Sinus headache – Mount Sinai Hospital website

Migraine or sinus headache – American Migraine Foundation

Symptoms. Pain, pressure and distension in the area of ​​the eyebrows, upper teeth, forehead, under the eyes. The malaise is accompanied by thick discharge from the nose, deterioration of the sense of smell. Other symptoms of inflammation of the sinuses may be noted: general poor health, a slight rise in temperature, redness of the nasal passages.

Sinus pain is aggravated by tilting the head, moving to a horizontal position, in the morning after waking up, when going out into the cold from a warm room.

Sinus headache is sometimes confused with migraine with nasal symptoms, which also presents with nasal congestion and facial pressure. But sinus pain has several differences from migraine. Such pain is not accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and is not aggravated by noise or bright light. And the discharge from the nose is thicker than with a migraine.

Reasons. Sinus headache is caused by accumulation of mucus and swelling in the sinuses, which can be caused by:

• colds, acute respiratory viral diseases;
• allergy;
• neoplasms, eg polyps;
• deviated septum.

Take antihistamines for allergies. Polyps are removed surgically. With a viral infection, they wait until it goes away on its own, and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays are used to alleviate symptoms. For bacterial infections, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

Pain from drug abuse

This type of pain is otherwise known as rebound pain. Associated with excessively frequent use of headache medications.

Drug Abuse Pain – Migraine Foundation of America

Drug Abuse Pain – National Library of Medicine

Symptoms. Manifestations of rebound pain depend on the type of pain that was treated with painkillers, and on the type of these drugs. General features:

• high frequency of occurrence – almost every day;
• good effect from painkillers, which disappears as soon as the effect of the drug ends;
• increased anxiety, irritability.

Reasons. Frequent use of any medication used for headaches. It can be aspirin, ibuprofen, Sumatriptan, Ergotamine and others.

Which application is “too frequent” cannot be clearly stated. It depends on the type of drug and its combination with other drugs.

Treatment. To eliminate rebound headaches, it is necessary to reduce the number of pain medications taken. Reducing the frequency of admission is carried out according to the scheme developed by the doctor, and only under his control. In severe cases, a hospital stay may be required.

Hormonal headache

This type of headache occurs only in women and is associated with changes in hormonal status. Often such pains are called menstrual. But they can also be triggered by other hormonal changes.

Hormonal headache – NHS

Menstrual migraine – Cleveland Clinic

Symptoms. Hormonal headache presents as usual migraine. Usually without an aura.

Moderate to severe pain intensity. Pulsating in one part of the head. Accompanied by increased sensitivity to light and sounds, nausea, dizziness, chills or sweating.

Reasons. Hormonal pain begins when the levels of female sex hormones, mainly estrogen, fall. This happens before the onset of menstruation, during pregnancy, taking oral contraceptives, menopause.

Why some women have a normal level of decreased sex hormones causes a headache, while others do not – has not been established. Probably a genetic predisposition matters.

Treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – ibuprofen, “Pentalgin” are used to alleviate the attack. The doctor may prescribe medications from the triptan group – Sumatriptan, Zolmitriptan – or hormone replacement therapy.

Thunderhead headache

Thunderbolt refers to a severe headache that comes on suddenly, like a bolt from the blue.

Thunderclap Headache – Mayo Clinic

Thunderbolt Headache – National Library of Medicine

Symptoms. People often describe this pain as the most severe in their lives. It starts suddenly and instantly reaches a maximum. It lasts from a minute to several hours, and sometimes even days. Covers the entire head and extends to the neck.

Thunderous pain is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, fainting, numbness, speech problems, confusion.

Reasons. Thundering pain is primary, that is, not associated with serious illnesses. In this case, its cause usually remains unidentified. But often a sudden and extremely severe headache is a sign of a serious brain injury, such as a hemorrhage.

Treatment. Since thunder-like pain can be associated with life-threatening diseases, if it occurs, you should immediately seek medical help.

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Treatment depends on the cause. If the cause is not established and there are no serious health problems, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed.

Health news, interviews with doctors and instructions for patients in our telegram channel. Subscribe to keep abreast of what is happening: @t_zdorov.

risks, causes, triggers and treatment

According to the American Migraine Foundation, migraine is the seventh leading cause of disability. An estimated 10% of people worldwide suffer from migraine.

What is a migraine?

Migraine is one of many headache disorders that can cause severe throbbing pain or a throbbing sensation on one or both sides of the head. The International Headache Society defines migraine by the number of attacks and frequency of pain (at least five migraine attacks lasting 4 to 72 hours if untreated).

Common symptoms associated with migraine headache include vomiting, nausea, and increased sensitivity to light and sound. Other symptoms include difficulty speaking, auras, food cravings, or lack of appetite. In people with migraine with aura, the aura may appear as flashing lights before or after the migraine. A migraine with aura is also known as classic migraine, when there are warning signs before the onset of a migraine.

The most common migraine is migraine without aura. Some people also experience migraine pain in the neck, where it can be mistaken for muscle spasm or arthritis, or in the face, where it can be mistaken for a sinus headache. Migraine headaches can also be associated with sinus-like symptoms, including facial pressure, watery eyes, and nasal congestion. In some patients, migraines can be severe and prolonged, affecting daily activities.

Migraine risk factors

Common risk factors for migraine include age, sex, and medical history. Although migraine can occur at any point in life, it most commonly affects people in their 20s and 50s. Headaches can peak at age 30 and decrease in intensity with age. Gender also plays a role: Women are three times more likely to get migraines than men. Genes contribute to the prevalence of migraine; A person is much more likely to have migraine headaches if one or both parents have migraines.

Causes of migraine

Although the exact causes of migraine are not known, environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors may play a role. Migraines are thought to be caused by abnormal brain activity that temporarily affects chemicals, nerve signals, and blood vessels in the brain. Research shows that overactive nerve cells send signals to the trigeminal nerve, which causes the body to release calcitonin gene-related peptides (C.G.R.P.) and serotonin. C.G.R.P. causes swelling of the blood vessels in the brain, leading to inflammation and migraine pain. A headache on one side of the head may move to the other side of the head and affect the entire head.

Episodic and chronic migraine

Episodic migraine means that migraine occurs less than fifteen days per month. A migraine that occurs for three or more consecutive months or more than fifteen days a month is chronic. Episodic migraine can become chronic due to triggers such as excessive caffeine intake or overuse of medications including N.S.A.I.D.S., opioids, and barbiturates. The pain intensifies if the person is sensitive to light and sound. Symptoms of chronic migraine include double vision, slurred speech, loss of balance, and dizziness.

Types of migraine

How people experience migraine depends on the type of migraine they experience. For example, vestibular migraine is common in people who suffer from motion sickness. Common symptoms of vestibular migraine include nausea and vomiting with or without headache.

A common type of migraine that affects children is abdominal migraine, which causes nausea and vomiting. Abdominal migraine is characterized by abdominal pain and loss of appetite in children. Over time, it can develop into a classic migraine headache. Retinal migraine is another type of migraine that occurs due to narrowing of the blood vessels in the eye, resulting in reduced blood flow to the eye. Ocular or retinal migraine causes recurring attacks of temporary or partial blindness or decreased vision in one eye.

Migraine phases

Prodrome phase

Migraine attacks include more than just the time when a person has a headache. Most people have seizures in three phases. Approximately 60% of people experience prodrome symptoms at the onset of a migraine attack. These subtle signs include mood changes, lack of appetite, food cravings, constipation, diarrhea, frequent urination, and frequent yawning. However, some people do not recognize these signs as indicators of a migraine attack.

Aura phase

One third of people with migraine may experience an aura before or during a migraine attack. Aura refers to reversible and temporary visual impairment and neurological symptoms originating in the central nervous system. Symptoms usually begin gradually, over 5 to 20 minutes, and last less than an hour. A migraine with aura may appear as flashes of light, black dots, wavy lines, hallucinations, or tunnel vision. Some people may experience complete loss of vision, numbness, or tingling in one side of the body.

Migraine without aura is the most common type of migraine that occurs without any warning signs. Another type is migraine with aura without headache, also known as silent migraine, in which aura and migraine symptoms occur without migraine headaches. Silent migraine, also known as acephalgic migraine, can cause debilitating symptoms that include blurred vision, loss of vision, changes in color vision, and sensitivity to light, sound, and smell.

During an attack, a migraine headache begins as a dull ache and develops into a throbbing or throbbing pain that occurs on one side of the head. About 80% of people experience nausea and vomiting along with a migraine headache. In addition, the person may be pale, lethargic, or dizzy. Most migraine headaches last about four hours, but severe migraines can last more than three days.

Migraine headache phase

During the headache phase, the pain may move from one side of the head to the other, possibly affecting the front of the head. You may also feel like your whole head hurts. Symptoms specific to this phase include sensitivity to light and noise, nausea, and vomiting.

Postdromic

Finally, after a person has experienced migraine headache, the postdromic may last up to one day and be accompanied by symptoms such as fatigue, body aches, muscle pain/weakness, dizziness, trouble concentrating, sensitivity to light and sound.

Differences between childhood and adult migraines

According to the American Migraine Foundation, there are some critical differences in how children experience migraine attacks. These differences include less frequent migraine attacks and more bilateral pain compared to unilateral, shorter migraine attacks. Bilateral pain occurs over the entire forehead as opposed to unilateral pain on one side of the head.

Common migraine triggers

Endogenous or exogenous elements that increase the likelihood of a migraine attack in a short time are known as migraine triggers. Some triggers include stress, foods and drinks such as dietary supplements, aged cheese, alcohol, and monosodium glutamate. Hormonal changes are also common migraine triggers in women. Many women notice that migraine attacks occur due to fluctuations in estrogen levels during pregnancy, menopause, or the menstrual cycle. A migraine that occurs three days after your period or two days before your period starts is called a menstrual migraine.

Symptoms may include migraine without aura, throbbing pain on one side of the head, nausea, vomiting, and increased sensitivity to light. Menstrual migraine occurs due to a decrease in estrogen levels and can be triggered by stress, caffeine, or skipping meals. Hormonal and birth control medications, such as birth control pills, can also make migraine headaches worse.

Other migraine triggers include skipping meals, caffeine intake, dehydration, and sudden changes in weather or sensory stimuli. Some weather changes associated with migraine headache include high humidity, excessive heat, storms, barometric pressure changes, and thunderstorms.

Although weather changes cannot be controlled, people should do what is good for their migraines. In addition, strong odors such as smoke, perfume, and paint thinners cause migraines in some people. Identifying and understanding a person’s triggers is critical to migraine prevention.

Not all common triggers are present in all people, and people with migraine perceive triggers differently. Tracking triggers can be more complex and needs careful consideration. For migraine sufferers, it is important to identify and understand their triggers.

How is migraine diagnosed?

There are no standard tests to diagnose migraine. However, some ways a doctor can diagnose a migraine include using the person’s described symptoms, or the doctor may ask the person about their family history. In addition, doctors may do a physical exam to determine the cause of headaches. The doctor may also order a brain test, such as a CT scan and an MRI of the brain, or a blood test. They may also ask the patient to keep a migraine diary and look for factors that may trigger migraines.

Migraine treatment

Conventional migraine treatment is preventive medication to reduce the severity and frequency of migraine attacks. Doctors use different types of medications to prevent migraines. Preventive treatments include drugs originally developed to treat high blood pressure. Such prophylactic drugs include angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norpinephrine drugs and anticonvulsants, and valproic acids.

Health care providers recommend that people with migraine take one or more prophylactic medications for 2-3 months to evaluate their effectiveness if they do not have side effects. Prophylactic or abortive drugs are aimed at relieving the headache and preventing it from getting worse.

More modern and expensive drugs for the treatment of migraine headache include antibodies to the calcitonin gene-related peptide or its receptors and antagonists. C.G.R.P inhibitors block a gene-related peptide that increases during a migraine attack, which may help prevent migraine headaches. Preventive treatments for chronic migraine include topiramate and botulinum toxin type A. Other medical devices that can help treat migraine include noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation, external trigeminal nerve stimulator, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.

For frequent migraines, physical treatments such as massage, acupressure, acupuncture, chiropractic, and craniosacral therapy can be used to help relieve headache symptoms. However, before trying alternative treatments, you should consult your doctor. It is very important for the person to describe the symptoms of the headache, including the severity and frequency of the symptoms, to determine the treatment.

For women who have migraine symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle and who experience migraine associated with menstruation, hormonal therapy may help manage other symptoms.

Complications after taking pain medications

People who take pain medications too often can experience severe headaches when taking medications too much. The risk of overuse headaches is highest when a person takes a combination of caffeine, acetaminophen, and aspirin. Taking ibuprofen or aspirin for more than 14 days and triptans for more than nine days a month can also trigger headaches when overused. Medication overuse headaches occur when a medication is no longer effective in relieving migraine pain and causes a headache. The cycle continues as the person uses more and more drugs.

Some migraine medicines can also constrict blood vessels, so people at risk for heart disease or a heart attack should consult a healthcare professional before use. In addition, pregnant women and patients with other comorbidities should consult their physician before use and evaluate side effects.

How to prevent migraines?

Migraine prevention involves using the natural S.E.E.D.S. method. A person can prevent migraine by using the five effective steps of S.E.E.D.S., which means sleep hygiene, regular and healthy eating, regular exercise, migraine journaling, and stress management.

Sleep

Lack of sleep or irregular sleep can trigger migraine or migraine attacks. According to the American Migraine Foundation, people with migraines are 8 times more likely to have trouble sleeping than others. Some ways to improve sleep hygiene include following a regular and regular sleep schedule, keeping the room cool and dark, avoiding electronics in the bedroom, and practicing relaxation techniques before bed.

Regular meals

Regular and healthy eating can make a big difference, especially for people who are hungry. Foods high in protein and low in carbohydrates are usually preferred by migraine sufferers to avoid fluctuations in blood sugar levels. The main difficulty is to determine whether certain foods trigger migraines or headaches, since this can vary significantly from person to person.

Therefore, it is very important to understand which diet or foods cause headaches. However, some general strategies that can be adopted include eating at least three meals a day, stopping or limiting your caffeine intake, and staying hydrated by drinking 7-8 glasses of water daily.

Exercise

Moderate and regular exercise can be an effective way to prevent migraines. You should be careful, as intense exercise and physical activity can aggravate the attack. Some of the benefits of exercise include improved overall health and better sleep. Recommended exercise for people with migraines includes regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes 3 times a week and about 30 minutes of cardio several times a week.

Choose an exercise and activity you like; Start by gradually setting exercise duration and frequency goals, and gradually increase exercise frequency and duration. This gradual process will help a person refrain from intense physical activity that can trigger a migraine.

Migraine Diary

Headache/Migraine Diary is a handy tool for managing triggers, diagnosing, determining the effectiveness of medications, and the effectiveness of current treatments, allowing a person to better understand the disorder. For example, to keep track of migraine/headaches, you can use several applications in addition to the diary.

Some of the benefits of a diary include helping your doctor diagnose migraines, showing you a pattern of attacks, helping you recognize warning signs and triggers, and assessing acute or prophylactic medications. Always keep a simple diary and write down basic information that may be helpful for migraine management and prevention.

Stress management

Stress can exacerbate migraine symptoms. Therefore, stress management should be an integral part of natural migraine prevention and control plans. Establish a daily routine that includes periods of relaxation. Relaxation periods should consist of relaxation strategies. Some of these include taking slow, deep breaths, soft relaxing sounds and lights, or focusing on a soothing image or scene.

Other recommended stress management strategies include CBT, biofeedback, breathing techniques, gratitude, guided meditation and mindfulness, and positive mantras.

Migraine prognosis

Migraine headaches are a risk factor for stroke in some people. People at increased risk of stroke include people who smoke, women who have migraines with aura or take birth control pills, and people who eat unhealthy foods that raise blood pressure or cholesterol levels.

Professional help

Call 911 or go to the emergency room if the person is experiencing the worst headache of their life, neurological symptoms that have not been experienced before, such as problems with balance, vision or speech, tingling sensations, paralysis , weakness, convulsions, or if the headache occurs after a head injury or comes on suddenly. To learn more about migraine, see the resources of the National Headache Foundation, the American Headache Society, and the Migraine Research Foundation.

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Resources

What is a migraine? | Headache | JAMA

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