How do dietary supplements impact health. What are the benefits and risks of popular supplements. Which supplements are supported by scientific evidence. How is supplement regulation different from medication oversight.

The Popularity and Regulation of Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements have become incredibly popular, with approximately half of all adults taking at least one supplement regularly. This widespread use stems from a genuine desire for better health among consumers, coupled with aggressive marketing by the supplement industry. However, unlike medications, which undergo rigorous FDA regulation, dietary supplements face much less scrutiny before reaching store shelves.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act significantly limits the FDA’s ability to regulate products marketed as dietary supplements. Manufacturers can sell these products without providing evidence of their purity, potency, safety, or efficacy. Most claims made on supplement labels do not require supporting evidence to prove their accuracy or truthfulness.

Key Differences in Regulation

• Medications require pre-market approval and evidence of safety and efficacy
• Supplements can be sold without pre-market approval or evidence
• The FDA can only take action against supplements after they’re on the market
• Most adverse reactions to supplements likely go unreported

This regulatory environment creates potential risks for consumers. With an estimated 50,000 adverse reactions occurring annually in the United States, and most supplements used without medical supervision, the true extent of supplement-related health issues may be underreported.

Evaluating Supplement Effectiveness: The Importance of Scientific Studies

Given the lack of reliable information on many supplement labels or in advertisements, how can consumers determine if a supplement is truly beneficial or potentially harmful? The answer lies in careful, objective medical studies.

Scientific investigations of supplements typically follow a progression:

1. Observational studies: Researchers compare the health status of supplement users to non-users
2. Randomized clinical trials: Volunteers are randomly assigned to take either the supplement or a placebo

The gold standard for supplement research is double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In these trials, neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the actual supplement until the study concludes. This approach helps eliminate bias and provides the most reliable results.

Vitamin D: The Sunshine Supplement

Vitamin D has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. As modern lifestyles have shifted away from outdoor work and sun exposure has decreased due to skin cancer concerns, many people now lack sufficient levels of this important nutrient.

Who is at risk for Vitamin D deficiency?

• Older adults
• Patients with chronic illnesses
• People of color
• Those with limited sun exposure

Current guidelines recommend 600 IU (international units) of vitamin D daily for adults under 71 and 800 IU for those 71 and older. However, many experts suggest higher doses of 800 to 1,000 IU per day for most adults. Daily doses up to 4,000 IU are considered safe, but exceeding this amount can lead to toxicity.

Obtaining adequate vitamin D from diet alone is challenging, as few foods naturally contain high levels of this nutrient. Oily fish and fortified dairy products are the primary dietary sources. For this reason, vitamin D supplements are often recommended for many adults.

Tips for Taking Vitamin D Supplements

• Choose vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) when possible, though D2 (ergocalciferol) is also effective
• Take vitamin D with a meal containing some fat to improve absorption
• Consider a blood test to determine your current vitamin D levels (aim for at least 30 nanograms per milliliter)

The Rise and Fall of Antioxidant Supplements

In the 1980s and early 1990s, antioxidant supplements like vitamin E, vitamin A, beta carotene, and vitamin C were highly popular. These nutrients were thought to protect against various diseases by neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body. However, numerous carefully conducted randomized clinical trials have failed to demonstrate significant benefits against heart disease, cancer, or other illnesses.

Even more concerning, some studies have revealed potential risks associated with high-dose antioxidant supplementation:

• Moderately high doses of vitamin A may increase the risk of hip fractures
• High levels of vitamin A have been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer
• Beta carotene supplementation may increase lung cancer risk in smokers

These findings highlight the importance of obtaining nutrients primarily from a balanced diet rather than relying on high-dose supplements. The complex interactions between various nutrients in whole foods may provide benefits that isolated supplements cannot replicate.

Calcium: Essential for Bone Health, but Not Without Controversy

Calcium is crucial for maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as supporting various bodily functions. While dairy products are excellent sources of calcium, many people turn to supplements to meet their daily requirements. However, recent research has raised questions about the widespread use of calcium supplements.

Recommended Daily Calcium Intake

• 1,000 mg for adults up to age 50
• 1,200 mg for women over 50 and men over 70

While these recommendations remain in place, some studies have suggested that high calcium intake from supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones and possibly cardiovascular events. It’s important to note that calcium from dietary sources has not been associated with these risks.

For those considering calcium supplements, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider to determine individual needs. Many experts now recommend obtaining as much calcium as possible from food sources and using supplements only to fill any remaining gaps.

Multivitamins: A Daily Habit for Millions, but Are They Necessary?

Multivitamin supplements are among the most popular dietary supplements, with millions of people taking them daily as a form of “nutritional insurance.” However, the scientific evidence supporting their use is mixed.

Large-scale studies on multivitamin use have produced conflicting results:

• Some studies have shown no significant benefits in reducing the risk of major chronic diseases
• Other research has suggested potential reductions in cancer risk or cognitive decline

The inconsistent findings may be due to variations in supplement composition, study populations, and duration of use. Additionally, the potential benefits of multivitamins may be more pronounced in individuals with nutrient deficiencies or those with poor dietary habits.

While multivitamins are unlikely to cause harm in most people, they should not be viewed as a substitute for a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. For those considering a multivitamin, it’s best to choose a product that provides nutrients in amounts close to the recommended daily allowances, rather than mega-doses.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: The Heart-Healthy Supplement

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) found in fish oil, have been extensively studied for their potential cardiovascular benefits. While the evidence is not conclusive, many studies suggest that omega-3 supplementation may offer some advantages for heart health.

Potential Benefits of Omega-3 Supplements

• Lowering triglyceride levels
• Reducing the risk of abnormal heart rhythms
• Decreasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes in people with known heart disease
• Slightly lowering blood pressure

The American Heart Association recommends eating fish (particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines) at least twice a week. For those who don’t consume fish regularly, omega-3 supplements may be an alternative. However, it’s important to note that high doses of omega-3 supplements can increase the risk of bleeding, especially in people taking blood-thinning medications.

Before starting any omega-3 supplement regimen, it’s advisable to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage and assess potential risks.

Probiotics: Balancing the Gut Microbiome

Probiotics have gained significant popularity in recent years due to growing awareness of the importance of gut health. These live microorganisms, typically bacteria or yeasts, are believed to confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.

Research on probiotics has shown potential benefits in various areas:

• Improving digestive health
• Enhancing immune function
• Reducing the severity and duration of certain types of diarrhea
• Managing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Possibly aiding in the prevention of urinary tract infections and vaginal yeast infections

However, it’s important to note that the effects of probiotics can be strain-specific, meaning that not all probiotic supplements will have the same benefits. Additionally, the quality and viability of probiotic supplements can vary widely between products.

For those considering probiotic supplements, it’s advisable to choose products from reputable manufacturers and to look for strains that have been specifically studied for the desired health effects. As with any supplement, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting a probiotic regimen, especially for individuals with compromised immune systems or serious health conditions.

Herbal Supplements: Nature’s Remedies or Potential Risks?

Herbal supplements have been used for thousands of years in various traditional medicine systems. While many people turn to these natural remedies as alternatives to conventional medications, it’s crucial to understand that “natural” doesn’t always mean safe or effective.

Popular Herbal Supplements and Their Purported Benefits

• Echinacea: Claimed to boost immune function and reduce the severity of colds
• Ginkgo biloba: Touted for improving memory and cognitive function
• St. John’s Wort: Used for treating mild to moderate depression
• Saw palmetto: Claimed to improve prostate health and urinary symptoms
• Ginseng: Purported to enhance energy and reduce stress

While some herbal supplements have shown promise in scientific studies, many lack strong evidence to support their use. Additionally, herbal supplements can interact with medications and cause side effects, some of which may be serious.

The regulation of herbal supplements is less stringent than that of conventional medications, which means that the quality, purity, and potency of these products can vary significantly. Some herbal supplements have been found to contain contaminants or undeclared ingredients, posing potential health risks to consumers.

Before using any herbal supplement, it’s crucial to research the product thoroughly and consult with a healthcare provider, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking medications. Be sure to inform your doctor about all supplements you’re taking, as they can affect the outcome of medical treatments and laboratory tests.

The Future of Supplement Research and Regulation

As the dietary supplement industry continues to grow and evolve, there is an increasing need for more comprehensive research and improved regulation to ensure consumer safety and product efficacy. Several initiatives and trends are shaping the future of supplement science and oversight:

Advancements in Supplement Research

• Increased funding for large-scale, long-term clinical trials
• Focus on personalized nutrition and genetic factors influencing supplement efficacy
• Development of more sensitive biomarkers to measure supplement effects
• Exploration of synergistic interactions between nutrients and other bioactive compounds

These research advancements may lead to more targeted and effective supplement recommendations in the future, taking into account individual genetic profiles, lifestyle factors, and specific health needs.

Evolving Regulatory Landscape

While the current regulatory framework for dietary supplements in the United States remains less stringent than that for medications, there are ongoing efforts to enhance oversight and ensure product safety:

• Increased FDA enforcement actions against companies making unsubstantiated health claims
• Proposals for mandatory product listing to improve transparency and traceability
• Development of more sophisticated testing methods to detect adulteration and contamination
• International collaboration to harmonize supplement regulations across different countries

These regulatory changes aim to strike a balance between ensuring consumer access to beneficial supplements and protecting public health from potentially harmful or misleading products.

The Role of Technology in Supplement Safety and Efficacy

Emerging technologies are playing an increasingly important role in supplement research, production, and consumer education:

• Blockchain technology for improved supply chain transparency and traceability
• Artificial intelligence and machine learning for analyzing large datasets and identifying patterns in supplement use and outcomes
• Advanced manufacturing techniques for enhancing supplement bioavailability and targeted delivery
• Mobile apps and wearable devices for tracking supplement use and monitoring health outcomes

These technological advancements have the potential to revolutionize the way supplements are developed, produced, and consumed, potentially leading to more personalized and effective supplementation strategies.

Making Informed Decisions About Dietary Supplements

Given the complex landscape of dietary supplements, it’s essential for consumers to approach supplement use with caution and informed decision-making. Here are some key considerations to keep in mind:

Evaluating Supplement Claims

• Be skeptical of products promising “quick fixes” or “miracle cures”
• Look for scientific evidence from reputable sources to support health claims
• Remember that supplements are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent diseases

Assessing Quality and Safety

• Choose supplements from reputable manufacturers with good quality control practices
• Look for third-party certifications (e.g., USP, NSF) that verify product quality
• Check for potential interactions with medications or other supplements you’re taking

Consulting Healthcare Professionals

• Discuss supplement use with your doctor, especially if you have existing health conditions
• Consider getting tested for nutrient deficiencies before starting supplementation
• Report any adverse effects or unexpected symptoms to your healthcare provider

By taking a thoughtful and evidence-based approach to supplement use, consumers can maximize potential benefits while minimizing risks. Remember that for most people, a balanced diet rich in whole foods remains the best foundation for good health, with supplements serving as a complement to, rather than a replacement for, healthy eating habits.

As research in the field of nutrition and supplementation continues to evolve, staying informed about the latest findings and recommendations is crucial. Regularly reassessing your supplement regimen in consultation with healthcare professionals can help ensure that your approach to supplementation remains safe, effective, and aligned with your individual health goals.

Supplements: A scorecard – Harvard Health

Dietary supplements are wildly popular. About half the adult population take at least one supplement. It’s easy to understand why supplements are such big sellers. The public has a legitimate desire for good health, and the supplement industry has a strong desire for good sales.

Medications are regulated by the FDA. Before a prescription or over-the-counter drug can be sold in the United States, the manufacturer must submit data supporting its safety and efficacy, and after the medication is approved, the FDA continues to monitor adverse reactions. Even with all these safeguards, problems still occur, prompting the FDA to withdraw many medications and to require strong warning labels on others.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act  restricts the FDA’s ability to regulate products marketed as “dietary supplements,” even though most people buy them for health, not nutrition. Manufacturers can sell these products without submitting evidence of their purity, potency, safety, or efficacy.

For most claims made on product labels, the law does not require evidence that the claim is accurate or truthful. In fact, the FDA’s first opportunity to weigh in comes only after a product is marketed, when it can take action against products that are adulterated, misbranded, or likely to produce injury or illness. Since nearly all supplements are used without medical supervision or monitoring, most of the estimated 50,000 adverse reactions that occur in the United States each year go unreported.

How do we really know?

If a supplement’s label or ads won’t give you reliable information, how can you find out if a supplement can help — or, for that matter, hurt? Although it’s a slow process, careful, objective medical studies provide the guidance that counts.

In most cases, scientific investigations of supplements start with simple observational studies, in which researchers compare the health status of folks who take a particular supplement with the health of people who don’t take the supplement. It’s an important effort, but the results don’t always hold up. So the next step is to conduct randomized clinical trials, in which volunteers are assigned by lot to take either the supplement or an identical-looking placebo (“dummy pill”) while researchers track their health. In the best studies, neither the volunteers nor the researchers know who is getting the real thing until the code is broken at the end of the trial.

What do we know?

Everyone wants to know if supplements can help. It’s a good question. Here’s where we stand today — but you should keep an eye out for new results, since recommendations will change as scientific studies trickle in. Unfortunately, in most cases, the studies have failed to confirm our hopes, though there are exceptions.

Many people take supplements in the belief that they will preserve health or ward off illness; many others use supplements in an attempt to treat specific conditions that have already developed. We’ll have a look at popular supplements in both categories, starting with preventive supplements used principally by healthy people.

Supplements for prevention

Vitamin D. To get vitamin D the old-fashioned way, by producing it in the skin, we need lots of sunshine. But as work has shifted from the farm to the office and as we’ve learned to use sunscreens to reduce the risk of skin cancer and wrinkles, many people lack sufficient amounts of the “sunshine vitamin.” Older adults, patients with chronic illnesses, and people of color are at particular risk.

Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium from the intestines; that’s why vitamin D is so important for healthy bones. Current guidelines call for 600 IU (international units) a day below age 71 and 800 IU a day thereafter. But many experts recommend 800 to 1,000 IU a day for most adults; daily doses up to 4,000 IU are considered safe, but more can be toxic.

It’s very hard to get the vitamin D you need from your diet; oily fish and fortified dairy products are the only important sources. So supplements do make good sense for most adults. The form known as vitamin D₃ is usually recommended, but D₂ is also effective; for best results, take your vitamin D along with a meal that has some fat. If you want to be sure you need this supplement, ask for a blood test; levels of at least 30 nanograms per milliliter are considered best.

Antioxidants. Vitamin E, vitamin A, beta carotene, and vitamin C were the favorites of the 1980s and early ’90s. But many careful randomized clinical trials have not shown any benefit against heart disease, cancer, or other illnesses. And that’s not the worst of it. In fact, even moderately high doses of vitamin A increase the risk of hip fractures, and high levels of vitamin A have been linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer; beta carotene increases lung cancer risk in smokers; and vitamin E increases the risk of prostate cancer and has been linked to an increase in respiratory infections, heart failure, and the overall death rate.

Do not take antioxidant supplements. One exception: people with moderate or advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) benefit from special antioxidant supplements that also contain zinc. Unfortunately, though, this preparation does nothing to prevent AMD in people who have healthy eyes.

The B vitamins

Vitamin B₁₂ is found only in animal-based foods, so strict vegetarians may need supplements. In addition, many older people don’t make enough of the stomach acid that’s needed to liberate B₁₂ from animal products so it can be absorbed. But B₁₂ is also added to fortified grain products and other foods, and this synthetic B₁₂ is easy to absorb even without stomach acid. That means a single bowl of cereal can provide your RDA of 2.4 micrograms (mcg) a day. Still, if your fortified grain consumption is erratic, a B₁₂ supplement is reasonable.

Folate is more complex. The vitamin is essential for the production of red blood cells, and it has an important role in DNA production and in repairing defects in the genetic code. Although folate is present in a variety of leafy green vegetables, fruits, legumes, and meats, until the late 1990s, many Americans didn’t get their RDA of 400 mcg from foods — and folate deficiencies during pregnancy sharply increase the risk of devastating birth defects. That’s why the U.S. and Canadian governments issued regulations mandating folic acid fortification of all grain products (including cereal, bread, flour, pasta, and rice) from 1998 onward.

Folate fortification has eased the birth defect problem, but obstetricians still recommend supplements for women who are trying to conceive or who are already pregnant.

Multivitamins. Despite their iconic status, there is no evidence that multivitamins enhance health and well-being or prevent illness.

Without disputing these conclusions, many doctors have continued recommending (and taking) multivitamins. One rationale is that they are a convenient and inexpensive way to get vitamin D — but most preparations provide just 400 IU, much less than the 800 to 1,000 IU currently in favor.

Other supplements

Fish oil. For years, doctors have known that people who eat fish regularly enjoy some  protection against heart disease and stroke. For people with cardiovascular disease who don’t eat fish regularly, taking a fish oil supplement is reasonable. But check with your doctor first. People who eat fish at least twice a week are not likely to benefit from extra fish oil.

If you decide to take fish oil, don’t choose fish liver oil, which has too much vitamin A.

Fiber. Most people think of fiber supplements as a treatment for constipation. But a high intake of fiber has many potential benefits for several health conditions, ranging from heart disease and obesity to hernias, varicose veins, and diverticulitis. The National Academy of Medicine recommends 38 grams of fiber a day for men younger than 50, 30 grams a day for older men, 25 grams a day for women younger than 50, and 21 grams a day for women over 50. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds are the best sources of fiber, but many people need supplements to meet these goals. If you need supplementary fiber, consider psyllium, which has the added benefit of lowering cholesterol levels.

Selenium. Few men had heard of this mineral until 1996, when American researchers reported that it appeared to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Subsequent reports were mixed, raising doubts. Then in 2009, a 35,553-man multinational trial of selenium and vitamin E, alone or in combination, reported that neither selenium nor vitamin E had any benefit against prostate cancer. Selenium also appears to increase the risk of diabetes, and earlier studies dashed preliminary hopes that the supplement might protect against heart attacks. Selenium is not for you.

Supplements for prevention?

It’s a disappointing scorecard. Most people stand to benefit from vitamin D, many from fiber, and some from fish oil. And sorry to say, popular supplements used to treat medical problems fare no better.

Buyer beware

It’s often hard to balance sober scientific judgments against simple, forceful claims for health in a pill. If you are considering taking a supplement, here are a few cautions:

• Beware of extravagant claims; if it sounds too good to be true, it is usually not true.
• Beware of testimonials and endorsements, especially from celebrities. Even the most sincere, well-meaning success stories offered by friends and relatives without financial incentives can’t establish a product’s safety or efficacy.
• Beware of the idea that if a little is good, more is better. Although vitamin A is essential for health, for example, doses that exceed the RDA (3,000 IU a day for men, 2,330 IU for women) increase the risk of fractures. And as noted above, a high intake of folic acid may increase the risk of certain tumors.
• Beware of meaningless terms. The list includes all-natural, antioxidant-rich, clinically proven, anti-aging, and other vague but seductive claims that a product will promote heart health, prostate health, sexual prowess, energy, weight loss, fat loss, muscle power, and the like.
• Beware of interactions between supplements and medications. A survey of over 3,000 people ages 57 through 85 found that 49% used at least one supplement, 81% used at least one prescription medication, and 37% of men over 74 used five or more prescription drugs. Always tell your doctors and pharmacists about any supplements you take and ask specifically about potential interactions with your prescription and over-the-counter medications.
• Beware of adulterated products. The FDA has withdrawn over 140 products that were laced with undisclosed pharmaceutical ingredients. Products touted for sexual performance, weight loss, and athletic performance are the most likely to be contaminated with medications.
• Beware of products that contain less — or more — than they claim. Since you won’t have the protection of FDA oversight, it’s hard for you to know what you’re actually getting. In general, products that are voluntarily submitted for approval by private organizations like the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) or NSF International are your best bet.

Supplements, not substitutes

Until (or unless) better oversight is available, supplements are likely to remain the Wild West of American health. At present, only a few are likely to help, some may do more harm than good, and most will be little more than expensive disappointments. But false hopes can be toxic in their own right if they keep you from taking good care of yourself or getting the medical care you need. So even if you take supplements, be sure to eat well, exercise regularly, and work with your doctor to keep your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar in good control. And while you’re seeing your doctor for check-ups, screening tests, and treatments, be sure to tell him about all your supplements. Many people are reluctant to tell physicians that they use alternative or complementary therapies, but full disclosure is important for health, particularly since supplements can have adverse interactions with medications.

Image: bbbrrn/Getty Images

What supplements do you need? Probably none.

Everywhere we turn we’re told we’re not healthy enough, that we lack vitamins and minerals, but if we take a multivitamin or supplement, we can have the benefits of better health from a pill. 

But the truth is: Supplements have no proven benefit for healthy people who have even a remotely balanced diet.  

“As long as a person’s diet falls within a wide range of what medical professionals consider balanced, it’s unlikely they would benefit from any dietary supplement,” says David Seres, MD, director of medical nutrition at Columbia University Irving Medical Center and a leading expert on the topic.  

Of course, some people do have nutritional deficiencies. And people with certain diseases are at high risk for developing nutritional deficiencies. These people work with their doctors to determine what they should take to bolster their health. The rest of us, the majority, do not need supplements.  

“It’s human nature to try to have some control over your health and longevity,” says Seres. “But most people will never have any reason to need a supplement. Period.” 

Be wary of health claims for supplements 

Clearly, the 80% of Americans who take supplements and multivitamins think they need them, although fewer than 10% of them have a nutritional deficiency. But Seres says many people are unaware of the lack of science behind product claims and the lack of oversight of the industry. 

Most of the 80,000 supplements for sale today have not been tested, so manufacturers make claims like “supports heart health,” or “was designed to boost immunity.”  

“Phrases like these are where supplements really get confusing for consumers,” says Seres. “A claim like this is often loosely based on the fact that if someone had a deficiency, there would be a problem. But if you’re not treating a deficiency, supplements are providing extra doses. And that’s when people are at particular risk for harm.” 

Several attempts over the years to pass legislation that would create some regulation over the industry, such as the Dietary Supplement Listing Act of 2022, have all failed.  

The problem with bad supplements

“Most supplements have zero impact,” says Seres. “At best they are a waste of money. But some can make you very sick, sometimes fatally.”

He cites green tea extract as a supplement linked to known harm. Substances in green tea are known to block the absorption of fat, so green tea supplements are promoted as weight loss aids. “If you sip green tea all day you will absorb fewer calories. But green tea supplements that contain a huge dose have been associated with several instances of liver failure requiring transplantation,” says Seres.

There’s no oversight until someone gets sick. “Because supplements are not tested the way medications are, we don’t know if one is harmful until something bad happens. It’s a slow and backwards way of enforcing public safety,” says Seres, citing Prevagen, a supplement claiming to improve memory. In 2012, an FDA letter to the manufacturer complained that the company did not report adverse events, including seizures, to the FDA as required. And in 2017, the manufacturer was charged with false advertising and more by the Federal Trade Commission and New York State Attorney General after years of sales.

“What makes this system particularly problematic is there’s only so many resources available to law enforcement to go after these claims. Then the legal process takes forever, so these companies keep making money in the meantime,” says Seres.

If you have a concern about your health or think you may have a nutritional deficiency, speak with your doctor. Blood tests can identify deficiencies. If you are worried your diet is not balanced, seek the advice of a registered dietitian.

There are a few good supplements

If your doctor tested you and recommends a supplement, look for a United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) Verified Mark.

USP verification is awarded to manufacturers who went through a stringent application. You can consider it a sign of reliability, says Seres. Seeing the USP Verified Mark tells you the supplement: 

• Contains ingredients listed on the label, in the declared potency and amounts.   
  • Tests have shown that contents of some supplements don’t match the label and/or contain significantly less or more than the claimed amount.
• Does not contain harmful levels of specified contaminants.
  • Some supplements have been shown to contain harmful levels of certain heavy metals, microbes, pesticides, or other contaminants.
• Will break down and release into the body within a specified amount of time.
• Has been made according to current FDA Good Manufacturing Practices using sanitary and well-controlled procedures.
  • Adhering to good manufacturing practices indicates that a supplement manufacturer is quality-conscious and there is consistency from batch to batch.

Balanced, nutritional diets  

Dietary guidelines are not meant to be followed as if written in stone, says Seres. They are mostly based on observations that correlate intake in populations to health outcomes and have not been directly tested in randomized trials. Do your best to achieve nutritional goals that have been laid out, but don’t be discouraged if you aren’t anywhere near perfect. Any improvement is improvement. If you are worried your diet is not balanced, seek the advice of a registered dietitian. 

Top 10 Sports Supplements. What are sports supplements for and how to choose them

The choice of food requires special attention when you begin the process of improving your physical fitness. To build a beautiful body, all aspects of lifestyle matter: sleep, exercise, diet, sports supplements. However, they are all interconnected and none will have a positive effect without the other.

We are accustomed to the term “sports nutrition”, but drugs bought in a special store cannot completely replace regular meals. Supplements are used to provide additional elements, since increased loads require appropriate nutrition, which a simple diet cannot always provide. For athletes who have recently started regular training, the first two points will be enough. But it will be useful for absolutely everyone to find out what they have managed to invent to improve sports results. Here are the most common tools, the names of which you probably already heard, and their characteristics.

1. Fast proteins

The most famous sports supplements. They contain protein, which means they mainly work on building muscle tissue and maintaining it. Consuming after a workout promotes good muscle growth. For beginners in the first six months of playing sports, one dose in the morning before breakfast will be enough.

2. Slow proteins

These include sports supplements containing casein. They have a similar effect, but a longer effect. They dull the feeling of hunger for a long time and provide the muscles with the necessary amino acids, preventing catabolism. Take before bed to gain muscle mass. For weight loss, it is worth replacing one of the meals with a mixture. Both types of proteins interfere with water, juice, milk. If there are problems with the tolerance of the latter, kefir can be used.

3. Gainer

Powder containing fast-digesting proteins and carbohydrates. Due to the presence of the latter, it is better suited for weight gain than proteins. In addition, it gives energy and promotes recovery after exercise. It is used half an hour before and immediately after training, as well as at night. You can mix with anything, but it is best to use plain water so as not to increase the calorie content of the mixture.

4. Amino acids

Essentially the same as fast proteins, but in a more convenient form – tablets and capsules. They will help you out in the absence of a shaker or serve as additional muscle nutrition during a hypertrophy training program. As a substitute for powders, use 2-3 tablets at a time. In the case of exhausting exercises – 3 tablets twice a day, not excluding the reception of a gainer and proteins. It should be noted that when taken on an empty stomach, amino acids can cause discomfort, in which case it is worth trying to consume them with food.

5. BCAA

Isoleucine, leucine and valine are essential amino acids for the human body. They not only serve to build proteins, but also act as a source of energy. The use of BCAAs increases endurance and speeds up muscle recovery. Effective use of tablets during the drying period, so as not to lose the gained muscle mass, or during endurance training. You need to consume five capsules before and after class, on rest days – 2 tablets with food.

6. Creatine

It is a powerful source of energy for muscle work. Some note a positive effect on strength indicators, others do not feel any effect from taking this sports supplement. Until you try, you won’t know. It is available in both powder and tablet form. It is taken once a day for 2-3 g. You can dilute the powder version only with water, and you need to drink this mixture immediately after preparation. In general, you can’t carry a creatine shake with you in a shaker. In any case, it is advisable to drink several glasses of water after taking it for more comfortable absorption.

7. L-carnitine

It is also levocarnitine, we usually get it from meat and milk. Although the tool is often positioned as a fat burner, it is not. This sports supplement indirectly affects the process of fat accumulation, contributing to the normal transport of fatty acids in cells and their subsequent conversion into energy. It is worth using L-carnitine during endurance and strength training in order to reduce the load on the heart. Diet pills are ineffective.

8. Glutamine

Another amino acid that is released by a large proportion of the content in the human body. Muscles consist of about 60% of it. Also, the element is useful for tissue repair, strengthening immunity and replenishing energy reserves. Recommended for use if you have more than 5 hours of training per week. It is taken twice a day, 15 minutes before breakfast and the last snack.

9. Energy

We are talking about special sports supplements that can only be purchased at specialized establishments. Great for use before strength training (half an hour before), increasing energy and mood. You should not abuse them, a maximum of 1-2 times a week. At the same time, half a bottle at the reception will most likely be enough. Just in case, we repeat: the best way to restore strength than sleep has not yet been invented.

10. Protein bars

All the same source of protein and carbohydrates, but in a convenient form. It is used as an intermediate snack between main meals, but no more than 2-3 per day. The effect of satiety lasts for about three hours.

As for the safety of the use of certain sports supplements, these substances in themselves do not cause harm. The danger lies in the wrong (primarily excessive) use and additional components. Therefore, it is important to carefully study the composition of products and give preference to trusted manufacturers.

Top 10 sports supplements: how effective they are

© Yakov Filimonov / Photobank Lori

Let’s figure it out together with Marina Savkina, an expert from the CMD Center for Molecular Diagnostics of the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor.

Today, various sports supplements are taken not only by athletes. But do they work in everyday life and is there a medical justification for taking them?

Most studies evaluating the potential value and safety of fitness and performance supplements involve only professional athletes. They need more calories, fluids, carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals every day than the average person. Therefore, it is often unclear whether such supplements can bring real benefits to ordinary outdoor enthusiasts or those who play sports on an occasional basis.

Let’s name the 10 most popular groups of sports supplements and see if you can find an alternative to them in a healthy menu.

1. Protein supplements

Protein is the main building material for all body cells. This protein is essential for muscle repair. It contains a whole group of essential amino acids that we can only get from animal products. These include meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products. Since high amounts of protein may be needed during training, it is also recommended to consume a plant peptide found in grains and legumes. The body’s need for proteins can increase during “drying” – in order to get a harmonious body, you have to reduce the calorie intake.

2. BCAA (Branched-Chain Amino Acids)

These are branched amino acids. These include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Muscles need them for energy during exercise. A small number of studies have shown that BCAA supplementation can help increase muscle size and activity during strength training. But there is no data yet that these substances are effective in endurance exercises, for example, long-distance running. There are also quite a lot of them in products – in meat, fish, milk. In general, low BCAA supplements can be considered safe. But still, there is a caveat. BCAAs, especially leucine, can interfere with insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. The results of an epidemiological study of three groups of men and women who consumed such supplements in excess of the norm showed an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

3. Creatine

When taken, this nitrogenous acid accumulates in the muscles and provides them with energy and power. But our body itself is able to produce it in the amount of 1 g per day. This is quite enough for normal and even increased functionality of the muscular system. In addition, small amounts of creatine can be obtained from beef and salmon. The substance is well studied, and it can be argued that taking it for several weeks and even months is safe. If we are talking about admission for several years, then there should not be any special problems. Although weight gain may occur due to water retention in the body.

4. Conjugated linolenic acid (CLA)

Here the information is somewhat contradictory. Some studies have shown that the supplement promotes weight loss through lipolysis – the destruction of adipose tissue, oxidation of fatty acids and energy, as well as apoptosis of fat cells – the destruction of body fat. Other researchers say the weight loss isn’t all that significant. Therefore, at the moment, the effectiveness of the use of this acid is doubtful. Of the products with the highest content of conjugated linolenic acid, one can name beef and various dairy products.

5. L-carnitine

A vitamin-like compound found both in our own cells and in many foods. Carnitine, found in the body, helps in the oxidation of fatty acids. No wonder many experts recommend it as a means for losing weight. However, do not expect a miracle – L-carnitine works well in combination with aerobic exercise, and not on its own. Its synthesis also occurs from amino acids that come with food. These are meat, fish, poultry, milk.

6. Glutamine

An amino acid found in muscles and blood. Without it, it is difficult to get the necessary amount of energy for normal activity, and even more so for effective training. Although there is no 100% evidence that this supplement is a good help for serious physical exertion, there is no. For those taking BCAAs, you don’t have to worry about taking extra glutamine. It is just synthesized from these amino acids. Glutamine can also be obtained from animal products without problems. In addition to being taken for sports purposes, the supplement can be prescribed to patients with possible disorders in the formation of glutamine.

7. Beta-alanine

Taking this amino acid at 4-6 g per day for 2-4 weeks improves physical performance, especially during high-intensity exercise lasting 1-4 minutes (interval training or short sprints). This technique is safe, and no contraindications for use have been identified. As for the content of this amino acid in the body, the liver produces it in small quantities. Foods with beta-alanine are fish, poultry and meat.

8. Caffeine

The popular alkaloid increases the release of endorphins, improves neuromuscular function and reduces the perception of stress during exercise. Caffeine supplements taken before and during prolonged exercise have been shown to improve athletic performance.

9. Antioxidants

Healthy nutrients such as vitamins C, E, coenzyme Q10, it turns out, can play against athletes who are addicted to such supplements. Once in the body, antioxidants are included in the fight against free radicals. And as modern scientists have found out, it is they who help the muscles adapt to serious physical exertion. Additional vitamins will only reduce the effectiveness of training. Although until recently it was thought the other way around. Antioxidants have always been seen as helpers and free radicals as pests. It turns out a paradox: what is good for the layman may not suit the athlete. But, as with everything, it’s best to strike a reasonable balance.

10. Complex additives

Many sports supplements, especially those designed for muscle growth and toning, consist of a large number of ingredients. And studies of properties and safety were carried out only for individual components. For example, supplements that are suitable for weightlifters may be useless or even harmful for runners.