When does MS typically develop. What are the primary causes of Multiple Sclerosis. How do genetic and environmental factors contribute to MS risk. Can lifestyle choices influence MS development. What are common symptoms of MS, including tremors.

Understanding Multiple Sclerosis: A Complex Autoimmune Disease

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. It’s characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the protective covering of nerve fibers, called myelin, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. The exact cause of MS remains unknown, but researchers have identified several factors that may contribute to its development.

Genetic Factors in MS Development

Is Multiple Sclerosis hereditary? While MS is not directly inherited from parent to child, genetics do play a role in susceptibility. Over 200 genes have been identified that might affect an individual’s chances of developing MS. However, having these genes doesn’t guarantee that a person will develop the condition.

What are the odds of developing MS if a family member has it? The risk is relatively low:

• If a parent has MS, there’s approximately a 1.5% chance (1 in 67) that their child will develop it.
• If a sibling has MS, there’s about a 2.7% chance (1 in 37) of developing the condition.

These statistics highlight that while there is a genetic component to MS, it’s not the sole determining factor. Environmental and lifestyle factors also play crucial roles in the disease’s development.

Environmental Influences on MS Risk

Geographical location appears to have a significant impact on MS prevalence. Why is MS more common in certain regions? Research has shown that MS is less common in tropical countries near the equator that receive abundant sunshine. Conversely, it’s more prevalent in areas farther from the equator, such as:

• Britain
• Canada
• United States
• Scandinavia
• Southern Australia
• New Zealand

This geographical pattern holds true regardless of ethnic background, suggesting that environmental factors play a crucial role in MS development.

The Role of Infections in MS Onset

Can infections trigger MS? There’s evidence suggesting that certain viruses and possibly bacteria might contribute to the onset of MS. The Epstein-Barr virus, which causes glandular fever, has been linked to MS development. However, it’s important to note that most people infected with this virus never develop MS, indicating that infections alone are not sufficient to cause the disease.

Vitamin D Deficiency and MS Risk

How does vitamin D relate to MS risk? Growing evidence suggests that low levels of vitamin D, especially during childhood and adolescence, could be a factor in MS development. Vitamin D is primarily produced by our skin when exposed to sunlight, which may partly explain the geographical distribution of MS cases.

Where can we obtain vitamin D? Sources include:

• Sunlight exposure
• Oily fish
• Eggs
• Fortified foods (spreads, breakfast cereals)
• Supplements (under medical supervision)

It’s important to maintain adequate vitamin D levels, but it’s equally crucial to avoid excessive supplementation, as too much vitamin D can be harmful. A blood test can determine if your vitamin D levels are low.

Lifestyle Factors Influencing MS Development

Can our lifestyle choices affect MS risk? Research has identified several lifestyle factors that may influence the likelihood of developing MS or impact its progression.

Smoking and MS Risk

How does smoking relate to MS? Studies have shown that smokers are more likely to develop MS. This increased risk might be due to the chemicals in cigarette smoke affecting the immune system. For individuals with a family history of MS, exposure to passive smoking could further elevate their risk.

Can quitting smoking benefit MS patients? For those with relapsing MS, stopping smoking may slow down the progression to secondary progressive MS. This underscores the importance of smoking cessation in managing MS and reducing risk for those with genetic predisposition.

Obesity and MS Susceptibility

Is there a link between obesity and MS? Research indicates that obesity, particularly during childhood or young adulthood, may be associated with an increased risk of developing MS. Several factors could contribute to this connection:

• Obese individuals often have lower levels of vitamin D
• Obesity can lead to an overactive immune system
• Excess weight can cause chronic inflammation in the body

It’s important to note that not all obese individuals develop MS, and having MS doesn’t necessarily mean a person is or was obese. However, maintaining a healthy weight could be a modifiable risk factor for those concerned about MS, especially if they have a family history of the condition.

Recognizing MS Symptoms: Focus on Tremors

What are common symptoms of MS? While MS can manifest in various ways, tremors are a notable symptom that can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. Tremors in MS refer to uncontrollable shaking or trembling movements, which can affect different parts of the body.

Types of MS Tremors

How do MS tremors manifest? MS tremors can be categorized into two main types:

1. Gross tremor: Involves larger movements
2. Fine tremor: Involves smaller movements

It’s worth noting that everyone experiences some degree of fine tremor, known as ‘essential tremor’. However, in MS patients, these tremors can be more pronounced and disruptive.

Impact of Tremors on Daily Life

How do tremors affect MS patients’ daily activities? The severity of tremors can vary widely among individuals with MS:

• Mild tremors may be barely noticeable to others
• Moderate tremors might cause difficulties with tasks like holding a full cup without spilling
• Severe tremors can significantly impact independence, requiring assistance with everyday tasks

Beyond the physical challenges, tremors can also affect a person’s emotional well-being and social life. Some individuals may feel embarrassed about their tremors, leading to anxiety or avoidance of certain situations.

Managing MS Tremors

What treatment options are available for MS tremors? While tremors can be one of the more challenging MS symptoms to manage, several approaches can help:

• Physiotherapy
• Occupational therapy
• Drug treatments
• Surgery (in severe cases)

The most effective treatment plan often involves a combination of these approaches, tailored to the individual’s specific needs and symptom severity.

The Importance of Early Detection and Management

Why is early detection of MS crucial? Recognizing the early signs of MS, including subtle tremors, can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Early intervention may help slow disease progression and improve quality of life for individuals with MS.

How can individuals at risk for MS be proactive? Those with a family history of MS or other risk factors should:

• Maintain regular check-ups with healthcare providers
• Report any unusual symptoms promptly
• Adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking
• Ensure adequate vitamin D levels through safe sun exposure and diet

By understanding the various factors that contribute to MS development and recognizing early symptoms, individuals can take steps to manage their risk and seek timely medical attention if needed.

Advancing MS Research: Hope for the Future

What progress is being made in MS research? The field of MS research is continuously evolving, with scientists working to uncover more about the disease’s causes, progression, and potential treatments. Some areas of ongoing research include:

• Genetic studies to identify more specific risk factors
• Investigation of environmental triggers and their mechanisms
• Development of new therapies to manage symptoms and slow disease progression
• Exploration of regenerative medicine techniques to repair damaged myelin

These research efforts provide hope for improved understanding, prevention, and treatment of MS in the future. As our knowledge of MS expands, so do the possibilities for more effective management strategies and potential cures.

Living with MS: Strategies for Coping and Thriving

How can individuals with MS maintain a good quality of life? While MS can present significant challenges, many people with the condition lead fulfilling lives. Some strategies for coping and thriving with MS include:

• Staying informed about the latest MS research and treatment options
• Building a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals
• Engaging in regular physical activity as recommended by healthcare providers
• Practicing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation or yoga
• Participating in MS support groups to share experiences and coping strategies
• Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
• Working closely with healthcare providers to manage symptoms and adjust treatment plans as needed

By adopting these strategies and maintaining a positive outlook, many individuals with MS can effectively manage their symptoms and lead active, productive lives.

The Role of Emotional Well-being in MS Management

How does emotional health impact MS? Managing the emotional aspects of living with MS is just as important as addressing physical symptoms. Depression and anxiety are common among MS patients, and these conditions can exacerbate physical symptoms and impact overall quality of life.

What steps can be taken to support emotional well-being? Consider the following approaches:

• Seeking professional counseling or therapy
• Practicing mindfulness and relaxation techniques
• Engaging in hobbies and activities that bring joy and fulfillment
• Maintaining social connections and avoiding isolation
• Exploring creative outlets as a form of expression and stress relief

By addressing both the physical and emotional aspects of MS, individuals can develop a more comprehensive approach to managing the condition and improving their overall well-being.

Adapting to Life with MS: Practical Considerations

What practical steps can individuals take to adapt to life with MS? As MS symptoms can vary widely and change over time, it’s important to be flexible and proactive in making necessary adjustments. Some considerations include:

• Making home modifications to improve accessibility and safety
• Exploring assistive devices and technologies to maintain independence
• Discussing workplace accommodations with employers
• Planning for potential changes in mobility or cognitive function
• Staying informed about available resources and support services

By anticipating potential challenges and taking proactive steps to address them, individuals with MS can maintain greater control over their daily lives and preserve their independence as much as possible.

The Evolving Landscape of MS Treatment

How has MS treatment progressed in recent years? The field of MS treatment has seen significant advancements, offering new hope for patients. Some key developments include:

• Disease-modifying therapies that can slow MS progression
• Improved symptomatic treatments for issues like fatigue, pain, and cognitive problems
• Enhanced rehabilitation techniques to maintain function and improve quality of life
• Emerging therapies targeting myelin repair and neuroprotection

These advancements underscore the importance of ongoing research and the potential for continued improvements in MS management.

Personalized Medicine in MS Care

How is personalized medicine shaping MS treatment? The concept of personalized or precision medicine is gaining traction in MS care. This approach takes into account an individual’s genetic makeup, environmental factors, and specific disease characteristics to tailor treatment plans.

What benefits does personalized medicine offer MS patients? Some potential advantages include:

• More targeted and effective treatments
• Reduced risk of side effects
• Better prediction of disease course and treatment response
• Improved long-term outcomes

As research in this area continues to progress, personalized medicine may become an increasingly important aspect of MS care, offering hope for more effective and individualized treatment strategies.

The Role of Technology in MS Management

How is technology impacting MS care? Technological advancements are playing an increasingly important role in MS management, offering new tools for monitoring symptoms, delivering treatments, and improving quality of life. Some examples include:

• Wearable devices that track symptoms and activity levels
• Mobile apps for medication management and symptom tracking
• Telemedicine platforms for remote consultations with healthcare providers
• Virtual reality systems for rehabilitation exercises
• Smart home technologies to enhance independence and safety

These technological innovations have the potential to empower individuals with MS, providing them with more tools to actively participate in their care and manage their condition more effectively.

What Causes MS? | Multiple Sclerosis Society UK

No one knows for sure why people get MS. It’s likely to be due to a mix of genes, something in your environment and some lifestyle factors.

Is MS hereditary?

MS is not directly inherited from parent to child. There’s no single gene that causes it. Over 200 genes might affect your chances of getting MS. But genes are only part of the story.

MS can happen more than once in a family, but it’s much more likely this will not happen. There’s only about a 1.5% chance of a child developing MS when their mother or father has it (that means around one in 67 get it). There’s only around a 2.7% chance that you’ll get MS if your brother or sister has it (around one in 37 get it). In 2014 a very large study found that MS may be even less likely to be passed on than these figures suggest.

> Read more about genetics and MS

Environmental factors

MS is less common in tropical countries near the equator that get lots of sunshine. More people have MS in places further away from the equator like Britain, and that’s true no matter what your ethnic background is. Other countries where MS is more common include Canada, the US, Scandinavia, southern Australia and New Zealand.

Infections

There’s evidence that some viruses, and maybe bacteria, can help trigger MS.

A common virus called Epstein Barr virus (it causes glandular fever) has been linked to MS. Most people have had this virus but they never get MS. This shows that, like genes, infections might play a role but they aren’t the whole story.

Vitamin D

There’s more and more evidence that low levels of vitamin D, especially before you become an adult, could be a factor in why people get MS.

Our skin makes most of our vitamin D when we’re out in the summer sun. We also get some from food like oily fish, eggs, spreads and breakfast cereals with added vitamin D in them. You can also get extra vitamin D from supplements (but too much can be harmful).

A blood test can show if your levels of vitamin D are low.

> Read more about vitamin D and MS

Lifestyle

Smoking

Studies show you’re more likely to get MS if you smoke. It might be because the chemicals in cigarette smoke affect your immune system. If you have MS in your family, your risk of getting it too could go up if you’re exposed to passive smoking (breathing in other people’s smoke).

If you have relapsing MS and you stop smoking it can slow down how fast your MS might change to secondary progressive MS.

Obesity

Studies show that getting MS could be linked to being very overweight (obese), especially when you were a child or young adult. This might be because obese people are often low in vitamin D. Obesity can also make your immune system overactive and cause inflammation in your body. There may be other reasons we don’t understand yet.

Of course, not all people who are very overweight get MS, and having MS doesn’t mean you are or were obese. But if your risk of getting MS is on your mind, perhaps because a close relative has it, then your weight is a risk factor you can change.

Tremors in MS | Multiple Sclerosis Society UK

Tremors can be a symptom of MS – a trembling or shaking movement you can’t control. This could appear as shaking hands, or tremors in other parts of the body. Some kinds of MS tremors can be called ‘ataxia’.

Like other MS symptoms tremors can come and go, or they could be longer lasting. Tremors in MS might be hardly noticeable to others, or they could be more severe. There are ways you can treat and manage MS tremors.

For some people with MS, tremors are so mild that no one else notices. For others, the tremor might be more pronounced. For example, it might cause a drink to spill when you lift a full cup. For a small percentage of people MS tremors are more severe, causing limbs to shake so that you need help with everyday tasks.

If your tremor is severe, it could have a significant impact on your independence. It can also directly affect your general wellbeing, work and social life. You might feel embarrassed about your tremor. You might avoid situations which make you feel self-conscious about it. Or it might make you feel anxious, and in turn that anxiety may make your tremor worse.

Whatever you feel – and it may be different at different times – you don’t have to cope alone. We can support you if you’ve got worries and questions. Our MS Helpline gives emotional support and information to anyone living with MS.

Tremor can be one of the more difficult symptoms of MS to manage, but there are things that can make a difference, including:

• physiotherapy
• occupational therapy
• drug treatments
• surgery

Read about treating and managing tremor

Gross tremor and fine tremor

Tremors in MS can be either big movements, called ‘gross tremor’, or small movements, called ‘fine tremor’.

Everyone has some amount of fine tremor – known as ‘essential tremor’. It’s when our hands shake a tiny bit, especially if we’ve drunk coffee or there’s a lot of adrenaline in our system after a shock or excitement.

Fine tremor in MS can be a more noticeable version of that. It might be a shaking in the hands, feet or other part of the body.

If you have the bigger movements of gross tremor, that might be in the arms or legs. This can make it harder to balance or perform certain active movements, like reaching for something.

How common are tremors in MS?

It’s not clear exactly how many people with MS are affected by tremor, but research suggests it’s between 25 and 60 per cent.

What kinds of tremors are most common in MS?

There are two kinds of tremors that are most common as a result of MS:

• intention tremor
• postural tremor

So as well as describing tremors as ‘fine’ or ‘gross’ (small or big), we can also use ‘intention’ and ‘postural’ to describe when tremors happen. 

Intention tremor

Intention tremor is the most common MS tremor. It comes on when you want to do something or reach for something. It often gets worse the closer you get to the object. If you have intention tremor because of your MS, you’ll probably find that while your muscles are completely relaxed – such as when you are lying down or asleep – your tremor goes away.

Postural tremor

Postural tremor is when you shake when you’re sitting or standing. It comes on while your muscles are trying to hold part of your body still against the forces of gravity. Like with intention tremor, postural tremor usually goes away if your muscles are completely supported or relaxed, for example if you’re lying down or sleeping.

Read more detail about different types of tremor from the National Tremor Foundation

Ataxia and tremor in MS

You might come across the word ‘ataxia’ used instead of, or as well as, tremor. Ataxia is when muscles aren’t coordinated. It can lead to different MS symptoms including problems with balance, coordination and sometimes tremor.

Some of the ways to treat and manage tremor can also help with ataxia’s effects on balance and coordination. For example, strengthening core muscles can help with posture.

Metabolic syndrome: symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors

Views:
12815

Published:
07/22/2019

/

Updated:

04/09/2022

• Obesity
• Diabetes

General

Modern medicine considers the metabolic syndrome as a set of associated factors that, together and individually, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

Pathological factors include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, accumulation of visceral fat, and abnormal blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels.

The presence of only one of these factors does not indicate a metabolic syndrome, but indicates a certain risk of its development and complications in the future. The more predisposing factors, the higher the risk of complications.

Mechanism of development of the metabolic syndrome

Most researchers believe that the primary etiopathogenetic mechanism for the development of the metabolic syndrome is primary insulin resistance. It is she who launches a chain of metabolic and hormonal disorders, contributes to the development of abdominal obesity.

Insulin resistance impairs the utilization of glucose by cells in peripheral tissues and the cells respond abnormally to insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. The hormone helps sugar get inside the cell and be used as fuel.

In insulin insensitivity, glucose cannot easily enter the cells, resulting in increased workload on pancreatic beta cells and increased insulin production (hyperinsulinemia). For a while, this allows you to keep the level of sugar in the normal range, but then the glucose level rises, despite the fact that the body produces more and more insulin. On the one hand, hyperinsulinemia is a compensatory reaction, on the other hand, it is a pathological mechanism that contributes to the occurrence of other metabolic, hemodynamic and organ disorders.

The mechanisms by which insulin resistance develops are still being studied. But it is known that the development of insulin resistance is a consequence of genetic and environmental influences. There are several levels of breakdowns leading to the formation of an insulin resistance complex.

1. First level – Genetic mutations are described due to which insulin is initially abnormal.

2. The second level is the pathology of the insulin receptors themselves, which is manifested by insulin insensitivity, a reduced number or destruction of receptors under the action of antibodies synthesized by the immune system.

3. The third level – a violation of the signal transmission process, when insulin and receptors are working, but there is a violation of the signal inside the cell.

In many ways, certain behavioral responses contribute to the development of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome:

• Tendency to overeat or imbalance in nutrition Associated with an increase in the proportion of carbohydrates and fats in the diet, the use of fast carbohydrates, trans fats, a tendency to frequent snacks and food on the go.
• Sedentary lifestyle.
• Lack of skills to counteract emotional and other stresses.
• Smoking, alcohol abuse.
• Disturbance of normal nasal breathing (apnea), especially during sleep.
• Long-term untreated or poorly treated arterial hypertension.

Metabolic syndrome is closely associated with being overweight or obese and inactive.

Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is closely associated with overweight or obesity, lack of physical activity. Therefore, people with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and inactive lifestyles have the highest risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

The following factors increase the chances of developing metabolic syndrome:

1. Age. The risk of metabolic syndrome increases with age.

2. Race and ethnicity. Hispanics are at the highest risk of developing metabolic syndrome.

3. Diabetes mellitus. A person with a personal (eg, gestational diabetes) and family history of type 2 diabetes is at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. It has been proven that the metabolic syndrome in 80% of cases is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

4. Other diseases. The risk of metabolic syndrome is higher with associated conditions: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gallstone disease, atherogenic dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, and gonadal dysfunction in men.

In some cases, the metabolic syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction, renal dysfunction (micro- and macroalbuminuria), inflammation (increased C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins and other inflammatory mediators), hypercoagulation (increased fibrinogen and tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 ), atherosclerosis.

Symptoms

Metabolic syndrome develops gradually and is not accompanied by any clinical symptoms for a long time. Most of the disorders associated with the metabolic syndrome have no obvious manifestations and can be detected incidentally through laboratory examination. The only noticeable sign indicating metabolic syndrome is a large waist circumference and a characteristic distribution of adipose tissue. With metabolic syndrome, fat deposition occurs in the abdomen and upper shoulder girdle.

Diagnostic criteria

Main criterion:

• Central (abdominal) type of obesity – waist circumference over 80 cm in women and over 94 cm in men.

Additional criteria:

• BP >130 and 85 mmHg, or treatment of hypertension with drugs.

Lipidogram :

• Elevation of triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/l.
• An increase in the level of LDL cholesterol > 3. 0 mmol / l.
• Reducing HDL-C < 1.0 mmol/l in men and HDL-C < 1.2 in women.

Early disorders of carbohydrate metabolism:

• Impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) – elevated fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 and < 7.0 mmol/L. Plasma glucose level 2 hours after loading 75 g glucose < 7.8 mmol/l.
• Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) – elevated plasma glucose level 2 hours after a load of 75 g of glucose ≥ 7.8 and < 11.1 mmol / l. Fasting plasma glucose is less than 7.0 mmol/L.
• Combined UHN/IGT disorder – elevated fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 and < 7.0 mmol/L in combination with an increase in plasma glucose 2 hours after exercise 75 g glucose ≥ 7.8 and < 11.1 mmol/L .

The basis for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is a combination of obesity and any two additional criteria.

Prevention

A lifelong commitment to a healthy lifestyle helps prevent the development of metabolic syndrome.

A healthy lifestyle includes:

• Getting at least 30 minutes of physical activity daily.
• Eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, lean protein and whole grains and fiber.
• Restriction of saturated fat and salt.
• Weight control.
• Smoking cessation.

• Obesity
• Diabetes

share:

Recommended research

23.141

Microalbumin (one -time portion)

can be handed over at

Urgently

525 ₽

1 day

?
*The specified period does not include the day of taking the biomaterial

14.142

C-Reactive Protein, High Sensitivity, HSCRP

available at home

available URGENT

590 ₽

1 day

?
*The specified period does not include the day of taking the biomaterial

* Taking biomaterial is paid separately:
200 rub

20.103

Fibrinogen

available at home

available URGENTLY

440 ₽

1 day

?
*The specified period does not include the day of taking the biomaterial

* Taking biomaterial is paid separately:
200 rub

Similar articles

Author:
Latynina Yulia Sergeevna

C-REACTIVE PROTEIN

• Stress
• The cardiovascular system
• Immunity
• infections
• Inflammation

How to prevent diabetes?

• Obesity
• Diabetes

Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents – primary diagnosis (10-17 years old)

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of factors in the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis.

MS is a symptom complex that combines obesity, hypertension, elevated blood sugar and cholesterol levels, which significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and a number of other diseases.

The development of MS is based on impaired functioning of adipose tissue and the development of insulin resistance.

Insulin is a hormone involved in all types of metabolism, produced by beta cells of the pancreas. Under the action of insulin, glucose enters the cells, where it is regarded as an energy source. Excess glucose can be stored in the liver as glycogen or used for fatty acid synthesis. Also, a high content of insulin reduces the activity of the breakdown of fats and proteins. If cells become resistant to insulin, then the body needs more of this hormone.

As a result, the level of insulin and glucose begins to rise in the blood, and the utilization of glucose by cells is disturbed. An excessive concentration of glucose contributes to damage to the walls of blood vessels and disrupts the functioning of organs, including the kidneys. Excess insulin leads to sodium retention by the kidneys and, as a result, to an increase in blood pressure.

In obesity, insulin begins to accumulate in fat cells, which contributes to the development of dysfunction of fat cells that are infiltrated by macrophages, this leads to the release of large amounts of leptin, cytokines (tumor necrosis factor), adiponectin, resistin, etc. interaction of insulin with receptors on the cell surface.

Insulin resistance contributes to an increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL). An excess of LDL (“bad cholesterol”) can lead to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the wall of blood vessels and to the pathology of the cardiovascular system.

Thus, MS is a complex of pathological conditions that are closely related.

Previously, it was believed that MS can only be observed in older people, but now the percentage of young people suffering from it has increased. This symptom complex is observed equally among both men and women of reproductive age – this may be due to pregnancy, the use of oral contraceptives, polycystic ovary syndrome. Recently, there has been an increase in the incidence among children and adolescents and have a clear upward trend.

It is alarming that among children with the same body mass index, insulin sensitivity is lower in the group of children with a large amount of visceral fat, the metabolic syndrome in children is asymptomatic for a long time, often begins to form in adolescence and adolescence, long before the clinical manifestations of diabetes. type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular lesions.

With timely diagnosis and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, the prognosis for the patient is favorable. Late detection of pathology and the lack of complex therapy cause serious complications. In the presence of concomitant endocrine diseases (hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension), it is recommended to study the hormonal background and follow-up with a general practitioner and endocrinologist.