Where does mucus come from in the human body. How much mucus does the body produce daily. What are the main components of mucus. What are the primary functions of mucus in the body. How does the body eliminate excess mucus.

The Origins and Composition of Mucus

Mucus is a vital bodily fluid produced by various organs and tissues throughout the human body. It plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining the health of multiple systems. But where exactly does mucus come from?

Mucus is primarily produced by specialized cells called goblet cells and submucosal glands. These cells are found in the lining of several organs, including:

• Eyes
• Mouth
• Nose
• Sinuses
• Lungs
• Throat
• Stomach
• Intestines
• Reproductive organs

The composition of mucus is more complex than many realize. While it consists primarily of water, it also contains a gel-forming molecule called mucin. Additionally, mucus incorporates various proteins, salts, fats, and immune molecules that contribute to its protective properties.

Key Components of Mucus

• Water (main component)
• Mucin (gel-forming molecule)
• Antimicrobial molecules
• Immune-modulating molecules
• Protective proteins

The Surprising Volume of Daily Mucus Production

Many people are unaware of the substantial amount of mucus their bodies produce on a daily basis. How much mucus does the average person produce in a day? Surprisingly, the human body secretes approximately 1-2 quarts of mucus every day. This continuous production occurs even in healthy individuals, although most people don’t notice it under normal circumstances.

Crucial Functions of Mucus in the Body

Mucus serves several essential functions in maintaining our health and well-being. What are the primary roles of mucus in the human body?

1. Moisturizing and protecting tissues
2. Trapping and eliminating foreign particles
3. Preventing infections
4. Supporting immune function

One of the most critical functions of mucus is its ability to trap and remove harmful particles from the body. How does mucus accomplish this task? The sticky nature of mucus allows it to capture microparticles and microorganisms, such as allergens, dust, smoke, pollution, viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Once these particles are trapped, tiny hair-like structures called cilia work in unison to move the mucus and its captured particles out of the body.

The Intricate Process of Mucus Elimination

The body has developed an efficient system for eliminating excess mucus and the particles it captures. How does the body get rid of mucus?

In the respiratory system, cilia in the lungs beat in a coordinated manner, creating a wave-like motion that pushes mucus upward towards the throat. From there, the mucus typically travels down the throat unnoticed. Once in the stomach, the mucus is digested and eventually eliminated through feces or urine.

Alternatively, mucus in the throat can be expelled through coughing or by consciously spitting it out. This process helps ensure that harmful particles and excess mucus are continuously removed from the body.

Factors Contributing to Mucus Buildup

While mucus production is normal and necessary, certain conditions can lead to an excessive buildup. What causes an increase in mucus production or accumulation?

• Allergies, particularly to dairy products
• Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
• Exposure to cold or dry air
• Inhalation of irritants (pollution, smoke, dust, etc.)
• Hormonal changes associated with aging
• Certain medications
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Pregnancy
• Chronic respiratory conditions (asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis)

Understanding these factors can help individuals identify potential causes of excess mucus production and seek appropriate treatment when necessary.

The Role of Mucus in Immune Function

Beyond its physical barrier properties, mucus plays a crucial role in supporting the immune system. How does mucus contribute to our body’s defense mechanisms?

Mucus contains various antimicrobial and immune-modulating molecules that help fight off potential pathogens. These components work in conjunction with other immune cells to provide a first line of defense against infections.

During an infection, the composition of mucus changes. It becomes thicker and fills with immune cells, enhancing its ability to trap and neutralize harmful microorganisms. This adaptive response demonstrates the dynamic nature of mucus and its importance in maintaining overall health.

Mucus Production in Respiratory Conditions

Certain respiratory conditions can significantly impact mucus production and clearance. How do chronic respiratory diseases affect mucus in the body?

Conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis can lead to changes in mucus consistency and volume. In these cases, mucus may become thicker, more abundant, or harder to clear, potentially leading to breathing difficulties and increased risk of infections.

For individuals with these conditions, managing mucus production and clearance often becomes an essential part of their treatment plan. This may involve medications, physical therapy techniques, or lifestyle modifications to help maintain optimal respiratory function.

Common Respiratory Conditions Affecting Mucus

• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Bronchiectasis
• Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Managing Excess Mucus: Tips and Techniques

While some mucus production is normal and necessary, excessive amounts can be uncomfortable and potentially indicate an underlying issue. What can individuals do to manage excess mucus?

1. Stay hydrated to help thin mucus
2. Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air
3. Practice good nasal hygiene, including nasal irrigation
4. Avoid irritants such as smoke and strong fragrances
5. Elevate your head while sleeping to promote mucus drainage
6. Try over-the-counter expectorants or decongestants as directed
7. Engage in regular physical activity to help clear airways

It’s important to note that while these techniques can be helpful for managing normal mucus production, persistent or excessive mucus may require medical attention. Individuals experiencing chronic mucus issues should consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The Impact of Diet on Mucus Production

Diet can play a role in mucus production and consistency. While the relationship between food and mucus is not fully understood, some individuals report changes in mucus production after consuming certain foods. How might diet influence mucus in the body?

Some people find that dairy products increase mucus production or thickness, although scientific evidence for this is mixed. Other foods that may affect mucus production for some individuals include:

• Processed foods
• Refined sugars
• Gluten-containing grains
• Spicy foods

On the other hand, certain foods and nutrients may help reduce mucus production or improve its consistency. These include:

• Fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C
• Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids
• Ginger and turmeric
• Garlic and onions

It’s important to note that dietary effects on mucus can vary greatly between individuals. If you suspect certain foods are affecting your mucus production, consider keeping a food diary and consulting with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian for personalized advice.

Mucus Color and What It Might Indicate

The color and consistency of mucus can provide valuable information about a person’s health status. What can the appearance of mucus tell us about potential health issues?

While mucus is typically clear and colorless in healthy individuals, changes in color may indicate various conditions:

• Clear or white: Usually normal, but increased volume may indicate allergies or viral infections
• Yellow or green: May suggest a bacterial infection
• Pink or red: Could indicate the presence of blood, possibly due to irritation or more serious conditions
• Brown or black: Often associated with inhaled irritants like smoke or dust, but can also indicate old blood

It’s important to remember that mucus color alone is not a definitive diagnostic tool. Persistent changes in mucus color or consistency, especially when accompanied by other symptoms, should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

The Evolution of Mucus Research and Future Directions

As our understanding of mucus and its role in the body continues to grow, researchers are exploring new avenues for leveraging its properties in medical treatments. What are some emerging areas of mucus research?

1. Developing artificial mucus for therapeutic applications
2. Studying the role of mucus in the gut microbiome
3. Investigating mucus-penetrating drug delivery systems
4. Exploring the potential of mucus in regenerative medicine
5. Analyzing the impact of environmental factors on mucus properties

These research directions hold promise for improving our ability to treat various conditions, from respiratory diseases to gastrointestinal disorders. As we gain a deeper understanding of mucus and its complex interactions within the body, we may uncover new therapeutic strategies and insights into human health.

In conclusion, mucus is a fascinating and essential component of the human body, playing crucial roles in protection, immune function, and overall health maintenance. By understanding its origins, functions, and potential issues, we can better appreciate the importance of this often-overlooked bodily fluid and take appropriate steps to maintain optimal mucus balance for our well-being.

Where does mucus come from?

The body uses mucus to protect tissues, remove particles, and prevent infections. Mucus consists mainly of water and a gel-forming molecule called mucin. It also contains antimicrobial and other molecules.

Mucus is essential for the functioning of many of the body’s organs. A person might think their body only makes mucus in response to illness, allergens, or irritants. But the body is always producing mucus, which is crucial for the functioning of several organs and the immune system.

Many health issues can lead to a buildup of mucus, drawing a person’s attention to this key bodily fluid. Most healthy people never notice that they are continually producing and swallowing it.

Below, learn what mucus is, how it forms, and what causes a buildup. We also explore tips for clearing it and when to contact a doctor.

Mucus is a fluid that the body produces to line moist areas, such as the:

• eyes
• mouth
• nose
• sinuses
• lungs
• throat
• stomach
• intestines
• reproductive organs

Most people only notice mucus when they are ill or exposed to allergens or irritants in the air. But glands in the areas listed above make mucus continually, secreting around 1–2 quarts daily.

Mucus helps with crucial functions, such as:

• adding moisture to inhaled air
• preventing moist organs from drying out
• filtering, trapping, and eliminating inhaled microparticles or microorganisms, such as allergens, dust, smoke, pollution, viruses, bacteria, and fungi
• fighting infection

Mucus helps trap microorganisms and microparticles on the surface of the lungs. Tiny hair-like appendages that line the lungs, called cilia, then beat in unison, creating a pulse that moves the entrapped particles up and out of the lungs.

Once the particle-filled mucus reaches the back of the throat, it typically moves down the throat without the person noticing.

After traveling down the throat, the mucus reaches the stomach, where it is digested and eliminated from the body in feces or urine. Mucus in the throat can also be coughed up and spit out.

Mucus is mostly made of water, but it also contains important proteins and sugars. The cells that make mucus also produce molecules that support immune function, and these become incorporated into the mucus.

The molecules in mucus include:

• antimicrobial molecules
• immune-modulating molecules
• protective molecules

The tissues lining the airways, nose, sinuses, and mouth contain two primary cell types: secretory cells, which release the components of mucus, and ciliated cells. These are covered with tiny hair-like projections called cilia.

Mucus is mostly water and a gel-forming molecule called mucin.

Special secretory cells called goblet cells are the predominant producers and releasers of mucin. A goblet cell is shaped like a medieval goblet, and it is not covered with cilia.

Goblet cells and other secretory cells also release a range of proteins, salts, fats, and immune molecules that mix with mucin and are incorporated into mucus.

Submucosal glands, found in the airways, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract, also produce and release mucin and mucus.

Ciliated cells use their tiny projections to move mucus throughout the body. The cilia move in a way that creates a unified pulse, pushing mucus along in waves.

Infections and irritants

When the airways are exposed to irritants, goblet cells and submucosal glands produce extra mucus to clear the airways.

In addition, infections can cause inflammation in airway tissues, which can likewise trigger the submucosal glands to produce more mucus. During an infection, mucus thickens because it fills with immune cells and entrapped foreign particles.

Allergic reactions occur when the immune system responds excessively to a harmless substance. The reaction triggers the release of histamine — a compound that can cause the airway linings to swell and stimulate the submucosal glands to produce more mucus.

Most healthy people are unaware that they are continually producing and swallowing mucus.

Several health issues can cause mucus to build up, either by stimulating excessive production, blocking or reducing mucus elimination, or causing the mucus to thicken.

Factors associated with mucus buildups include:

• allergies, especially to dairy
• bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
• breathing in very cold or dry air
• inhaling irritating particles such as pollution, smoke, dust, dander, or mold spores
• hormonal changes that occur with aging
• certain medications that can thicken mucus, including birth control pills and high blood pressure medications
• gastroesophageal reflux
• pregnancy
• asthma
• vasomotor rhinitis, having an extra-sensitive nose
• nasal growth or polyps
• irregular nasal cartilage structure
• cystic fibrosis
• non–cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and panbronchiolitis
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called COPD
• primary ciliary dyskinesia
• hypogammaglobulinemia
• HIV
• organ transplantation
• blood cancers
• issues that disrupt the mechanics of the lungs, such as paralysis, intubation, surgery, or immobilization

The best way to clear a buildup depends on the underlying cause and contributing factors.

Common home care strategies include:

• using an over-the-counter (OTC) saline nasal spray
• taking OTC nondrowsy decongestants or antihistamines
• rubbing a product that contains eucalyptus oil on the chest and throat or inhaling it
• avoiding all allergens, including those in foods
• gently pounding or tapping on the back and chest repeatedly to loosen the mucus
• adding humidity to the air — using a humidifier or taking a warm shower or bath
• applying a warm, moist washcloth over the face
• covering the nose with a scarf in cold weather
• not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke

Many natural products can reduce mucus buildups or treat the respiratory conditions that cause them. Natural remedies with some scientific backing include:

• licorice root
• most berries
• echinacea
• ginseng
• eucalyptus oil

Learn more about how to clear mucus here.

If a buildup of mucus is severe or persistent, it can lead to:

• dehydration
• postnasal drip
• a sore throat
• sinus or nasal pain or pressure
• jaw pain
• dry mouth
• a cough
• lung, nasal, sinus, or throat infections
• digestive problems
• weight loss
• trouble breathing
• reduced oxygen levels and increased circulating carbon dioxide levels
• atelectasis, in which the lungs cannot fully expand or collapse
• respiratory failure
• heart failure

When excessive mucus production or buildups happen with no clear cause, contact a healthcare provider.

Also seek professional care if mucus:

• is very thick
• has a color — healthy mucus is clear
• interferes with breathing
• does not respond to home treatment
• lasts longer than a week or two

Also, talk to a doctor if troublesome mucus occurs with:

• a fever or chills
• unexplained exhaustion
• trouble sleeping
• wheezing or noisy breathing
• breathing changes, such as rapid, shallow breathing or shortness of breath
• a lack of appetite or weight loss
• chest pain or pain when breathing
• pus or blood
• a cough
• nausea and vomiting
• acid reflux
• a severe sore throat
• rash on the chest, throat, or neck
• bluish or pale coloring of the skin, especially around the fingers, toes, and lips
• swelling of the throat, neck, head, feet, or ankles
• confusion or other changes in mental functioning or state

Mucus is key to the functioning of vital organs and the immune system, so the body is continually producing it.

Several health issues can lead to a buildup of mucus or cause the body to produce excess. This can lead to complications.

Usually, OTC products and home care techniques can clear excess mucus. Contact a doctor if a mucus buildup has no clear cause, does not resolve with home care, or occurs alongside any other concerning symptoms.

Where does mucus come from?

The body uses mucus to protect tissues, remove particles, and prevent infections. Mucus consists mainly of water and a gel-forming molecule called mucin. It also contains antimicrobial and other molecules.

Mucus is essential for the functioning of many of the body’s organs. A person might think their body only makes mucus in response to illness, allergens, or irritants. But the body is always producing mucus, which is crucial for the functioning of several organs and the immune system.

Many health issues can lead to a buildup of mucus, drawing a person’s attention to this key bodily fluid. Most healthy people never notice that they are continually producing and swallowing it.

Below, learn what mucus is, how it forms, and what causes a buildup. We also explore tips for clearing it and when to contact a doctor.

Mucus is a fluid that the body produces to line moist areas, such as the:

• eyes
• mouth
• nose
• sinuses
• lungs
• throat
• stomach
• intestines
• reproductive organs

Most people only notice mucus when they are ill or exposed to allergens or irritants in the air. But glands in the areas listed above make mucus continually, secreting around 1–2 quarts daily.

Mucus helps with crucial functions, such as:

• adding moisture to inhaled air
• preventing moist organs from drying out
• filtering, trapping, and eliminating inhaled microparticles or microorganisms, such as allergens, dust, smoke, pollution, viruses, bacteria, and fungi
• fighting infection

Mucus helps trap microorganisms and microparticles on the surface of the lungs. Tiny hair-like appendages that line the lungs, called cilia, then beat in unison, creating a pulse that moves the entrapped particles up and out of the lungs.

Once the particle-filled mucus reaches the back of the throat, it typically moves down the throat without the person noticing.

After traveling down the throat, the mucus reaches the stomach, where it is digested and eliminated from the body in feces or urine. Mucus in the throat can also be coughed up and spit out.

Mucus is mostly made of water, but it also contains important proteins and sugars. The cells that make mucus also produce molecules that support immune function, and these become incorporated into the mucus.

The molecules in mucus include:

• antimicrobial molecules
• immune-modulating molecules
• protective molecules

The tissues lining the airways, nose, sinuses, and mouth contain two primary cell types: secretory cells, which release the components of mucus, and ciliated cells. These are covered with tiny hair-like projections called cilia.

Mucus is mostly water and a gel-forming molecule called mucin.

Special secretory cells called goblet cells are the predominant producers and releasers of mucin. A goblet cell is shaped like a medieval goblet, and it is not covered with cilia.

Goblet cells and other secretory cells also release a range of proteins, salts, fats, and immune molecules that mix with mucin and are incorporated into mucus.

Submucosal glands, found in the airways, mouth, and gastrointestinal tract, also produce and release mucin and mucus.

Ciliated cells use their tiny projections to move mucus throughout the body. The cilia move in a way that creates a unified pulse, pushing mucus along in waves.

Infections and irritants

When the airways are exposed to irritants, goblet cells and submucosal glands produce extra mucus to clear the airways.

In addition, infections can cause inflammation in airway tissues, which can likewise trigger the submucosal glands to produce more mucus. During an infection, mucus thickens because it fills with immune cells and entrapped foreign particles.

Allergic reactions occur when the immune system responds excessively to a harmless substance. The reaction triggers the release of histamine — a compound that can cause the airway linings to swell and stimulate the submucosal glands to produce more mucus.

Most healthy people are unaware that they are continually producing and swallowing mucus.

Several health issues can cause mucus to build up, either by stimulating excessive production, blocking or reducing mucus elimination, or causing the mucus to thicken.

Factors associated with mucus buildups include:

• allergies, especially to dairy
• bacterial, viral, or fungal infections
• breathing in very cold or dry air
• inhaling irritating particles such as pollution, smoke, dust, dander, or mold spores
• hormonal changes that occur with aging
• certain medications that can thicken mucus, including birth control pills and high blood pressure medications
• gastroesophageal reflux
• pregnancy
• asthma
• vasomotor rhinitis, having an extra-sensitive nose
• nasal growth or polyps
• irregular nasal cartilage structure
• cystic fibrosis
• non–cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and panbronchiolitis
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called COPD
• primary ciliary dyskinesia
• hypogammaglobulinemia
• HIV
• organ transplantation
• blood cancers
• issues that disrupt the mechanics of the lungs, such as paralysis, intubation, surgery, or immobilization

The best way to clear a buildup depends on the underlying cause and contributing factors.

Common home care strategies include:

• using an over-the-counter (OTC) saline nasal spray
• taking OTC nondrowsy decongestants or antihistamines
• rubbing a product that contains eucalyptus oil on the chest and throat or inhaling it
• avoiding all allergens, including those in foods
• gently pounding or tapping on the back and chest repeatedly to loosen the mucus
• adding humidity to the air — using a humidifier or taking a warm shower or bath
• applying a warm, moist washcloth over the face
• covering the nose with a scarf in cold weather
• not smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke

Many natural products can reduce mucus buildups or treat the respiratory conditions that cause them. Natural remedies with some scientific backing include:

• licorice root
• most berries
• echinacea
• ginseng
• eucalyptus oil

Learn more about how to clear mucus here.

If a buildup of mucus is severe or persistent, it can lead to:

• dehydration
• postnasal drip
• a sore throat
• sinus or nasal pain or pressure
• jaw pain
• dry mouth
• a cough
• lung, nasal, sinus, or throat infections
• digestive problems
• weight loss
• trouble breathing
• reduced oxygen levels and increased circulating carbon dioxide levels
• atelectasis, in which the lungs cannot fully expand or collapse
• respiratory failure
• heart failure

When excessive mucus production or buildups happen with no clear cause, contact a healthcare provider.

Also seek professional care if mucus:

• is very thick
• has a color — healthy mucus is clear
• interferes with breathing
• does not respond to home treatment
• lasts longer than a week or two

Also, talk to a doctor if troublesome mucus occurs with:

• a fever or chills
• unexplained exhaustion
• trouble sleeping
• wheezing or noisy breathing
• breathing changes, such as rapid, shallow breathing or shortness of breath
• a lack of appetite or weight loss
• chest pain or pain when breathing
• pus or blood
• a cough
• nausea and vomiting
• acid reflux
• a severe sore throat
• rash on the chest, throat, or neck
• bluish or pale coloring of the skin, especially around the fingers, toes, and lips
• swelling of the throat, neck, head, feet, or ankles
• confusion or other changes in mental functioning or state

Mucus is key to the functioning of vital organs and the immune system, so the body is continually producing it.

Several health issues can lead to a buildup of mucus or cause the body to produce excess. This can lead to complications.

Usually, OTC products and home care techniques can clear excess mucus. Contact a doctor if a mucus buildup has no clear cause, does not resolve with home care, or occurs alongside any other concerning symptoms.

what is it, types, causes, diagnosis, how to treat, preventive measures

Cough interferes with free breathing, sleep and affects performance. This symptom impairs the quality of life to such an extent that it occupies a leading place among the reasons for seeking medical help at the polyclinic ¹ . In the article we will tell you why a wet cough occurs, and when you can get rid of it yourself, and when it is better to consult a doctor.

What is a wet cough

Coughing is a protective reflex that clears the airways. Often it occurs in response to irritation of cough receptors located in the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi. Less often – due to irritation of the vagus nerve, the branches of which go to the outer ear, epiglottis, pleura, diaphragm, esophagus and pericardium – the outer shell of the heart. The irritant can be temperature changes, foreign objects, chemicals, inflammation.

If sputum is secreted when coughing, it is considered wet. Sputum is produced in response to inflammation when the goblet cells of the respiratory tract epithelium begin to produce an increased amount of mucus ² . This disrupts the work of the ciliary epithelium, which should bring the mucus out. Because of this, it stagnates, becomes more viscous, microflora multiplies in it.

Signs of a wet cough

The main symptom of a wet cough is sputum production. But it happens that the bronchial secret is too viscous, and the work of the cilia of the epithelium is disturbed, for example, due to inflammation. Then the sputum does not go away, but lingers in the body. In this case, it is possible to distinguish a wet cough from a dry one by listening to the lungs (auscultation). Sometimes wet rales during breathing are heard even without a phonendoscope.

What causes a wet cough

Infections. In 67% of cases in adults, cough occurs due to a respiratory tract infection. Probably, these figures are slightly underestimated, since not all sick people go to the doctor. ³

The drug Nobasit ^® Forte (enisamia iodide 500 mg) for the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections was included in the guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation back in 2020. ⁴ During a clinical study conducted in 2018-2019gg. on the basis of the Research Institute of Influenza. A.A. Smorodintsev, it was found that while taking enisamium iodide, the number of complications requiring antibiotics was 4 times lower compared to the symptomatic therapy group. ⁵ Timely initiation of treatment of enisamia with iodide, an etiotropic drug against acute respiratory viral infections Nobazit ^® Forte, helps to reduce the risks of a complicated course and the spread of infection to the lower respiratory tract. ⁵

Wet cough cause ⁶ :

● viruses — rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus and others;

● bacteria – Koch’s bacillus, staphylococci, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae;

● intracellular parasites – chlamydia, mycoplasmas;

● fungi – of the genus Candida;

● protozoa – pneumocystis.

Due to inflammation in the bronchi, swelling or spasm occurs, and the lumen narrows. It becomes more difficult to remove sputum, so it accumulates and irritates the bronchi, which causes a coughing fit.

Infectious diseases that cause a wet cough:

● bronchitis;

● pharyngitis;

● laryngitis;

● pneumonia;

● sinusitis – inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, including sinusitis;

● tonsillitis – inflammation of the tonsils;

● tracheitis – inflammation of the trachea ⁷ ;

● tuberculosis;

● whooping cough;

● Tumors of the mediastinum and lungs.

Cough can also occur due to irritation of the respiratory system, as well as against the background of fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Noninfectious causes . Diseases in which cough is not associated with infections:

● adenoiditis – growth of the tonsils in the nasopharynx;

● allergic rhinitis;

● bronchial asthma;

● cystic fibrosis;

● malformations of the bronchi;

● heart failure;

● gastroesophageal reflux;

● syndrome of primary ciliary dyskinesia – a defect in the cilia of the epithelium of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the normal removal of sputum;

● bronchiectasis – expansion of the bronchi with the destruction of part of their walls and the accumulation of pus in the resulting cavity;

● laryngeal fissures and tracheoesophageal fistulas ⁸ ;

● interstitial lung disease – thickening of the walls of the lungs.

Species of sputum

A wet cough most often indicates an infection. It is possible to determine its viral or bacterial origin, as well as to establish the focus of the lesion by the appearance of sputum ⁹ :

● white or clear sputum is characteristic of viral infections;

● yellow or green – for bacterial lesions;

● red or pink with an admixture of blood – for tuberculosis and ruptured blood vessels in the lungs;

● dark yellow or brown – for pneumonia, for smokers;

● black sputum – for long-term inhalation of coal dust;

● thick sputum – for bronchitis;

● sputum with lumps – for fungal infections (mycosis) and cystic fibrosis.

Is cough with sputum contagious

It depends on the cause of the cough. The sputum of people with respiratory tract infections contains a large number of germs. With a cough, sputum falls on objects and surfaces, and the smallest charged particles settle in the air. Healthy people become infected by inhaling the air in the same room with the sick or by touching contaminated objects first, and then to the face.

Cough with sputum is contagious at:

● Influenza and other SARS (including COVID-19), while other symptoms persist (runny nose, fever, feeling worse) and a few more days after they disappear. With a residual cough that may bother for several more weeks, the patient is not contagious.

● Tuberculosis of the lungs in an open form. In the closed form, there are no bacteria in the sputum. Only a doctor can determine which form the patient has with the help of special tests and analyzes.

● Whooping cough. The patient remains contagious for about a month from the moment the first signs of the disease appear. It is worth mentioning that with whooping cough, the cough is mostly dry and becomes wet (unproductive) closer to recovery.

● Pneumonic plague, anthrax – extremely dangerous, but rare bacterial infections these days.

In chronic bronchitis, COPD, pulmonary emphysema, tumors and other non-infectious diseases, a patient with a wet cough does not pose a danger to others.

Disease diagnosis

To make a diagnosis, the doctor will listen to complaints and examine the patient. Usually, rhinoscopy is performed – they examine the nasal passages and “listen” to the chest. This allows you to immediately identify or weed out some diseases – for example, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, bronchial asthma or bronchitis.

To clarify the diagnosis, sputum can be examined under a microscope and cultured on nutrient media to find out what microflora lives in the patient’s respiratory system.

If the cough is chronic and treatment does not help, the patient will be prescribed an X-ray or CT scan of the lungs, which will help determine pneumonia, tuberculosis, tumors and other diseases.

How to get rid of a cough with phlegm

Viruses are the main cause of wet cough. Studies show that, without treatment, one in ten of those surveyed have a cough that lasts up to a month, a quarter lasts longer than two weeks, and half last up to two weeks. This suggests that it is impossible to wait until the unpleasant symptom passes – cough must be treated ¹⁰ .

Non-drug treatment. There are several universal recommendations to make you feel better. For example, regularly ventilate the room – this will facilitate the access of oxygen to the lungs. Try to walk outside more often. Movement helps clear the airways and expel mucus. Additionally, you can do chest massage and breathing exercises to improve sputum excretion.

Medical treatment. It is necessary to start taking medication from the moment when the cough is still dry and sputum is difficult to separate. In this case, the effectiveness of therapy is higher.

What drugs are suitable for the treatment of wet cough:

● Mucolytics. These are mucus thinners. They are most effective on the 1st-4th day of illness, because they reduce the viscosity of sputum and fewer microbes linger in it ¹¹ .

● Expectorants. The drugs increase the activity of the epithelium of the respiratory tract and the contractility of the bronchi, facilitating the removal of sputum from the lungs ¹² .

● Bronchodilators. They relieve spasm of the bronchi, expanding their lumen, allow you to breathe normally.

● Antihistamines. Assign with an allergic nature of cough.

It is important to deal not only with the cough itself, but also with its cause. Since viruses often cause the disease, antiviral agents are used for treatment. They are divided into three groups:

● direct-acting antiviral drugs – suppress the reproduction of the virus at different stages of the cycle;

● interferons, for example, α-interferon – ready-made synthetic antiviral proteins that help the immune system fight the virus, but these drugs can cause side effects and their effectiveness decreases with prolonged use;

● interferon inducers – stimulators of the production of their own interferon, which enhance natural immunity, do not cause addiction and side effects.

If a patient has a bacterial infection, antibiotics are prescribed. The drug and dosage depend on the type of bacteria, the age of the patient and the presence of chronic diseases.

What to do if sputum does not come out

When sputum is separated with difficulty, the patient is disturbed by a painful cough, which significantly reduces the quality of life. Sputum stagnation in the respiratory tract is dangerous. In acute respiratory viral infections, it increases the risk of developing pneumonia, bacterial complications; in chronic diseases of the bronchi and lungs, it provokes purulent and putrefactive processes. Therefore, mucus must be removed.

With the ineffectiveness of drug therapy, sputum discharge can be stimulated by drinking plenty of water, special breathing exercises, and the use of herbal preparations. Of course, any therapy should be discussed with the attending physician.

If it is impossible to independently cough up sputum, a special device is used – an aspirator.

When to see a doctor

Adults can treat uncomplicated cough on their own. But in some cases, it is necessary to consult with a specialist. It is worth contacting a doctor ¹³ :

● if the cough persists for a long time;

● if there is pain in the chest;

● when there is an admixture of blood in the sputum, even a slight one;

● with difficulty breathing and shortness of breath;

● with concomitant pathologies of the cardiovascular system or symptoms of these pathologies;

● with installed gastrostomy;

● with hernias of the abdominal cavity, esophagus;

● with gastroesophageal disease;

● with cysts in the liver due to the risk of their rupture;

● in case of cerebrovascular accident or stroke in the past;

● with performed arterial bypass surgery;

● With peritoneal dialysis.

Forecast

The prognosis depends on the disease that caused the cough, the timeliness of treatment. With SARS and whooping cough, cough is most often completely cured. If the patient ignores the doctor’s prescription, is weakened or smokes, an acute cough can turn into a chronic one. In this case, irreversible changes occur in the bronchi (chronic bronchitis, COPD), and coughing is very common. Frequent SARS and bronchitis can also be complicated by another chronic disease – bronchial asthma.

Chronic diseases cannot be completely cured, but modern therapy allows maintaining a good quality of life for such patients for many years. To do this, anti-inflammatory drugs often have to be taken in long courses.

If a wet cough is caused by bronchopulmonary cancer, the prognosis is cautious, closer to unfavorable. Cough most often indicates an advanced tumor. But even in such cases, surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy often help to significantly prolong life.

Preventive measures

Cough prevention includes:

● Fight against colds: annual flu vaccination, prophylactic use of antiviral during an outbreak, limiting contact with other people, frequent hand washing, wearing a mask.

● Prevent hypothermia.

● Stop smoking tobacco, electronic cigarettes.

● Timely treatment of allergic and cardiovascular diseases.

● Wear a respirator when working in contaminated air.

Briefly about the main

➢ Wet is considered a cough that produces sputum. It occurs when, due to irritants or inflammation, the production of mucus increases, and the lumen of the bronchi narrows. To remove mucus from the respiratory tract, a person needs to cough up.

Wet cough is caused by viral, bacterial and fungal infections, as well as allergic diseases and other pathologies of internal organs. But most often the symptom is associated with viral diseases.

➢ Uncomplicated cough can be treated on its own. But you must definitely consult a doctor if the patient has pathologies of the cardiovascular system or with symptoms characteristic of them, he is weakened after the operation.

➢ For the treatment of cough, mucolytics, bronchodilators, antihistamines and antitussives are prescribed. But one symptomatic therapy is not enough. To eliminate the cause of the disease, depending on the type of pathogen and the nature of its course, antiviral and antibiotics are prescribed.

References:

¹ Blokhin BM Modern approach to solving the problem of cough in acute respiratory infections in children. Questions of modern pediatrics. 2016; 15(1): 100–104.

² Svistushkin V.M., Morozova S.V., Keda L.A. Actual aspects of the use of phytopreparations in acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Medical Council Infections in Otorhinolaryngology 2021;(6):36–42.

³ Delyagin V.M. Complex phytovitamin preparations in the treatment of acute respiratory infections. breast cancer. Mother and child. 2019;2(4):347–350.

⁴ Interim guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation: Drug therapy for acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) in outpatient practice during the COVID-19 pandemic; URL: https://minzdrav. gov.ru/news/2020/04/17/13756-opublikovana-vtoraya-versiya-metodicheskih-rekomendats… (date posted: 04/16/2020)

⁵ Lioznov D.A., Karnaukhova E.Yu., Zubkova T.G., Shakhlanskaya E.V., Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ARVI treatment regimen, including etiotropic (enisamia iodide) and symptomatic therapy // Therapeutic archive No. 3 – 2020 G.

⁶ Timchenko V.N., Pavlova E.B. The use of a combination drug based on medicinal herbs with codeine in the treatment of acute respiratory diseases in children. Questions of modern pediatrics. 2007;6(5):96-99.

⁷ Geppe N. A., Farber I. M., Velikoretskaya M. D., Kondyurina E. G., Kozhevnikova T. N., Soroka N. D., Mokina N. A., Tsarkova S. A. New in the treatment of cough in acute respiratory diseases in pediatric practice. Attending doctor. 2017;9.

⁸ Kazachkov M. Etiology and differential diagnosis of chronic cough in children. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2013;3:54-61.

⁹ Malakhov AB, Kolosova NG, Grebeneva IV Cough in children: tactics of a pediatrician in relation to diagnosis and treatment. Practical pulmonology. 2021;3:46-52.

¹⁰ Karpova EP A new solution to the problem of choosing a drug for pathogenetically substantiated cough therapy in children. Questions of practical pediatrics. 2015;10(6):61–67.

¹¹ Simonova O.I. Mucolytics for children: difficult questions, important answers. Questions of modern pediatrics. 2014;13(1):26–32.

¹² Petrovskaya M.I., Kulichenko T.V. Phytopreparations in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Pediatric pharmacology. 2012;9(1):104-108.

¹³ Selimzyanova L.R., Promyslova E.A., Vishneva E.A. Phytotherapy for cough in children. Pediatric pharmacology. 2013;10(4):128-130.

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Sputum as a diagnostic sign of respiratory diseases

What is sputum?

Under normal conditions, a person has a clear mucus on the mucous membrane of the bronchi and trachea, the so-called bronchotracheal secretion. It is produced by the cells of the bronchial mucosa and performs the most important protective and cleansing function, and also moisturizes the bronchi.

With the help of the ciliated epithelium located on the inner walls of the bronchi, the mucus moves towards the pharynx. Together with the mucus, microbes, dust, and dead cells that have entered the bronchi are removed. In addition, mucus is endowed with bactericidal properties due to the presence of immune cells. When pathogens enter, these cells immediately react and destroy them.

When we are healthy, we simply swallow a certain amount of bronchotracheal secretion without noticing it.

When an inflammatory process develops in the respiratory organs, the amount of mucus increases sharply, pus, blood, leukocytes penetrate into it, mucous contents flow from the nose, which becomes viscous and acquires a shade. It can be green, yellow-green, rusty, brown, pink. This is the wetness.

Sputum is coughed up, in the absence of a cough it can accumulate in the throat.

The accumulation of sputum is a warning that something is wrong with the respiratory system. The color of sputum can also be used to judge the nature of the disease.

Sputum accumulates, but no cough

This may be in inflammatory diseases of the ear, nose and throat:

• rhinitis, including vasomotor
• sinusitis,
• tonsillitis,
• pharyngitis.

Sputum can also form in a healthy person:

• inhalation of a large amount of foreign particles, for example, in production workshops,
• when eating spicy or very hot food, due to throat irritation,
• when smoking.

Sputum is removed with a cough

Such sputum indicates pathological processes occurring in the lungs or bronchi. The cause may be inflammatory processes (bronchiectasis, pneumonia, bronchitis), tumor, allergies, congestion.

Of course, one cannot make a diagnosis based on the presence of sputum or its color, but one can draw conclusions about the nature of the disease. A thorough additional examination of the patient is necessary – sputum, blood, X-ray, MRI and CT studies.

Greenish sputum

Greenish or yellow-green sputum when coughing indicates inflammatory processes in the lungs or bronchi, including acute bronchitis and pneumonia of bacterial origin. In this case, the sputum is viscous and sticky, which is due to the presence of pus. Often, such sputum can form after a runny nose, flu. This means that a bacterial infection has joined the viral infection. As a rule, with these diseases, there is a high temperature, weakness, shortness of breath.

Greenish or yellow-green sputum is also formed during exacerbation of bronchiectasis. With this chronic pathology, the bronchi are modified and expanded, purulent processes are inherent in it.

Viscous green sputum, accompanied by nasal congestion, loss of the sense of smell, but without cough, is inherent in chronic sinusitis.

With pulmonary tuberculosis, green sputum is observed in remission.

Yellowish sputum

Such mucus is formed exclusively during complicated bronchitis and pneumonia. With a prolonged (more than a month) persistent cough and yellowish sputum, it can be suspected that the inflammatory disease has become chronic.

The bright yellow color of sputum is characteristic of the so-called eosinophilic pneumonia, which is allergic in nature. In this case, the yellow color of sputum is due to a large number of eosinophils, which are a type of white blood cell.

Yellow sputum also occurs in smokers (“smoker’s bronchitis”), this shade is due to tar and nicotine.

Sputum with a reddish tinge

Blood gives reddish tint to sputum. At times, in the sputum, you can see red strands, which can be observed with incompletely cured, prolonged pneumonia, lung abscess, incipient tuberculosis, and pleurisy. Reddish discharge is a formidable warning, in which an appeal to a specialist becomes a vital necessity.

Brownish sputum

This pattern is observed when coagulated blood penetrates the mucus. In many cases, this is a threatening sign. What is he warning about? Possible options: active tuberculosis, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism, lung gangrene. This symptom can manifest itself in chronic pneumonia and bronchitis.

There may be less serious causes of brownish sputum, for example, blood can enter the sputum from small bleeding wounds in the mouth. At times, brown sputum occurs in smokers when bronchitis progresses to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Scarlet and pink sputum

The scarlet color of sputum is due to the presence of a significant amount of blood. This is a symptom of lung cancer or pulmonary embolism.

Pink and viscous sputum is observed in the severe stage of tuberculosis. Foamy sputum may indicate pulmonary edema.

In pneumonia caused by pneumococci, sputum is initially pink, which later acquires a “rusty” hue.