What are pinworms and how do they spread. How can you identify a pinworm infection. What are the most effective treatments for pinworm infections. How can you prevent pinworm infections in your household. Are there any serious complications associated with pinworm infections. Who is most at risk for contracting pinworms. What are the best hygiene practices to avoid pinworm reinfection.

Understanding Pinworm Infections: An Overview

Pinworm infections, caused by small, thread-like worms, are the most prevalent type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and among the most common worldwide. These parasites, scientifically known as Enterobius vermicularis, are easily recognizable due to their distinctive appearance and behavior.

Adult pinworms typically measure between 1/4 to 1/2 inch (approximately 6 to 13 millimeters) in length and are characterized by their thin, white bodies. Despite their small size, these parasites can cause significant discomfort and are highly contagious, particularly among children.

Key Characteristics of Pinworms

• Size: 1/4 to 1/2 inch long
• Color: White
• Shape: Thin and thread-like
• Habitat: Human intestines
• Primary symptom: Anal itching

Do pinworms pose a serious health threat? While pinworm infections are generally not considered dangerous, they can cause significant discomfort and may lead to secondary complications if left untreated. The primary concern with pinworms is their highly contagious nature, which can result in widespread infections within households, schools, and other communal settings.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Pinworm Infection

Pinworm infections can be challenging to identify as many infected individuals remain asymptomatic. However, when symptoms do manifest, they can be quite distinctive and often disruptive to daily life.

Common Symptoms of Pinworm Infection

• Intense anal itching, particularly at night
• Disturbed sleep patterns
• Irritability and restlessness
• Teeth grinding (bruxism)
• Occasional abdominal pain
• Nausea in some cases

Is anal itching always a sign of pinworms? While anal itching is the most common and characteristic symptom of pinworm infection, it’s important to note that not all cases of anal itching are caused by pinworms. Other conditions such as hemorrhoids, skin irritations, or allergic reactions can also lead to anal itching. However, if the itching is particularly intense at night, it’s more likely to be associated with pinworms.

Can pinworm infections cause insomnia? Yes, the intense itching caused by pinworms, particularly at night when female worms emerge to lay eggs, can significantly disrupt sleep patterns. This can lead to insomnia, irritability, and general restlessness in infected individuals, especially children.

The Life Cycle and Transmission of Pinworms

Understanding the life cycle of pinworms is crucial for comprehending how these parasites spread and why they can be challenging to eliminate. The pinworm life cycle is relatively simple but highly efficient, allowing for rapid transmission and reinfection.

Stages of the Pinworm Life Cycle

1. Egg ingestion: Infection begins when pinworm eggs are accidentally swallowed or inhaled.
2. Hatching: The eggs hatch in the intestines, releasing larvae.
3. Maturation: Larvae develop into adult worms within a few weeks.
4. Egg laying: Female worms migrate to the anal area at night to lay eggs.
5. Transmission: Eggs are spread through contaminated fingers, surfaces, or clothing.

How long can pinworm eggs survive outside the body? Pinworm eggs are remarkably resilient and can survive on surfaces such as toys, bedding, or toilet seats for up to two to three weeks. This extended viability contributes significantly to the ease of transmission and the difficulty in completely eradicating an infection.

Are pinworms contagious through casual contact? Yes, pinworms are highly contagious and can spread through casual contact. The microscopic eggs can be transferred from contaminated fingers to various surfaces or directly to other people. This is why pinworm infections often spread rapidly in settings where close contact is common, such as schools, daycare centers, and within families.

Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations

While pinworm infections can affect individuals of all ages, certain groups are at a higher risk of contracting and spreading these parasites. Understanding these risk factors can help in implementing targeted prevention strategies.

Primary Risk Factors for Pinworm Infection

• Age: Children between 5 to 10 years old are most susceptible
• Living conditions: Crowded environments increase transmission risk
• Hygiene practices: Poor hand hygiene facilitates egg spread
• Institutional settings: Schools, daycare centers, and care facilities
• Family members: Close contact within households promotes spread

Why are young children more likely to get pinworms? Children aged 5 to 10 are particularly vulnerable to pinworm infections for several reasons. Their developing hygiene habits, frequent hand-to-mouth behaviors, close contact with peers, and shared environments in schools or daycare centers all contribute to increased exposure and transmission of pinworm eggs.

Does living in crowded conditions increase the risk of pinworm infections? Yes, living in crowded spaces significantly elevates the risk of pinworm infections. In such environments, the close proximity of individuals facilitates the rapid spread of pinworm eggs through shared surfaces, bedding, and personal contact. This is why pinworm infections are more common in institutional settings like boarding schools, orphanages, and long-term care facilities.

Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Pinworm Infections

Accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for managing pinworm infections effectively and preventing their spread to others. Healthcare providers employ various methods to confirm the presence of pinworms and prescribe appropriate treatments.

Diagnostic Methods for Pinworm Infection

• Tape test: Applying adhesive tape to the anal area to collect eggs
• Visual inspection: Observing worms around the anus or in stools
• Microscopic examination: Analyzing collected samples for eggs or worms
• Swab test: Using a moistened swab to collect samples from the anal area

What is the most effective treatment for pinworm infections? The most effective treatments for pinworm infections typically involve antiparasitic medications such as mebendazole, albendazole, or pyrantel pamoate. These medications work by either killing the adult worms or preventing them from absorbing nutrients, leading to their eventual death. It’s important to note that a single dose is often not sufficient, and treatment usually needs to be repeated after two weeks to ensure all newly hatched worms are eliminated.

Should the entire family be treated when one member has pinworms? Yes, it is generally recommended that all household members be treated simultaneously when a pinworm infection is diagnosed in one family member. This approach helps prevent reinfection and breaks the cycle of transmission within the household. Additionally, thorough cleaning of the living environment, including washing bedding, clothing, and toys in hot water, is crucial to eliminate any lingering eggs.

Prevention Strategies and Hygiene Practices

Preventing pinworm infections and reinfections requires a combination of good personal hygiene practices and environmental control measures. By implementing these strategies, individuals and families can significantly reduce their risk of contracting or spreading pinworms.

Key Prevention Measures for Pinworm Infections

• Regular hand washing, especially before meals and after using the bathroom
• Keeping fingernails short and clean
• Avoiding nail-biting and finger-sucking behaviors
• Regularly changing and washing underwear, pajamas, and bedding
• Cleaning bathroom surfaces and toys frequently
• Showering in the morning to wash away eggs laid overnight

How effective is hand washing in preventing pinworm infections? Hand washing is one of the most effective methods for preventing pinworm infections. Thorough hand washing with soap and warm water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before handling food, can significantly reduce the risk of ingesting pinworm eggs. It’s particularly important to clean under the fingernails where eggs can easily hide.

Can pinworm eggs be killed by washing clothes and bedding? Yes, washing clothes, bedding, and towels in hot water (at least 54°C or 130°F) can effectively kill pinworm eggs. It’s recommended to wash these items daily during an active infection and for several days after treatment. Additionally, drying items on high heat can further ensure the elimination of any remaining eggs.

Potential Complications and When to Seek Medical Attention

While pinworm infections are generally considered more of a nuisance than a serious health threat, in rare cases, they can lead to complications. Understanding these potential issues and knowing when to seek medical attention is crucial for proper management of the infection.

Possible Complications of Untreated Pinworm Infections

• Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Vaginal infections in females
• Weight loss in severe cases
• Sleep disturbances leading to fatigue and irritability
• Skin irritation or secondary bacterial infections from scratching

Can pinworms cause serious health problems in adults? While serious complications from pinworm infections are rare in adults, they can occur, particularly in cases of heavy infestation or in individuals with compromised immune systems. In women, pinworms can occasionally migrate to the genital area, potentially leading to vaginitis or even more serious conditions like endometritis (inflammation of the uterine lining).

When should you consult a doctor about a suspected pinworm infection? It’s advisable to seek medical attention if you experience persistent anal itching, especially if it’s severe or accompanied by other symptoms like abdominal pain or sleep disturbances. Additionally, if you’ve been treated for pinworms but symptoms persist or recur, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider to rule out reinfection or other underlying conditions.

The Impact of Pinworm Infections on Quality of Life

While pinworm infections are rarely life-threatening, they can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, particularly in children. The discomfort, sleep disturbances, and potential social stigma associated with these infections can have far-reaching effects on daily activities and overall well-being.

Common Quality of Life Issues Associated with Pinworm Infections

• Sleep disruption leading to daytime fatigue
• Difficulty concentrating at school or work
• Emotional distress or embarrassment
• Social isolation due to fear of spreading the infection
• Strain on family relationships due to stress of managing the infection

How do pinworm infections affect children’s behavior and performance in school? Pinworm infections can significantly impact a child’s behavior and academic performance. The intense itching, particularly at night, can lead to sleep disturbances, resulting in daytime fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating in class. Additionally, the discomfort and potential embarrassment associated with the infection may cause children to become withdrawn or distracted, further affecting their social interactions and academic engagement.

Can pinworm infections cause long-term psychological effects? While pinworm infections themselves are not known to cause direct long-term psychological effects, the experience of dealing with a parasitic infection, especially for children, can be distressing. In some cases, it may lead to increased anxiety about hygiene or social interactions. However, with proper education, treatment, and support, most individuals can overcome these concerns without lasting psychological impact.

In conclusion, while pinworm infections are common and generally not severe, they can cause significant discomfort and disruption to daily life. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is crucial for effectively managing these infections and minimizing their impact on individuals and communities. By maintaining good hygiene practices and seeking prompt treatment when necessary, the spread of pinworms can be controlled, ensuring better health and quality of life for all.

Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. Pinworms are thin and white, measuring about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to 13 millimeters) in length.

Pinworm

An adult pinworm generally is 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to 13 millimeters) in length. The most common symptom of infection is anal itching, particularly at night, as worms migrate to the host’s anal area to lay their eggs.

While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms lay thousands of eggs in the folds of skin surrounding the anus. Most people infected with pinworms have no symptoms, but some people experience anal itching and restless sleep.

Pinworm infection occurs most often in school-age children, and the tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread from child to child. Treatment involves oral drugs that kill the pinworms and thorough washing of pajamas, bedding and underwear. For best results, the entire family should be treated.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of pinworm infection may include:

• Itching of the anal or vaginal area
• Insomnia, irritability, teeth grinding and restlessness
• Occasional stomach pain and nausea

Pinworms often cause no symptoms.

When to see a doctor

Consult your doctor if you have severe anal itching, especially at night.

Causes

Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks.

Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching. When you scratch the itchy area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your fingernails. The eggs then get transferred to other surfaces, such as toys, bedding or toilet seats. The eggs can also be transferred from contaminated fingers to food, liquids, clothes or other people.

Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces.

Risk factors

Risk factors for pinworm infection include:

• Being young. Pinworm infections are most likely to occur in children ages 5 to 10. The tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread to family members, caregivers, or other children at school or child care centers. Pinworm infections are uncommon in children younger than age 2.
• Living in crowded spaces. People who live in institutions are at higher risk of developing pinworm infections.

Complications

Typical pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare circumstances, heavy infestations can cause infection of female genitals.

The parasite can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and around the pelvic organs. This can cause problems such as inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis) and inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometritis).

Although rare, other complications of a pinworm infection may include:

• Urinary tract infections
• Weight loss
• Infection of part of the abdomen (peritoneal cavity)

Prevention

Pinworm eggs can cling to surfaces, including toys, faucets, bedding and toilet seats, for two weeks. So besides regular cleaning of surfaces, methods to help prevent the spread of pinworm eggs or to prevent reinfection include:

• Wash in the morning. Because pinworms lay their eggs at night, washing the anal area in the morning can help reduce the number of pinworm eggs on your body. Showering may help avoid possible re-contamination in bath water.
• Change underwear and bedding daily. This helps remove eggs.
• Launder in hot water. Wash bedsheets, pajamas, underwear, washcloths and towels in hot water to help kill pinworm eggs. Dry on high heat.
• Don’t scratch. Avoid scratching the anal area. Trim your child’s fingernails so there’s less space for eggs to collect. Suggest that your child avoid biting his or her nails.
• Wash your hands. To reduce your risk of getting or spreading an infection, wash your hands well after using the toilet or changing a diaper and before eating.

Pinworm infection – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of the most common worldwide. Pinworms are thin and white, measuring about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to 13 millimeters) in length.

Pinworm

An adult pinworm generally is 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to 13 millimeters) in length. The most common symptom of infection is anal itching, particularly at night, as worms migrate to the host’s anal area to lay their eggs.

While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms lay thousands of eggs in the folds of skin surrounding the anus. Most people infected with pinworms have no symptoms, but some people experience anal itching and restless sleep.

Pinworm infection occurs most often in school-age children, and the tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread from child to child. Treatment involves oral drugs that kill the pinworms and thorough washing of pajamas, bedding and underwear. For best results, the entire family should be treated.

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Symptoms

Symptoms of pinworm infection may include:

• Itching of the anal or vaginal area
• Insomnia, irritability, teeth grinding and restlessness
• Occasional stomach pain and nausea

Pinworms often cause no symptoms.

When to see a doctor

Consult your doctor if you have severe anal itching, especially at night.

Causes

Accidentally swallowing or breathing in pinworm eggs causes a pinworm infection. The tiny (microscopic) eggs can be carried to your mouth by contaminated food, drink or your fingers. Once swallowed, the eggs hatch in the intestines and mature into adult worms within a few weeks.

Female pinworms move to the anal area to lay their eggs, which often results in anal itching. When you scratch the itchy area, the eggs cling to your fingers and get under your fingernails. The eggs then get transferred to other surfaces, such as toys, bedding or toilet seats. The eggs can also be transferred from contaminated fingers to food, liquids, clothes or other people.

Pinworm eggs can survive for two to three weeks on surfaces.

Risk factors

Risk factors for pinworm infection include:

• Being young. Pinworm infections are most likely to occur in children ages 5 to 10. The tiny (microscopic) eggs are easily spread to family members, caregivers, or other children at school or child care centers. Pinworm infections are uncommon in children younger than age 2.
• Living in crowded spaces. People who live in institutions are at higher risk of developing pinworm infections.

Complications

Typical pinworm infections don’t cause serious problems. In rare circumstances, heavy infestations can cause infection of female genitals.

The parasite can travel from the anal area up the vagina to the uterus, fallopian tubes and around the pelvic organs. This can cause problems such as inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis) and inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus (endometritis).

Although rare, other complications of a pinworm infection may include:

• Urinary tract infections
• Weight loss
• Infection of part of the abdomen (peritoneal cavity)

Prevention

Pinworm eggs can cling to surfaces, including toys, faucets, bedding and toilet seats, for two weeks. So besides regular cleaning of surfaces, methods to help prevent the spread of pinworm eggs or to prevent reinfection include:

• Wash in the morning. Because pinworms lay their eggs at night, washing the anal area in the morning can help reduce the number of pinworm eggs on your body. Showering may help avoid possible re-contamination in bath water.
• Change underwear and bedding daily. This helps remove eggs.
• Launder in hot water. Wash bedsheets, pajamas, underwear, washcloths and towels in hot water to help kill pinworm eggs. Dry on high heat.
• Don’t scratch. Avoid scratching the anal area. Trim your child’s fingernails so there’s less space for eggs to collect. Suggest that your child avoid biting his or her nails.
• Wash your hands. To reduce your risk of getting or spreading an infection, wash your hands well after using the toilet or changing a diaper and before eating.

Enterobiasis – pinworm invasion. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of enterobiosis

Author

Vanyukova Irina Alexandrovna

Leading physician

Pediatrician, pediatric gastroenterologist, doctor of the highest category

Pediatrician

9 0002 Creation date: 2016. 03.29

Pinworms

Enterobiasis is a parasitic disease, one of the most common helminthiases. Enterobiasis is caused by pinworms. In Latin pinworms are called Enterobius vermicularis, hence the name of the disease.

Pinworms are small round worms of a grayish-white color. The length of male pinworms is up to 5 mm, females – up to 13 mm. The living environment of pinworms is the human intestine (caecum, lower small intestine, large intestine). Pinworm eggs enter the human body by the oral route (through the mouth). In the intestines, larvae emerge from the eggs, which turn into sexually mature individuals. This process takes 2 to 4 weeks. The fertilized female crawls out of the anus and lays eggs around it. Eggs require a temperature of 34-36 °C and high humidity for maturation. The skin folds in the perianal region ideally provide these conditions. The exit of female pinworms most often occurs at night, when the muscles of the anal sphincter are relaxed. After that, the life cycle of the pinworm is completed. Thus, pinworms live no longer than a month.

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Causes of enterobiasis

How pinworm infection occurs

Enterobiasis can only be contracted from a person who is a carrier of pinworms. Pinworms do not live in the body of animals, and enterobiasis cannot be infected from animals.

Self-infection is common. The female pinworm lays up to 13,000 eggs, sealing them with an acid that causes intense itching. A person wants to scratch, and when he does this, the eggs fall under the nails, on the fingers, and from them – on the bed and underwear, household items. During life in a team, the spread of enterobiasis is very likely. If someone in the family becomes infected with pinworms, after some time enterobiasis can affect all family members.

Enterobiasis is a predominantly childhood disease

Most often, enterobiasis is detected in children aged 4 to 9 years. This is
due to the fact that children at this age already take care of their own
hygiene, but have not yet fully mastered all the necessary skills.

Enterobiasis symptoms

The main symptom of enterobiasis is severe itching in the anus. Itching usually begins 12-14 days after infection, when the first female pinworms crawl out to lay eggs. Enterobiasis is characterized by itching (or intensification of itching) at night.

Intensive scratching can lead to dermatitis, the addition of a secondary infection.

At the same time, very often the child suffers from enterobiasis unnoticed by the parents. If there are no other symptoms besides itching, the child may scratch, not considering this a problem and not complaining about anything. Therefore, enterobiasis is often detected only during preventive examinations of children.

Other symptoms of enterobiasis:

Abdominal pain

If there are many parasites in the intestines, abdominal pain and flatulence may occur.

Stool disorder

The presence of pinworms in the intestine leads to disruption of its work, dysbacteriosis develops, stool disorder is observed (alternating diarrhea and constipation).

Allergic manifestations

Pinworms release toxins that poison the body and cause a response in the form of allergic manifestations. With enterobiasis (especially in children), headache, dizziness, increased fatigue, and decreased performance are possible. Children can become capricious, excitable; such children are difficult to put to sleep, their sleep is easily interrupted. In a dream, they can scream, cry, grind their teeth.

Disease of the genitourinary system in women

In women, pinworms, migrating, can leave the anus and enter the vagina. At the same time, intestinal microflora (in particular, E. coli) can be introduced into the genital tract, which can lead to the development of inflammation – colpitis, urethritis.

Diagnostic methods for enterobiasis

Diagnosis of enterobiasis is made on the basis of the results of laboratory tests. Analysis of feces for eggs of helminth pinworms, as a rule, does not detect. This is due to the fact that pinworm eggs do not enter the feces. To detect pinworm lesions, scraping from the folds of the skin around the anus (scraping for enterobiasis) is used.

Scraping for enterobiasis

Scraping for enterobiasis in a child can be done in the treatment room of any of the clinics of the Family Doctor. The procedure is carried out quickly and does not cause any discomfort in children.

Biological material is transferred to the Family Doctor’s own laboratory for microscopic examination.

To accurately diagnose the disease, make an appointment with the specialists of the Family Doctor network.

Enterobiasis treatments

Enterobiosis

Treatment of enterobiasis is carried out by pediatricians, and in adult patients – by gastroenterologists.

For the success of treatment, it is important that all family members are treated at the same time. Careful observance of personal hygiene is also necessary. When treating children, parents should pay special attention to the hygiene of the child.

Anthelmintic drugs

Anthelmintic drugs are used in the treatment of enterobiasis.

Do not self-medicate. Contact our specialists who will correctly diagnose and prescribe treatment.

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Pinworms

Pinworms is one of the most common intestinal helminths.

Pinworms are tiny parasitic nematodes (2-14 mm) that live in the intestines and lay their eggs on the skin around the anus.

Pinworm infection is also known as “enterobiasis”.

The disease most often occurs in children aged 5 to 10 years.

A person becomes infected by ingesting helminth eggs.

In the intestines, larvae emerge from the eggs, which parasitize in the lower parts of the small intestine, and in the large intestine they turn into an adult.

At night, a mature female leaves the anus and lays eggs on the skin in the folds of skin around the anus, perineum, buttocks lays eggs (from 2 to 15 thousand).

After 4-5 hours, the eggs become “invasive” (infectious) for humans, because. during this time, larvae mature in eggs.

If an infected person touches household items such as bedding, clothing, toilet seat or toys, the eggs are transferred to those items.

Eggs can also be transferred from contaminated fingers directly to food.

Although rare, adults can also inhale airborne eggs by shaking contaminated bedding, towels, or clothing.

The causative agent of enterobiasis is resistant to various disinfectants. On toys, bedding, carpets and other household items, the causative agent of enterobiasis remains viable for up to 21 days, on environmental objects – in the upper soil layers of playgrounds, sand from sandboxes – up to 14 days, in tap and waste water – up to 7 days. The stability of pinworm eggs in the external environment increases as they mature. At a temperature of plus 22-28 ° C and a decrease in humidity to 60%, pinworm eggs remain viable for up to 8 days.

Who is at risk of contracting enterobiasis?

Pinworms affect people of all ages, enterobiasis is ubiquitous.

Most susceptible to infection:

• children attending organized institutions (especially kindergartens, camps)
• family members or carers of those infected
• people living in public institutions such as hostels
• people who do not follow the rules of personal hygiene, namely regular and thorough hand washing before eating
• children who have a habit of thumb sucking, nail biting

Is it possible to get pinworms from pets?

No, the only source of infection is man.

Symptoms of enterobiasis:

• Itching, scratching accompanying pinworms on the skin
• Scratching the skin provokes the spread of pinworm eggs and re-infection, as a result of which the disease can last for a long time. Eggs can survive for hours on hands, under fingernails.
• Allergic reaction, rash
• Irritability, tearfulness, restless sleep
• Presence of pinworms in feces

Some people with enterobiasis may not experience any symptoms.

The danger of enterobiasis lies in the fact that pinworms that parasitize in the human intestine produce toxins – waste products that cause intoxication of the body. Pinworms, parasitizing on the mucosa, injure it, which can lead to the addition of a secondary fungal or bacterial infection.

The diagnosis is made on the basis of a laboratory test.

Treatment is prescribed by a doctor.

Children infested with pinworms, which are sources of the spread of enterobiasis, are not allowed into preschool educational institutions for the period of treatment and control laboratory examination.

In addition to following the doctor’s recommendations, it is necessary to prevent the spread of infection and the risk of re-infection.

Washing your hands with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before eating is the most effective way to prevent pinworm infection.

Parents are advised to ensure that children do not bite their nails.

Follow the rules of personal hygiene and change your underwear daily.

Infected people should not share bathing with other people.

Those infected should avoid taking baths. It is necessary to take a shower every morning.

Prevention of enterobiasis includes a set of measures:

• detection of patients (parasite carriers) with enterobiasis
• treatment of identified infested persons and prophylaxis of persons in contact with infested persons
• monitoring of the circulation of the enterobiasis pathogen in groups with an increased risk of infection

Disinfestation is carried out in the focus of infection:

• furniture and other surfaces are wiped with special disinfection-disinfestation agents
• soft toys, upholstered furniture and carpets are treated with a vacuum cleaner, followed by dust disinfection.