How does zinc oxide compare to silver sulfadiazine in treating partial-thickness burn wounds. What were the key findings of this experimental study on burn wound healing. Which topical treatment showed better results for epithelialization and scar formation.

Overview of the Experimental Burn Wound Study

This experimental study aimed to compare the efficacy of topical zinc oxide versus silver sulfadiazine in treating partial-thickness burn wounds. Conducted on 20 New Zealand rabbits, the research provides valuable insights into burn wound management and healing processes.

Key Study Parameters

• Subjects: 20 New Zealand rabbits
• Burn type: Partial-thickness burns created using a brass probe
• Treatment groups:
  1. Group O: Treated with zinc oxide
  2. Group S: Treated with silver sulfadiazine
• Application: Daily topical application of assigned treatment
• Evaluation methods: Clinical and histopathological assessment

Epithelialization Rates: Zinc Oxide vs Silver Sulfadiazine

One of the primary measures of burn wound healing is the rate of epithelialization. The study tracked the time required for 50% and 80% re-epithelialization in both treatment groups.

Re-epithelialization Timelines

• Group O (Zinc Oxide):
  • 50% re-epithelialization: 21.4 days
  • 80% re-epithelialization: 25.4 days
• Group S (Silver Sulfadiazine):
  • 50% re-epithelialization: 25.8 days
  • 80% re-epithelialization: 30.2 days

These results demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in favor of zinc oxide, with faster re-epithelialization observed in Group O.

Wound Colonization and Infection Control

Controlling wound colonization is crucial in burn management to prevent infections and promote healing. The study evaluated wound colonization scores throughout the treatment period.

Colonization Score Comparison

Group O consistently showed lower mean scores for wound colonization compared to Group S. This difference was statistically significant at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 6 of the study (p<0.001).

Is zinc oxide more effective at preventing wound colonization in burn injuries? Based on this study’s findings, zinc oxide appears to offer superior control of wound colonization compared to silver sulfadiazine, particularly in the critical healing phases between weeks 2 and 6 post-injury.

Histopathological Examination Results

Detailed histopathological analysis provided insights into the structural changes in the healing burn wounds. The study examined the thickness of various skin layers to assess the quality of healing.

Tissue Layer Measurements

• Group O (Zinc Oxide):
  • Epidermis thickness: 0.12 mm
  • Dermis thickness: 3.80 mm
  • Scar tissue thickness: 2.44 mm
• Group S (Silver Sulfadiazine):
  • Epidermis thickness: 0.16 mm
  • Dermis thickness: 4.76 mm
  • Scar tissue thickness: 3.16 mm

The differences in tissue measurements between the two groups were statistically significant (p<0.001). Zinc oxide treatment resulted in thinner epidermal and dermal layers, as well as less scar tissue formation.

Implications for Burn Wound Management

The findings of this experimental study have important implications for the clinical management of partial-thickness burn wounds. Zinc oxide demonstrated superior performance in several key areas of wound healing.

Advantages of Zinc Oxide Treatment

• Faster re-epithelialization
• Better control of wound colonization
• Improved dermis maturation
• Reduced scar tissue formation

Do these results suggest that zinc oxide should be preferred over silver sulfadiazine for burn treatment? While the study shows promising results for zinc oxide, it’s important to note that this is an animal study and further research, including human clinical trials, would be necessary to definitively change clinical practice.

Mechanisms of Action: Zinc Oxide in Wound Healing

To understand the superior performance of zinc oxide in this study, it’s helpful to explore its mechanisms of action in wound healing.

Zinc’s Role in Tissue Repair

• Cellular proliferation: Zinc is essential for DNA synthesis and cell division
• Collagen synthesis: Zinc acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in collagen production
• Anti-inflammatory properties: Zinc can modulate the inflammatory response
• Antioxidant effects: Zinc helps protect cells from oxidative stress during healing
• Antimicrobial activity: Zinc has inherent antimicrobial properties

How does zinc oxide promote faster wound healing? The combination of these properties allows zinc oxide to create an optimal environment for tissue repair, potentially explaining its superior performance in re-epithelialization and infection control observed in this study.

Limitations and Future Research Directions

While this study provides valuable insights, it’s important to acknowledge its limitations and consider future research needs.

Study Limitations

• Animal model: Results may not directly translate to human burn treatment
• Sample size: A larger sample could provide more robust data
• Duration: Long-term outcomes beyond the study period are unknown
• Single formulation: Only one concentration of each treatment was tested

Future Research Opportunities

What areas of research could further advance our understanding of burn wound treatments? Several potential directions for future studies include:

• Human clinical trials comparing zinc oxide and silver sulfadiazine
• Investigation of optimal zinc oxide concentrations for burn treatment
• Combination therapies incorporating zinc oxide with other wound healing agents
• Long-term follow-up studies to assess scar quality and functional outcomes
• Exploration of zinc oxide in different types of burns (e.g., chemical, electrical)

Practical Considerations for Clinical Application

If zinc oxide proves to be a superior treatment for partial-thickness burns in human studies, there are several practical aspects to consider for its clinical application.

Potential Advantages of Zinc Oxide in Clinical Settings

• Cost-effectiveness: Zinc oxide is generally less expensive than silver sulfadiazine
• Availability: Zinc oxide is widely available and has a long shelf life
• Ease of application: Zinc oxide creams and ointments are typically easy to apply
• Reduced dressing changes: Faster healing may result in fewer dressing changes
• Minimal side effects: Zinc oxide is generally well-tolerated with few adverse reactions

How might the adoption of zinc oxide impact burn care protocols? If proven effective in humans, zinc oxide could potentially reduce treatment duration, lower healthcare costs, and improve patient comfort during the healing process.

Potential Challenges and Considerations

Despite its potential benefits, the widespread adoption of zinc oxide for burn treatment may face some challenges:

• Established practices: Changing long-standing treatment protocols can be difficult
• Formulation development: Optimal zinc oxide preparations for burn care may need to be developed
• Training: Healthcare providers may require training in the proper application of zinc oxide for burns
• Patient selection: Determining which patients are most suitable for zinc oxide treatment
• Regulatory approval: Obtaining necessary approvals for new burn treatment indications

Addressing these challenges would be crucial for the successful implementation of zinc oxide as a primary treatment for partial-thickness burns.

Comparative Analysis with Other Burn Treatments

While this study focused on zinc oxide and silver sulfadiazine, it’s important to consider how these treatments compare to other options available for burn wound management.

Alternative Burn Wound Treatments

• Hydrocolloid dressings
• Honey-based preparations
• Aloe vera gels
• Growth factor therapies
• Bioengineered skin substitutes

How do zinc oxide and silver sulfadiazine compare to these alternatives? Each treatment has its own set of advantages and limitations. For example:

• Hydrocolloid dressings may provide a moist healing environment but may not have the antimicrobial properties of zinc oxide or silver sulfadiazine.
• Honey-based preparations offer antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory benefits but may require more frequent dressing changes.
• Growth factor therapies can accelerate healing but are often more expensive and may have limited availability.

A comprehensive comparison of all available treatments would be beneficial to guide clinical decision-making in burn wound management.

Impact on Patient Quality of Life and Recovery

Beyond the clinical outcomes measured in this study, it’s important to consider the potential impact of different burn treatments on patient quality of life and overall recovery.

Factors Affecting Patient Experience

• Pain and discomfort during treatment
• Frequency of dressing changes
• Duration of hospital stay
• Long-term scar appearance and functionality
• Risk of complications (e.g., infections, contractures)

How might zinc oxide treatment influence these factors? Based on the study results, zinc oxide could potentially offer several benefits:

• Reduced treatment duration due to faster re-epithelialization
• Fewer dressing changes, potentially decreasing pain and discomfort
• Improved scar outcomes, which could enhance long-term quality of life
• Lower risk of infection, potentially reducing complications and hospital stay

Future studies should include patient-reported outcomes and quality of life measures to fully assess the impact of different burn treatments on patient well-being and recovery.

Economic Implications of Burn Wound Management

The choice of burn wound treatment can have significant economic implications for healthcare systems and patients. A comprehensive analysis should consider both direct and indirect costs associated with different treatment options.

Cost Factors in Burn Treatment

• Medication costs (e.g., zinc oxide vs. silver sulfadiazine)
• Dressing materials and frequency of changes
• Duration of hospital stay
• Nursing time and care requirements
• Follow-up visits and long-term care needs
• Potential complications and their associated costs

Could zinc oxide treatment lead to cost savings in burn care? While the study doesn’t directly address economic factors, the potential for faster healing, reduced infection risk, and improved outcomes suggests that zinc oxide could offer economic benefits. A formal cost-effectiveness analysis comparing zinc oxide to silver sulfadiazine and other burn treatments would be valuable for healthcare decision-makers.

Broader Economic Considerations

Beyond direct healthcare costs, burn treatments can have wider economic impacts:

• Patient productivity and return to work
• Caregiver burden and associated costs
• Long-term rehabilitation and scar management expenses
• Potential for reduced disability and improved functional outcomes

A comprehensive economic evaluation of burn treatments should consider these broader societal impacts to fully assess the value of different therapeutic approaches.

Integrating Research Findings into Clinical Practice

Translating promising research findings, such as those from this zinc oxide study, into clinical practice is a complex process that requires careful consideration and planning.

Steps for Clinical Implementation

• Replication of results in larger animal studies
• Conducting human clinical trials to confirm efficacy and safety
• Development of clinical practice guidelines incorporating new evidence
• Education and training for healthcare providers
• Addressing regulatory and formulary considerations
• Monitoring and evaluating real-world outcomes

How can healthcare systems effectively incorporate new burn treatments into practice? A phased approach is often beneficial:

1. Pilot studies in select burn units to assess feasibility and gather initial clinical data
2. Development of standardized protocols for zinc oxide application in burn care
3. Gradual implementation with ongoing evaluation and adjustment
4. Continuous education and feedback loops to address challenges and optimize outcomes

Collaboration between researchers, clinicians, administrators, and patients is crucial for successful integration of new treatments into burn care practice.

Future Perspectives in Burn Wound Management

The field of burn wound management is continually evolving, with new technologies and approaches emerging alongside traditional treatments like zinc oxide and silver sulfadiazine.

Emerging Trends in Burn Care

• Nanotechnology-based wound dressings
• Stem cell therapies for burn wound healing
• 3D-printed skin grafts
• Smart dressings with embedded sensors
• Personalized treatment approaches based on genetic profiles

How might these innovations interact with or complement treatments like zinc oxide? The future of burn care likely lies in combination approaches that leverage the strengths of various therapies. For example, zinc oxide could potentially be incorporated into smart dressings or used in conjunction with stem cell treatments to optimize wound healing.

Research Priorities

To advance the field of burn wound management, several research priorities should be considered:

• Large-scale comparative studies of different burn treatments
• Investigation of combination therapies for synergistic effects
• Development of personalized treatment algorithms
• Long-term studies on scar prevention and management
• Exploration of systemic treatments to complement topical therapies

Continued research in these areas, building on studies like the zinc oxide comparison presented here, will be crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life for burn patients in the future.

Comparison of topical zinc oxide and silver sulfadiazine in burn wounds: an experimental study

Comparative Study

. 2012 Sep;18(5):376-83.

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381.

Kemal Arslan 
¹
, Omer Karahan, Ahmet Okuş, Yaşar Unlü, Mehmet Ali Eryılmaz, Serden Ay, Barış Sevinç

Affiliations

Affiliation

• ¹ Department of General Surgery, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey. [email protected]

• PMID:

  23188597

• DOI:

  10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381

Free article

Comparative Study

Kemal Arslan et al.

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg.

2012 Sep.

Free article

. 2012 Sep;18(5):376-83.

doi: 10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381.

Authors

Kemal Arslan 
¹
, Omer Karahan, Ahmet Okuş, Yaşar Unlü, Mehmet Ali Eryılmaz, Serden Ay, Barış Sevinç

Affiliation

• ¹ Department of General Surgery, Konya Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey. [email protected]

• PMID:

  23188597

• DOI:

  10.5505/tjtes.2012.45381

Abstract

Background:

We aimed to compare the effects of topical zinc oxide and topical silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of partial-thickness burn wounds.

Methods:

The study was conducted with 20 New Zealand rabbits, and burn wounds were created by a brass probe. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. The burns were treated with zinc oxide (Group O) or silver sulfadiazine (Group S) with daily application. The wound healing process was followed both clinically and histopathologically. We determined the days at which 50% and 80% re-epithelization was observed.

Results:

The mean time for 50% and 80% re-epithelization was 21.4 and 25.4 days in Group O and 25.8 and 30.2 days in Group S, respectively (p<0.001). The mean score for wound colonization was lower in Group O. The difference was statistically significant at weeks 2, 3, 4, and 6 (p<0.001). In the histopathological examination, the thicknesses of the epidermis, dermis and scar tissue were 0.12 mm, 3.80 mm and 244 mm in Group O, and 0. 16 mm, 4.76 mm and 3.16 mm in Group S, respectively (p<0.001).

Conclusion:

In this experimental burn study, zinc oxide was more effective than silver sulfadiazine in terms of epithelization, dermis maturation and scar formation.

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Zinc Oxide Topical: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing

Uses

This medication is used to treat and prevent diaper rash and other minor skin irritations (such as burns, cuts, scrapes). It works by forming a barrier on the skin to protect it from irritants/moisture.

How to use Zinc Oxide Ointment

Use this medication on the skin only. Follow all directions on the product package or use as directed by your doctor. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

Avoid getting this medication in the eyes. If you do get the medication in the eyes, flush with plenty of water.

If you are using the spray, shake the container well before each use.

This medication should start working within 12 hours. Tell your doctor if your condition gets worse, does not improve, lasts for more than 7 days, or occurs again after a few days.

Side Effects

If your doctor has directed you to use this medication, remember that your doctor has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.

Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: skin irritation.

A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.

This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.

In the US –

In the US – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.

In Canada – Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Precautions

Before using zinc oxide, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.

If you have the following health problem, consult your doctor or pharmacist before using this product: skin infection in the affected area.

Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before using this medication.

It is unknown if this drug passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Interactions

Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor’s approval.

Does Zinc Oxide Ointment interact with other drugs you are taking?

Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker

Overdose

This medicine may be harmful if swallowed. If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

Keep all medical and lab appointments.

To help prevent diaper rash, check your baby’s diaper often, and change the diaper whenever it appears wet/dirty.

Not applicable.

Refer to storage information printed on the package. If you have any questions about storage, ask your pharmacist. Keep all medications away from children and pets.

Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.

Images

zinc oxide topical ointment

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zinc oxide 20 % topical ointment

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This medicine is a ointment

zinc oxide 20 % topical ointment

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This medicine is a ointment

zinc oxide 20 % topical ointment

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This medicine is a ointment

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Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.

CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

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Zinc oxide, chemical properties, preparation

1

H

2

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-259°C

t° _kip =-253°C

2

He

HeliumHelium

4.0026

1s ²

Colorless gas

t° _kip =-269°C

900 02 3

Li

LithiumLithium

6.941

2s ¹

0.99

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =180°C 900 03

t° _kip =1317°C

4

Be

BerylliumBeryllium

9.0122

2s ^{2 9 0012}

1.57

Light gray metal

t° _pl =1278°C

t° _kip =2970°C

9000 2 5

B

BorBor

10.811

2s ² 2p ¹

2.04

Dark brown amorphous substance

t° _pl =2300°C 9 0003

t° _kip =2550°C

6

C

CarbonCarbon

12. 011

2s ² 2p ²

2.55

Clear (diamond) / black (graphite) mineral

t° _pl =3550°C

t° 9001 9 kip =4830°C

7

N

NitrogenNitrogen

14.007

2s ² 2p ³

3.04

Colorless gas

t° _{pl. 2 15.999}

2s ² 2p ⁴

3.44

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-218°C

t° _kip =-183°C

9

F

Fluorofluorine

18.998

2s ² 2p ⁵

4.0

Pale yellow gas

t° _pl =-220°C

t° _kip =-188°C

10

Ne

0

2s ² 2p ⁶

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-246°C

11

Na

Sodium Sodium

22.990

3s ¹

0.93

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =98°C

900 02 t° _kip =892°C

12

Mg

003

1. 31

Silver white metal

t° _pl =649°C

t° _kip =1107°C

13 9 0003

Al

AluminiumAluminum

26.982

3s ² 3p ¹

1.61

Silver white metal

t° _pl =660°C

t° _kip =2467°C

14

Si

SiliconSilicon

28.086

3s ² 3p ²

1.9

Brown powder / mineral

t° _pl =1410°C

t° _{kip 9002 0 =2355°C}

15

P

Phosphorus Phosphorus

30.974

3s ² 3p ³

2.2

White mineral / red powder

t° _{pl 9 0020 =44°C}

t° _kip =280°C

16

S

Sulfur Sulfur

32.065

3s ² 3p ⁴

2.58

Light yellow powder

t° _pl =113°C

t° _bp =445°C

17

Cl

Chlorine Chlorine

35. 453

3s ² 3p ⁵

3.16

Yellowish green gas =-101°C

t° _kip =-35°C

18

Ar

Argon Argon

39.948

9000 2 3s ² 3p ⁶

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-189°C

t° _kip =-186° C

19

K

PotassiumPotassium

39.098

4s ¹

0.82

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =64°C

t° 9 0019 kip =774°C

20

Ca

CalciumCalcium

40.078

4s ²

9000 2 1.0

Silver white metal

t° _pl =839°C

t° _kip =1487°C

21

9000 2 Sc

ScandiumScandium

44.956

3d ¹ 4s ²

1.36

Yellow silver

t° _pl =1539°C

t° _kip =2832°C

22

Ti

Titanium Titanium

47. 867

3d ^{2 9001 2 4s 2}

1.54

Silver white metal

260°C

23

V

VanadiumVanadium

50.942

3d ³ 4s ²

1.63

Silver white metal

t° _mp =1890°C

t° _kip =3380°C

24

Cr

ChromeChrome

51.996

3d ⁵ 4s ¹

1.66

Bluish white metal

t° _pl =1857°C

t° _kip =2482°C

25

Mn

ManganeseManganese

54.938

3d ⁵ 4s ²

1.55

Brittle silver white metal

t° 900 19 fl =1244°C

t° _kip =2097°C

26

Fe

Iron Iron

55.845 9000 3

3d ⁶ 4s ²

1.83

Silver white metal

t° _pl =1535°C

90 002 t° _kip =2750°C

27

Co

CobaltCobalt

58. 933

3d ⁷ 4s ²

1.88

Silver white metal 90 003

t° _pl = 1495°C

t° _kip = 2870°C

28 0002 58.693

3d ⁸ 4s ²

1.91

Silver white metal

t° _pl =1453°C

t° _kip =2732°C

29

Cu

CopperCopper

63.546

3d ¹⁰ 4s ¹

1.9

9000 2 Golden pink metal

t° _pl =1084°C

t° _kip =2595°C

30

Zn

Qi ncZinc

65.409

3d ¹⁰ 4s ²

1.65

Blueish white metal

t° 9 0019 pl =420°C

t° _kip =907°C

31

Ga

Gallium Gallium

69.723

4s ² 4p ¹

1.81

White metal with a bluish tinge

t° _pl =30°C

t° _kip =2403°C

32

Ge 9 0003

GermaniumGermanium

72. 64

4s ² 4p ²

2.0

Semimetal light gray

9 0002 t° _pl =937°C

t° _kip =2830°C

33

As

ArsenicArsenic

74.922

4s ² 4p 9 0011 3

2.18

Greenish semimetal

t° _subl =613°C

(sublimation)

34

9 0002 Se

Selenium Selenium

78.96

4s ² 4p ⁴

2.55

Brittle black mineral 90 003

t° _pl =217°C

t° _kip =685°C

35

Br

5

2.96

Red-brown caustic liquid

t° _pl =-7°C

t° _kip =59°C

90 002 36

Kr

KryptonKrypton

83.798

4s ² 4p ⁶

3.0 90 003

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-157°C

t° _kip =-152°C

37

Rb

Rubidium 3

0. 82

Silver white metal

Sr

Strontium Strontium

87.62

5s ²

0.95

Silver white metal

t° _pl =769°C

t° _kip =1384°C

39

Y

Yttrium Yttrium

88.906

4d ¹ 5s ²

900 02 1.22

Silver white metal

t° _pl =1523°C

t° _kip =3337°C

40

9 Silver pure white metal

t° _pl =1852°C

t° _kip =4377°C

41

Nb

0011 1

1.6

Shiny silver metal

t° _pl =2468°C

t° _kip =4927°C 9 0003

42

Mo

MolybdenumMolybdenum

95.94

4d ⁵ 5s ¹

2 ,16

Shiny silver metal

t° _pl =2617°C

t° _kip =5560°C

43

Tc

TechnetiumTechnetium

98. 906

4d ⁶ 5s ¹

1.9

Synthetic radioactive metal

t° _kip =5030°C

44

Ru

Ruthenium ¹

2.2

Silver white metal

t° _pl =2310°C

t° _kip =3900°C

45

Rh

Rhodium Rhodium 9000 3

102.91

4d ⁸ 5s ¹

2.28

Silver white metal

t° _{pl 90 020 =1966°C}

t° _kip =3727°C

46

Pd

PalladiumPalladium

106.42

90 002 4d ¹⁰

2.2

Soft silver white metal

t° _{pl. 03}

107.87

4d ¹⁰ 5s ¹

1.93

Silver white metal

t° _pl =962°C

t° _kip =2212°C

48

Cd

Cadmium Cadmium

112.41

4d ¹⁰ 5s ²

1.69

Silver gray metal

t° _pl =321°C

t° _kip =765°C

49

In

0002 114. 82

5s ² 5p ¹

1.78

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =156°C

t° _kip =2080°C

50

Sn

TinTin

118.71

5 s ² 5p ²

1.96

Soft silver white metal

t° _{pl. 003}

121.76

5s ² 5p ³

2.05

Semimetal silver white

t° _pl =631°C

t° _kip =1750°C

52

Te

TelluriumTellurium

127.60

90 002 5s ² 5p ⁴

2.1

Silver high-gloss semimetal

t° _pl =450°C

t° _kip =990°C

53

I

0002 126.90

5s ² 5p ⁵

2.66

Black-gray crystals

t° _pl =1 14°C

t° _kip =184°C

54

Xe

XenonXenon

131. 29

5s 9 0011 2 5p ⁶

2.6

Colorless gas

t° _pl =-112°C

t° _kip =-107°C

55

Cs

Cesium Cesium

90 002 132.91

6s ¹

0.79

Soft silvery yellow metal

t° _pl =28°C

t° _kip =690°C

56

Ba

Barium Barium

137.33

6s ²

9 0002 0.89

Silver white metal

t° _pl =725°C

t° _kip =1640°C

57

La

LanthanumLanthanum

138.91

900 02 5d ¹ 6s ²

1.1

Silver metal

t° _pl =920°C

t° 900 19 kip =3454°C

58

Ce

CeriumCerium

140.12

f-element

Silver metal

9 0002 t° _pl =798°C

t° _kip =3257°C

59

Pr

Praseodymium Praseodymium

140. 91

f-element

Silver metal

900 02 t° _pl =931°C

t° _kip =3212°C

60

Nd

neodymium neodymium

1 44.24

f-element

Silver metal

61

Pm

Promethium Promethium

146.92

f-element

Light gray radioactive metal

730°C

62

Sm

Samarium Samarium

150.36

mp =1072°C

t° _kip =1778°C

63

Eu

EuropiumEuropium

151.96

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl = 822°C

t° _kip = 1597°C

64

Gd

157.25

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1311°C

t° _kip =3233°C

65

Tb

TerbiumTerbium

158.93

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1360°C

t° _kip =3041°C

66

Dy

Dysprosium Dysprosium

162. 50

f-element

Silver metal

t° _mp =1409°C

t° _kip =2335°C

67

Ho

HolmiumHolmium

164.93 9000 3

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1470°C

t° _kip =2720°C

68

9 0002 Er

ErbiumErbium

167.26

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1522°C

t° _kip =2510°C

69 90 003

Tm

ThuliumThulium

168.93

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1545°C

t° _kip =1727°C

70

Yb

YtterbiumYtterbium

173.04

f-element

9 0002 Silver metal

t° _mp =824°C

t° _kip =1193°C

71

Lu

LutetiumLutetium

174.96 9000 3

f-element

Silver metal

t° _pl =1656°C

t° _kip =3315°C

72

9 0002 Hf

HafniumHafnium

178. 49

5d ² 6s ²

Silver metal

t° 9 0019 pl =2150°C

t° _kip =5400°C 9Ta metal

t° _pl =2996°C

t° _kip =5425°C

74

W

TungstenTungsten

183.84

5d ⁴ 6s ²

2.36

Gray

t° _{pl 900 20 =3407°C}

t° _kip =5927°C

75

Re

Rhenium

186.21

5d ⁵ 6s ²

Silver white metal

90 002 t° _pl =3180°C

t° _kip =5873°C

76

Os

Osmium Osmium

190.23

5d ⁶ 6s ²

Blueish silver metal

t° _pl =3045°C

90 002 t° _kip =5027°C

77

Ir

Iridium Iridium

192.22

5d ⁷ 6s ²

Silver metal

t° _pl =2410°C

t° _kip =4130°C

78

Pt

PlatinumPlatinum

195. 08

5d ⁹ 6s ¹

2.28

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =1772°C 900 03

t° _kip =3827°C

79

Au

GoldGold

196.97

5d ¹⁰ 6s ¹

2.54

Soft shiny yellow metal

t° _pl =1064°C

t° _kip =2940°C

80

Hg

Mercury Mercury

200.59

5d ¹⁰ 6s ²

2.0

Liquid silver white metal

t° 9 0019 pl =-39°C

t° _kip =357°C

81

Tl

2

Silver metal

t° _pl =304°C

t° _kip =1457°C

82

Pb 900 03

LeadLead

207.2

6s ² 6p ²

2.33

Blue metal gray

t° _pl =328°C

t° _kip =1740°C

83

Bi

BismuthBismuth

208. 98

6s ² 6p ^{3 9001 2}

Shiny silver metal

t° _pl =271°C

t° _kip =1560°C

84

Po 9 0003

Polonium Polonium

208.98

6s ² 6p ⁴

Soft silver white metal

t° _pl =254°C

t° _kip =962°C

85

At

AstatAstat

209.98

6s ² 6p ⁵

9

Unstable element, not found in nature 002 Rn

RadonRadon

222.02

6s ² 6p ⁶

2.2

Radioactive gas 900 03

t° _pl =-71°C

t° _kip =-62°C

87

Fr

FranceFrance

223.02

7s ¹

90 002 0.7

Unstable element, absent in nature

t° _pl =27°C

t° _kip =677°C

88

9000 2 Ra

Radium Radium

226. 03

7s ²

0.9

Silver-white radioactive metal

t° 9 0019 pl =700°C

t° _kip =1140°C

89

Ac

Actinium Actinium

227.03

6d ^{1 90 012 7s 2}

1.1

Silver-white radioactive metal

t° _pl =1047°C

t° _{kip 900 20 =3197°C}

90

Th

ThoriumThorium

232.04

f-element

Gray soft metal

91 90 003

Pa

Protactinium Protactinium

231.04

f-element

Silver-white radioactive metal

92

U

003

f-element

1.38

Silver white metal

93

Np

NeptuniumNeptunium

237.05

f element

Silvery white radioactive metal

94 90 003

Pu

PlutoniumPlutonium

244.06

f element

Silver-white radioactive metal

95

Am

9000 2 Americium Americium

243. 06

f-element

Silver-white radioactive metal

96

Cm

CuriumCurium

900 02 247.07

f-element

Silver-white radioactive metal

97

Bk

Berkelium Berkelium

247.07

f-element

Silver-white radioactive metal

98

Cf

California California

251.08 900 03

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

99

Es

Einsteinium Einsteinium

252.08

f-element

9000 2 Unstable element, absent in nature

100

Fm

FermiumFermium

257.10

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

101

Md

Mendelevium Mendelevium

258.10

f-element

90 002 Unstable element, not found in nature

102

No

2 103

Lr

Lawrencium Lawrencium

266

f-element

Unstable element, not found in nature

104

Rf

Rutherfordium Rutherfordium

267

6d ² 7s 9001 1 2

Unstable element, absent in nature

105

Db

DubniumDubnium

268

6d ³ 7 s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature

106

Sg

Seaborgium Seaborgium

269

6d ⁴ 7s ²

Unstable element, absent in nature

270

6d ⁵ 7s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature 2 Hassium Hassium

277

6d ⁶ 7s ²

Unstable element, absent in nature

109

Mt

Meitnerium Meitnerium

278

6d ⁷ 7s ²

Unstable element, not found in nature

9000 2 110

Ds

Darmstadt Darmstadt

281

6d ⁹ 7s ¹

Unstable element, absent in nature

Metals

Nonmetals

Alkaline

Alkaline earth

Noble

Halogens

Chalcogens

Semimetals

s-elements

p-elements

d-elements

f-elements

Hover over an element cell to get a brief description of it.

To get a detailed description of an element, click on its name.

Zinc oxide: Preparation and properties

Zinc oxide2497 zinc oxide can be obtained by various methods:

1. Oxidation zinc oxygen:

2ZN + O ₂

9000

9000

9000

9000

9000

497 2. by decay zinc hydroxide when heated:

Zn (it) ₂ → ZNO+ H ₂ O

3. Circus nitrate decomposition :

2Zn(NO ₃ ) ₂ + O ₂

Chemical properties

Zinc oxide is a typical amphoteric oxide . Interacts with acidic and basic oxides, acids, alkalis.

1. When zinc oxide reacts with basic oxides salts are formed – zincates .

For example , zinc oxide reacts with oxide sodium 019 2 ZnO ₂

2. Zinc oxide reacts with soluble bases (alkalis). In this case, in the melt salts – zincates are formed, and complex salts are formed in solution. In this case, zinc oxide exhibits acid properties .

For example , zinc oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide in melt to form sodium zincate and water :

900 03

ZnO + 2NaOH → Na ₂ ZnO ₂ + H ₂ O

Zinc oxide dissolves 9 2497 in excess alkali solution to form tetrahydroxozincate :

9 ₂ [Zn(OH) ₄ ]

924 97 3. Zinc oxide does not react with water.

ZnO + H ₂ O ≠

4. Zinc oxide reacts 924 97 with acid oxides . In this case, zinc salts are formed. In these reactions, zinc oxide exhibits basic properties .

For example , zinc oxide reacts with sulfur (VI) oxide to form zinc sulfate: → ZnSO ₄

5. Zinc oxide reacts with soluble acids to form salts

e.g. , zinc oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid0002 ZnO + 2HCl = ZnCl ₂ + H ₂ O

6. Zinc oxide exhibits weak oxidizing properties .

e.g. , zinc oxide reacts with hydrogen and carbon monoxide when heated CO

ZnO + CO → Zn + CO ₂

7.