What are the uses of ondansetron during pregnancy. How does ondansetron affect breastfeeding. What are the potential risks of using ondansetron while pregnant. How effective is ondansetron for managing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.

Understanding Ondansetron: Uses and Mechanisms of Action

Ondansetron, commonly known by its brand name Zofran, is a medication primarily used to prevent nausea and vomiting. It belongs to a class of drugs called antiemetics, which work by blocking the action of serotonin, a natural substance in the body that can trigger nausea and vomiting.

The drug is available in several forms, including:

• Oral tablets
• Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT)
• Oral solution
• Intravenous (IV) form (administered by healthcare professionals)

Ondansetron is commonly prescribed to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with:

• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Surgery

Is ondansetron effective for all types of nausea and vomiting? While ondansetron is highly effective for chemotherapy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting, its efficacy may vary for other causes. It’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment for specific situations.

Ondansetron Use During Pregnancy: Benefits and Risks

The use of ondansetron during pregnancy is a topic of ongoing research and debate in the medical community. While it can be effective in managing severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, also known as hyperemesis gravidarum, its safety profile requires careful consideration.

Pregnancy Categories and Recommendations

Different regulatory bodies have varying recommendations regarding ondansetron use during pregnancy:

• US FDA pregnancy category: B (Animal studies have not shown risk to the fetus, but there are no adequate studies in pregnant women)
• Australian TGA pregnancy category: B1 (Drugs taken by a limited number of pregnant women without observed harmful effects)

Do these categories guarantee the safety of ondansetron during pregnancy? No, these categories indicate that while no clear risks have been established, more research is needed to fully understand the potential impacts on fetal development.

Potential Risks and Concerns

Recent studies have raised some concerns about the use of ondansetron during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. These include:

• Possible increased risk of oral clefts
• Potential cardiac malformations
• Risk of serotonin syndrome when combined with other serotonergic medications

Are these risks definitively proven? While some studies have suggested these associations, the overall evidence is mixed, and more research is needed to establish clear causal relationships.

Ondansetron and Breastfeeding: Safety Considerations

The use of ondansetron during breastfeeding is another area where caution is advised. While the drug can be effective in managing postpartum nausea and vomiting, its potential effects on nursing infants must be considered.

Excretion in Breast Milk

Current knowledge about ondansetron’s excretion in human breast milk is limited:

• It is unknown whether ondansetron is excreted in human milk
• Animal studies have shown that it is excreted in animal milk

Can ondansetron affect a nursing infant? The effects on nursing infants are currently unknown, which is why caution is advised when using this medication while breastfeeding.

Recommendations for Breastfeeding Mothers

Due to the lack of conclusive data, different health authorities have varying recommendations:

• Australia and UK: Breastfeeding is not recommended during ondansetron use
• US: Use with caution

Should breastfeeding mothers avoid ondansetron entirely? The decision to use ondansetron while breastfeeding should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider, weighing the potential benefits against the unknown risks.

Alternative Treatments for Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy

Given the potential risks associated with ondansetron use during pregnancy, it’s important to consider alternative treatments for managing nausea and vomiting. Some options include:

1. Dietary modifications (e.g., eating small, frequent meals)
2. Ginger supplements or tea
3. Vitamin B6 supplementation
4. Acupressure wristbands
5. Other antiemetic medications with better-established safety profiles during pregnancy

Are these alternatives as effective as ondansetron? The effectiveness of these alternatives can vary from person to person. While they may not be as potent as ondansetron for severe cases, they often provide sufficient relief for mild to moderate nausea and vomiting with fewer safety concerns.

Monitoring and Managing Ondansetron Side Effects

When using ondansetron, it’s crucial to be aware of potential side effects and how to manage them. Common side effects include:

• Headache
• Constipation
• Dizziness
• Fatigue

More serious side effects, though rare, can include:

• Allergic reactions
• Irregular heartbeat
• Serotonin syndrome

How can patients differentiate between normal side effects and serious complications? Patients should be educated about the warning signs of serious side effects and instructed to seek immediate medical attention if they experience symptoms such as chest pain, severe dizziness, or signs of an allergic reaction.

Drug Interactions and Precautions with Ondansetron

Ondansetron can interact with various medications, potentially altering its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Some important interactions to consider include:

• Serotonergic drugs (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs)
• QT interval-prolonging medications
• Apomorphine
• Tramadol

What precautions should patients take when using ondansetron? Patients should always inform their healthcare providers about all medications, supplements, and herbal products they are taking. Additionally, those with a history of Long QT syndrome or liver problems may require special monitoring or dosage adjustments.

Future Research and Developments in Ondansetron Use

As ondansetron continues to be widely used, ongoing research aims to better understand its safety profile and optimize its use. Some areas of current and future research include:

• Long-term effects of ondansetron exposure during pregnancy
• Genetic factors influencing ondansetron metabolism and effectiveness
• Development of new antiemetic drugs with improved safety profiles
• Combination therapies to enhance efficacy while minimizing risks

How might future research impact ondansetron use in pregnancy and breastfeeding? As more data becomes available, guidelines for ondansetron use during pregnancy and breastfeeding may be refined, potentially leading to more personalized treatment approaches based on individual risk factors and genetic profiles.

In conclusion, while ondansetron remains an effective treatment for nausea and vomiting, its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding requires careful consideration. Healthcare providers must weigh the potential benefits against the risks, considering the severity of symptoms, available alternatives, and individual patient factors. As research continues to evolve, it’s crucial for both healthcare providers and patients to stay informed about the latest findings and recommendations regarding ondansetron use in these sensitive populations.

Ondansetron Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com

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Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Oct 3, 2022.

Ondansetron is also known as: Zofran, Zofran ODT, Zuplenz

Ondansetron Pregnancy Warnings

Use is not recommended (AU, UK)
This drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed (US)

AU TGA pregnancy category: B1
US FDA pregnancy category: B

Comment:
-If use is absolutely necessary, caution should be exercised, especially during the first trimester.

Animal studies have failed to reveal evidence of harm to the embryo, fetus, gestation period, perinatal/postnatal development, and/or fertility. There are no controlled data in human pregnancy.

AU TGA pregnancy category B1: Drugs which have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human fetus having been observed. Studies in animals have not shown evidence of an increased occurrence of fetal damage.

US FDA pregnancy category B: Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.

See references

Ondansetron Breastfeeding Warnings

Breastfeeding is not recommended during use of this drug (AU, UK)
Use with caution (US)

Excreted into human milk: Unknown
Excreted into animal milk: Yes

Comments: The effects in the nursing infant are unknown.

See references

See also

• Ondansetron use while Breastfeeding (in more detail)
• Ondansetron Consumer Information
• Pregnancy Support Group
• FDA Pregnancy Categories
• Medicine use during Pregnancy
• Medicine use while Breastfeeding
• Safe Medications during Breastfeeding

References for pregnancy information

1. Product Information. Zofran (ondansetron). GlaxoSmithKline. 2001.
2. Cerner Multum, Inc. UK Summary of Product Characteristics.
3. Cerner Multum, Inc. Australian Product Information.
4. Product Information. Zuplenz (ondansetron). Strativa Pharmaceuticals, a Division of Par Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2010.

References for breastfeeding information

1. Product Information. Zofran (ondansetron). GlaxoSmithKline. 2001.
2. Cerner Multum, Inc. UK Summary of Product Characteristics.
3. Cerner Multum, Inc. Australian Product Information.
4. Product Information. Zuplenz (ondansetron). Strativa Pharmaceuticals, a Division of Par Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2010.
5. United States National Library of Medicine. Toxnet. Toxicology Data Network. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT 2013.

Further information

Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.

Medical Disclaimer

Side Effects, Dosage, Uses, and More

Highlights for ondansetron

1. Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet is available as a brand-name drug and as a generic drug. Brand name: Zofran ODT.
2. Ondansetron comes in three forms that you take by mouth: a tablet, a disintegrating tablet, and a solution. It’s also available in an intravenous (IV) form. This form is only given by a healthcare professional.
3. Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by certain medical treatments.

• Serotonin syndrome warning: Ondansetron raises your risk of a life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome. This syndrome occurs when the chemical serotonin builds up too much in your body. A high level of serotonin can cause agitation, delirium (confused thinking) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t real). It can also cause sweating, rapid heartbeat, muscle stiffness, tremor, seizures, jerky muscle movements, and coma. Call your doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms. This condition can result from using ondansetron alone. However, it’s more likely to occur when you’re also taking another drug that affects serotonin levels.

Ondansetron is a prescription drug. It comes in three forms that you take by mouth: a tablet, a disintegrating tablet, and a solution. It’s also available in an intravenous (IV) form, which is only given by a healthcare professional.

Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet is available as the brand-name drug Zofran ODT. It’s also available as a generic drug. Generic drugs usually cost less than the brand-name version. In some cases, they may not be available in every strength or form as the brand-name drug.

Ondansetron may be used as part of a combination therapy. This means you may need to take it with other medications.

Why it’s used

Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by certain medical treatments. These treatments include:

• chemotherapy
• radiation treatment
• surgery

How it works

Ondansetron belongs to a class of drugs called antiemetics. A class of drugs is a group of medications that work in a similar way. These drugs are often used to treat similar conditions. Antiemetics are drugs that reduce nausea and vomiting.

Ondansetron works by blocking the release of the chemical serotonin in the gut and the central nervous system. This keeps serotonin from causing nausea and vomiting.

Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet may cause drowsiness. It can also cause other side effects.

More common side effects

The more common side effects of ondansetron can include:

• headache
• diarrhea
• constipation
• dizziness
• drowsiness

If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Serious side effects

Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:

• Serotonin syndrome. Symptoms can include:
  • agitation
  • hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren’t real)
  • rapid heartbeat
  • sweating
  • feeling hot
  • muscle rigidity (stiffness)
  • tremor
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • coma

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible side effects. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always discuss possible side effects with a healthcare professional who knows your medical history.

Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.

To help avoid interactions, your doctor should manage all of your medications carefully. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, or herbs you’re taking. To find out how this drug might interact with something else you’re taking, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.

Examples of drugs that can cause interactions with ondansetron are listed below.

Drugs you should not use with ondansetron

Do not take these drugs with ondansetron. Doing so can cause dangerous effects in your body. Examples of these drugs include:

• Apomorphine. Taking this drug with ondansetron can cause your blood pressure to drop to unsafe levels. This can cause you to pass out.

Interactions that increase your risk of side effects from ondansetron

Taking ondansetron with certain medications raises your risk of side effects from ondansetron. This is because the amount of ondansetron in your body may be increased. Examples of these drugs include:

• Other drugs that affect serotonin levels, such as fluoxetine and paroxetine.

Interactions that can make ondansetron less effective

Taking these drugs with ondansetron can make ondansetron less effective. This is because the amount of ondansetron in your body may be decreased. Examples of these drugs include:

• Anti-seizure drugs, such as phenytoin or carbamazepine. Your doctor may switch you from ondansetron to a different drug if needed.
• Tuberculosis drugs, such as rifampin, rifabutin, or rifapentine. Your doctor may switch you from ondansetron to a different drug if needed.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs interact differently in each person, we cannot guarantee that this information includes all possible interactions. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your healthcare professional about possible interactions with all prescription drugs, vitamins, herbs and supplements, and over-the-counter drugs that you are taking.

This drug comes with several warnings.

Allergy warning

Ondansetron can cause a severe allergic reaction. Symptoms can include:

• flushing
• trouble breathing
• swelling of your throat or tongue
• dizziness
• coughing

If you develop these symptoms, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room.

Don’t take this drug again if you’ve ever had an allergic reaction to it. Taking it again could be fatal (cause death).

Warnings for people with certain health conditions

For people with risk factors for heart arrhythmias: If you have conditions such as heart failure or congenital long QT syndrome, this drug may increase your risk of arrhythmias. Ask your doctor if you have risk factors for arrhythmias.

For people with phenylketonuria: The ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet contains phenylalanine. This amino acid can cause dangerous effects in people with a condition called phenylketonuria. Don’t take the orally disintegrating tablet if you have phenylketonuria.

Warnings for other groups

For pregnant women: There haven’t been enough studies done in humans to be certain how ondansetron might affect a fetus when the mother takes it. Research in animals has not shown a risk to the fetus. However, animal studies do not always predict the way humans would respond.

Talk to your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant. This drug should only be used in pregnancy if clearly needed.

For women who are breastfeeding: Ondansetron may pass into breast milk and may cause side effects in a child who is breastfed. Talk to your doctor if you breastfeed your child. You may need to decide whether to stop breastfeeding or stop taking this medication.

For seniors: The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, a higher amount of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

For children: This medication has not been studied in children younger than 4 years. It should not be used in children of this age range.

All possible dosages and drug forms may not be included here. Your dosage, drug form, and how often you take the drug will depend on:

• your age
• the condition being treated
• how severe your condition is
• other medical conditions you have
• how you react to the first dose

Drug forms and strengths

Generic: Ondansetron

• Form: orally disintegrating tablet
• Strengths: 4 mg, 8 mg

Brand: Zofran ODT

• Form: orally disintegrating tablet
• Strengths: 4 mg, 8 mg
• Dosage for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical dosage for chemotherapy that’s highly likely to cause nausea and vomiting: A single 24-mg dose given 30 minutes before chemotherapy.
• Typical dosage for chemotherapy that’s somewhat likely to cause nausea and vomiting: 8 mg, 30 minutes before chemotherapy. Eight hours later, you can take another 8 mg. For 1–2 days after chemotherapy, you can take 8 mg twice per day.

Child dosage (ages 12–17 years)

• Typical dosage for chemotherapy that’s somewhat likely to cause nausea and vomiting: 8 mg given 30 minutes before chemotherapy. Four and eight hours after the first dose, your child can take another 8 mg. For 1–2 days after chemotherapy, they can take 8 mg three times per day.

Child dosage (ages 4–11 years)

• Typical dosage for chemotherapy that’s somewhat likely to cause nausea and vomiting: 4 mg given 30 minutes before chemotherapy. Four and eight hours after the first dose, your child can take another 4 mg. For 1–2 days after chemotherapy, your child can take 4 mg, three times per day.

Child dosage (ages 0–3 years)

It has not been confirmed that ondansetron is safe and effective for use in children younger than 4 years. It should not be used in children of this age range.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, a higher amount of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dosage or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Dosage for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by radiation treatment

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical dosage: 8 mg starting 1–2 hours before radiation, followed by 8-mg doses every 8 hours after that first dose. Continue for 1 to 2 days after you complete radiation treatment. This dosage may vary depending on the type of radiation you receive.

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

It has not been established that this drug is safe and effective for this use in children.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, a higher amount of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dosage or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Dosage for prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by surgery

Adult dosage (ages 18–64 years)

• Typical dosage: 16 mg one hour before you receive anesthesia for surgery.

Child dosage (ages 0–17 years)

It has not been established that this drug is safe and effective for this use in children.

Senior dosage (ages 65 years and older)

The kidneys of older adults may not work as well as they used to. This can cause your body to process drugs more slowly. As a result, a higher amount of a drug stays in your body for a longer time. This raises your risk of side effects.

Your doctor may start you on a lowered dosage or a different dosing schedule. This can help keep levels of this drug from building up too much in your body.

Special dosage considerations

For people with liver disease: If you have severe liver disease, you should not take more than 8 mg of ondansetron per day.

Disclaimer: Our goal is to provide you with the most relevant and current information. However, because drugs affect each person differently, we cannot guarantee that this list includes all possible dosages. This information is not a substitute for medical advice. Always speak with your doctor or pharmacist about dosages that are right for you.

Ondansetron orally disintegrating tablet is used for short-term treatment. It comes with serious risks if you don’t take it as prescribed.

If you stop taking the drug suddenly or don’t take it at all: You could have nausea and vomiting that’s not controlled.

If you take too much: You could have dangerous levels of the drug in your body. Symptoms of an overdose of this drug can include:

• faintness
• drowsiness
• agitation
• fast heartbeat
• flushing (sudden reddening of the skin)
• seizures

If you think you’ve taken too much of this drug, call your doctor or local poison control center. If your symptoms are severe, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away.

How to tell if the drug is working: You should not have nausea or vomiting. If you do, it should be less severe.

Keep these considerations in mind if your doctor prescribes ondansetron for you.

General

• You can take ondansetron with or without food.
• Take this drug at the time(s) recommended by your doctor.
• Do not cut or crush the orally disintegrating tablets.

Storage

• Store the orally disintegrating tablets at a temperature between 36°F and 86°F (2°C and 30°C).
• Keep this drug away from light.
• Don’t store this medication in moist or damp areas, such as bathrooms.

Refills

A prescription for this medication is refillable. You should not need a new prescription for this medication to be refilled. Your doctor will write the number of refills authorized on your prescription.

Travel

When traveling with your medication:

• Always carry your medication with you. When flying, never put it into a checked bag. Keep it in your carry-on bag.
• Don’t worry about airport X-ray machines. They can’t harm your medication.
• You may need to show airport staff the pharmacy label for your medication. Always carry the original prescription-labeled container with you.
• Don’t put this medication in your car’s glove compartment or leave it in the car. Be sure to avoid doing this when the weather is very hot or very cold.

Self-management

• When taking the orally disintegrating tablet out of its package, peel the foil back. Don’t try to push the tablet through the foil. This step will help keep the tablet from breaking.
• Place the tablet on your tongue. Leave it there for a few seconds to allow it to dissolve, and then swallow. You don’t need to take the tablet with liquid.

Availability

Not every pharmacy stocks this drug. When filling your prescription, be sure to call ahead to make sure your pharmacy carries it.

There are other drugs available to treat your condition. Some may be better suited for you than others. Talk to your doctor about other drug options that may work for you.

Disclaimer: Healthline has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up-to-date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or other healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses.

Zofran instructions, price in pharmacies of Ukraine The drug contains the active component ondansetron, a selective blocker of serotonin 5HT3 receptors. The drug may show an anti-diabetic effect. The mechanism of drug administration until the end of the term, it is therapeutically effective for the drug due to the influence of serotonin 5HT3 receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system, stimulation of these receptors during chemotherapy, which improves serotonin.

The drug does not have a sedative effect and does not affect plasma prolactin levels.

After oral administration, the drug is well absorbed in the intestinal tract. For ondansetron, the characteristic effect is the first passage through the liver. The peak plasma concentration of the active ingredient is observed 1. 5 years after oral ingestion of the drug and 6 years after rectal ingestion. When taking the drug at once, the bioavailability of ondansetron is increased.

Metabolized in the liver, excreted most importantly in the presence of metabolites, about 5% of the drug is excreted in the unchanged form.

The period of administration of the drug is 3 years, in patients with a frail age – 5 years, after rectal ingestion of the drug – close to 6 years (as a result of greater absorption of the drug in the rectum). In patients with severe impairment of function, the period of drinking increases to 15-20 years.

The pharmacokinetics of the drug is the same for single and repeated doses.

In patients with impaired function, the systemic clearance and volume of distribution of the active ingredient are reduced. The period of administration in patients with impaired blood function and creatinine clearance of 15 to 60 ml / hv reaches 5.4 years.

In patients who are on hemodialysis, the pharmacokinetics of the drug are similar to those in patients with normal functioning of the drug.

In patients with severely impaired liver function, a decrease in systemic clearance of the active component of the drug, an increase in the period of administration (15-32 years) and oral bioavailability (100%) are indicated.

In women, systemic clearance and volume of ondansetron was lower, lower in humans.

Indication before congestion:

The drug is indicated for the treatment and prevention of vomiting in patients who are undergoing a course of cytostatic chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

The drug is also prescribed for the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting in patients who have undergone surgery. For the therapy of patients in the postoperative period, do not stop the drug Zofran in the form of suppositories.

Injection method:

Injection retailer

Prescription drug for parenteral infusion. The ampoule with the preparation should be taken out without delay before the infusion, in case, even though not all of the varieties are broken, I decide to dispose of it. Ready rozchin for infusion introduction is allowed to be taken at a temperature of 2 to 8 degrees Celsius for a duration of not more than 24 years. The drug in a dose of 8 mg and less is allowed to be administered intravenously, intravenously and at the same time as intravenous infusion. If the dose is higher than 8 mg, then the drug should be administered only in case of intravenous infusion. Intravenously, the drug should be injected regularly at the upper upper quadrant of the sydnychny m’yaza.

For the preparation of a brand for internal infusion as a retailer, a variety is allowed:

• 0.9% sodium chloride brand;
• Rozchin Ringer;
• 10% manitol;
• 5% glucose solution;
• 0.3% potassium chloride and 0.9% sodium chloride;
• 0.3% potassium chloride and 5% glucose. 0.9% sodium chloride, as well as the drug in other total sizes for intravenous administration is stable in polypropylene syringes.

  One-hour injection of a drug with a concentration of 16 to 160 µg / ml (8 mg / 500 ml and 8 mg / 50 ml) through a Y-shaped injector is allowed:

  • ia 0. 48 mg / ml) for 1-8 years;
  • 5-fluorouracil (concentration 0.8 mg/ml) with a dose not exceeding 20 ml per year;
  • Carboplatin (concentration 0.18-9.9 mg / ml) with a stretch of 10-60 strands;
  • Etoposide (concentration 0.14-0.25 mg/ml) 30-60 strands;
  • Ceftazidime (dose 250-2000mg), administered in water for injection according to the recommended instructions, stretching 5 strands at a time of intravenous bolus injection;
  • Cyclophosphamide (dose 100-1000mg) is varied in water for injections according to the recommended instructions, with a stretch of 5 strands at the same time as an internal bolus injection;
  • Doxorubicin (dose 10-100mg) is administered in water for injections according to the recommended instructions, with a stretch of 5 strands at a glance for internal bolus injections;
  • The drug can also be mixed in a single urticaria with dexamethasone phosphate sodium sill (dose of ondansetron in a range of 8 µg/ml up to 1 mg/ml, dose of dexamethasone phosphate in a range of 32 µg/ml up to 2. 5 g/ml) entry hour 50- 100 ml rozchin not less than 15 quills.

  The validity of the course of treatment and the dose of the drug is determined by the drug individually for the skin patient.

  Older, if you are going to undergo a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with nausea and vomiting, prescribe a proper injection of 8 mg of the drug before the start of therapy. In times like nudota or vomit, try for more than 24 years after the start of therapy, patients are prescribed the drug Zofran in medicinal forms for oral or rectal congestion.

  Let’s grow up, if you want to avoid therapy with highly methogenic drugs, in case of nausea and vomiting, prescribe a proper injection of 8 mg of the drug before chemotherapy. The dose of the drug should be increased as a fallow drug (maximum dose 32 mg) and administered as an intravenous infusion.

  In addition, during therapy with highly methogenic drugs, patients may be given the administration of ondansetron according to the regimen: 8 mg intravenously before chemotherapy, after which 2 repeated administrations of 8 mg of the drug with an interval of 2-4 godini. It is also possible to recognize ondansetron for intravenous infusion of 1 mg/year for 24 years.

  To improve the effectiveness of the drug, a single intravenous injection of 20 mg of dexamethasone phosphate sodium salt is given to current patients before chemotherapy on the cob.

  In times of nausea or vomiting, try for more than 24 years after the beginning of therapy, patients are prescribed the drug Zofran in medicinal forms for oral or rectal congestion.

  Children should be given an intravenous dose of 5 mg/m2 before chemotherapy. After 12 years after parenteral administration, the drug should be administered orally 4 mg of ondansetron 2 times a day. The oral form of the drug should be taken for 5 days after completion of the course of chemotherapy.

  Let’s grow up before the operative intervention for the prevention of nausea and vomit, administer 4 mg of the drug intravenously properly or internally during the period of induction anesthesia.

  For the treatment of vomiting in the postoperative period, it is necessary to prescribe a one-time intravenous injection of 4 mg of the drug.

  For children before surgery to prevent nausea and vomiting, prescribe the drug at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of body weight intravenously properly during the period of induction anesthesia (it is also possible to introduce the drug before or after induction anesthesia).

  For the treatment of vomiting in the post-operative period, children should be given a single intravenous injection of the drug at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight.

  The maximum dose of the drug for children with postoperative vomiting should be 4 mg of ondansetron.

  The maximum additional dose for the drug for patients who suffer from impaired liver function is 8 mg.

  Syrup, coated tablets, lingual tablets:

  Indication for oral administration. Tablets, covered with a shell, are recommended to be taken in whole, not rotting and not sagging, drinking down the necessary amount of water. Lingual tablets are recommended to be taken in the mouth empty until they are full (1-2 quills) after which they are swallowed. The syrup is recommended to be taken in an undiluted form, dosing the drug in the form of a syrup is carried out with the help of a special peaceful spoon, which is put into the pack at once with the vial. The validity of the course of treatment and the dose of the drug depends on the drug individually for the skin patient.

  Older, if you want to take a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with nausea and vomiting, prescribe 8 mg of the drug 1-2 years before the start of therapy. After which the drug is taken again after 12 years at a dose of 8 mg. For the prevention of piznyoї vomit, we grow up to sound, prescribe 8 mg of the drug 2 times a day. The drug should be taken for 5 days after completion of the course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

  Doroslimy, yakі otrimuyut therapy with highly methogenic drugs, with nausea and vomiting, prescribe 24 mg of the drug in combination with 12 mg of dexamethasone sodium sill phosphate 1-2 years before chemotherapy on the cob. For the prevention of vomit in 24 years after the first drug taken, you should prescribe 8 mg of ondansetron 2 times a day. The drug should be taken for 5 days after completion of the course of chemotherapy.

  Children should be given a parenteral drug before chemotherapy. After 12 years after parenteral administration, the drug should be administered orally 4 mg of ondansetron 2 times a day. The drug should be taken for 5 days after completion of the course of chemotherapy.

  Let’s grow up before the operative intervention for the prevention of nudity and vomit, you should prescribe 16 mg of the drug once 60 minutes before the cob of general anesthesia. For the treatment of vomiting in the postoperative period, it is recommended to stop the drug in the form of parenteral administration.

  Rectal suppositories:

  Prescription drug for rectal infusion. The validity of the course of treatment and the dose of the drug depends on the drug individually for the skin patient.

  Older, if you want to take a course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with nausea and vomiting, prescribe 1 suppository of the drug 1-2 years before the start of therapy. For the prevention of vomit in adulthood, prescribe 1 suppository of the drug 1 time per day.

  The drug should be given for 5 days after completion of the course of chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

  As soon as possible, if you want to avoid therapy with highly methogenic drugs, in case of nausea and vomiting, prescribe 1 suppository of the drug 1-2 years before the start of chemotherapy. To enhance the therapeutic effect of the drug, a single intravenous injection of 20 mg of dexamethasone phosphate sodium salt is prescribed before chemotherapy on the cob.

  Let’s grow up for the prevention of vomiting in 24 years after the first drug taken, prescribe 1 suppository of the drug 1 time per day. The preparation should be taken for 5 days after completion of the course of chemotherapy.

  Antiemetics – veterinary articles from Svoy Doktor specialists

  Vomiting is a common clinical sign in small animal veterinary practice. It requires a rational approach to treatment based primarily on suspected or established pathology. A complete and detailed history is required to examine an animal with vomiting. It is most important to distinguish vomiting from regurgitation, since their etiology, on which specific diagnostic tests depend, is different. Regurgitation is a passive process in which undigested food or saliva is ejected spontaneously under the influence of gravity, while vomiting is a reflex accompanied by signs of nausea, increased salivation and contractions of the abdominal muscles.

  Maropitant. Trade name Serenia/ Cerenia

  This drug acts as an antiemetic by blocking the neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor. Neurokinin-1 is a neurotransmitter that initiates vomiting from the vomiting center. Although NK1 receptors are involved in other physiological and behavioral responses, no side effects associated with blockade of other receptors have been reported at doses used to control vomiting. Maropitant can inhibit vomiting that is stimulated by both central and peripheral sources mediated by acetylcholine, histamine, dopamine, and serotonin. The NK1 receptor is also involved in pain transmission (via substance P). Blockade of the NK1 receptor may have potential as an adjunctive treatment for some types of pain (eg, visceral pain), but there are currently no clinical studies demonstrating an analgesic effect from maropitant. [1], [2], [3], [7]

  The drug effectively suppresses vomiting from chemotherapy, gastrointestinal diseases, intoxication, kidney disease, vestibular irritants (sickness). [4]

  Adverse reactions: pain reaction during injection. Very high doses in cats can cause hemolysis. The injections should not be mixed with any other agent as there are no compatibility studies.

  Maropitant is available as 16, 24, 60, or 160 mg tablets and 10 mg/mL injection. However, in the Russian Federation the tablet form is not available.

  Dosage: dogs, cats: 1 mg/kg daily or 2 mg/kg orally every 24 hours. To prevent motion sickness in foreign literature, tablets are used at a dose of 8 mg / kg per day for a maximum of 2 days.

  Metoclopramide. Trade name Cerucal/Reglan/Maxolon

  Antiemetic and prokinetic drug. Metoclopramide stimulates upper gastrointestinal motility and is a centrally acting antiemetic. Among the proposed mechanisms are stimulation of 5-HT (serotonin) receptors or increased release of acetylcholine in the gastrointestinal tract. Affinity for 5-HT4 receptors is low compared to other more effective motility-modifying drugs. It inhibits dopamine-induced relaxation of the stomach, thus enhancing the cholinergic responses of gastric smooth muscle to increase motility. It also increases the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter. Metoclopramide acts centrally by inhibiting dopamine, which is responsible for the antiemetic effects. The antiemetic effect is achieved through its antidopamine (D2) action.

  The main effect in dogs is its antiemetic properties. Because this drug transiently increases prolactin secretion, there has been interest in its use for the treatment of agalactia in animals, but its efficacy has not been determined. [5]

  Adverse effects are associated with blockade of central dopaminergic receptors. Use in patients with epilepsy or diseases caused by obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract is unacceptable. [6]

  Most commonly used for general antiemetic purposes, but doses up to 2 mg/kg have been used to prevent vomiting during cancer chemotherapy (higher doses may cause antiserotonin effects). [3]

  Metoclopramide is available as 5 and 10 mg tablets, 1 mg/ml oral solution and 5 mg/ml injection in 2, 10 and 30 ml vials.

  Dosage: 0.2-0.5 mg/kg every 6-8 hours IV, IM or orally. For antiemetic treatment in cancer chemotherapy, the dose used is up to 2 mg/kg per day.

  Ondansetron. Trade name Latran/Emetron/Zofran/ Zofran

  Ondansetron is an antiemetic drug in a class of drugs called serotonin antagonists. Like other drugs in this class, ondansetron works by inhibiting serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptors.

  In cats, oral absorption is 32% from oral administration and 75% from subcutaneous administration. In dogs, it is much less bioavailable (less than 10%) after oral administration and has a shorter half-life of 30 minutes, raising questions about the clinical efficacy of ondansetron in dogs.

  Only limited information is available on the efficacy of ondansetron in animals, but ondansetron has been found to be effective for treating chemotherapy vomiting in animals. [3], [5]

  No adverse effects of ondansetron have been reported in animals. Important contraindications in animals have not been identified. Dose modification is not required in animals with renal insufficiency.

  Ondansetron is available as 4 and 8 mg tablets and 2 mg/mL injections. Dosage for dogs and cats: 0.5-1 mg/kg 30 minutes before administration of chemotherapy drugs. Other causes of vomiting: 0.2-0.3 mg/kg, slow intravenous injection and repeated every 6-12 hours. If there is no effect, increase to 0.