What is the bone at the tip of your middle finger. How does the distal phalanx contribute to hand function. Why is understanding finger anatomy important for hand health.

The Anatomy of the Middle Finger: Unveiling the Distal Phalanx

The human hand is a marvel of biological engineering, with each finger playing a crucial role in our daily activities. At the very tip of the middle finger lies a small but significant bone known as the distal phalanx. This bone is the final piece in the intricate puzzle of finger anatomy, working in harmony with other structures to provide the dexterity and strength we often take for granted.

What is the distal phalanx?

The distal phalanx is the terminal bone of the finger, located at the fingertip. In the middle finger, as well as in the index, ring, and little fingers, it is the third and smallest of the phalanges (finger bones). This bone is characterized by its flattened, spoon-like shape, which supports the fingertip pad and nail.

How does the distal phalanx function?

The distal phalanx plays several crucial roles in hand function:

• It provides structural support for the fingertip
• It serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments
• It contributes to fine motor skills and precise movements
• It helps in distributing force during gripping and pinching actions

The Joints of the Middle Finger: A Complex Network

To fully appreciate the role of the distal phalanx, it’s essential to understand its relationship with the joints of the middle finger. These joints work together to provide the finger with its remarkable range of motion and functionality.

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP)

The distal interphalangeal joint is the joint closest to the fingertip, connecting the distal phalanx to the middle phalanx. This joint primarily allows for flexion and extension of the fingertip.

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP)

Located between the middle and proximal phalanges, the PIP joint is responsible for a significant portion of the finger’s bending motion. It’s crucial for gripping and manipulating objects.

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP)

The MCP joint connects the finger to the hand at the base of the proximal phalanx. This joint allows for flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction of the finger.

Common Conditions Affecting the Distal Phalanx and DIP Joint

Understanding the anatomy of the distal phalanx and its associated joint is crucial for recognizing and addressing various hand conditions. Some common issues include:

1. Mallet finger: A condition where the tendon attached to the distal phalanx is damaged, causing the fingertip to droop
2. Osteoarthritis: Degenerative changes in the DIP joint leading to pain and stiffness
3. Fractures: Breaks in the distal phalanx, often resulting from crush injuries or direct trauma
4. Mucous cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop near the DIP joint, often associated with osteoarthritis

The Role of Tendons and Ligaments in Finger Function

The distal phalanx serves as an attachment point for important soft tissue structures that enable finger movement and stability. Understanding these connections is crucial for comprehending overall finger function.

Extensor Tendons

The extensor tendons attach to the dorsal (back) aspect of the distal phalanx. These tendons are responsible for straightening the finger and extending the DIP joint. In the case of the middle finger, the primary extensor tendon is a continuation of the extensor digitorum muscle.

Flexor Tendons

On the palmar (front) side of the distal phalanx, the flexor digitorum profundus tendon attaches. This tendon enables flexion of the DIP joint, allowing you to bend the fingertip.

Collateral Ligaments

The DIP joint is stabilized by collateral ligaments on both sides. These ligaments prevent excessive side-to-side motion of the joint while allowing for normal flexion and extension.

Comparative Anatomy: The Distal Phalanx Across Fingers

While we’ve focused on the middle finger, it’s interesting to compare the distal phalanx across different fingers to understand its unique characteristics and functions.

Thumb

The thumb has only two phalanges, with the distal phalanx being proportionally larger than in other fingers. This adaptation allows for greater strength and stability in pinching and gripping actions.

Index and Ring Fingers

The distal phalanges of the index and ring fingers are similar in size and shape to that of the middle finger, though the middle finger’s is typically slightly larger due to the finger’s length.

Little Finger

The distal phalanx of the little finger is the smallest among all fingers, reflecting its reduced size and more specialized role in hand function.

The Importance of Finger Anatomy in Medical Procedures

A thorough understanding of finger anatomy, including the distal phalanx and its associated structures, is crucial for medical professionals performing various procedures on the hand.

Surgical Considerations

When performing surgeries on the fingertip or DIP joint, surgeons must be acutely aware of the delicate structures surrounding the distal phalanx. This includes avoiding damage to nail beds, preserving blood supply, and ensuring proper reattachment of tendons and ligaments.

Diagnostic Imaging

Radiologists and other imaging specialists rely on their knowledge of normal finger anatomy to accurately interpret X-rays, MRIs, and other diagnostic images. This is essential for identifying fractures, dislocations, and other abnormalities affecting the distal phalanx and surrounding structures.

Hand Therapy

Occupational and physical therapists working on hand rehabilitation must understand the biomechanics of the distal phalanx and DIP joint to design effective treatment plans. This knowledge helps in addressing issues such as limited range of motion, weakness, or pain in the fingertip region.

Evolutionary Perspective: The Development of the Human Hand

The human hand, including the distal phalanx of the middle finger, is a product of millions of years of evolution. Understanding this evolutionary context can provide insights into the current structure and function of our fingers.

Primate Adaptations

The human hand shares many similarities with those of our primate relatives, but key differences have evolved to support our unique manipulative abilities. The proportions of our fingers, including the distal phalanges, have been fine-tuned to allow for both precision grips and power grips.

Tool Use and Finger Evolution

The development of tool use in early humans likely played a significant role in shaping the evolution of our hands. The ability to manipulate objects with precision, which relies heavily on the structure and function of our fingertips, including the distal phalanx, has been a crucial factor in human cognitive and technological development.

Comparative Hand Anatomy

Studying the hands of other primates and mammals can provide valuable insights into the specialized nature of human hand anatomy. For example, the elongated middle finger and its robust distal phalanx in humans contribute to our ability to form a cupped hand shape, which is advantageous for both tool use and gestural communication.

Biomechanics of the Distal Phalanx in Everyday Activities

The distal phalanx of the middle finger, along with those of the other fingers, plays a crucial role in various everyday activities. Understanding its biomechanics can help appreciate the complexity of hand function and inform strategies for maintaining hand health.

Writing and Drawing

When holding a pen or pencil, the distal phalanx of the middle finger often provides crucial support and control. The ability to make fine adjustments in pressure and angle is largely due to the intricate musculoskeletal system at the fingertip.

Typing and Using Touchscreens

In the digital age, the distal phalanx is frequently engaged in typing on keyboards and interacting with touchscreens. The sensory receptors in the fingertip, supported by the underlying bone structure, allow for precise and rapid interactions with these devices.

Gripping and Manipulating Objects

Whether picking up a small object or maintaining a firm grip on a tool, the distal phalanx works in concert with other finger bones and the thumb to provide the necessary force and control. The shape of the distal phalanx, with its flattened tip, is particularly well-suited for these tasks.

By delving into the intricacies of hand anatomy, focusing on the distal phalanx of the middle finger, we gain a deeper appreciation for the remarkable capabilities of the human hand. This knowledge not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also has practical applications in fields such as medicine, ergonomics, and technology design. As we continue to explore and understand the complexities of our anatomy, we open doors to new innovations and improved approaches to hand health and function.

Body Anatomy: Upper Extremity Joints

The joints in our hands are made up of cartilage surfaces that cap the bones. Cartilage is a smooth surface that allows for gliding. When cartilage is healthy, there is a cushioning effect of the cartilage that absorbs and evens out the forces across the joint.

The joints in our hands are made up of cartilage surfaces that cap the bones.  Cartilage is a smooth surface that allows for gliding. When cartilage is healthy, there is a cushioning effect of the cartilage that absorbs and evens out the forces across the joint.  Our joints typically have a capsule of tough, but flexible, fibrous tissue that helps hold the joints together and an inner lining of synovium.  The synovium has multiple functions including to help provide fluid for lubrication of the joint.  The tough fibrous tissue is often what is injured when you have a sprain of a joint.

When discussing hand joints, we refer to the palmar or volar surface (the palm side), the dorsal surface (the back of the hand), the radial side (toward the thumb), and the ulnar side (toward the little finger).

Jump to:

• Finger Joints
• Wrist Joints
• Elbow Joints
• Shoulder Joints

Thumb

Interphalangeal Joint (IP)
The thumb digit has only two phalanges (bones) so it only has one joint. The thumb interphalangeal (IP) joint is similar to the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint in the fingers. The IP joint in thumb is located at the tip of the finger just before the fingernail starts. The terminal extensor tendon in the thumb comes from the extensor pollicis longus muscle. The radial and ulnar collateral ligaments are important to provide stability of the fingertip during pinching.

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MP)
The MP joint is where the hand bone, called the metacarpal, meets the finger bones, called the phalanges. A single finger bone is called a phalanx. MP joints are important for both power grip and pinch activities; they are where the fingers move in relation to the hand. The MP joint primarily allows you to bend and extend the thumb. The ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb MP joint is important to stabilize the thumb during most pinch activities and is commonly injured.

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC)
The thumb CMC joint has the most freedom of motion. The thumb metacarpal can bend and extend the thumb, move the thumb away from and toward the hand, and spin the thumb on the trapezium. Two very important ligaments are the dorsoradial and the volar beak ligaments.  The abductor pollicis longus and brevis help move the thumb away from the hand. The adductor pollicis helps move the thumb toward the hand. The thumb CMC joint is one of the most common areas in the hand and wrist to develop arthritis. Surgical treatment for arthritis of the joint often includes removal of the trapezium or resurfacing of the joint.  Common injuries to this joint include a Bennett’s fracture and a Rolando’s fracture. 

Learn about thumb arthritis.

Index Finger

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP)
The DIP joint in the finger is located at the tip of the finger, just before the finger nail starts. Common problems at this joint include Mallet Finger, Jersey Finger, arthritis, mucous cysts, and fractures. The index finger is more likely to develop arthritis from the pinch force that occurs throughout one’s life.

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP Joint)
The PIP joint is the first joint of the finger and is located between the first two bones of the finger. The PIP joint can bend and extend the finger. It becomes stiff easily after injury.  Common injuries include sprains, fractures, dislocations, arthritis, and extensor tendon ruptures (leads to Boutonnière deformity), and hyperextension (Swan neck).

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP joint)
The MP joint is where the hand bone called the metacarpal meets the finger bones called the phalanges. A single hand bone is called a phalanx. MP joints are important for both power grip and pinch activities; they are where the fingers move with respect to the hand. The MP joints allows you to bend and flex your fingers, spread your fingers, and bring the fingers together. You can spread your fingers more more easily when they are straightened rather than bent because the collateral ligaments are loose when the finger is extended. Common problems at the MCP joint include arthritis and collateral ligament injuries.

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC Joint)
The index CMC joint has little motion; this provides a more rigid and stable radial column to the hand. Injuries and problems with this joint are uncommon. Occasionally, joint pain can be caused by a CMC boss.

Middle Finger

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP Joint)

The DIP joint in the finger is located at the tip of the finger, just before the finger nail starts. Common problems at this joint include Mallet Finger, Jersey Finger, arthritis, mucous cysts, and fractures.

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP Joint)
The PIP joint is the first joint of the finger and is located between the first two bones of the finger. The PIP joint can bend and extend the finger.  It becomes stiff easily after injury and has very limited side to side motion. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, dislocations, arthritis, extensor tendon ruptures (leads to Boutonnière deformity), and hyperextension (Swan neck).

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP Joint)
The MP joint is where the hand bone called the metacarpal meets the finger bones called the phalanges. A single hand bone is called a phalanx. MP joints are important for both power grip and pinch activities; they are where the fingers move with respect to the hand. The MP joints allows you to bend and flex your fingers, spread your fingers, and bring the fingers together. You can spread your fingers more more easily when they are straightened rather than bent because the collateral ligaments are loose when the finger is extended.

Common problems at the MCP joint include arthritis and collateral ligament injuries. The middle finger MCP joint is the most common finger (it can happen to any finger) to have a radial sagittal band injury. This results in the extensor tendon snapping to the pinky side of the hand.

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC Joint)
The middle finger CMC joint has little motion. Injuries and problems with this joint are uncommon. Occasionally, joint pain can be caused by a CMC boss.

Ring Finger

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP Joint)
The DIP joint in the finger is located at the tip of the finger, just before the fingernail starts.  Common problems at this joint include Mallet Finger, Jersey Finger, arthritis, mucous cysts, and fractures.

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP Joint)
The PIP joint is the first joint of the finger and is located between the first two bones of the finger. The PIP joint can bend and extend the finger. It becomes stiff easily after injury and has very limited side to side motion. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, dislocations, arthritis, extensor tendon ruptures (leads to Boutonnière deformity), and hyperextension (Swan neck).

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP Joint)
The MP joint is where the hand bone, called the metacarpal, meets the finger bones called the phalanges. A single hand bone is called a phalanx. MP joints are important for both power grip and pinch activities and are where the fingers move with respect to the hand. The MP joints allows you to bend and flex your fingers, spread your fingers, and bring the fingers together. You can spread your fingers more more easily when they are straightened rather than bent because the collateral ligaments are loose when the finger is extended. Common problems at the MCP joint includes arthritis and collateral ligament injuries.

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC Joint)

The ring finger CMC joint has much more motion than the index or middle fingers. This permits the hand to change its shape and adapt to grasping objects of different size and shape. Because this joint is more mobile, it is more common to have a fracture or dislocation of this joint. CMC bossing does not typically occur at this joint.

Small Finger

Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP Joint)
The DIP joint in the finger is located at the tip of the finger just before the fingernail starts. Common problems at this joint include Mallet Finger, Jersey Finger, arthritis, mucous cysts, and fractures.

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP Joint)
The PIP joint is the first joint of the finger and is located between the first two bones of the finger. The PIP joint can bend and extend the finger. It becomes stiff easily after injury. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, dislocations, arthritis, extensor tendon ruptures (leads to Boutonnière deformity), and hyperextension (Swan neck).

Metacarpophalangeal Joint (MCP Joint)
The MP joint is where the hand bone called, the metacarpal, meets the finger bones called the phalanges. A single hand bone is called a phalanx. MP joints are important for both power grip and pinch activities and are where the fingers move with respect to the hand. The MP joints allows you to bend and flex your fingers, spread your fingers, and bring the fingers together. You can spread your fingers more more easily when they are straightened rather than bent because the collateral ligaments are loose when the finger is extended. Common problems at the MCP joint includes arthritis and collateral ligament injuries.

Carpometacarpal Joint (CMC Joint)

The small finger CMC joint has the most motion of any finger joint, with the exception of the thumb. This makes the hand more flexible. This permits the hand to change its shape and adapt to grasping objects of different size and shape. Because this joint is more mobile it is more common to have a fracture or dislocation, particularly when you hit a hard object. CMC bossing is a problem that does not typically occur at this joint.

Radiocarpal Joint

The radiocarpal joint consists of the radius, one of the forearm bones, and the first row of wrist bones consisting of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. There is also a fourth bone in the first row of wrist bones called the pisiform, but it does not connect to either the radius or ulna. Wrist fractures that involve the joint surface are common wrist injuries. One of the most common ligaments involved in a wrist sprain is the scapholunate ligament.

Ulnocarpal Joint

The ulnocarpal joint includes the ulna, one of the forearm bones, as well as the lunate and triquetrum. Ulnocarpal injuries are common with sprains. A broken wrist (fracture) that collapses and tilts can cause the ulna to be longer than the radius, which causes extra stress and pain, even after the fracture heals and stops hurtig. Some people who are born with, or develop, an ulna that is longer than the radius can have pain or even have ulnocarpal abutment (impaction) syndrome. A person with a shorter ulna than radius can also have a higher chance of developing Kienbock’s disease. 

Distal radioulnar

The distal radioulnar joint is at the wrist where the two forearm bones meet. Distal radioulnar joint instability or pain can sometimes be a challenging problem to treat.

Scaphotrapeziotrapezoid Joint (STT)

The scaphotrapeziotrapezoid joint is at the base of the thumb in the wrist. It is made up of three wrist bones, the scaphoid, the trapezium, and the trapezoid. The scaphoid rotates at this joint as you move the wrist. This joint can become arthritic. Treatment of arthritis in this joint can include removal of the scaphoid, removal of the trapezium and part of the trapezoid, or arthrodesis (also known as fusion).

Ulnohumeral joint

The ulnohumeral joint is formed by the coming together of the humerus and ulna bones. This joint is responsible for bending and extending the elbow.  Ulnohumeral arthritis can cause pain and make it difficult to bend and straighten the elbow. This can make it painful and difficult to the get the hand to the mouth, wash hair, or hold a phone to your ear.

Radiocapitellar

The radiocapitellar joint is formed by the coming together of the radius and the capitellum, which is a part of the humerus. Radiocapitellar problems often lead to a clicking sound and pain when rotating the elbow.

Proximal radioulnar

Pronation and supination occur at this joint, which is the act of rotating your palms to face upward and downward. Radial head fractures often disrupt the close fit between the two bones at the proximal radioulnar joint, leading to pain and loss of motion.

Glenohumeral

The glenohumeral joint is the coming together of the upper arm bone, the humerus, and a portion of the shoulder blade called the glenoid. The glenoid is a shallow cup that connects to the humerus. The shoulder has a great deal of motion including bending and straightening, moving away from the side of the body, moving toward the body, and circumduction (a spinning type of motion). Common problems with this joint include stiffness, dislocation, labral tears, bursitis, rotator cuff tears, long head of biceps tendonitis or tears, subacromial impingement, proximal humeral fractures, and arthritis.  

Acromioclavicular (AC)

The AC joint is a smaller joint associated with the shoulder. The acromium is part of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the clavicle (also called the collarbone). The AC joint is where the scapula and clavicle come together.  There are three major ligaments, the acro-mioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracoclavicular. This joint is involved with raising and lowering the arm and moving the arm forward and backward. An AC separation is a common injury of this joint which occurs from a fall or a direct blow to the shoulder. Many shoulder separations are treated without surgery, but some may require surgery to reconstruct the coracoacromial or coracoclavicular ligaments. Osteoarthritis is also common and can be treated sometimes with surgery.  

Sternoclavicular joint (SC)

The sternoclavicular joint is the junction of the sternum (breastbone) and clavicle (collarbone). There is an articular disc of fibrocartilage within the joint. The motion of this joint permits the clavicle to move up and down and front to back. There are no tendons that attach to this joint area.  A posterior (back) SC joint dislocation can be a serious injury and puts vital structures at risk such as the heart, aorta, superior vena cava, esophagus, and trachea. Anterior (front) dislocations can also occur and are often somewhat less serious, but can cause pain and clicking.

Bones of the Upper Limb

Learning Objectives

• Identify the divisions of the upper limb and describe the bones in each region
• List the bones and bony landmarks that articulate at each joint of the upper limb

The upper limb is divided into three regions. These consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints; the forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist. There are 30 bones in each upper limb. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm, and the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally) are the paired bones of the forearm. The base of the hand contains eight bones, each called a carpal bone, and the palm of the hand is formed by five bones, each called a metacarpal bone. The fingers and thumb contain a total of 14 bones, each of which is a phalanx bone of the hand.

Humerus

Figure 1. Humerus and Elbow Joint. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. It articulates with the radius and ulna bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint.

The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region (Figure 1). At its proximal end is the head of the humerus. This is the large, round, smooth region that faces medially. The head articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. The margin of the smooth area of the head is the anatomical neck of the humerus. Located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus is an expanded bony area called the greater tubercle. The smaller lesser tubercle of the humerus is found on the anterior aspect of the humerus. Both the greater and lesser tubercles serve as attachment sites for muscles that act across the shoulder joint. Passing between the greater and lesser tubercles is the narrow intertubercular groove (sulcus), which is also known as the bicipital groove because it provides passage for a tendon of the biceps brachii muscle. The surgical neck is located at the base of the expanded, proximal end of the humerus, where it joins the narrow shaft of the humerus. The surgical neck is a common site of arm fractures. The deltoid tuberosity is a roughened, V-shaped region located on the lateral side in the middle of the humerus shaft. As its name indicates, it is the site of attachment for the deltoid muscle.

Distally, the humerus becomes flattened. The prominent bony projection on the medial side is the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The much smaller lateral epicondyle of the humerus is found on the lateral side of the distal humerus. The roughened ridge of bone above the lateral epicondyle is the lateral supracondylar ridge. All of these areas are attachment points for muscles that act on the forearm, wrist, and hand. The powerful grasping muscles of the anterior forearm arise from the medial epicondyle, which is thus larger and more robust than the lateral epicondyle that gives rise to the weaker posterior forearm muscles.

The distal end of the humerus has two articulation areas, which join the ulna and radius bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint. The more medial of these areas is the trochlea, a spindle- or pulley-shaped region (trochlea = “pulley”), which articulates with the ulna bone. Immediately lateral to the trochlea is the capitulum (“small head”), a knob-like structure located on the anterior surface of the distal humerus. The capitulum articulates with the radius bone of the forearm. Just above these bony areas are two small depressions. These spaces accommodate the forearm bones when the elbow is fully bent (flexed). Superior to the trochlea is the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna, and above the capitulum is the radial fossa, which receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed. Similarly, the posterior humerus has the olecranon fossa, a larger depression that receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is fully extended.

Ulna

Figure 2. Ulna and Radius. The ulna is located on the medial side of the forearm, and the radius is on the lateral side. These bones are attached to each other by an interosseous membrane.

The ulna is the medial bone of the forearm. It runs parallel to the radius, which is the lateral bone of the forearm (Figure 2). The proximal end of the ulna resembles a crescent wrench with its large, C-shaped trochlear notch. This region articulates with the trochlea of the humerus as part of the elbow joint. The inferior margin of the trochlear notch is formed by a prominent lip of bone called the coronoid process of the ulna. Just below this on the anterior ulna is a roughened area called the ulnar tuberosity. To the lateral side and slightly inferior to the trochlear notch is a small, smooth area called the radial notch of the ulna. This area is the site of articulation between the proximal radius and the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint. The posterior and superior portions of the proximal ulna make up the olecranon process, which forms the bony tip of the elbow.

More distal is the shaft of the ulna. The lateral side of the shaft forms a ridge called the interosseous border of the ulna. This is the line of attachment for the interosseous membrane of the forearm, a sheet of dense connective tissue that unites the ulna and radius bones. The small, rounded area that forms the distal end is the head of the ulna. Projecting from the posterior side of the ulnar head is the styloid process of the ulna, a short bony projection. This serves as an attachment point for a connective tissue structure that unites the distal ends of the ulna and radius.

In the anatomical position, with the elbow fully extended and the palms facing forward, the arm and forearm do not form a straight line. Instead, the forearm deviates laterally by 5–15 degrees from the line of the arm. This deviation is called the carrying angle. It allows the forearm and hand to swing freely or to carry an object without hitting the hip. The carrying angle is larger in females to accommodate their wider pelvis.

Radius

The radius runs parallel to the ulna, on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm (see Figure 2). The head of the radius is a disc-shaped structure that forms the proximal end. The small depression on the surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus as part of the elbow joint, whereas the smooth, outer margin of the head articulates with the radial notch of the ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint.

The neck of the radius is the narrowed region immediately below the expanded head. Inferior to this point on the medial side is the radial tuberosity, an oval-shaped, bony protuberance that serves as a muscle attachment point.

The shaft of the radius is slightly curved and has a small ridge along its medial side. This ridge forms the interosseous border of the radius, which, like the similar border of the ulna, is the line of attachment for the interosseous membrane that unites the two forearm bones.

The distal end of the radius has a smooth surface for articulation with two carpal bones to form the radiocarpal joint or wrist joint (Figure 3 and Figure 4). On the medial side of the distal radius is the ulnar notch of the radius. This shallow depression articulates with the head of the ulna, which together form the distal radioulnar joint. The lateral end of the radius has a pointed projection called the styloid process of the radius. This provides attachment for ligaments that support the lateral side of the wrist joint. Compared to the styloid process of the ulna, the styloid process of the radius projects more distally, thereby limiting the range of movement for lateral deviations of the hand at the wrist joint.

Watch this video to see how fractures of the distal radius bone can affect the wrist joint. Explain the problems that may occur if a fracture of the distal radius involves the joint surface of the radiocarpal joint of the wrist.

Carpal Bones

The wrist and base of the hand are formed by a series of eight small carpal bones (see Figure 3). The carpal bones are arranged in two rows, forming a proximal row of four carpal bones and a distal row of four carpal bones. The bones in the proximal row, running from the lateral (thumb) side to the medial side, are the scaphoid (“boat-shaped”), lunate (“moon-shaped”), triquetrum (“three-cornered”), and pisiform (“pea-shaped”) bones. The small, rounded pisiform bone articulates with the anterior surface of the triquetrum bone. The pisiform thus projects anteriorly, where it forms the bony bump that can be felt at the medial base of your hand. The distal bones (lateral to medial) are the trapezium (“table”), trapezoid (“resembles a table”), capitate (“head-shaped”), and hamate (“hooked bone”) bones. The hamate bone is characterized by a prominent bony extension on its anterior side called the hook of the hamate bone.

Figure 3. Bones of the Wrist and Hand. The eight carpal bones form the base of the hand. These are arranged into proximal and distal rows of four bones each. The metacarpal bones form the palm of the hand. The thumb and fingers consist of the phalanx bones.

A helpful mnemonic for remembering the arrangement of the carpal bones is “So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb.” This mnemonic starts on the lateral side and names the proximal bones from lateral to medial (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform), then makes a U-turn to name the distal bones from medial to lateral (hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium). Thus, it starts and finishes on the lateral side.

Figure 4. Bones of the Hand. This radiograph shows the position of the bones within the hand. Note the carpal bones that form the base of the hand. (credit: modification of work by Trace Meek)

The carpal bones form the base of the hand. This can be seen in the radiograph (X-ray image) of the hand that shows the relationships of the hand bones to the skin creases of the hand (see Figure 4). Within the carpal bones, the four proximal bones are united to each other by ligaments to form a unit. Only three of these bones, the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum, contribute to the radiocarpal joint. The scaphoid and lunate bones articulate directly with the distal end of the radius, whereas the triquetrum bone articulates with a fibrocartilaginous pad that spans the radius and styloid process of the ulna. The distal end of the ulna thus does not directly articulate with any of the carpal bones.

The four distal carpal bones are also held together as a group by ligaments. The proximal and distal rows of carpal bones articulate with each other to form the midcarpal joint (see Figure 4). Together, the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints are responsible for all movements of the hand at the wrist. The distal carpal bones also articulate with the metacarpal bones of the hand.

Figure 5. Carpal Tunnel. The carpal tunnel is the passageway by which nine muscle tendons and a major nerve enter the hand from the anterior forearm. The walls and floor of the carpal tunnel are formed by the U-shaped grouping of the carpal bones, and the roof is formed by the flexor retinaculum, a strong ligament that anteriorly unites the bones.

In the articulated hand, the carpal bones form a U-shaped grouping. A strong ligament called the flexor retinaculum spans the top of this U-shaped area to maintain this grouping of the carpal bones. The flexor retinaculum is attached laterally to the trapezium and scaphoid bones, and medially to the hamate and pisiform bones. Together, the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum form a passageway called the carpal tunnel, with the carpal bones forming the walls and floor, and the flexor retinaculum forming the roof of this space (Figure 5).

The tendons of nine muscles of the anterior forearm and an important nerve pass through this narrow tunnel to enter the hand. Overuse of the muscle tendons or wrist injury can produce inflammation and swelling within this space. This produces compression of the nerve, resulting in carpal tunnel syndrome, which is characterized by pain or numbness, and muscle weakness in those areas of the hand supplied by this nerve.

Metacarpal Bones

The palm of the hand contains five elongated metacarpal bones. These bones lie between the carpal bones of the wrist and the bones of the fingers and thumb (see Figure 3). The proximal end of each metacarpal bone articulates with one of the distal carpal bones. Each of these articulations is a carpometacarpal joint (see Figure 4). The expanded distal end of each metacarpal bone articulates at the metacarpophalangeal joint with the proximal phalanx bone of the thumb or one of the fingers. The distal end also forms the knuckles of the hand, at the base of the fingers. The metacarpal bones are numbered 1–5, beginning at the thumb.

The first metacarpal bone, at the base of the thumb, is separated from the other metacarpal bones. This allows it a freedom of motion that is independent of the other metacarpal bones, which is very important for thumb mobility. The remaining metacarpal bones are united together to form the palm of the hand. The second and third metacarpal bones are firmly anchored in place and are immobile. However, the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones have limited anterior-posterior mobility, a motion that is greater for the fifth bone. This mobility is important during power gripping with the hand (Figure 6). The anterior movement of these bones, particularly the fifth metacarpal bone, increases the strength of contact for the medial hand during gripping actions.

Figure 6. Hand During Gripping. During tight gripping—compare (b) to (a)—the fourth and, particularly, the fifth metatarsal bones are pulled anteriorly. This increases the contact between the object and the medial side of the hand, thus improving the firmness of the grip.

Phalanx Bones

The fingers and thumb contain 14 bones, each of which is called a phalanx bone (plural = phalanges), named after the ancient Greek phalanx (a rectangular block of soldiers). The thumb (pollex) is digit number 1 and has two phalanges, a proximal phalanx, and a distal phalanx bone (see Figure 3). Digits 2 (index finger) through 5 (little finger) have three phalanges each, called the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx bones. An interphalangeal joint is one of the articulations between adjacent phalanges of the digits (see Figure 4).

Visit this site to explore the bones and joints of the hand. What are the three arches of the hand, and what is the importance of these during the gripping of an object?

Disorders of the Appendicular System: Fractures of the Upper Limb Bones

Due to our constant use of the hands and the rest of our upper limbs, an injury to any of these areas will cause a significant loss of functional ability. Many fractures result from a hard fall onto an outstretched hand. The resulting transmission of force up the limb may result in a fracture of the humerus, radius, or scaphoid bones. These injuries are especially common in elderly people whose bones are weakened due to osteoporosis.

Figure 7. Fractures of the Humerus and Radius. Falls or direct blows can result in fractures of the surgical neck or shaft of the humerus. Falls onto the elbow can fracture the distal humerus. A Colles fracture of the distal radius is the most common forearm fracture.

Falls onto the hand or elbow, or direct blows to the arm, can result in fractures of the humerus (Figure 7). Following a fall, fractures at the surgical neck, the region at which the expanded proximal end of the humerus joins with the shaft, can result in an impacted fracture, in which the distal portion of the humerus is driven into the proximal portion. Falls or blows to the arm can also produce transverse or spiral fractures of the humeral shaft.

In children, a fall onto the tip of the elbow frequently results in a distal humerus fracture. In these, the olecranon of the ulna is driven upward, resulting in a fracture across the distal humerus, above both epicondyles (supracondylar fracture), or a fracture between the epicondyles, thus separating one or both of the epicondyles from the body of the humerus (intercondylar fracture). With these injuries, the immediate concern is possible compression of the artery to the forearm due to swelling of the surrounding tissues. If compression occurs, the resulting ischemia (lack of oxygen) due to reduced blood flow can quickly produce irreparable damage to the forearm muscles. In addition, four major nerves for shoulder and upper limb muscles are closely associated with different regions of the humerus, and thus, humeral fractures may also damage these nerves.

Another frequent injury following a fall onto an outstretched hand is a Colles fracture (“col-lees”) of the distal radius (see Figure 7). This involves a complete transverse fracture across the distal radius that drives the separated distal fragment of the radius posteriorly and superiorly. This injury results in a characteristic “dinner fork” bend of the forearm just above the wrist due to the posterior displacement of the hand. This is the most frequent forearm fracture and is a common injury in persons over the age of 50, particularly in older women with osteoporosis. It also commonly occurs following a high-speed fall onto the hand during activities such as snowboarding or skating.

The most commonly fractured carpal bone is the scaphoid, often resulting from a fall onto the hand. Deep pain at the lateral wrist may yield an initial diagnosis of a wrist sprain, but a radiograph taken several weeks after the injury, after tissue swelling has subsided, will reveal the fracture. Due to the poor blood supply to the scaphoid bone, healing will be slow and there is the danger of bone necrosis and subsequent degenerative joint disease of the wrist.

Watch this video to learn about a Colles fracture, a break of the distal radius, usually caused by falling onto an outstretched hand. When would surgery be required and how would the fracture be repaired in this case?

10 Interview Questions That Can Baffle You – Work.ua

Recruiters often confuse job seekers with questions that are not directly related to professional activities. Here are 10 questions and tips on how to answer them.

It’s true that recruiters often ask applicants about things that seem to have nothing to do with their future work. At the same time, whether you will be hired can often depend on the answer to such a question. Work.ua publishes recommendations from headhunter Victoria Filippova from Cornerstone, a recruitment and HR agency
consulting since 1993 on how best to answer such questions.

1. Where do you see yourself in 3-10 years?

Frequent answer : Describe in detail your future career growth, show your desire for development.

Actually : Perhaps this is the most traditional question, which, however, is fraught with several nuances. Showing yourself as a careerist is not always a successful step towards a job offer. If you are going to a position where a priori only horizontal growth is possible, you should not focus the interlocutor’s attention on your professional ambitions. Not everyone needs leaders, and look at yourself soberly from the outside: if you really believe in what you are talking about, then maybe you should not consider this particular position? Think, analyze, be honest with yourself and the employer, but do not forget about a healthy dose of cunning.

2. Convince us why we should hire you?

Frequent answer : Because I am the best in this field!

Actually : The question is definitely confusing if it is asked after you have already made a self-presentation in the most detailed way. That’s the calculation. You must have several arguments, not so much professional as psychological. It is at this moment that you can be smart and show in yourself those personality traits that are not displayed in the resume. For example, one of our candidates was successful when he answered: “Because I am dressed in the corporate colors of your company” or another answer: “I am a master of sports in hockey and I can lead your corporate hockey team to the leaders.”

3. Tell me about your hobbies

Frequent answer : Fishing, traveling, collecting.

Actually : The question puzzles people who do not have any obvious hobbies. Is reading, traveling, or culinary exploits in the kitchen worthy of a hobby that you are not ashamed to share with your employer? I believe that in order to confidently talk about your hobby, you need to study the company well, its values, philosophy and views of leaders. Otherwise, you can get into an awkward situation. For example, in bright colors, describing hunting as a hobby to a Greenpeace interviewer. If you don’t know the company well enough, answer about the hobby should be neutral.

4. Tell us about your parents

Frequent answer : This has nothing to do with my professional skills.

Actually : Many applicants overreact, perceiving the question as an invasion of privacy. But since it is not uncommon, you need to be prepared for such a turn of events. It is important to understand that in most cases the employer does not seek to get into where they are not asked – the question is more aimed at building your scenario of behavior. HR evaluates what background you are from, based on the theory that without a past, there is no future. We advise you to tell your family tree as honestly and positively as your beliefs allow.

5. Why do you want to work with us?

Frequent response : I want something new.

Actually : If you really dream of this job, then it will not be difficult for you to show your interest, perspective and loyalty. But anything can happen in life: sometimes a candidate loses confidence in himself due to a series of failures, or any job is urgently needed, the main motivator is compensation, which seems not to be talked about. In this case, prepare for the interview, rehearse! It’s good manners to do some research about the company beforehand and feel free to talk about the strengths that interest you. It is important for the employer to see a confident and positive attitude, to hear a clearly formulated answer.

6. Describe your biggest failure

Common reaction : Confusion.

Actually : Every person has had ups and downs in life, so the possibility of failure cannot be denied. And if the question was asked, then it is necessary to answer it honestly, focusing on solving the problem and removing the situation from the critical zone. We do not recommend hiding any facts from the biography, since 93% of recruiters, before making a final decision, collect recommendations from past managers and subordinates about candidates for a position.

7. How do you feel about social networks, how much time do you spend?

Common : Confusion and wondering if they can delete all the photos from the last party before HR gets to their desk after the meeting is over.

What to do : Here you need to emphasize that you clearly control the time spent on social networks. And it never affected the quality of your work. If you are a specialist whose part of the work is built on the Internet (PR manager, journalist, recruiter, designer, and many others), then you need to focus on how you fulfill your obligations and what you have already achieved.

8. Do you have a good sense of humor? If yes, tell a joke

Frequent reaction : Confusion.

What to do : If you have a neutral anecdote in mind that is not tied to politics and vulgarity, you can share it or be creative and tell an interesting case from work practice. And here is the worthy answer of our candidate, who said that, despite the fact that making people laugh is not his profession and an interesting anecdote did not immediately come to his mind, he does not lose his positive attitude and hopes for the opportunity to prove himself, already being an employee of the company.

9. What fruit do you associate our company with?

Frequent reaction : Confusion.

Actually : It is difficult for a recruiter to evaluate a candidate if he is stiff and in obvious tension, such questions sometimes help to shake up the interlocutor and defuse the situation. It is impossible to prepare for them, but it will be easier for you to come up with an answer to the question if you understand why it is being asked.

10. Will you continue to work for us if we stop paying you?

Finally, an interesting story from colleagues. Several successful and professionally qualified candidates were rejected by the client citing lack of motivation. After doing a little research, we found out that they were all asked the question: “Will you continue to work for us if we stop paying you money?” Our candidates often answered “yes”, believing that this was the expected answer. However, the employer – an international serious vendor – wanted to find purposeful and self-aware people.

Summing up, I hasten to note that the most important thing to remember during the interview is goodwill, positive attitude and interest in the ongoing meeting.

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Parts of the body in English with translation and transcription

When studying English, sooner or later (rather sooner) you will come across the topic of the human body. Knowing the names of body parts in English and some phrases related to the topic, you can easily describe yourself or another person, feel confident in a beauty salon, and be able to explain yourself if you need medical assistance abroad.

This article presents words on the topic Body Parts with transcription, pronunciation and translation into Russian. Also here you will find several phraseological units related to the names of body parts, and actionable tips on how to learn the names of body parts. Begin!

The body and its parts

The word for “body” in English is Body – [ˈbɑdi] [ˈbadi]. And below are the names of its parts – body parts – [ˈbɑdipɑrts] [ˈbadiparts].

• back – [bæk] [back] – back
• neck – [nɛk] [nek] – neck
• shoulder – [ˈʃoʊldər] [ˈshoulder] – shoulder
• waist – [weɪst] [weist] – waist
• lower back
• buttocks – [ˈbʌtəks] [ˈbuttocks] – buttocks
• belly
• belly button – [ˈbɛliˈbʌtən] [ˈbeliˈbaten] – navel
• navel – [ˈneɪvəl] [ˈneuvel] – navel
• chest – [ʧɛst] [honest] – chest
• breast – [brɛst] [brest] – chest
• nipple
• pelvis
• genitals

Head, face and parts thereof

In English, “head” is Head is [hɛd] [head], and “face” is Face – [feɪs] [face]. Consider now the names of the parts of the head and face.

• cheek – [ʧik] [chik] – cheek
• cheekbones
• chin – [ʧɪn] [chin] – chin
• ear – [ir] [ir] – ear
• eye – [aɪ] [ay] – eye
• eyebrow – [ˈaɪˌbraʊ] [ˈaiˌbrau] – eyebrow
• eyelid0129
• eyelash
• forehead – [ˈfɔrhɛd] [ˈforhead] – forehead
• hair – [hɛr] [dick] – hair
• iris – [ˈaɪrəs] [ˈaires] – iris
• lip – [lɪp] [lip] – lip
• mouth – [maʊθ] [mouse] – mouth
• back of the head – [bæk ʌv ðə hɛd] [back av ze head]
• nose – [noʊz] [nouz] – nose
• nostril – [ˈnɑstrɪl] [ˈstrel] – nostril
• pupil
• temple – [ˈtɛmpəl] [ˈtempel] – temple
• tongue – [tʌŋ] [tan] – tongue
• tooth / teeth – [tuθ] / [tiθ] [tus] / [yew] – tooth / teeth
• crown – [kraʊn] [crown] – crown

Limbs

Limbs in English are called Limbs – [lɪmz] [limz]. Limbs are arms and legs. Let us consider further in more detail the names of the parts of the arms, legs, fingers.

Arms, hand and fingers

• arm – [ɑrm] [arm] – arm (from hand to shoulder)
• armpit – [ˈɑrmˌpɪt] [ˈarmˌpit] – armpit
• elbow
• hand – [hænd] [hand] – hand (hand)
• finger – [ˈfɪŋgər] [ˈfinger] – finger
• forearm – [ˈfɔˌrɑrm] [ˈfoˌrarm] – forearm
• fist – [fɪst] [fist] – fist
• wrist – [rɪst] [rist] – wrist
• palm – [pɑm] [pam] – palm
• knuckle – [ˈnʌkəl] [ˈnakel] – finger joint
• nail – [neɪl] [neil] – nail
• thumb – [θʌm] [self] – thumb
• index finger – [ˈɪndɛksˈfɪŋgər] [ˈindexˈfinger] – index finger
• middle finger
• ring finger – [rɪŋ ˈfɪŋgər] [rin ˈfinger] – ring finger
• little finger

Legs, feet, toes

• leg
• thigh – [θaɪ] [sai] – thigh (from the pelvis to the knee)
• hip – [hɪp] [hip] – thigh, side (outer side of the pelvis and upper leg)
• knee – [ni] [ni] – knee
• kneecap – [ˈniˌkæp] [ˈniˌcap] – kneecap
• shin – [ʃɪn] [shin] – lower leg
• calf / calves – [kæf] / [kævz] [kef] / [kevz] – caviar / caviar
• ankle – [ˈæŋkəl] [ˈenkel] – ankle
• foot / feet – [fʊt] / [fit] [foot] / [fit] – foot / feet
• heel – [hil] [hil] – heel
• arch – [ɑrʧ] [arch] – arch of the foot
• ball – [bɔl] [bol] – ball of the foot
• sole – [soʊl] [soul] – sole
• toe – [toʊ] [tou] – toe
• big toe
• little toe

Skeleton and bones

It is not necessary to know the names of all the bones, organs and tissues of the human body thoroughly, unless you are a doctor and do not receive a medical education. For a basic level, it is enough to know the names of the most basic of them.

• skeleton
• bone – [boʊn] [bone] – bone
• collarbone – [ˈkɑlərˌboʊn] [ˈkalerˌboun]
• jaw – [ʤɔ] [joe] – jaw
• joint – [ʤɔɪnt] [joint] – joint
• rib – [rɪb] [rib] – rib
• rib cage – [rɪbkeɪʤ] [ribcage] – chest
• skull – [skʌl] [rocks] – skull
• shoulder blade
• spine – [spaɪn] [spine] – spine
• tailbone
• pelvis

Internal organs

Internal organs in English are called Internal organs – [ɪnˈtɜrnəl ˈɔrgənz] [internal ˈorganz].

• duodenum – [duˈɑdənəm] [duˈadenam] – duodenum
• pancreas – [ˈpænkriəs] [ˈpankries] – pancreas
• small intestine
• large intestine
• appendix – [əˈpɛndɪks] [eˈpendix] – appendix
• brain – [breɪn] [brain] – brain
• heart – [hɑrt] [hart] – heart
• spleen – [splin] [spleen] – spleen
• thyroid gland
• kidney
• liver – [ˈlɪvər] [ˈliver] – liver
• lung – [lʌŋ] [lan] – light
• stomach – [ˈstʌmək] [ˈstamek] – stomach
• throat – [θroʊt] [srout] – throat
• esophagus
• (urinary) bladder – ([ˈjɜrəˌnɛri]) [ˈblædər] ([ˈyöreneri]) [ˈblader] – bladder

Even more useful vocabulary in English:

• Professions in English with translation
• Vocabulary on the topic “Transport” in English
• Articles of clothing in English

Vessels, muscles and tissues

• artery
• vein – [veɪn] [vein] – vein
• vessel – [ˈvɛsəl] [ˈvesel] – blood vessel
• blood – [blʌd] [blood] – blood
• ligament – [ˈlɪgəmənt] [ˈligament] – ligament
• tendon – [ˈtɛndən] [ˈtenden] – tendon
• cartilage
• muscle – [ˈmʌsəl] [ˈmasel] – muscle
• nerve – [nɜrv] [nerve] – nerve
• skin – [skɪn] [skin] – skin
• biceps – [ˈbaɪˌsɛps] [ˈbaˌseps] – biceps
• quadriceps
• triceps – [ˈtraɪˌsɛps] [ˈtriˌseps] – triceps
• Achilles tendon
• vocal chords
• abdominal muscles0129

Body systems

• respiratory
• digestive
• cardiovascular
• lymphatic
• urinary – [ˈjɜrəˌnɛri] [ˈyereˌneri] – urinary
• endocrine
• nervous
• reproductive – [ˌriprəˈdʌktɪv] [ˌripreˈactive]

English for children

Group and individual online English lessons for children with a native speaker. Try it for free!

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English idioms with body parts

In English, as in other languages, idioms and phraseological units are often used to express thoughts. Some phrases seem to have nothing to do with the meaning of body parts, while the meaning of others is clear even without explanation. We suggest you replenish your stock of English phrases and idioms related to body parts with the following phrases.

To keep at arm’s length – Keep at arm’s length.
Meaning of : Avoid contact with someone or something.
Example : My father did not trust Justin, so he kept him at arm’s length.
Translation : My father didn’t trust Justin so he kept him at arm’s length.

To be on the tip of someone’s tongue
Meaning of : Almost to remember something, almost to say something.
Example : The book’s name was on the tip of my tongue, but I had to ask Teo.
Translation : The title of the book was on the tip of my tongue, but I had to ask Theo.

To cost an arm and leg
Meaning of : To be very expensive.
Example : I want those shoes so badly, but they will cost me an arm and leg!
Translation of : I really want these shoes, but they will cost me an arm and a leg!

Keep your chin up
Meaning of : Try to stay positive when circumstances seem negative.
Example : Keep your chin up! Everything will be OK soon.
Translation of : Keep your chin up! Everything will be alright soon.

To be all ears
Meaning of : Listening very carefully to someone.
Example : Tell me everything about last night. I’m all ears!
Translation : Tell me all about last night. I’m listening with all my ears!

Sweet tooth
Meaning of : Sweet tooth.
Example : I have eaten all the chocolate by myself. I have such a sweet tooth!
Translation of : I ate all the chocolate myself. I’m such a sweet tooth!

Eye-catching
Meaning : Eye-catching
Example : Your hairstyle is so eye-catching!
Translation : Your hairstyle is so striking!

How to learn the names of body parts with a child

When working with preschool children, you can teach them the names of body parts through games and songs. It is enough for kids to know the names of the main parts of the body, such as the head (including eyes, nose, ears, mouth, hair, lips), torso, arms, legs, neck, stomach, back.

Consider several ways to teach children the names of body parts:

• Show him where each body part is by saying its name in English. Ask your child to point and repeat the words after you.
• Name a certain part of the body aloud, and then ask the child to move it. It helps to create a connection between the thought process and the body. Thus, the probability of remembering the word by the child increases.
• Buy or make your own cards with pictures of body parts and their names and have your child match the pictures to the names.
• Invite your child to play doctor using English words. Take turns playing the roles of the doctor and the patient, where the doctor must examine the patient and tell him what exactly he is examining.
• Primary and middle school children can be asked to describe the face/appearance of themselves, their friend, parent, or any other person.
• Listen and sing along with your child songs in English about the human body.
• Exercise together using the names of body parts in English.

When teaching children English, it is important to try to make the process fun and interesting. For very young children, an excellent motivational tool is emotions. Children’s songs, bright pictures, funny games help with this. Learning a foreign language doesn’t have to be boring. Use all the ideas – crossword puzzles, Twister with the name of body parts in English, board games, sea battle, etc. books in the original. Be sure to consider the interests of the child and form activities in such a way that they are built around their hobbies.

During classes, it is important to combine exercises, immersing the baby in all types of speech activities: listening, reading, speaking and writing. Moreover, each type of activity should not be tedious. Alternate them so that after more difficult exercises the child can relax, have fun – for example, after a grammar exercise, you can turn on a short cartoon in English.

Conclusion

We have now completed the Human body theme. Now you know the names of body parts in English, some of the idioms associated with these names, as well as a few secrets for studying this topic with children.