What does normal baby poop look like. How often should a newborn have bowel movements. Is green baby poop a cause for concern. What does the color of infant stool indicate about health.

The Rainbow of Baby Poop: Decoding Colors and What They Mean

As a new parent, you’ll quickly become intimately familiar with the contents of your baby’s diapers. While it may not be the most glamorous topic, understanding your infant’s poop can provide valuable insights into their health and digestion. Let’s explore the fascinating world of baby poop colors and what they signify.

Yellow: The Gold Standard

For breastfed babies, yellow poop is considered ideal. It often has a mustard-like appearance and may contain small, seed-like particles. This color indicates that your baby is digesting breast milk well and getting proper nutrition.

Brown: Solid Food Transition

As your baby starts eating solid foods, their poop will gradually transition to a brown color. This is perfectly normal and shows that their digestive system is maturing.

Green: Not Always a Cause for Concern

Green baby poop can have several causes. Is green poop in infants normal. In many cases, yes. It may simply result from:

• Eating green foods (for older babies)
• Iron supplements or iron-fortified formula
• A foremilk/hindmilk imbalance in breastfed babies

However, if accompanied by other symptoms, green poop could indicate an infection or food intolerance.

White or Gray: Time to Call the Doctor

Pale, white, or clay-colored stools in babies are not normal and may indicate a serious issue with the liver or gallbladder. If you notice this color, contact your pediatrician immediately.

Red: Potential Warning Sign

Red streaks or blood in baby poop can be alarming. While it may sometimes be caused by harmless factors like swallowed maternal blood during breastfeeding, it’s best to consult your doctor to rule out more serious conditions.

Black: Normal for Newborns, Concerning for Older Babies

In the first few days of life, newborns pass meconium, which is black and tar-like. After this initial period, black stools in older infants could indicate bleeding in the upper digestive tract and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Texture Talk: What Your Baby’s Poop Consistency Reveals

The texture of your baby’s poop can be just as informative as its color. Let’s break down the common consistencies you might encounter.

Seedy and Loose: Breastfed Baby Norm

Breastfed babies typically have loose, seedy stools. These small “seeds” are actually undigested milk fat and are completely normal. The poop may resemble mustard and have a slightly sweet smell.

Paste-like: Formula-Fed Baby Standard

Formula-fed infants tend to have firmer stools with a consistency similar to peanut butter or toothpaste. This is due to the different composition of formula compared to breast milk.

Solid but Soft: Transitioning to Solids

As your baby begins eating solid foods, their poop will become more formed but should still be soft. It may resemble adult poop in consistency but will likely be softer and vary in color based on diet.

Hard and Pebbly: Potential Constipation

If your baby’s poop resembles small, hard pellets, they may be constipated. This is more common in formula-fed babies and those transitioning to solid foods. Increasing fluid intake and certain dietary changes can often help alleviate this issue.

Frequency Matters: How Often Should Your Baby Poop?

The frequency of bowel movements can vary widely among babies and change as they grow. Understanding what’s normal for your little one can help you spot potential issues.

Newborn Poop Schedule

How often should a newborn have a bowel movement. In the first few weeks of life, it’s common for breastfed babies to poop after every feeding, which can be up to 8-12 times a day. Formula-fed newborns may have slightly fewer bowel movements, typically 1-4 times a day.

Older Baby Poop Patterns

As babies grow, their poop frequency often decreases. Some breastfed babies may go several days without a bowel movement, which is normal as long as the stool is soft when it does come. Formula-fed babies and those eating solids typically have at least one bowel movement daily.

When to Be Concerned

While variation is normal, certain patterns may indicate a problem:

• Sudden changes in frequency
• Hard, difficult-to-pass stools
• Watery stools occurring more than 8 times a day
• Blood in the stool

If you notice any of these signs, consult your pediatrician.

The Scoop on Smell: What Your Baby’s Poop Odor Indicates

While not the most pleasant topic, the smell of your baby’s poop can provide valuable information about their health and diet.

Breastfed Baby Bouquet

Breastfed baby poop typically has a sweet, almost yeasty smell. Some parents describe it as similar to buttermilk. This mild odor is due to the easily digestible nature of breast milk.

Formula-Fed Fragrance

Formula-fed babies often have stronger-smelling stools. The odor may be more pungent and resemble adult poop, though usually less intense.

Solid Food Scents

As babies start eating solid foods, their poop odor will change and likely become stronger. Certain foods, like sulfur-rich vegetables, can lead to particularly pungent diapers.

Foul Odors: When to Worry

While baby poop isn’t supposed to smell pleasant, extremely foul-smelling stools could indicate:

1. A bacterial infection
2. Malabsorption issues
3. Celiac disease (in older babies eating gluten)

If you notice a sudden change in odor accompanied by other symptoms like fever or changes in behavior, consult your pediatrician.

Diaper Disasters: Unusual Poop Situations and What They Mean

Sometimes, your baby’s diaper contents may surprise you. Let’s explore some less common poop scenarios and what they might indicate.

Mucousy Stools: Potential Allergy or Infection

Poop with a stringy, mucous-like appearance could signal:

• A milk protein allergy
• A viral or bacterial infection
• Teething (excess saliva can cause mucousy stools)

If mucousy stools persist or are accompanied by other symptoms, consult your doctor.

Frothy Poop: Foremilk/Hindmilk Imbalance

Breastfed babies may occasionally have frothy, green stools. This can indicate a foremilk/hindmilk imbalance, where the baby is getting too much low-fat foremilk and not enough calorie-rich hindmilk. Adjusting nursing techniques can often resolve this issue.

Undigested Food: Normal for New Eaters

As your baby starts solids, you may notice undigested food particles in their poop. This is normal, especially for foods high in fiber like corn or peas. However, if it occurs frequently with a particular food, you may want to delay introducing that food again until your baby is older.

Explosive Poop: When to Worry

Occasional explosive diapers are normal, especially in breastfed babies. However, if accompanied by symptoms like fever, vomiting, or signs of dehydration, it could indicate a gastrointestinal issue requiring medical attention.

The Bottom Line: When to Call the Doctor About Baby Poop

While variations in baby poop are often normal, certain situations warrant medical attention. Contact your pediatrician if you notice:

• Blood in the stool
• White, gray, or black stools (after the meconium phase)
• Persistent diarrhea or constipation
• Signs of dehydration (dry mouth, sunken fontanelle, fewer wet diapers)
• Fever or other signs of illness along with unusual stools

Remember, you know your baby best. If something seems off, trust your instincts and seek medical advice.

Nurturing Healthy Digestion: Tips for Happy Baby Tummies

While you can’t control everything about your baby’s digestion, there are steps you can take to promote gut health and regular bowel movements.

Breastfeeding Benefits

Breast milk is naturally designed to be easily digestible and contains probiotics that support gut health. If possible, breastfeeding can help establish a healthy digestive system for your baby.

Choosing the Right Formula

If formula feeding, choose a high-quality formula that’s appropriate for your baby’s age and any specific needs. Some formulas are designed to be gentler on the digestive system or to mimic breast milk more closely.

Introducing Solids Wisely

When starting solids, introduce new foods slowly and one at a time. This allows you to identify any potential allergies or intolerances. Focus on fiber-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains to promote healthy digestion.

Hydration is Key

Ensure your baby is getting enough fluids, especially as they start eating solids. Water (for babies over 6 months) and breast milk or formula can help prevent constipation.

Consider Probiotics

Probiotic supplements designed for infants may help support digestive health and regular bowel movements. Always consult with your pediatrician before starting any supplements.

Understanding your baby’s poop patterns is an important part of monitoring their health and development. While it may not be the most glamorous aspect of parenting, paying attention to what’s in your baby’s diaper can provide valuable insights into their well-being. Remember, every baby is unique, and what’s normal can vary. When in doubt, don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare provider for guidance.

Baby Poop – What’s Normal & What Ain’t (With Pictures!)

What does breastfed baby poop look like? What about formula poop? And what’s up with green baby poop? Take a look at these pictures to find out what baby’s poop says about his health.

We’ve talked about how to poop when it comes to adults—and what your poop says about your health. But what about newborn baby poop?

To understand what’s going on with your baby’s poop, we’ll talk about color, texture, and frequency.

Before we start – a special gift for you

We cover a ton of information in this post, but I’ve distilled it down to a handy little cheat sheet. Click here to get it for free!

Baby Poop: Texture

The texture of your baby or infant’s poop can say a lot about his/her health and wellness.

Breastfed Baby Poop

Baby Poop Texture – Breastfed Baby – Mama Natural

A breastfed baby’s normal poop will be loose and, at times, grainy or seedy. Those little “seeds” are undigested milk fat—totally normal.

Formula fed baby poop

Baby Poop Texture – Formula Fed Baby – Mama Natural

A formula fed baby’s normal poop will be thicker than a breastfed baby’s, having the consistency of toothpaste or hummus.

Baby on solid food poop

Baby Poop Texture – Solid Food – Mama Natural

When baby starts eating solids, her poop’s texture will start to firm up but will still be mushy (like a glob of peanut butter) until she stops nursing.

Undigested food in baby’s poo

Baby Poop Texture – Undigested Food – Mama Natural

Baby poop with bits of undigested food in it is considered normal. However, if baby consistently has trouble digesting a certain food, you may want to hold back on offering it until baby is older.

Or, look into the best baby probiotics to help support your baby’s digestion and assimilation. (Click here to see my review of the best baby probiotics on the market.)

Also, if baby eats a lot of one kind of food (and it ends up in the diaper), you may want to restrict the amount he eats at one time. Remember, if it’s coming out whole, he isn’t getting any nutrition from it anyway.

Hard, dry baby stool

Baby Poop Texture – Hard Dry – Mama Natural

If your baby is having hard, dry poops (like rabbit droppings) that are hard to pass, he or she is probably constipated.

Breastfed babies don’t typically get constipated, since breastmilk has the perfect balance of fat and protein. If baby is formula fed and not eating solids yet, you should talk to your pediatrician—they may suggest natural constipation remedies or even switching formulas. (Here are some healthy formulas!)

Beginning solids may bring on constipation. Don’t introduce solids until at least 6 months, and make baby is showing signs of readiness before you do. Baby’s digestive tract needs time to adjust to what he’s eating. Back off on the solid foods and breastfeed on demand. To learn more about other causes of constipation, check out this post.

Baby or newborn diarrhea

Baby Poop Texture – Diarrhea – Mama Natural

Alternately, if baby is suddenly passing especially loose stools, you may be looking at diarrhea. This may be caused by a viral infection like RSV. Call your pediatrician, who can run tests to rule out bacterial infection.

If baby is already eating solids, put him on a BRAB diet (a variation of the BRAT diet):

• Bananas
• Rice
• Apples/apple sauce
• Breastmilk

Bananas, rice, and apples have qualities like tannins that can help firm up stool; breastmilk is great at balancing your baby’s diet and healing the gut.

You can also look into baby probiotics, which can normalize baby’s stool.

Frothy or mucousy baby poop

Baby Poop Texture – Frothy Mucous – Mama Natural

Baby poop that is frothy or especially mucousy can signify that something isn’t quite right. It could be the foremilk/hindmilk imbalance that we talked about earlier, or it could be a bacterial infection.

On the other hand, sometimes mucousy poop is just the product of a teething baby who is drooling more (and swallowing that drool). If you are concerned, or baby is showing signs of illness, talk to your pediatrician.

Red or bloody baby or newborn poop

Baby Poop Texture – Red Bloody – Mama Natural

Blood in baby stool is a scary sight to see. But, do remember that red baby poop could be caused by something she ate like beets or tomatoes.

If their diet is only breastmilk or they haven’t had red foods lately, you’ll definitely want to call your baby’s doctor. We talked about other reasons for red poop above (from dairy allergy to constipation), but it’s always best to talk to your healthcare provider.

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Baby Poop Color Chart

Similar to adults, your baby’s poop color, form, and texture is a great way to understand what’s going on in his or her digestive tract from top to bottom.

Greeny black

This dark, tarry poop is called meconium. It consists of amniotic fluid, secretions of the intestinal glands, bile pigments, fatty acids, and intrauterine debris. Here’s more information on green poop.

baby poop color green black

Mustard Yellow

If you are exclusively breastfeeding, and your baby’s poop is bright or mustard yellow (and sometimes a slight orangish), congratulations, your baby poop is normal.

baby poop color mustard yellow

Tan

If your baby is on formula, and their baby poop is tan and slightly solid (think a thin peanut sauce), then it’s normal.

baby poop color tan

Lime Green

This baby poop color usually means there is some digestive distress. One reason for green poop is a foremilk/hindmilk imbalance. That means baby is not getting enough of the rich creamy milk at the end of a feed and, consequently, getting too much of the liquidy foremilk that is higher in lactose and lower in fat. This usually happens if you have a fast letdown or oversupply. In most cases, it eventually normalizes. Making sure baby finishes one side before offering the other can help fix this problem.

baby poop color lime green

Another reason for a foremilk/hindmilk imbalance is if baby has a bad latch. If so, baby may have a hard time getting the thick creamy hindmilk out of your breast. See a lactation consultant if you think this may be the case.

Lime Green poop can also be a sign of a stomach bug. If this is the case, baby’s poop may be frothy and/or mucusy as well.

Another possible reason that your breastfed baby’s poop is green is sensitivity to something you are eating (most likely dairy). An elimination diet is the best way to deal with this problem.

Finally, if baby has recently eaten spinach or kale, this is most likely the cause of his green poop.

Keep in mind, just one or two diapers with green poop isn’t a big deal. If your baby continues to pass green poop day after day, it’s worth investigating.

Forest Green

Dark green poop is a normal variation of poop from a baby who is taking an iron supplement. It can also be due to the transition from meconium to regular fecal matter.

baby poop color forest green

Brown

Baby poop will start to turn brown as he/she begins to eat more and more solids.

Boring, but totally normal and ideal.

baby poop color brown

White

Chalky white or gray poop can be a sign that baby is not digesting properly and that his liver is not producing enough bile. Call your pediatrician right away.

baby poop color white

Red

Red poop isn’t necessarily something serious. For example, this can happen after eating beets.

If baby’s poop is otherwise normal but contains flecks of red, it’s most likely caused by a dairy allergy. Eliminate dairy and see if it improves, though note it may take a few weeks to full leave baby’s system. Of course, check with the doctor as well.

If baby’s poop is hard and dry (a sign of constipation) and contains red streaks, it’s likely caused by small tears in the skin created by straining to poop.

If baby’s poop is thin and watery and has red streaks or her poop is a raspberry color that looks like congealed fat, it may signal a bacterial infection. Call your pediatrician right away.

baby poop color red

Black

After the first few days of meconium, a tarry black poop could signal bleeding. Call your pediatrician right away.

However, if baby is breastfeeding and you have cracked and bleeding nipples, you may find little black flecks in baby’s otherwise normal poop. It’s a result of baby digesting a bit of your blood and isn’t harmful.

baby poop color black

Baby Poop: Frequency

How often should breastfed babies poop?

If baby isn’t uncomfortable or fussy, there’s probably nothing to worry about.

Your breastfed baby should have four or more good sized poops a day for the first 6-8 weeks. After two months of age, anything from daily poops to once a week poops is considered normal. This is because breastmilk is so well absorbed and there’s very little waste leftover.

Having said that, I was always grateful that my babies went daily!

How often should formula fed babies poop?

Because formula is denser and less absorbable than breastmilk, a formula fed baby’s range of normal is 1-4 times a day.

And keep in mind that frequency isn’t a sign of constipation, texture is.

Newborn Baby Poop Smell…

Breastfed baby poop typically smells sweet.

Some mom’s have noticed that baby’s poop has a slightly vinegary smell that occurs just before a tooth pops through. I think it smells like yogurt!

Formula fed baby poop tends to smell stronger.

Foul-smelling poop could be a sign that something isn’t quite right, but usually it’s just a sign that baby has started eating solids (lucky you!).

Again, if the smell is extremely foul, consider doing a stool test to rule out any other potential issues.

Get my baby poop cheat sheet PDF (includes pictures)

Don’t forget to download my exclusive baby poop pdf one pager below!

Baby Poop What’s Normal & What Ain’t (With Pictures!) Cheat Sheet

How About You?

Where does your baby fall on the poop spectrum? What surprised you most about your baby’s poo?

References

• www. webmd.com
• mayoclinic.org

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Everything You Need to Know

Best strains of probiotics for babies

Researchers of an Australian study found that the best probiotics for infants were ones that included 2-3 strains or species of probiotics (instead of just one). Here are the top three to look for:

1. B. bifidum is one of the first strains to colonize baby’s intestines and adheres to the intestinal wall better than other strains. It continues to be an important bacteria for digestion and nutrient absorption. It may help with infant skin conditions like baby eczema and yeast infections. It may also help with infant digestive issues such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), IBS, constipation, diarrhea, and even lung infections.

2. B. infantis is the strain that is most prevalent and powerful in infants and declines as we age. In fact, a new (and alarming) study shows that this strain may be going extinct in the Western world. This is a huge issue, as it crowds out pathogenic bacteria and helps with overall health and digestion. One review found that B. Infantis can reduce inflammation and support immune function.

3. L. reuteri is a strain that has been found to have many benefits for young children and infants. One study found that children ages 6 months to 3 years who took supplemental L. rheuteri had nearly one third fewer cases of diarrhea and half as many respiratory infections. Another study suggests that L. rheuteri is an excellent treatment for colic. It was also found to reduce the levels of bacteria that cause tooth decay!

How to Give Probiotics to Infants

Always, always, always talk to your pediatrician before giving baby any supplement. Also, always start slow with probiotics and watch for any bowel or behavior changes.

There are a few ways you can provide baby with probiotics:

How to give baby liquid probiotics

The easiest way to give your child baby probiotics is to use an oil dropper, like Mama Natural Baby Probiotic Drops.

• Following the dosage suggestions on the particular product, add liquid probiotics to a little breast milk or formula.
• Alternatively, use a syringe to put liquid probiotics directly into baby’s mouth. This way baby is not getting any additional water (which can cause an imbalance in his or her electrolytes).

How to give baby powdered probiotics

• For powdered probiotics, following the dosage suggestions on your product packaging. Most mamas add baby probiotic powder to breast milk or formula.
• Alternatively, you can put the powdered probiotics directly on your breasts before feeding. To do so, apply my DIY nipple cream, then sprinkle the probiotic powder directly on top.
• When baby is eating solids, mix their baby probiotics into baby’s water cup or food.

Other Great Sources of Probiotics for Infants

In addition to probiotic supplements, baby can great probiotics from:

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is the best way to keep baby’s gut lining intact and healthy. Your milk will supply baby with probiotics and immunoglobulin A (IgA), which helps seal the gut lining. For the greatest benefits, consume plenty of probiotic-rich fermented foods, like kefir, raw sauerkraut and pickles, yogurt, miso, etc. This will help enrich your own bacterial balance, which will help your milk and baby.

And if you can’t or don’t want to breastfeed, there are formula options that can still help keep baby’s gut healthy.

Breast milk yogurt

Food is the best way to boost your good bacteria, especially for young children with delicate systems.

Obviously, we can’t give babies true solids until around 6 months old, but we can give them one food at a very young age: Breast milk yogurt.

• Mix about an ounce of breast milk with 1/8 teaspoon of infant probiotics.
• Let the mixture sit on the counter overnight.
• Feed to baby with a spoon.

Of course, always check with your child’s pediatrician before giving to your child.

Fermented foods

When baby is old enough for solids, add naturally-fermented foods to his or her diet. Feeding them early will help baby develop a taste for sour and fermented foods.

• Start with just the juice of these probiotic powerhouses—sauerkraut or pickle juice, for example. Use a spoon or mix them into puree.
• As baby gets use to solids, add in small amounts of kefir or yogurt.
• Gradually continue introducing other fermented foods, eventually serving baby all the fermented foods you love.

Common Questions About Baby Probiotics

Are probiotics safe for infants?

Studies show that probiotics are not only safe, but very effective in reducing daily crying time, spit up, and constipation during the first three months of life.

Probiotics or prebiotics added to infant formula and other foods marketed for use in children do not appear to be harmful to healthy infants and children. – AAP

Still, it is very important to talk to your pediatrician before giving baby anything but breast milk.

Can probiotics cause upset tummies in babies?

Quite the contrary. Clinical trials suggest baby probiotics actually soothe upset tummies. In fact, babies taking probiotics had fewer emergency department visits, needed less medication for stomach problems, had more regular bowel movements, and spit up less.

Can baby probiotics cause gas?

According to researchers, probiotics may actually help reduce gas in babies. Studies suggest babies the bacterial makeup is different in the stomachs of babies with colic, and researchers hypothesize that these differences may cause gas, bloating, and discomfort that leads to colic.

In a review of 12 studies to examine the effects of probiotics, researchers found that infants taking probiotics cried for about an hour less each day—possibly as a result of less gas pain.

Can you give a baby too much probiotics?

Always follow the dosage information on your probiotic supplement, and be sure to get your doctor’s approval.

It may, however, give you peace of mind to know that, according to the AAFP, “there is no evidence that higher dosages are unsafe; however, they may be more expensive and unnecessary.”

Imbalanced gut flora can be inherited, and may cause serious health issues in the future. Adding probiotics for infants to baby’s diet, either through food or supplementation, can help your baby have the best possible start.

References

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522824/
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22981952
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24100440
• https://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/gut-feeling.aspx
• https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/1101/p1073.html
• https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/891.html

Drug treatment and main symptoms of jaundice in adults and children – clinic “Dobrobut”

Symptoms of jaundice in adults and children. Treatment

Jaundice is a syndrome characterized by yellowing of the mucous membranes and skin. Jaundice is a clinical manifestation of various pathological conditions.

Causes of physiological jaundice in newborns:

• immaturity of the liver enzyme system;
• conflict between the Rh factor of the blood of the baby and the mother;
• adaptation to new environmental conditions;
• premature birth;
• blood type conflict.

Physiological jaundice is not dangerous for the health of the baby and does not require therapeutic treatment.

Jaundice – what kind of hepatitis

Depending on the pathogenesis and cause of origin, there are several types of jaundice. In addition, pseudo-jaundice and true jaundice are distinguished. In the first case, we are talking about the accumulation of a large amount of carotene in the skin. In this case, the mucous membranes remain white. This can happen when eating a large amount of carrots, pumpkins and oranges. With true jaundice, not only the skin, but also the mucous membranes turn yellow. And the reasons are completely different.

Types of jaundice:

• hemolytic;
• mechanical;
• parenchymal;
• renal;
• neonatal;
• conjugated.

After clarifying the cause of the disease, it is extremely important to conduct a differential diagnosis of jaundice.

Causes and clinical manifestations of pathology

Common symptoms of jaundice include the following manifestations:

• liver enlargement;
• jaundice of skin and sclera;
• increase in red blood cells;
• discoloration of urine and feces.

Symptoms of jaundice in adults: itching of the skin, lack of appetite and pain in the right hypochondrium.

Causes of jaundice:

• pathology of the liver or gallbladder;
• postoperative complications;
• parasitic infestation;
• congenital pathologies;
• neoplasms in the liver;
• long-term use of certain medications;
• contact with a patient infected with hepatitis A.

On our website https://www.dobrobut.com/ you can sign up for a consultation with a specialist who will answer the question “jaundice – what kind of hepatitis” and talk about drug therapy for this disease.

Hemolytic jaundice

This form of the disease is characterized by the pathological destruction of red blood cells, the accumulation of large amounts of bilirubin and difficulty in removing it from the body. Anemia, tropical malaria, lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma can provoke such a condition. In some cases, hemolytic jaundice is the result of the toxic effects of drugs on the body.

Conjugative jaundice

Symptoms of jaundice in adults are quite rare, since this form of the disease is most common in children. The syndrome develops as a result of the negative impact on the liver of certain factors, for example, drugs. In addition, conjugative jaundice may be the result of congenital pathologies.

Parenchymal jaundice

The most common form of the disease, which can be provoked by acute viral hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Signs of hepatic jaundice in patients are an enlarged liver, yellow skin that becomes reddish over time, and telangiectasias (spider veins on the skin).

How jaundice is transmitted

Jaundice caused by abnormal physiological processes in the body is not contagious. It is not transmitted either by airborne droplets or from person to person. With a viral etiology of the disease, jaundice can be transmitted through water, food, through blood, sexually, and also through direct contact with a sick person. In more detail about how jaundice of various forms is transmitted, the doctor will tell you at a personal appointment.

Diagnosis

To make an accurate diagnosis after a thorough examination of the patient, the doctor will prescribe a number of additional measures, namely: complete blood count and biochemistry, blood for bilirubin, ultrasound, liver scan, MRI and duodenal sounding. After receiving the results, the specialist will prescribe a course of treatment, which can be supplemented.

Treatment of obstructive jaundice

Treatment depends on the form of the disease and the stage of development. For therapy to be effective, it is necessary to establish the cause of the disease. The main treatment is conservative therapy. Surgical intervention (liver transplantation) is used only in advanced cases. Any form of the disease is treated in a hospital.

Treatment of obstructive jaundice:

• drugs;
• infusion therapy;
• plasmapheresis;
• phototherapy;
• diet.

How to treat jaundice with phototherapy. Phototherapy is a safe treatment that uses light to reduce the amount of bilirubin in the blood. Phototherapy is used, usually to treat jaundice in newborns. Session time is from one to four. The exposure time depends on the degree of pathology and the general condition of the baby.

Consequences of jaundice syndrome, prevention

With proper and timely treatment, jaundice is completely cured. An exception is neglected cases, the result of which will be a violation of the gallbladder and liver. A formidable consequence of jaundice syndrome in children is developmental delay.

Preventive measures are aimed primarily at the prevention of diseases that caused jaundice.

Recall that jaundice is a fairly common disorder and can accompany various diseases. In case of yellowness of the skin and pain in the right hypochondrium, it is necessary to urgently seek medical help. Only timely treatment will help to cope with the disease and avoid negative health consequences. Sign up for a consultation right now.

Jaundice in adults – causes, symptoms and treatment of yellow skin

The liver is the largest metabolic organ in the entire human body. Its defeat by various infections and inflammations, as well as pathological processes, leads to a change in healthy cells – in the end, their destruction occurs with a complete loss of functionality. Bilirubin, which appears from decomposed hemoglobin, becomes a key participant in such destruction.

The liver pigment is transported by blood flow to the liver, where it interacts with bile, and then it is transferred through the bile ducts to the digestive tract. When violations occur at any of the stages of its transportation, bilirubin fractions accumulate, and as a result, its total concentration exceeds normal values. Outwardly, this manifests itself in the form of yellowing of the skin and visible mucous membranes.

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is not described as an independent disease, but as a whole complex of symptoms, characterized by a change in the color of the skin and mucous membranes to yellowish. This is a sign that the content of bilirubin in the blood exceeds normal values. Excessive accumulation of this bile pigment leads to its deposits in the epidermis, which causes external pathological manifestations.

In most cases, the disease develops against the background of pathologies of the hepatobiliary system. A change in the color of the skin also occurs with hematological problems and infections that affect the liver. Jaundice is rare in adults. Sometimes it is associated with viral hepatitis, which is not entirely correct.

The mechanism of occurrence and development of these pathological processes can be different, and on the basis of this, an appropriate treatment strategy is selected. The nature of the origin of the disease may determine its contagiousness. If we are talking about failures of pigment metabolism, liver diseases and a violation of the outflow of bile, then its transfer from one person to another does not occur.

Causes of jaundice

Icterus as a sign of liver problems is most common in adults. Yellowness of the skin in children in most cases is provoked by a physiological state.

Possible sources of the problem include:

1. Enlarged lymph nodes, tumors and other formations that compress the bile ducts.
2. Genetic diseases characterized by high rates of erythrocyte destruction.
3. Cirrhosis.
4. Long-term use of systemic drugs that adversely affect organs.
5. Alcohol intoxication.
6. Oncology of the pancreas.
7. Surgical interventions.
8. Inflammation and infection affecting the hepatic system.
9. Parasitic infestations.
10. Certain autoimmune disorders.

There are situations when jaundice acts as a sign of Gilbert’s syndrome. It refers to a genetic condition in which a mutation occurs in the gene responsible for the production of liver pigment.

Symptoms during pregnancy can be provoked by such conditions as:

• Diseases of the hepato-biliary system, the onset of which occurred before conception.
• Toxicosis occurring against the background of vomiting. In most cases, the icterus caused by it is temporary, and as soon as the toxicosis passes, the clinical signs disappear and the laboratory parameters return to normal.
• Congestion in the intrahepatic ducts. During the period of gestation, the woman’s body produces hormones that stimulate the active production of bile. At the same time, its complete excretion is not ensured, and the liver pigment begins to enter the bloodstream.
• Preeclampsia of the last trimester. In severe forms, an emergency caesarean section may be required to prevent liver failure of the woman in labor.

Classification

The disease is classified into different types of symptom complex. The basis for their selection is the nature of the clinical picture, origin and other parameters. In modern medicine, the following main types of pathology that occurs in adults are known:

1. Hemolytic provoked by the destruction of red blood cells, caused by the harmful effects of toxins or autoimmune pathology. A distinctive feature is the accumulation of bilirubin fractions and difficulties in their removal from the body. This form is characterized by a moderate course.
2. Parenchymal , based on damage to liver cells by viral hepatitis or cirrhosis, has a complex pathogenesis. When conducting an ultrasound examination, an increase in the size of the liver is revealed. The skin turns yellow and eventually acquires a red tint, spider veins appear on them.
3. Extrahepatic . With this type of jaundice, bilirubin does not go into the intestine due to the presence of a physical obstacle, which can be an inflammatory focus, neoplasm, calculus, etc. There is an increase in pressure in the biliary system. Itching of the skin and symptoms of cytolysis are noted.

The above classification is brief. Each type of pathology has many subspecies. False and true ikterus are also distinguished. The first condition is caused by the accumulation of carotenes in the skin, which occurs as a result of excessive consumption of oranges, carrots, pumpkins and beets, as well as when taking certain medications.

The true form of the disease can be described as a consequence of exceeding the level of total bilirubin in the blood plasma. Pregnant women are most often affected by hepatic icterus, the subhepatic and suprahepatic form of which are diagnosed much less frequently during the period of bearing a child.

Pathology that occurs during pregnancy is divided into the following groups:

1. Manifestations associated with pregnancy (acute fatty degeneration, frequent vomiting, intrahepatic cholestasis, preeclampsia).
2. Other related to concomitant diseases, exacerbated with the onset of gestation, or developed before. This includes yellow fever viruses, various types of hepatitis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, a number of parasitic and bacterial infections, sepsis, and more.

How jaundice manifests itself in an adult is determined by its types. They are to varying degrees dangerous to people and require different approaches to treatment.

Symptoms of jaundice in adults

Icterus can be a companion of various pathological processes that affect the blood or the hepatobiliary system. Its manifestations are yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes. In this case, the color varies from slightly yellow to orange. Symptoms are determined by provocateurs of pathology, as well as by the characteristics of the human body.

A laboratory manifestation is an increase in the content of bile pigment in the blood, called hyperbilirubinemia. Subsequently, bilirubin enters the urine, which leads to its darkening and foaming.

Due to the fact that in most cases jaundice develops under the influence of a pathological process occurring in the blood or the hepatobiliary system of the body, it is characterized by the symptoms of a specific disease, which is the primary source. Such signs include:

1. Soreness and discomfort under the right ribs.
2. Dark urine.
3. Appearance of a bitter taste.
4. Weight loss.
5. Itching of the skin.
6. Decreased appetite.
7. Increased body temperature.
8. Nausea and vomiting.
9. Enlargement of the liver and spleen.
10. The appearance of spider veins.

Other symptoms of jaundice in adults include a change in the color of feces to a lighter color, as well as the appearance of bruises even after slight pressure on the skin or minor blows.

There are signs of a symptom complex, the manifestation of which is fraught with serious consequences for the body, regardless of what is its provocateur. If any of these occur, you should contact your doctor as soon as possible. These include:

1. Bloody inclusions in faeces or vomit.
2. Acute pain in the abdomen.
3. Severe bleeding from a nose or cut that does not stop for a long time.
4. Uncontrolled change in psycho-emotional state (unreasonable aggression, apathy, excessive irritability, etc.).

It is important to understand that jaundice as a manifestation of any pathology indicates a specific stage of its development, when it is not worth counting on spontaneous normalization of the condition. The disease may indicate the presence of quite serious malfunctions in the liver and biliary tract, which cannot be eliminated by conservative methods.

Emergency medical assistance is required when yellowing of the skin is accompanied by sharp pains in the right side of the abdomen under the ribs, an increase in temperature to 39 degrees, frequent vomiting with blood and bile impurities, and the presence of blood in the feces.

Clinical diagnostics and tests

The first step in identifying icterus and its provocateurs is the analysis of the patient’s complaints, as well as the collection of anamnesis. It is these tasks that the doctor faces at the initial examination of the patient, during which it should be clarified whether any of the following circumstances took place:

• contact with an infected person;
• taking certain medications;
• the presence of diseases of the liver and biliary tract, etc.

The following diagnostic manipulations allow you to assess the state of the blood, hepatobiliary and other body systems:

1. General analysis of urine.
2. Biochemical and complete blood count, the results of which pay special attention to the level of liver pigment, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase.
3. Rarely required liver puncture.
4. A complex of laboratory studies aimed at establishing a possible infection.
5. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs.
6. Blood test for tumor markers in the case when there is a suspicion of oncological formations.
7. Liver elastography.
8. Prothrombin time assay. The liver produces proteins that are important for blood clotting, which is called “coagulation”. This study allows you to set the speed of the coagulation process. In the event that abnormalities are found, it is appropriate to make an assumption about liver damage.
9. Diagnostic laparoscopy.

If during the ultrasound examination a blockade of the bile duct is detected, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatorrhaphy or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatorrhaphy is performed.

Both techniques make it possible to obtain a better image of the biliary tract compared to the picture obtained during standard magnetic resonance imaging.

The preferred diagnostic method is determined by a specialist individually for each patient, while the alleged cause of jaundice is taken as the basis.

Treatment of jaundice in adults

In view of the fact that the fight against icterus as a symptom complex implies the elimination of its provocateur, the choice of a suitable therapeutic program is carried out precisely with this provocateur in mind. In addition, the clinical picture and the general health of the patient play an important role.

Removal of unpleasant symptoms and stabilization of the hepatobiliary system is provided with the help of medicines of the following groups:

1. Antiviral.
2. Hepatoprotectors.
3. Antibiotics.
4. With choleretic effect.
5. Glucocorticosteroids.

Efficiency in the fight against the syndrome was also shown by phototherapy. Due to the influence of ultraviolet light, which is the basis of the method, bilirubin is destroyed. Among other physiotherapy effective are the following:

1. Diathermy based on the use of high-frequency current, due to which a thermal effect is achieved. The current entering the tissues of the body causes a chaotic movement of electrolytes, which become a source of heat. Under its influence, the work of the endocrine glands is accelerated and blood circulation improves.
2. Iontophoresis, described as the migration of charged ions due to the action of a small amount of direct current.
3. ultrasound on the liver area.

In cases where the pathological condition is caused by blockage of the biliary tract by stones, or there is compression of the ducts by neoplasms, surgical treatment of jaundice is indicated. In its course, the doctor removes the mechanical barrier. Most often in modern surgical practice, they resort to laparoscopy, which requires special equipment and continuous video monitoring.

The duration of the rehabilitation period is determined by the initial symptoms, the therapy performed and the individual characteristics of the patient’s condition. Certain time frames are set by the attending physician, whose competence also includes explaining the rules of conduct during recovery.

In the case of a woman carrying a child, the selection of a therapeutic technique should be carried out with extreme caution. This is due to the need to exclude the possibility of a teratogenic effect.

Treatment of jaundice during pregnancy is carried out using a drug or non-drug approach. The second option is the most preferable and involves making adjustments to eating habits and daily diet:

• dividing it into at least five portions;
• exclusion of smoked meats, as well as fatty, spicy, salty and sour foods;
• inclusion in the diet of fatty acids.

In addition, the non-drug program provides for the minimization of stresses that negatively affect the psycho-emotional state of the expectant mother. You should also walk more often in the fresh air and do simple exercises.

The medical method includes:

• specialized treatment of viral hepatitis in hospital;
• plasmapheresis and infusion treatment of cholestasis;
• surgical intervention to remove a calculus and other physical obstruction that closes the lumen of the bile ducts.

Jaundice diet

A proper diet is of great importance during the treatment of the disease. You should follow a diet that will be mild and gentle for both the gallbladder and the liver. It is worth focusing on the use of low-fat dairy products, meat and fish of low-fat varieties, vegetable dishes. It is recommended to abandon vegetables containing coarse crude fiber, as well as minimize salt intake.

The basic principles of diet in the treatment of jaundice in adults include:

1. Eating grain bread and fresh herbs.
2. Exclusion of fried and fatty foods.
3. Include as many raw, stewed or steamed vegetables as possible in the diet.
4. Preference for unsweetened pastries, as well as compotes made from dried fruits.

The diet for icterus should be aimed at stabilizing the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. For this purpose, it is necessary to include the following products in the diet:

• viscous cereals prepared with milk;
• vegetable and fruit freshly squeezed juices;
• berries;
• fresh herbs;
• soups with cereals in vegetable broth;
• dried apricots;
• steam omelets;
• nuts;
• lean baked goods;
• drinking water without gas;
• cabbage;
• boiled sausages;
• boiled rabbit meat;
• marrows;
• non-acidic fruit jelly;
• rose hip decoction.

It is worth studying not only the list of useful, but also the list of harmful products, which includes:

• animal fats;
• garlic;
• muffin;
• smoked meat and fish;
• mushrooms;
• ice cream;
• pickles;
• sour fruits and berries;
• conservation;
• carbonated soft drinks;
• alcohol;
• strong coffee.

Prophylaxis

As with any other disease, icterus is easier to prevent than to treat. This can be achieved by following simple rules that ensure the prevention of the disease. Compliance with them will minimize the risk of developing the disease in an adult. To this end, you should:

• Avoid stress and situations that lead to psycho-emotional overstrain.
• Maintain a balance between work and rest.
• Treat any pathology only with the help of competent physicians using sterile instruments in their work.
• Monitor nutrition.
• Lead a healthy lifestyle.
• Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating them.
• Pay attention to physical activity.
• Do not take any medication without first consulting your doctor.
• Do not drink raw tap water.
• Timely treatment of infectious diseases.

Prevention also includes actions that minimize the risk of the underlying conditions causing jaundice. They are listed below:

• Avoid alcohol and smoking.
• Regular monitoring of chronic diseases of the biliary tract and liver.
• Compliance with personal hygiene standards.
• Use of contraceptives during intimacy.
• Vaccination and revaccination against hepatitis on time.

Preventive measures also involve prompt contact with a medical facility at the first sign of jaundice in adults. Do not waste time waiting for the condition to normalize by itself. A reasonable decision would be a more appropriate use of it for medical care.

Prevention of jaundice during pregnancy is aimed at preventing the development of possible complications. Measures to be followed include:

• timely registration for pregnancy;
• visiting the supervising gynecologist in accordance with the dates assigned by him;
• informing the doctor about the first pathological signs;
• adhere to a balanced diet rich in vitamins, fresh fruits and vegetables.

The appearance of a symptom complex during the period of gestation indicates the presence of malfunctions in the liver. Independent struggle with it without competent medical support is contraindicated. Only a competent doctor is able to establish the true cause of the pathological condition and get rid of it without risks to the mother and child.

Possible complications

The nature of the complications in this case is directly dependent on the concentration of bilirubin in the blood. If it is high, then intoxication of the body occurs with disruption of the central nervous system.

Icterus is a clear evidence that serious pathological processes are taking place in the body that require the intervention of a competent specialist as soon as possible. Timely diagnosis and identification of the problem will completely get rid of it. Incorrect therapy can lead to renal failure. A lethal outcome is possible if hepatitis of any type and cirrhosis, which develop at an advanced stage of the disease, are not treated in time.

You can prevent consequences that are dangerous to health and life by consulting a doctor when warning signs appear. The specialist will conduct an examination and make a diagnosis, and also decide how to treat jaundice in an adult in each case.

The danger of complications of the disease during the period of bearing a child is the need to terminate the pregnancy in a number of conditions, including:

• Severe preeclampsia.
• Acute fatty degeneration. In this case, a particularly high threat arises with the development of a complication that occurs against the background of a violation of blood clotting.
• Chronic active hepatitis.

Forced delivery is not always required. The following are situations in which it is possible to keep the pregnancy:

• Acute viral hepatitis. A pregnant woman with a similar diagnosis should be in the maternity ward at the infectious diseases hospital.
• Vomiting due to toxicosis, which is helped by a special diet.
• Intrahepatic cholestasis, more dangerous to the fetus than to the pregnant woman. For this reason, constant monitoring of the child is required in order to prevent its intrauterine death.
• Stable cholelithiasis. Hospitalization of a pregnant woman is provided when the duct is blocked by a stone.

The responsibility for making the final decision on the measures taken in each particular case lies with the gynecologist leading the pregnancy, and many factors must be taken into account.

Q&A

Below are the most frequently asked questions regarding the symptom complex, as well as detailed answers to them.

What is obstructive jaundice in adults?

Mechanical (subhepatic, obstructive) jaundice (MF) is a condition that occurs as a result of blockage of the lumen of the bile ducts, both from the inside and from the outside. As a result, the outflow of bile into the intestine becomes difficult or even impossible. May be benign or malignant. In the latter case, the pathological process is the result of compression of the bile ducts by tumors or other formations of an oncological nature.

MZH is not considered an independent disease. In fact, this is a secondary syndrome that aggravates the course of other pathologies of the abdominal organs. The lack of medical care leads to the entry of bile metabolic products into the blood, which causes:

• poisoning;
• hepatic encephalopathy;
• liver and kidney failure.

In the most severe situations, death is possible. You can avoid difficult consequences if you start the fight against the disease in a timely manner.

Is jaundice contagious?

The disease is not transmitted from one person to another in the case when it was provoked by functional failures and internal defects of organs.

However, when icterus has an infectious etiology, it is transmitted by the oral-fecal or airborne route. In this case, the exchange of biological fluids or close contact with an infected person becomes the cause of the transmission of the primary pathology.

You can avoid infection if you do not ignore the rules of personal hygiene, drink only boiled or bottled water, refuse the services of salons and clinics with a dubious reputation.

Is it necessary to follow a diet for jaundice?

The disease can be described as a reaction that the liver gives to the wrong eating habits of a person. In this regard, it is necessary to adhere to a balanced diet, which will improve the well-being of the patient. This diet includes:

• exclusion of fried and fatty foods;
• preferential consumption of stewed and raw vegetables that do not contain crude fiber;
• inclusion in the diet of fresh herbs;
• replacement of black bread with grain;
• Refusal of sweet pastries.

The diet must be balanced and strict. Its key goal is to stabilize the work of the gastrointestinal tract, which will ensure the unhindered outflow of bile and the exclusion of its accumulation in the ducts.

When to see a doctor?

The reason for making an appointment with a specialist should be the first manifestations of the disease. Even with a slight yellowing of the skin and sclera, you need to visit a therapist who will conduct an initial examination and decide on the need to consult one of the following specialists:

• infectious disease specialist;
• oncologist;
• hepatologist;
• hematologist.