10 Simple Strategies for Blood Sugar Control

Blood Sugar: When It’s Too Low or Too High

The hormone insulin takes sugar (glucose) from food and uses it for energy. With type 2 diabetes, you don’t have enough insulin or your body isn’t effective at using insulin, and excess sugar continues to circulate in your bloodstream.

A target blood sugar range for most people with type 2 diabetes is 80 to 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) before a meal and less than 180 mg/dl one to two hours after starting a meal, according to the American Diabetes Association.

A reading of 160 mg/dl or higher is typically considered high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Over time, blood sugar in the range of 160 to 250 mg/dl can affect every organ in your body, Dr. Reddy says. It’s associated with heart disease, eye disease, kidney disease, neuropathy, stroke, and vascular disease. If blood sugar goes as high as 500 mg/dl, you may experience symptoms such as thirst, the urge to urinate more often, weight loss,  low energy, and drowsiness, he says.

Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) occurs when levels fall to less than 70 mg/dl. This is a risk when you take insulin or other diabetes medications, have gone too long without a meal, have been active, or have been drinking alcohol.

If your blood sugar goes too low, you’ll probably feel shaky and sweaty and you may develop tremors, Reddy says. Other symptoms may include a racing heart, headache, weakness, confusion, hunger, irritability, lack of coordination, and pale skin. If your blood sugar continues to drop to 30 mg/dl and below, you could slip into a diabetic coma.

Improving Blood Sugar Control

Good blood sugar control can help you avoid the symptoms and complications of going too high or low. You’ll also feel better and have more energy, says Rasa Kazlauskaite, MD, medical director of the Rush University Prevention Center in Chicago, Illinois, and associate professor in the department of preventive medicine and internal medicine.

Get started with these 10 tips to help you rein in your blood sugar and better manage type 2 diabetes:

1. Stick to your medication plan. There are many drugs to help control blood sugar, Reddy says. Taking your medication as directed is vital — don’t skip doses.

2. Eat on schedule. Eating healthy meals at about the same time every day helps keep blood sugar steady. Also, “meal routines and consistency help to avoid severe hunger and help medications work better,” Dr. Kazlauskaite says.

3. Distribute carbohydrates throughout the day. Make it a goal to eat two to four carbohydrate servings — about 30 to 60 grams — per meal, says Margaret Powers, PhD, RD, CDE, president-elect of health care and education for the American Diabetes Association and a research scientist at Park Nicollet Health Services International Diabetes Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Because carbohydrates raise your blood sugar, spacing them out can help keep your levels in a healthy range.

4. Test your blood sugar. Testing with a meter is the only way to know how your body responds to the meals you’re eating. It also gives you valuable information on blood sugar control. “Not everyone with type 2 diabetes has to do this every single day,” Dr. Powers says. A few times a week might be enough for some people, but that’s something to determine with your doctor. In general, someone who is not taking insulin would begin by testing their blood sugar three times a day: fasting in the morning, before their largest meal, and one to two hours after that meal, she says, adding that people who take insulin might test more often, depending on their insulin regimen.

5. Put your stats in writing. Writing down what you’re eating along with your blood sugar readings will enable you and your doctor to review your progress. Use a notebook, website, or app to keep track.

6. React to signs of low blood sugar. The most common reason for low blood sugar is incorrect timing of a meal when taking diabetes medications, Kazlauskaite says. When you feel the warning signs, have 15 grams of carbohydrate, such as 4 ounces of juice, the Joslin Diabetes Center recommends. After resting for 15 minutes, test your blood sugar. If it’s below 70, have another 15 grams of carbohydrate.

7. Get moving. People with type 2 diabetes who exercise tend to have better control of their blood sugar and better blood pressure and cholesterol levels, according to a study published in 2015 in the Journal of Physical Therapy Science. To avoid low blood sugar, eat an extra serving of carbohydrate a half-hour before starting to exercise, Powers advises. If you’re exercising for a long time or doing strenuous activity, you may need to drink diluted juice or consume another carbohydrate during the workout.

8. Have a plan for dining out. Extra carbs lurking at restaurants, such as breading on chicken, can make eating out with type 2 diabetes a challenge, Powers says. Plan ahead by looking at the restaurant’s menu online. When ordering, also limit fats, such as butter and cream, for better heart health.

9. Make it a family affair. Reddy suggests recruiting family members to eat healthy and exercise with you so it feels more like fun than a task.

10. Stop the blame game. Don’t beat yourself up if you struggle with controlling your blood sugar, Reddy says. Because of the natural progression of the disease, blood sugar levels tend to go up over time and more medication may be needed.

What Are the Symptoms of High Blood Sugar? – AMAC

Whenever the glucose (sugar) level in one’s blood rises high temporarily, this condition is known as hyperglycemia. The opposite condition, low blood sugar, is called hypoglycemia.

Glucose comes from most foods, and the body uses other chemicals to create glucose in the liver and muscles. The blood carries glucose (blood sugar) to all the cells in the body. To carry glucose into the cells as an energy supply, cells need help from insulin. Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas, an organ near the stomach.

The pancreas releases insulin into the blood, based upon the blood sugar level. Insulin helps move glucose from digested food enter into cells. Sometimes, the body stops making insulin (for example, in type 1 diabetes), or the insulin does not work properly (as in type 2 diabetes). In diabetic patients, glucose does not enter the cells sufficiently, thus staying in the blood and creating high blood sugar levels.

Blood sugar levels can be measured in seconds by using a blood glucose meter, also known as a glucometer. A tiny drop of blood from the finger or forearm is placed on a test strip and inserted into the glucometer. The blood sugar (or glucose) level is displayed digitally within seconds.

Blood glucose levels vary widely throughout the day and night in people with diabetes. Ideally, blood glucose levels range from 90 to 130 mg/dL before meals, and below 180 mg/dL within 1 to 2 hours after a meal. Adolescents and adults with diabetes strive to keep their blood sugar levels within a controlled range, usually 80-150 mg/dL before meals. Doctors and diabetes health educators guide each patient to determine their optimal range of blood glucose control.

When blood sugar levels remain high for several hours, dehydration and more serious complications can develop. Moreover, even mild hyperglycemia (a fasting blood sugar over 109 mg/dL in adolescents/adults or over 100 mg/dL in children before puberty) – when unrecognized or inadequately treated for several years – can damage multiple tissues in the brain, kidneys, and arteries. When hyperglycemia is associated with the presence of ketones in theurine, this state demands immediate medical attention. When blood sugar levels rise and stay high (over 165 mg/dL consistently) for days to weeks, diabetes should be suspected and must be treated.

High blood sugar level fluctations occur daily in people with diabetes. It is important to control blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, and medication (if prescribed), to know the symptoms of elevated blood sugar, and to seek treatment, when necessary.

These are the symptoms of high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Regular monitoring can help you avoid high and low blood glucose, avoid complications of diabetes, and help control your blood glucose levels.

Increased thirst

High blood glucose can cause excessive thirst. If you are always thirsty and you can’t seem to get enough fluids despite the amount you drink, diabetes may be out of control.

Hunger

When insulin in the body is insufficient to push glucose into the cells of the body, glucose stays in the blood streams. As a result, your brain detects this and tells you that you need food.

Headaches and difficulty concentrating

Too much glucose in the blood can result in your brain cells not getting enough glucose to function properly.

Blurred vision

High blood glucose can cause eye problems. High levels of blood glucose pull fluid from your tissues, including the lenses of your eyes, making focusing difficult. When diabetes is uncontrolled, blood vessels in the retina are damaged, and new blood vessels form. You may experience mild vision problems, such as dark spots, flashing lights or rings around lights. It can also cause blindness.

Frequent urination

High blood glucose can cause frequent urination, one of the classic symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes. Although it doesn’t always signal uncontrolled diabetes, if you have diabetes and you have to go too often, then your blood glucose control may be poor. As a result of this, you will feel thirsty, no matter how much you try to replenish the fluids that you lose.

Fatigue or tiredness

High blood glucose can cause fatigue. If you are getting regular exercise, being diligent with your medication, aren’t pregnant, or are relatively stress-free, yet you feel tired and sleepy frequently and have difficulty getting through the day, your diabetes may be out of control. This means that your body is storing and using glucose poorly.

Weight Loss

Too much glucose in the blood can result in your body failing to store glucose in cells properly, and start to break down other sources for energy instead, resulting in weight loss.

Infections

High blood glucose weakens your body’s immunity and defenses against infection. When your blood glucose levels are persistently high, your body’s natural ability to heal and fight off infections is impaired. You become vulnerable to influenza, bladder and vaginal infections. If you are always fighting infections, your diabetes may be uncontrolled.

Foot Problems

High blood glucose can lead to nerve damage, usually in the extremities and particularly in the feet and lower leg. You may notice tingling and loss of sensation or burning pain in your feet, legs and hands.

Other conditions

Other signs of high blood glucose can include dry mouth, dry or itchy skin, male impotence, vaginal yeast infections, unexplained aches and pains, urinary tract infections, sores that don’t heal very well, excessive infections and genital itching.

Symptoms will vary from person to person, and may be affected by age or sex.

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Normal Blood Sugar Values, Molarity and Fluctuations

A variety of stimulations and mechanisms tightly regulates blood sugar levels. This is important for metabolic homeostasis. Levels may fluctuate after fasting for long periods of time or an hour or two after food consumption. Despite this, the fluctuations are minor. Normal human blood glucose levels remain within a remarkably narrow range.

Image Credit: Proxima Studio / Shutterstock.com

Blood sugar fluctuations

In most humans, this varies from about 82 mg/dl to 110 mg/dl (4. 4 to 6.1 mmol/l). The blood sugar levels rise to nearly 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l) or a bit more in normal humans after a full meal. In humans, normal blood glucose levels are around 90 mg/dl, equivalent to 5mM (mmol/l).

Since the molecular weight of glucose, C6h22O6, is about 180 g/mol, when calculated, the total amount of glucose normally in circulating human blood is around 3.3 to 7g (assuming an ordinary adult blood volume of 5 liters).

In other words, in a healthy adult male of 75 kg (165 lb) with a blood volume of 5 liters (1.3 gal), a blood glucose level of 100 mg/dl or 5.5 mmol/l means a total of about 5 g (0.2 oz or 0.002 gal, 1/500 of the total) of glucose in the blood.

This also means approximately 45 g (1½ ounces) in the total body water. Total body water includes more than mere blood and will usually be about 60% of the total body weight in men. 5 grams of glucose are equivalent to a small sugar packet or a teaspoon full of sugar.

To be considered a non-diabetic, the American Diabetes Association recommends a post-meal glucose level less than 180 mg/dl (10 mmol/l) and a pre-meal blood glucose level of 90-130 mg/dl (5 to 7. 2 mmol/l).

Molarity and mass concentration

Blood glucose is measured in terms of molarity, measured in mmol/L or millimoles per liter. In the United States, and to a lesser extent elsewhere, mass concentration, measured in mg/dL. If an mg/dL figure is converted to mmol/L, it is to be divided by 18 or multiply by 0.055. Similarly, to convert a mmol/L figure to mg/dL it is multiplied by 18 or divided by 0.055.

References

Further Reading

Diagnosing Diabetes: glucose tolerance test and blood glucose levels.

In diagnosing diabetes, physicians primarily depend upon the results of specific glucose tests.  However, test results are just part of the information that goes into the diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Doctors also take into account your physical exam, presence or absence of symptoms, and medical history.

Some people who are significantly ill will have transient problems with elevated blood sugars, which will then return to normal after the illness has resolved. Also, some medications may alter your blood glucose levels (most commonly steroids and certain diuretics, such as water pills).

The 2 main tests used to measure the presence of blood sugar problems are the direct measurement of glucose levels in the blood during an overnight fast and measurement of the body’s ability to appropriately handle the excess sugar presented after drinking a high glucose drink.

Fasting Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar) Level
A value above 126 mg/dL on at least 2 occasions typically means a person has diabetes.

The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
An oral glucose tolerance test is one that can be performed in a doctor’s office or a lab. The person being tested starts the test in a fasting state (having no food or drink except water for at least 10 hours but not greater than 16 hours).

An initial blood sugar is drawn and then the person is given a “glucola” bottle with a high amount of sugar in it (75 grams of glucose or 100 grams for pregnant women). The person then has their blood tested again 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after drinking the high glucose drink.

For the test to give reliable results, you must be in good health (not have any other illnesses, not even a cold). Also, you should be normally active (for example, not lying down or confined to a bed like a patient in a hospital), and you should not be taking any medicines that could affect your blood glucose. The morning of the test, you should not smoke or drink coffee. During the test, you need to lie or sit quietly.

The oral glucose tolerance test is conducted by measuring blood glucose levels 5 times over a period of 3 hours. In a person without diabetes, the glucose levels in the blood rise following drinking the glucose drink, but then they fall quickly back to normal (because insulin is produced in response to the glucose, and the insulin has a normal effect of lowing blood glucose). 

In a diabetic, glucose levels rise higher than normal after drinking the glucose drink and come down to normal levels much slower (insulin is either not produced, or it is produced but the cells of the body do not respond to it).

As with fasting or random blood glucose tests, a markedly abnormal oral glucose tolerance test is diagnostic of diabetes.   However, blood glucose measurements during the oral glucose tolerance test can vary somewhat. For this reason, if the test shows that you have mildly elevated blood glucose levels, the doctor may run the test again to make sure the diagnosis is correct.

Glucose tolerance tests may lead to one of the following diagnoses:

• Normal Response: A person is said to have a normal response when the 2-hour glucose level is less than or equal to 110 mg/dL.
• Impaired Fasting Glucose: When a person has a fasting glucose equal to or greater than 110 and less than 126 mg/dL, they are said to have impaired fasting glucose. This is considered a risk factor for future diabetes and will likely trigger another test in the future, but by itself, does not make the diagnosis of diabetes.
• Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A person is said to have impaired glucose tolerance when the 2-hour glucose results from the oral glucose tolerance test are greater than or equal to 140 but less than 200 mg/dL. This is also considered a risk factor for future diabetes. There has recently been discussion about lowering the upper value to 180 mg/dL to diagnose more mild diabetes to allow earlier intervention and hopefully prevention of diabetic complications.
• Diabetes: A person has diabetes when oral glucose tolerance tests show that the blood glucose level at 2 hours is equal to or more than 200 mg/dL. This must be confirmed by a second test (either one) on another day. There has recently been discussion about lowering the upper value to 180 mg/dL to diagnose more people with mild diabetes to allow earlier intervention and hopefully prevention of diabetic complications.
•  Gestational Diabetes: A woman has gestational diabetes when she is pregnant and has any 2 of the following: a fasting plasma glucose of more than 105 mg/dL, a 1-hour glucose level of more than 190 mg/dL, a 2-hour glucose level of more than 165 mg/dL, or a 3-hour glucose level of more than 145 mg/dL.

 

 

Updated on: 04/26/16

Skipping Breakfast: Bad Idea for People With Type 2 Diabetes

A High Sugar Level After a Meal | Healthy Eating

By Sharon Perkins Updated December 06, 2018

It’s normal for your blood sugar level to rise after you eat, especially if you eat a meal high in refined carbohydrates. But if your blood sugar rises more than most people’s, you might have diabetes or pre-diabetes, a condition that indicates a strong risk for developing diabetes in the future. If you already have diabetes, you doctor will recommend keeping your blood sugar within a prescribed range. A glucose tolerance test, done one to three hours after you eat a high-carbohydrate meal, can check your blood sugar levels.

Why Does Your Blood Sugar Rise?

When you eat carbohydrates, your body breaks down the sugars they contain into glucose. Your body can’t absorb most sugars without breaking them down first. Simple sugars such as refined sugar break down very quickly; you absorb them rapidly into your bloodstream, which raises your blood sugar. In healthy people, the levels don’t rise very high and they drop back to normal quickly. If you have diabetes, your levels after a meal will rise higher and stay high longer than levels in other people. This occurs because your pancreas either don’t release enough insulin, the hormone that helps cells absorb glucose, or because the cells don’t respond properly to insulin release.

Normal Levels

If your doctor suspects that you have abnormal glucose levels, he might suggest doing a glucose tolerance test. You are given around 75 grams of carbohydrate after fasting for 12 hours. At one- to three-hour intervals, your doctor draws blood and analyzes your glucose levels. A normal fasting glucose is 60 to 100 milligrams per deciliter; your levels should rise no higher than 200 mg/dl one hour after eating and no more than 140 mg/dl two hours after finishing the snack. Most healthy people without diabetes have two-hour readings below 120 mg/dl.

Pre-Diabetes

A fasting blood sugar of between 100 and 130 mg/dl indicates impaired glucose metabolism. This means that you don’t process glucose normally, which puts you at higher risk for developing diabetes. Within 10 years, most people with pre-diabetes will develop diabetes unless they change their lifestyle, according to the Joslin Diabetes Center.

Diabetes

If you have a blood sugar level higher than 200 mg/dl two hours after consuming the 75 grams of carbohydrate, you generally have diabetes, although other conditions such as Cushing’s disease, and certain medications can also cause a rise in blood sugar levels. Once you’re diagnosed with diabetes, you doctor will set a target range for your blood sugar after meals. Most doctors want you to keep your blood sugar under 180 mg/dl after eating. In some cases, your doctor will set different limits based on your specific health issues.

Concerns

The higher your blood sugar rises after meals and the longer it stays high, the more likely you are to develop diabetic complications such as neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy or poor circulation. High levels of circulating glucose in your blood can damage your blood vessels.

A Few Easy Tweaks

You can manage the rise in your blood sugars after a meal through a few relatively simple, easy-to-follow steps. First and foremost, arrange your meals to include more protein and high-fiber foods such as vegetables and whole grains. Those digest slowly, limiting the rise in your blood glucose. Taking some exercise within 30 minutes of your meal, such as an after-dinner walk, can also slow your digestion. It also helps to limit your intake of high-carbohydrate foods such as refined grains and sugary sodas, and to select foods with less impact on your blood sugars. A tool called the glycemic index, or GI, can help you with those choices. Foods with a low GI have a lesser impact on your blood glucose than those with a high GI.

Blood Glucose Four Hours After Eating

Testing blood sugar.

Image Credit: hasan eroğlu/iStock/Getty Images

Cells throughout your body work around the clock, even when you’re sleeping. Clearly, they need a steady supply of energy to keep going. To function, they rely on glucose, a simple type of carbohydrate. Glucose enters your bloodstream until the hormone insulin comes around to help cells use or store the circulating glucose. Your blood sugar may go up a bit after eating, but if it’s still high four hours after your meal, or if it drops too low, something is awry in your body.

Normal Ranges

Normally your blood sugar should remain between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter, according to the American Diabetes Association. This range is for any random time throughout the day, before or after meals. After a long fast, such as after a night’s sleep, it’s normal for your glucose to be on the lower end of that spectrum — 70 to 100 milligrams per deciliter.

Four Hours After Eating

If you’re generally healthy or are properly managing your diabetes, your blood glucose should fall between 90 and 130 milligrams per deciliter four hours after eating. If you’re not diabetic, your sugar could even go as high as 140 milligrams per deciliter after meals. Of course, if you are a diabetic, your blood glucose could rise even higher — 180 milligrams per deciliter or above, even several hours after eating.

Causes of High Blood Sugar

It’s not typical for your glucose to remain elevated four hours after eating. By then, insulin should have done its job and made sure that all of that extra glucose was used up. So if your blood sugar is still high hours after eating, it could be a sign that you have diabetes. Or if you have already been diagnosed, the dosage of your insulin or other diabetes medication might be off. Elevated glucose can also stem from an infected pancreas, an overactive thyroid and certain types of tumors.

Low Glucose Causes

Having low blood glucose after eating, especially four hours later, isn’t healthy either. If you are diabetic, it’s possible that you took too much insulin or other diabetes medication. Whether you are diabetic or not, chronic low blood sugar might mean that you’re not eating enough. Decreased glucose levels could be a sign of a dysfunctional pituitary gland, underactive thyroid or rare type of tumor in the pancreas that leads to increased insulin production.

Blood Sugar Level Chart and Diabetes Information

Published: 2014-03-27 – Updated: 2019-12-01
Author: Thomas C. Weiss | Contact: Disabled World (Disabled-World.com)

Synopsis: Information and printable chart showing diabetic blood sugar levels for persons with diabetes or pre-diabetes. The results of blood sugar tests vary by testing method and lab but generally doctors consider a fasting blood sugar of up to 100 mg/dL to be within the average range. A number of medical studies have shown a dramatic relationship between elevated blood sugar levels and insulin resistance in people who are not very active on a daily or regular basis.

Main Digest

A doctor might order a test of the sugar level in a person’s blood if there is a concern that they may have diabetes, or have a sugar level that is either too low or too high. The test, which is also called a check of blood sugar, blood glucose, fasting blood sugar, fasting plasma glucose, or fasting blood glucose, indicates how much glucose is present is present in a person’s blood.

What Is Blood Sugar Level?

Blood sugar concentration or blood glucose level is defined as the amount of glucose (sugar) present in the blood of a human or animal. The body naturally tightly regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis. The international standard way of measuring blood glucose levels are in terms of a molar concentration, measured in mmol/L (millimoles per liter; or millimolar, abbreviated mM). In the United States, mass concentration is measured in mg/dL (milligrams per decilitre) – See our mmol/L to mg/dl chart for blood sugar number conversions.

When a person eats carbohydrates, such as pasta, bread or fruit, their body converts the carbohydrates to sugar – also referred to as glucose. Glucose travels through the blood to supply energy to the cells, to include muscle and brain cells, as well as to organs. Blood sugar levels usually fluctuate depending upon what a person eats and how long it has been since they last ate. However; consistent or extremely low levels of glucose in a person’s blood might cause symptoms such as:

• Anxiety
• Sweating
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Nervousness

Warning signs of dangerously high levels of blood sugar include sleepiness or confusion, dry mouth, extreme thirst, high fever, hallucinations, loss of vision, or skin that is warm and dry.

A blood sugar test requires a finger prick or needle stick. A doctor might order a, ‘fasting,’ blood glucose test. What this means is a person will not be able to drink or eat for 8-10 hours before the test, or the doctor may order the test for a random time or right after the person eats. If a woman is pregnant, her doctor might order a, ‘glucose-tolerance test,’ which involves drinking glucose solution and having blood drawn a specified amount of time later. The results of a blood sugar test are measured in milligrams per deciliter.

Average Blood Sugar Levels

Average Blood Sugar Levels
100 mg/dL average
140 mg/dL 2 hours after eating
180 mg/dL 1 hour after drinking glucose
155 mg/dL 2 hours after drinking glucose
140 mg/dL 3 hours after drinking glucose
95 mg/dL after fasting for glucose-tolerance test for pregnant women

The results of blood sugar tests vary by testing method and lab but generally doctors consider a fasting blood sugar of up to 100 mg/dL to be within the average range. From blood drawn 2 hours after a person eats, doctors consider a level of up to 140 mg/dL to be average. In a glucose-tolerance test for pregnant women, a level of 95 mg/dL after fasting is considered to be the, ‘target,’ level. A doctor who is concerned might order additional testing at 1,2 and 3 hours after a person drinks glucose. The target levels for those tests are 180 mg/dL, 155 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL. Gestational diabetes is indicated if 2 or more of the 4 levels equal or go over the desired target level.

High Blood Sugar Levels

‘Hyperglycemia,’ or high fasting blood sugar levels of between 100-150 mg/dL, might indicate pre-diabetes and levels above this range may indicate diabetes. A number of other conditions may cause hyperglycemia too, including:

• Acromegaly
• Pancreatitis
• Acute stress
• Renal failure
• Hyperthyroidism
• Pancreatic cancer
• Cushing syndrome

Hyperglycemia may also be the result of excessive over-eating or taking some prescription medications.

Low Blood Sugar Levels

Chart showing symptoms of low blood sugar

‘Hypoglycemia,’ or low blood sugar, might suggest that a person is not eating enough or that they are taking too much diabetes medication or insulin. Additional causes of hypoglycemia include hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism and having taken certain kinds of medications. A blood sugar level below 60 mg/dL, or a drop of more than 100 mg/dL an hour at any time indicates hypoglycemia.

Average A1C Test Level

An A1C test is performed to measure the average of a person’s blood sugar levels over the last 3 months. The results of the test are presented as a percentage. The average range falls in between 4-6%. A1C test levels of greater than 7% reveal poor diabetes management and the need for changes in the future. Some important facts about blood sugar include the following:

• Insulin is a hormone produced by a person’s pancreas, it helps to maintain average blood sugar levels
• Glucose is a simple sugar; it is one of the primary molecules that serve as energy sources for both animals and plants
• High or uncontrolled blood sugar levels may lead to health complications such as heart disease, blindness or kidney disease
• Increased concentration of glucose in a person’s blood leads to a condition referred to as, ‘diabetic coma,’ or hyperglycemia

Blood Sugar Chart
Diabetes Check – Blood Sugar Levels	HbA1c	mg/dl	mmol/l
low	less than 4	less than 65	less than 3,6
Normal	4	65	3,6
Normal	4,1	69	3,8
Normal	4,2	72	4
Normal	4,3	76	4,2
Normal	4,4	80	4,4
Normal	4,5	83	4,6
Normal	4,6	87	4,8
Normal	4,7	90	5
Normal	4,8	94	5,2
Normal	4,9	97	5,4
Good	5	101	5,6
Good	5,1	105	5,8
Good	5,2	108	6
Good	5,3	112	6,2
Good	5,4	115	6,4
Good	5,5	119	6,6
Good	5,6	122	6,8
Good	5,7	126	7
Good	5,8	130	7,2
Good	5,9	133	7,4
At Risk	6	137	7,6
At Risk	6,1	140	7,8
At Risk	6,2	144	8
At Risk	6,3	147	8,2
At Risk	6,4	151	8,4
At Risk	6,5	155	8,6
At Risk	6,6	158	8,8
At Risk	6,7	162	9
At Risk	6,8	165	9,2
At Risk	6,9	169	9,4
Danger Zone	7	172	9,6
Danger Zone	7,1	176	9,8
Danger Zone	7,2	180	10
Danger Zone	7,3	183	10,2
Danger Zone	7,4	187	10,4
Danger Zone	7,5	190	10,6
Danger Zone	7,6	194	10,8
Danger Zone	7,7	198	11
Danger Zone	7,8	201	11,2
Danger Zone	7,9	205	11,4
Complications Can Arise	8	208	11,6
Complications Can Arise	8,1	212	11,8
Complications Can Arise	8,2	215	12
Complications Can Arise	8,3	219	12,2
Complications Can Arise	8,4	223	12,4
Complications Can Arise	8,5	226	12,6
Complications Can Arise	8,6	230	12,8
Complications Can Arise	8,7	233	13
Complications Can Arise	8,8	237	13,2
Complications Can Arise	8,9	240	13,4
Very Dangerous	9	244	13,6
Very Dangerous	9+	261+	13,6+

Improving Fasting Blood Sugar Levels

If a person does not have perfect fasting blood sugar levels, yet the levels are not quite high enough to be considered diabetes, they should take it as an opportunity to improve their health and achieve average blood glucose levels prior to developing type 2 diabetes. Usually, high blood sugar levels have to do with a poor diet, but even more often they have to do with a person’s lack of exercise and physical activity.

A number of medical studies have shown a dramatic relationship between elevated blood sugar levels and insulin resistance in people who are not very active on a daily or regular basis. Many of the same studies have also shown that the most efficient way of improving insulin resistance is to increase the amount of physical activity. Doing so helps a person to achieve weight loss, increase blood flow and circulation, as well as lower blood sugar levels.

Deciding to begin exercising and become active also involves beginning to eat better. Changing eating habits alone will help, yet doing both together will supercharge a person’s efforts. Try to find a cookbook filled with quality foods and meal plans that are ideal for people with diabetes, people with pre-diabetes, as well as those with high blood sugar levels who might be insulin resistant.

Author Credentials:

Thomas C. Weiss attended college and university courses earning a Masters, Bachelors and two Associate degrees, as well as pursing Disability Studies. As a Nursing Assistant Thomas has assisted people from a variety of racial, religious, gender, class, and age groups by providing care for people with all forms of disabilities from Multiple Sclerosis to Parkinson’s; para and quadriplegia to Spina Bifida.

You’re reading Disabled World. See our homepage for informative disability news, reviews, sports, stories and how-tos. You can also connect with us on social media such as Twitter and Facebook or learn more about Disabled World on our about us page.

Disclaimer: Disabled World provides general information only. Materials presented are in no way meant to be a substitute for professional medical care by a qualified practitioner, nor should they be construed as such. Any 3rd party offering or advertising on disabled-world.com does not constitute endorsement by Disabled World.

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Cite This Page (APA): Thomas C. Weiss. (2014, March 27). Blood Sugar Level Chart and Diabetes Information. Disabled World. Retrieved August 11, 2021 from www.disabled-world.com/health/diabetes/mg-dl.php

Ilyinsky Hospital – a modern outpatient hospital center :: Prediabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance

According to the International Diabetic Federation
in 2017, there were about 352 million people with prediabetes worldwide.

Prediabetes – not
diagnosis. Prediabetes is a borderline condition in which the level of
blood sugar exceeds the norm, but does not yet reach the values ​​necessary for
confirmation of diabetes mellitus.If a person has fasting blood sugar (or through
2 hours after the special glucose load test) is lower than that of
patients with diabetes mellitus, but already higher than normal – this is prediabetes. In the medical
practice, other, more correct definitions are used – “violation
fasting glycemia “,” impaired glucose tolerance “.

• Oral
  glucose tolerance test (glucose load test)

The essence of the test is the ingestion of a certain amount of glucose solution and
assessing blood sugar levels before and 2 hours after that.According to generally accepted clinical guidelines, this test
is carried out against the background of at least 3 days of unlimited meals and regular
physical activity. If the patient, several days before the test, will
there is less than usual, the results will not be objective. It is important to know that
the test should be preceded by an overnight fast for 8-14 hours (you can drink
water). The last evening meal should include 30-50 g of carbohydrates.
After taking blood on an empty stomach, it is necessary to drink 75 g in no more than 5 minutes
anhydrous glucose or 82.5 g of glucose monohydrate dissolved in 250-300 ml
water.Smoking is not allowed during the test. After 2 hours,
repeated blood sampling. According to international standards, this test
involves the study of venous plasma.

• Reasons for the development of prediabetes

In most cases, prediabetes is a precursor
type 2 diabetes mellitus. The reason for the development of this condition is a decrease
sensitivity of body cells to insulin, which develops against the background of excess
nutrition.Higher risks of prediabetes are
overweight people leading a sedentary lifestyle, with age, the likelihood
the development of prediabetes increases. Genetic factors also matter.
predisposition. The diagnosis “Gestational diabetes mellitus” is also
a marker of high risk of prediabetes.

• Calculate your risk of diabetes (Finnish Diabetes Risc Score)

To calculate, select the numbers to the left of the correct statements, and then add all the numbers circled.

1) Your age:

0 – Less than 45 years old

2 – 45-54 years old

3 – 64 years old

4 – 65 years old and over

2) Calculate your body mass index (BMI ) according to the formula:

BMI = weight (kg) / height * 2 (in meters).

Your BMI was:

0 – Less than 25

1 – 25-30

3 – More than 30

3) Measure the circumference of your torso at the navel level:

MEN
0 – Less than 94 cm 3 – 94-102 cm 4 – More than 102 cm	0 – Less than 80 cm 3 – 80-88 cm 4 – More than 88 cm

4) Do you have at least 30 minutes of physical activity every day, including your usual activities at work and rest (physical work, walking, running, exercise, dancing, etc.))?

0 – Yes

2 – No

5) How often do you eat fruits, vegetables or berries?

0 – Every day

1 – Not every day

6) Have you (have been prescribed before) a regular intake of medicines that lower blood pressure?

0 – No

2 – Yes

7) Have you ever had an elevated blood sugar level (during medical examination, during any illness, during pregnancy)?

0 – No

5 – Yes

8) Does any of your relatives have diabetes mellitus (type 1 or type 2)?

0 – No

3 – Yes, any of the following: grandfather / grandmother, aunt / uncle, cousin / cousin

5 – Yes, any of the following: mother / father, brother, sister or your child

Count the circled digits. It reflects your risk of developing diabetes over the next 10 years.

Less than 7: The risk is low (approximately 1 in 100 of these people will develop diabetes).

7-11: The risk is slightly increased (about 1 in 25 of these people will develop diabetes).

12-14: Moderate risk (approximately 1 in 6 of these people will develop diabetes).

15-20: High risk (about 1 in 3 of these people will develop diabetes).

More than 20: Very high risk (approximately one in two will develop diabetes).

If your risk is high or very high, or you begin to notice symptoms of diabetes: increased thirst, dry mouth, increased amount of urine (including more frequent trips to the toilet on the road or at night), itching, decreased vision , pustular rashes on the skin, poor healing of small wounds and scratches – consult a doctor (general practitioner or endocrinologist) and have a fasting blood sugar (glucose) test.

About half of patients with diabetes mellitus have no symptoms of high blood sugar. Therefore, the World Health Organization recommends that fasting sugar levels be measured for all people over 45 every 3 years, and if there are risk factors (overweight, diabetes in close relatives), this analysis should be performed every 1-2 years starting from the age of 40.

• Why prediabetes is dangerous

high risk of developing diabetes mellitus in the near future. However, it is known
that already at the time of detection of prediabetes, tissue damage may develop
kidneys, eyes, heart, blood vessels, nerve fibers, typical for sugar
diabetes.Some experts consider this condition to be the initial stage of sugar
diabetes, but this opinion is not generally accepted and requires additional research.

• Is it possible to normalize
  blood sugar levels and reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes in
  people with prediabetes?

A balanced diet and regular physical activity help
reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. “Easy to say!” – often
our patients parry.Of course, in order for nutrition to become rational and
balanced, and physical activity has gradually become an integral part
life, you need to make an effort. Medication also plays a big role.
role. Modern pharmacological drugs help the patient to feel comfortable and
lose weight safely, reduce the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes.

• Can prediabetes
  develop in children?

Prediabetes in the last decade is increasingly common in
children.The reason for this is overweight. Overweight children are tall
risks of developing type 2 diabetes. The borderline values ​​of blood sugar in
children can be harbingers of the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus, but such
situations are rare (as a rule, type 1 diabetes mellitus manifests itself
almost immediately high blood sugar).

• What if y
  of a person with normal body weight have borderline blood sugar levels?

First of all, you need to contact an endocrinologist. People with
normal weight, borderline blood sugar levels may precede
development of type 1 diabetes mellitus and LADA type diabetes (Late-onset Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults).

• Treatment of prediabetes in
  Ilyinsky hospital

Our specialists will develop an individual diet for you
food from the foods available to you.

Experienced clinical psychologists can help you cope with
emotions and support motivation to form healthy habits, while
necessary, prescribe drugs to control food cravings, and also help
increase your self-esteem and satisfaction with your appearance.

Our endocrinologists, if necessary, will prescribe you
effective pharmacological treatment of obesity, which will help to comfortably and
safely reduce weight.

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Specialists
will select the optimal sets of exercises, taking into account your individual
characteristics (existing diseases, work schedule, your desires).

90,000 Take a blood glucose test in the laboratory Blood sugar test, prices in the laboratory KDL

Glucose – is the main source of energy for the cells of the body and the only source of energy for the brain and cells of the nervous system. A healthy body maintains a certain level of glucose in the blood. The balance of glucose in the blood depends on the hormones of the pancreas: insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes the absorption of glucose by the cells of the body and the formation of its reserves in the liver in the form of glycogen. In contrast, glucagon mobilizes glucose from the store in order to increase blood glucose levels when needed.

When is a glucose test usually prescribed?

Usually the glucose level is determined when a carbohydrate metabolism disorder is suspected.The most common cause of chronic high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) is diabetes mellitus. It is important to check fasting glucose during clinical examination for healthy people, since diabetes can be asymptomatic for several years and is diagnosed already at the stage of complications.

Glucose test (otherwise called “blood sugar”) is used to screen healthy individuals, to identify patients with prediabetes and diabetes, when examining pregnant women.

Low glucose levels (hypoglycemia) can be life-threatening; acute hypoglycemia can lead to coma and brain cell death.

Several consecutive blood glucose measurements are taken during the glucose tolerance test. In this case, the patient is first measured fasting glucose, and then given the so-called “sugar load”, after which the glucose level is measured after 1 and 2 hours. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) is not performed in the medical offices of the laboratory, as the patient must be under the supervision of a physician during the test. OGTT (oral glucose tolerance test) can only be done in patients whose fasting glucose level does not exceed 7 mmol / L.

What exactly is determined in the analysis process?

Determined the level of glucose in the venous blood. In order to avoid the absorption of glucose by red blood cells, a special tube with sodium fluoride is used. This filler helps stabilize the glucose level in the test tube for up to 48 hours.

What do the test results mean?

An elevated fasting blood glucose level can be a sign of various disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Such test results are possible with diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and taking the test not on an empty stomach.The degree to which glucose levels have risen should be assessed by a physician. Fasting glucose of more than 7.0 mmol / L or more than 11.1 mmol / L when taken at any time, regardless of food intake is considered a sign of diabetes mellitus.

Decreased blood glucose levels may result from inadequate use of antihyperglycemic drugs. Hypoglycemic conditions may be associated with the presence of a pancreatic tumor that produces glucagon – glucagonoma.

Typical due date for test

Typically, a blood sugar (glucose) result can be obtained within 1 day.

Do I need special preparation for the analysis?

Usually, the glucose test is taken strictly on an empty stomach. You need 8-12 hours of fasting before taking the test. You can and should drink water.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose – Preparations

Basic indications for PET / CT with

¹⁸ F-FDG

• Thyroid cancer (excluding medullary cancer).
• Breast cancer.
• Lung cancer (excluding carcinoids).
• Tumors of the thymus.
• Lymphomas.
• Pancreatic cancer (excluding neuroendocrine tumors).
• Cancer of the esophagus.
• Stomach cancer.
• Colon cancer.
• Cancer of the gallbladder.
• Liver cancer (excluding highly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma)
• Ovarian cancer.
• Cervical cancer.
• Cancer of the body of the uterus.
• Kidney cancer (with the exception of highly differentiated renal cell carcinoma, early forms of hypernephroid cancer).
• Bladder cancer.
• Testicular tumors.
• Penile cancer.
• Prostate cancer (only poorly differentiated cancer).
• Melanoma.
• Multiple myeloma.
• Search for a primary tumor.
• Sarcomas.

Contraindications to PET / CT with

¹⁸ F-FDG

• Pregnancy.
• Breastfeeding.
• Plasma glucose is higher than 11.2 mmol / ml.

The main tasks that PET / CT solves with

¹⁸ F-FDG

• Identification of a malignant tumor.
• Differential diagnostics.
• Staging of the tumor process.
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment.

Recommended timing of PET / CT with

¹⁸ F-FDG after treatment

* To assess the effectiveness of any type of treatment, it is advisable to conduct a study before starting therapy.

• 4-6 weeks after surgery.
• After 2 courses of PCT (if an assessment of the sensitivity of the tumor to the selected treatment regimen is required).
• 4-6 weeks after the last injection of PCT (if an assessment of the effectiveness of completed therapy is required).
• 2-4 weeks after radioiodine therapy.
• 6-8 weeks after the last radiation session.
• In the last week before the administration of hormonal drugs.

PET / CT preparation with

¹⁸ F-FDG

• The day before the study, patients should avoid excessive physical exertion, refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages and alcohol-containing drugs.
• In the cold season on the day of the study, the patient should be dressed in warm clothing, preferably one that is a little hot.
• There should be no metal objects (zippers, locks, jewelry, etc.) on the patient’s body and clothing.etc.).
• The study is performed strictly on an empty stomach (especially if the patient is scheduled for procedure before 15:00 noon ). Until you arrive at the department, you must drink unsweetened non-carbonated water in any quantity (the more, the better). You can drink unsweetened tea and / or unsweetened coffee.
• If you are enrolled in the study in the afternoon (after 15:00) , then on the day of the study until 9:00 am you are allowed to eat 2 boiled eggs and boiled chicken breast (no fat, no skin, no bread, no mayonnaise, no ketchup ), you can drink unsweetened tea and / or unsweetened coffee.After breakfast, until arrival at the department, you can drink unsweetened non-carbonated water in any quantity (the more, the better).
• If a PET / CT scan is planned using an iodine-containing contrast agent, a creatinine blood test must be provided.
• If you have ever had a allergic reaction to the administration of an iodine-containing contrast agent , be sure to inform about this when making an appointment for the study.
• If you have diabetes mellitus , be sure to inform about your illness when registering for the study, you will be recorded in the morning. To obtain a high-quality image in patients with diabetes mellitus, the last meal and antihyperglycemic drugs (insulin, pills) is possible only on the eve of study (before 23 hours of the previous day). The study is carried out strictly on an empty stomach, it is allowed to drink unsweetened non-carbonated water in any quantity (the more, the better).Before the introduction of the RFP, the blood plasma glucose level will be measured, the resulting indicator will be reported to the diagnostician, who will decide whether to conduct or cancel the study (in case of high values).

Bring with you

• Passport.
• Direction for research.
• Discharge epicrisis, results of ultrasound, scintigraphy, CT and MRI along with discs (preferably for the last three months) and their copies , as well as other data allowing a more detailed study of the history of your disease.
• The results of our research together with illustrations (if you are with us again).
• Creatinine blood test results (only if contrast enhanced PET / CT is planned).
• Sugar-lowering drugs ( for patients with diabetes mellitus ). Immediately after the study, you can eat and take pills.
• Pain relievers ( if there is severe pain ).
• If you are undergoing research at the expense of the compulsory health insurance fund (MHI), you must additionally provide a referral and a medical policy (for more details, see the MHI section).

How does PET / CT go

1. On the day of the study, by the predetermined date and time, the patient arrives in the “Radiation Diagnostics, Radiation Therapy” building at the registry number 2 (office number 100) .

2. At the registry, the patient draws up a statistical coupon and comes to the department located in the same building, to the registrar of the department (office # 134) .Here, the patient, together with the diagnostician, fills out an informed consent for the study, transfers the medical documents about the disease to the doctor. An employee of the department measures the weight and height of the patient (this information is necessary to calculate the dose of a radiopharmaceutical (RFP)), and also provides the code of the medical service for payment.

3. Payment for the study is made at the box office , located in the lobby next to registry number 2 (office number 100) .
Dear patients! Payment for the study can take from 15 to 40 minutes, keep this in mind and try not to be late for the study, especially if you are scheduled for the morning.

4. After payment, the patient with payment documents returns to the registry of the department (office # 134) to complete the registration procedure.

5. After completing the registration, the patient is invited to the treatment room for the introduction of the RFP. In the treatment room, the patient will be asked to lie down on a couch, close their eyes and completely relax. After 10-15 minutes of complete rest, an intravenous RFP will be administered. The RFP injection is easily tolerated; pain or discomfort should not be expected.5-10 minutes after the injection of the RFP, the patient will be given bottled water together with an iodine-containing contrast agent and asked to go to the patient room.

6. The patient is waiting for a scan in the patient room (the waiting time depends on the clinical situation and averages 90-120 minutes). While waiting, you need to finish the water and go to the toilet several times, which is located in the same room.
Attention! Dear patients, we would like to remind you that immediately after the RFP injection you become a source of ionizing radiation, which means that contact with you is associated with radiation exposure.Considering this, during the waiting period for scanning, it is extremely undesirable to leave outside the patient room and, moreover, the department (in the hall of the building, on the street) . For the same reason, there should be no attendants in the room where you are waiting for the scan. Warn them about this in advance and offer to wait for you outside the department.

7. From the patient room at the time determined by the doctor, the patient is invited to the tomograph for scanning .
Attention! When scanning, there should be no objects containing metal (chains, belts, jewelry, etc.) on the patient’s body.etc.). You are kindly requested to remove all these items from yourself before the start of the study, so as not to waste time when placing them in the tomograph. During the scan, you must be in a state of complete rest, breathing must be even, calm, you must not move. It is important to remember that any movement can affect image quality. The time a patient spends in the tomograph depends on the patient’s height and the selected scan volume. For example, a full-body scan with a height of 165-170 cm on a PET / CT machine takes about 20-25 minutes.

8. After scanning the patient is allowed to go home.
Attention! Dear patients, we remind you that after the examination it is recommended to refrain from contact with small children and pregnant women.

Schedule for issuing conclusions

• Monday: 17.00 to 20.00
• Tuesday: from 17.00 to 20.00
• Wednesday: from 17.00 to 20.00
• Thursday: from 17.00 to 20.00
• Friday: from 17.00 to 20.00

Dear patients! We draw your attention to the fact that the results of the study, carried out in a planned manner, are provided no earlier than 24 hours after the end of the diagnostic procedure . We ask you to take this into account when making an appointment for a consultation with other specialists!

It is possible to discuss your opinion with a diagnostician only the next day after the procedure. This is due to the fact that after the introduction of the RFP you become a source of ionizing radiation, which means that contact with you is the reason for the medical personnel to receive additional radiation exposure.Hope for your understanding.

Questions on the conclusion can be asked to by e-mail : pet-rrcrst@yandex. ru.

Learning to read … analyzes

What’s in everyone’s blood
Complete blood count. For this test, blood is drawn from a fingertip. What do the letters that laboratory technicians mark on medical forms mean?

RBC. This is the designation for erythrocytes – red blood cells. One milliliter of blood from a healthy person should contain from 3.8 to 5.8 million red blood cells.If there are fewer of them, this is a sign of anemia. The following indicator will confirm the disease.

HGB. Hemoglobin (the norm is 110-165 g per liter of blood). If the level of hemoglobin is below the mentioned figures, then we are really talking about iron deficiency anemia. Low hemoglobin levels also inhibit blood clotting. If the numbers are higher than normal, this is a hint of chronic leukemia – a benign blood disease.

HCT are platelets that are involved in blood clotting.Normally, one millimeter of blood should contain from 350 to 500 thousand. A reduced content indicates increased bleeding, a tendency to bruising and warns of blood diseases.

WBC. This is the name given to leukocytes – white blood cells. Their norm is 3.5 – 10 thousand in one milliliter. A decrease or increase in the number of leukocytes is a sign of inflammatory processes.

LIM. In this case, we are talking about lymph nodes, which should be up to 30 percent of the total number of leukocytes.Exceeding the norm warns of possible tuberculosis or lymphocytic leukemia, but only a doctor can draw final conclusions based on additional research.

EOZ. If the eosonophils, which are designated – ZOZ, are more than 5 percent, then the person has an allergy.

ESR. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The rate should not exceed 17 – 18 mm per hour. If red blood cells settle at a rate higher than 20 mm per hour, this is a sign of inflammation.

Your biochemistry
If a general blood test showed deviations from the norm, biochemistry is prescribed. Blood is drawn from a vein. Biochemistry tells how the kidneys and liver work, what is the water-salt metabolism and the balance of microelements in the body.

Glucose. Her norm is 3.50 – 5.80 mm per liter of blood. An increased level indicates the threat of developing diabetes mellitus.

Urea. The norm is 2.5 – 8.3 millimoles per liter. Excess indicates poor kidney function, resulting in diseases such as gouty arthritis.

Creatinine. Its rate is 44 – 106 micromilliliters per liter. A low level warns of the development of renal failure.

Cholesterol. The level of cholesterol is used to judge the intensity of metabolism. Its rate is 2.6 – 6.7 millimoles per liter. High cholesterol levels threaten the development of atherosclerosis, the consequence of which can be a heart attack.

Transaminases ALT and AST are responsible for the liver. The norm of ALT is 5.37 IU (international units), AST is 5-40 IU. A high content of transaminases indicates hepatitis.

Total bilirubin. Normally, it should not exceed 22.2 micromilliliters per liter. The indicator increases with viral hepatitis A, B, C, D or with obstructive jaundice.

Total protein. Determines the serum protein level. The norm is from 62 to 83 grams per liter. If a person is malnourished and malnourished, protein levels drop dramatically. The same happens when there is a violation of the assimilation of protein by the body.

Where the disease lurked, will help to determine the general analysis of urine.It is used to assess the state of the body as a whole, as well as to diagnose urological and endocrine diseases, heart, blood vessels, liver and kidneys.

Normal indicators of the general analysis of urine are as follows: transparency, color from straw to dark yellow; faint smell; absence of hemoglobin, glucose, cylinders (except for hyaline), crystals, yeasts, parasites and bacteria; the reaction is neutral, slightly acidic or alkaline; relative density – from 1. 010 to 1.025; pH – from 5 to 7.0; protein – 0.00 – 0.14 g / l; glucose – 0.00 – 1.00 mmol / l; ketone bodies – 0 – 0.5 mmol / l; bilirubin – 0 – 8.5 μmol / l; urobilinogen – 0 – 35 μmol / l; erythrocytes, leukocytes and epithelium – from 0 to 2-5 in the field of view.

The test according to Nechiporenko is prescribed for suspected kidney disease, if there are deviations in the general analysis of urine. Normally, the results of urine analysis according to Nechiporenko are as follows: the content of leukocytes – up to 2000 in 1 ml (or 1-5 in the field of view), erythrocytes – up to 1000 in 1 ml (or 1-3 in the field of view), cylinders – up to 20 in 1 ml.

Increased density is caused by dehydration, acute nephritis and diabetes mellitus. Decreased is due to abundant fluid intake, impaired renal concentration, diabetes insipidus.

The reaction or Ph value depends on the characteristics of the food taken. Vegetable food causes an alkaline reaction, animal food – acidic. Of course, reaction provides information not only about products. An alkaline reaction can be noted with increased acidity of the stomach, with alkaline cystitis. An acid reaction is observed in diabetes mellitus, kidney failure, urolithiasis.

Protein. If there is no infection in the body, there is no protein in the urine.

Glucose. Detection of glucose can be a sign of diabetes mellitus.

Epithelium. An increased number (more than 1 – 2 cells in the field of view) indicates an inflammatory process in the kidneys or urinary tract.

Leukocytes. An elevated white blood cell count indicates inflammation.

Bacteria. In the urine of a healthy person, they are not present or are contained in a minimal amount.

Non-social conversation
Each of us at least once in our life donated feces for examination.And for those who work in catering establishments or in kindergarten, this procedure is becoming the norm.

Let’s remind that feces are what is excreted from our body after digestion and assimilation of food. It runs through the entire digestive tract. Therefore, by its composition, one can judge the work of almost all organs associated with the digestive system. In addition, it is this analysis that will detect dangerous parasites in the body, determine whether the intestinal microflora is normal.

Sometimes, by appearance, one can suspect a disease:
– a weak coloration and a whitish shade indicate the possibility of cholelithiasis;
– in case of damage to the gastric mucosa, stomach ulcer or duodenal ulcer, it becomes black and looks like tar;
– with hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis or dysentery, blood is detected;
– with chronic pancreatitis, you can see many particles of undigested food and smell a smell that resembles decay;
– if mucus is found in the analysis, this indicates colitis or other inflammatory processes in the intestine.

No matter how well you have learned to read tests on your own, your doctor should make a conclusion about the state of health.

REFERENCE
Doctors advise to pass annually:
1. General blood and urine tests.
2. Biochemical blood test.
3. Research on the carriage of hepatitis viruses.
4. From instrumental methods – ECG, ECHO-cardiogram, spirometry, the so-called stress test for exercise tolerance.These studies make it possible to identify problems of the cardiovascular system at an early stage.
5. Ultrasound of the vessels of the neck and head – to determine the degree of risk of cardiovascular complications, especially heart attacks and strokes.
6. Blood pressure control. If the parents are hypertensive, from 40 to 45 years old, it is recommended to measure the pressure on their own in the morning and in the evening once a week.
7. Ultrasound of the thyroid gland, kidneys and abdominal cavity.
8. Fluorography of the lungs.
nine.Examination by a gynecologist – for women and a urologist – for men.

FACT
British doctors have come close to solving the main mystery of mankind.