What are the common causes of swollen lymph nodes in the neck. How can you identify swollen lymph nodes. When should you see a doctor for swollen lymph nodes. What are the potential complications of untreated swollen lymph nodes.

Understanding Lymph Nodes and Their Function

Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that play a crucial role in our body’s immune system. They act as filters, trapping harmful substances like viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens before they can spread throughout the body. Lymph nodes are part of the larger lymphatic system, which includes organs, vessels, and nodes located throughout the body.

Common areas where swollen lymph nodes are noticeable include:

• Neck
• Under the chin
• Armpits
• Groin

When the body is fighting an infection or dealing with other health issues, lymph nodes can become enlarged as they work to filter out harmful substances. This swelling is often a sign that the immune system is actively responding to a threat.

Common Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Neck

Swollen lymph nodes in the neck are often a result of various factors, with infections being the most common cause. Here are some of the typical reasons for lymph node enlargement in the neck area:

Viral Infections

Viral infections are the most frequent cause of swollen lymph nodes. These may include:

• Common cold
• Influenza (flu)
• Mononucleosis (mono)
• HIV/AIDS

Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections can also lead to swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Some examples are:

• Strep throat
• Ear infections
• Skin infections (cellulitis)
• Dental abscesses

Other Causes

While less common, other factors can contribute to swollen lymph nodes:

• Immune system disorders (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
• Certain medications
• Cancer (e.g., lymphoma, leukemia)

Recognizing the Symptoms of Swollen Lymph Nodes

Identifying swollen lymph nodes is crucial for early detection and appropriate treatment. Here are the key symptoms to look out for:

Physical Changes

• Visible or palpable swelling in the neck area
• Nodes may feel like small, round bumps under the skin
• Size can range from that of a pea to a kidney bean or larger

Sensory Symptoms

• Tenderness or pain when touching the affected area
• A feeling of warmth in the skin over the lymph nodes

Associated Symptoms

Depending on the underlying cause, you may experience additional symptoms such as:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• Sore throat or runny nose (if due to an upper respiratory infection)

Diagnostic Approaches for Swollen Lymph Nodes

When a healthcare provider evaluates swollen lymph nodes, they may employ various diagnostic methods to determine the underlying cause:

Physical Examination

The doctor will carefully palpate the affected area to assess the size, texture, and mobility of the lymph nodes. They will also check for other symptoms and ask about your medical history.

Blood Tests

Blood tests can help identify infections, immune disorders, or other conditions that may be causing the swollen lymph nodes. These may include:

• Complete blood count (CBC)
• C-reactive protein (CRP) test
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Imaging Studies

In some cases, imaging tests may be necessary to get a better view of the lymph nodes and surrounding tissues. These can include:

• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI

Biopsy

If cancer is suspected or the cause remains unclear, a biopsy may be performed. This involves taking a small sample of tissue from the lymph node for microscopic examination.

Treatment Options for Swollen Lymph Nodes

The treatment for swollen lymph nodes depends on the underlying cause. Here are some common approaches:

Self-Care Measures

For mild cases caused by minor infections, self-care may be sufficient:

• Rest and hydration
• Warm compresses applied to the affected area
• Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen, acetaminophen)

Medical Treatments

If an infection is the cause, your doctor may prescribe:

• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antiviral medications for certain viral infections

For more serious underlying conditions, such as autoimmune disorders or cancer, treatment will be tailored to the specific diagnosis and may include:

• Immunosuppressants
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy

When to Seek Medical Attention for Swollen Lymph Nodes

While many cases of swollen lymph nodes resolve on their own, there are situations where medical attention is necessary. Consult a healthcare provider if you experience any of the following:

• Lymph nodes that continue to enlarge or have been swollen for more than two weeks
• Nodes that feel hard, rubbery, or don’t move when you push on them
• Persistent fever, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing
• Redness or warmth of the skin over the swollen lymph nodes

Early intervention can prevent complications and ensure proper treatment for any underlying conditions.

Potential Complications of Untreated Swollen Lymph Nodes

If left untreated, swollen lymph nodes can lead to various complications, depending on the underlying cause. Some potential issues include:

Abscess Formation

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by infection. If a bacterial infection causing swollen lymph nodes is not treated, an abscess may form in or around the affected lymph node. This can be painful and may require drainage or surgical intervention.

Spread of Infection

Untreated infections can spread to other parts of the body, potentially leading to more serious conditions such as:

• Sepsis (a life-threatening systemic infection)
• Cellulitis (a skin infection that can spread to deeper tissues)
• Bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream)

Chronic Lymphadenopathy

In some cases, lymph nodes may remain persistently swollen, a condition known as chronic lymphadenopathy. This can be a sign of an ongoing infection, autoimmune disorder, or other underlying health issues that require medical attention.

Delayed Diagnosis of Serious Conditions

In rare cases, swollen lymph nodes may be a sign of cancer, such as lymphoma or leukemia. Delaying medical evaluation can lead to a later diagnosis and potentially more advanced disease, which may be harder to treat.

Preventing Swollen Lymph Nodes and Maintaining Lymphatic Health

While it’s not always possible to prevent swollen lymph nodes, there are steps you can take to support your overall lymphatic health and reduce the risk of infections that can cause lymph node swelling:

Practice Good Hygiene

• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water
• Avoid touching your face, especially your mouth, nose, and eyes
• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing

Boost Your Immune System

• Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Get regular exercise to promote overall health and circulation
• Ensure you get adequate sleep each night
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques or meditation

Stay Up-to-Date on Vaccinations

Keeping current with recommended vaccinations can help prevent many infections that can cause swollen lymph nodes.

Avoid Known Triggers

If you have identified specific triggers that lead to swollen lymph nodes (e.g., certain foods or environmental factors), try to avoid or minimize exposure to these triggers.

Regular Health Check-ups

Routine medical check-ups can help detect and address potential health issues before they become more serious.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and potential complications of swollen lymph nodes in the neck, you can better monitor your health and seek appropriate medical attention when needed. Remember that while swollen lymph nodes are often a sign that your body is fighting off an infection, persistent or concerning symptoms should always be evaluated by a healthcare professional to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Swollen lymph nodes – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer.

Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body’s ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.

Lymph node locations

Your lymph nodes play a vital role in your body’s ability to fight off infections. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.

Swollen lymph nodes

One of the most common places to find swollen lymph nodes is in the neck. The inset shows three swollen lymph nodes below the lower jaw.

In some cases, the passage of time and warm compresses may be all you need to treat swollen lymph nodes. If an infection causes swollen lymph nodes, treatment depends on the cause.

Products & Services

Symptoms

Your lymphatic system is a network of organs, vessels and lymph nodes situated throughout your body. Many lymph nodes are located in your head and neck region. Lymph nodes that frequently swell are in this area, as well as in your armpits and groin area.

Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong somewhere in your body. When your lymph nodes first swell, you might notice:

• Tenderness and pain in the lymph nodes
• Swelling that may be the size of a pea or kidney bean, or even larger in the lymph nodes

Depending on the cause of your swollen lymph nodes, other signs and symptoms you might have include:

• Runny nose, sore throat, fever and other indications of an upper respiratory infection
• General swelling of lymph nodes throughout your body. When this occurs, it may indicate an infection, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or mononucleosis, or an immune system disorder, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• Hard, fixed, rapidly growing nodes, indicating a possible cancer or lymphoma
• Fever
• Night sweats

When to see a doctor

Some swollen lymph nodes return to normal when the underlying condition, such as a minor infection, gets better. See your doctor if you’re concerned or if your swollen lymph nodes:

• Have appeared for no apparent reason
• Continue to enlarge or have been present for two to four weeks
• Feel hard or rubbery, or don’t move when you push on them
• Are accompanied by persistent fever, night sweats or unexplained weight loss

Seek immediate medical care if you’re having difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Causes

Lymph nodes are small, round or bean-shaped clusters of cells. Inside lymph nodes are a combination of different types of immune system cells. These specialized cells filter your lymphatic fluid as it travels through your body and protect you by destroying invaders.

Lymph nodes are located in groups, and each group drains a specific area of your body. You may be more likely to notice swelling in certain areas, such as in the lymph nodes in your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin. The site of the swollen lymph nodes may help identify the underlying cause.

The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, particularly a viral infection, such as the common cold. Other possible causes of swollen lymph nodes include:

Common infections

• Strep throat
• Measles
• Ear infections
• Infected (abscessed) tooth
• Mononucleosis
• Skin or wound infections, such as cellulitis
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) — the virus that causes AIDS

Uncommon infections

• Tuberculosis
• Certain sexually transmitted infections, such as syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis — a parasitic infection resulting from contact with the feces of an infected cat or eating undercooked meat
• Cat scratch fever — a bacterial infection from a cat scratch or bite

Immune system disorders

• Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
• Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)

Cancers

• Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
• Leukemia — cancer of your body’s blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
• Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes

Other possible but rare causes include certain medications, such as the anti-seizure medication phenytoin (Dilantin) and preventive medications for malaria.

Complications

If infection is the cause of your swollen lymph nodes and isn’t treated, an abscess may form. Abscesses are localized collections of pus caused by infections. Pus contains fluid, white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other invaders. An abscess may require drainage and antibiotic treatment.

Swollen lymph nodes – Symptoms & causes

Overview

Swollen lymph nodes usually occur as a result of infection from bacteria or viruses. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes are caused by cancer.

Your lymph nodes, also called lymph glands, play a vital role in your body’s ability to fight off infections. They function as filters, trapping viruses, bacteria and other causes of illnesses before they can infect other parts of your body. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.

Lymph node locations

Your lymph nodes play a vital role in your body’s ability to fight off infections. Common areas where you might notice swollen lymph nodes include your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin.

Swollen lymph nodes

One of the most common places to find swollen lymph nodes is in the neck. The inset shows three swollen lymph nodes below the lower jaw.

In some cases, the passage of time and warm compresses may be all you need to treat swollen lymph nodes. If an infection causes swollen lymph nodes, treatment depends on the cause.

Products & Services

Symptoms

Your lymphatic system is a network of organs, vessels and lymph nodes situated throughout your body. Many lymph nodes are located in your head and neck region. Lymph nodes that frequently swell are in this area, as well as in your armpits and groin area.

Swollen lymph nodes are a sign that something is wrong somewhere in your body. When your lymph nodes first swell, you might notice:

• Tenderness and pain in the lymph nodes
• Swelling that may be the size of a pea or kidney bean, or even larger in the lymph nodes

Depending on the cause of your swollen lymph nodes, other signs and symptoms you might have include:

• Runny nose, sore throat, fever and other indications of an upper respiratory infection
• General swelling of lymph nodes throughout your body. When this occurs, it may indicate an infection, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or mononucleosis, or an immune system disorder, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• Hard, fixed, rapidly growing nodes, indicating a possible cancer or lymphoma
• Fever
• Night sweats

When to see a doctor

Some swollen lymph nodes return to normal when the underlying condition, such as a minor infection, gets better. See your doctor if you’re concerned or if your swollen lymph nodes:

• Have appeared for no apparent reason
• Continue to enlarge or have been present for two to four weeks
• Feel hard or rubbery, or don’t move when you push on them
• Are accompanied by persistent fever, night sweats or unexplained weight loss

Seek immediate medical care if you’re having difficulty swallowing or breathing.

Causes

Lymph nodes are small, round or bean-shaped clusters of cells. Inside lymph nodes are a combination of different types of immune system cells. These specialized cells filter your lymphatic fluid as it travels through your body and protect you by destroying invaders.

Lymph nodes are located in groups, and each group drains a specific area of your body. You may be more likely to notice swelling in certain areas, such as in the lymph nodes in your neck, under your chin, in your armpits and in your groin. The site of the swollen lymph nodes may help identify the underlying cause.

The most common cause of swollen lymph nodes is an infection, particularly a viral infection, such as the common cold. Other possible causes of swollen lymph nodes include:

Common infections

• Strep throat
• Measles
• Ear infections
• Infected (abscessed) tooth
• Mononucleosis
• Skin or wound infections, such as cellulitis
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) — the virus that causes AIDS

Uncommon infections

• Tuberculosis
• Certain sexually transmitted infections, such as syphilis
• Toxoplasmosis — a parasitic infection resulting from contact with the feces of an infected cat or eating undercooked meat
• Cat scratch fever — a bacterial infection from a cat scratch or bite

Immune system disorders

• Lupus — a chronic inflammatory disease that targets your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart and lungs
• Rheumatoid arthritis — a chronic inflammatory disease targeting the tissue that lines your joints (synovium)

Cancers

• Lymphoma — cancer that originates in your lymphatic system
• Leukemia — cancer of your body’s blood-forming tissue, including your bone marrow and lymphatic system
• Other cancers that have spread (metastasized) to lymph nodes

Other possible but rare causes include certain medications, such as the anti-seizure medication phenytoin (Dilantin) and preventive medications for malaria.

Complications

If infection is the cause of your swollen lymph nodes and isn’t treated, an abscess may form. Abscesses are localized collections of pus caused by infections. Pus contains fluid, white blood cells, dead tissue, and bacteria or other invaders. An abscess may require drainage and antibiotic treatment.

Swollen lymph nodes – the causes of occurrence, in what diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment

Measles

Rubella

Diphtheria

Chicken pox

Syphilis

Thyrotoxicosis

HIV

1088

14 August

Enlargement of lymph nodes – the causes of the appearance, in which diseases it occurs, diagnosis and methods of treatment.

Lymph nodes are small biological filters related to the lymphatic system. Their main function is to protect the body. Lymph nodes allow the flow of lymph through themselves and in their structures trap pathogens that are destroyed by protective cells – lymphocytes.

Under the sight of the lymph nodes are bacteria, tumor cells and toxic substances.

What are lymph nodes? These are small accumulations of lymphoid tissue located on the connective tissue frame.

Lymphoid tissue is a pool of cells that are involved in the destruction of damaged and tumor cells and microorganisms.

Swollen lymph nodes can be a symptom of both a mild infectious disease and a serious pathology that can lead to a severe outcome. Therefore, in all cases of enlarged lymph nodes, you should consult a doctor to diagnose and find out the cause.

Classification

Depending on the localization, the following groups of lymph nodes are distinguished:

• occipital;
• cervical;
• submandibular;
• chin;
• supraclavicular and subclavian;
• axillary;
• elbow;
• inguinal;
• popliteal.

During the examination, the doctor palpates (feels) the lymph nodes and determines their size, structure, soreness, skin changes over the lymph node.

Causes of swollen lymph nodes

An increase in lymph nodes indicates a pathological process. An isolated enlargement of the lymph node, or generalized lymphadenopathy, directly depends on the underlying cause of the disease.

Most cases of enlarged lymph nodes are temporary.

The reasons for the enlargement of the lymph nodes are:

• infectious processes;
• autoimmune diseases;
• tumor pathologies;
• storage diseases (a group of diseases accompanied by metabolic disorders).

Lymph nodes are involved in the formation of immunity, and with any infectious process, cell division is activated in them, protecting the body.

So, with brucellosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, diphtheria, bacteria can settle in the lymph nodes, causing inflammation. In this case, the lymph nodes increase in size due to the increased flow of lymph and blood.

Most often, lymph nodes enlarge with acute infections of the upper respiratory tract. Among them, the lymph nodes acquire the largest size with tonsillitis (tonsillitis).

Painful swollen lymph nodes can be a sign cat scratch disease (from the name it is clear that the disease occurs in persons scratched by a cat). The cause of the inflammatory process is the bacterium Bartonella henselae.

One of the clearest examples of a viral disease accompanied by a significant increase in lymph nodes is infectious mononucleosis . The disease is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus.

Infectious mononucleosis is more common in children and young adults. In addition to an increase in lymph nodes, it is characterized by an increase in body temperature, weakness and sore throat.

In children, generalized lymphadenopathy occurs with childhood infectious diseases , such as measles, rubella, parotitis, chickenpox.

Among other viral diseases accompanied by lymphadenopathy, it is worth noting HIV infection .

Lymphadenopathy in HIV infection is accompanied by a number of symptoms: weight loss, unexplained fever, night sweats, fatigue, and later infectious diseases (herpes, cytomegalovirus infection, candidiasis).

Systemic (autoimmune) connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus may be accompanied by enlarged lymph nodes. Under these conditions, there is a violation of the recognition of “foreign” and “own” proteins, as a result of which the body begins to attack its own cells. If the process is active, then the lymph nodes increase in size due to the increasing load.

Often, autoimmune diseases are accompanied by an enlarged spleen and additional symptoms.

With systemic lupus erythematosus, the skin, kidneys and serous membranes of internal organs are affected (lupus pleurisy, serositis occur). In rheumatoid arthritis, articular cartilage is predominantly affected.

Swollen lymph nodes may be a symptom of the progression of the tumor process in the body. Atypical (tumor) cells migrate to the lymph nodes, get stuck in them, multiply and stretch the node with their mass.

Separately, it is worth highlighting a group of malignant neoplasms that directly affect the lymphatic system.

• Hodgkin’s lymphoma , or lymphogranulomatosis occurs with the formation of conglomerates of affected immature lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen.
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas – a group of lymphoproliferative diseases.

Swollen lymph nodes can be a symptom accumulation diseases : some substance accumulates in organs and tissues, including lymph nodes, as a result of metabolic disorders. Among these diseases: hemochromatosis (iron accumulation), Wilson-Konovalov disease (copper accumulation) and other hereditary metabolic disorders.

Allergic reactions sometimes lead to enlarged lymph nodes. Hypersensitivity to certain drugs leads to generalized lymphadenopathy.

Among endocrinological diseases , hyperthyroidism may be characterized by lymphadenopathy, enlargement of the spleen and an increase in the content of lymphocytes in the blood. With treatment, all indicators return to normal.

It is worth remembering that all the lymph flowing from the organs passes through the lymph nodes, and if a person is engaged in heavy physical labor, then the elbow and popliteal lymph nodes can be enlarged due to a heavy load .

Also, lymph nodes in rare cases increase after vaccination with on the respective side.

Which doctors should I contact for swollen lymph nodes?

The adult should contact

general practitioner

, and examines the child and adolescent

pediatrician

. Depending on associated symptoms, the following specialists may need to be consulted:

• oncologist;
• surgeon;
• phthisiatrician;
• infectious diseases doctor;
• endocrinologist;
• rheumatologist.

Diagnosis and examination of swollen lymph nodes

• CBC;

Treatment of enlarged lymph nodes

In most cases, lymphadenopathy resolves on its own and does not require specific treatment.

If the lymph nodes increase rapidly, are painful to the touch, the process is accompanied by other symptoms, including fever and weakness, you should consult a specialist.

The doctor will conduct the necessary examination and determine a set of therapeutic measures.

In case of bacterial inflammation, antibiotic therapy and the necessary symptomatic treatment (antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs) will be prescribed. With infectious mononucleosis, usually no specific therapy is required, mainly symptomatic treatment is carried out. If HIV infection is suspected, a thorough laboratory and instrumental examination is carried out and antiretroviral therapy is prescribed, as well as treatment of concomitant infections.

Various immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases. Depending on the indications, pulse therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy can be used.

In case of tumor processes, the issue of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical treatment, as well as bone marrow transplantation is being decided.

What to do if the lymph nodes are enlarged?

First of all, the treatment of enlarged lymph nodes is aimed at treating the underlying disease that led to the development of this symptom. It is important to follow the rules of personal hygiene, organize the daily routine and balance the diet. Any treatment is prescribed by a doctor.

It is unacceptable to rub and warm the enlarged lymph node, lubricate it with ointments, try to crush it and treat it with any folk methods without consulting a specialist.

Sources:

1. Clinical guidelines “Acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis (Acute tonsillopharyngitis)”. Developed by: National Medical Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Alliance of Clinical Chemotherapists and Microbiologists, Union of Pediatricians of Russia, Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Euro-Asian Society for Infectious Diseases. – 2021.
2. Clinical guidelines “HIV infection in adults”. Developed by: National Association of HIV Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Specialists, National Virological Association. – 2020.
3. Clinical guidelines “Hodgkin’s lymphoma”. Developed by: National Society of Pediatric Hematologists, Oncologists, Association of Oncologists of Russia, Russian Professional Society of Oncohematologists, National Hematological Society. – 2020.

IMPORTANT!

The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.
For a correct assessment of the results of your analyzes in dynamics, it is preferable to do studies in the same laboratory, since different laboratories may use different research methods and units of measurement to perform the same analyzes.

Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes) – symptoms and treatment

What are lymph nodes

The lymphatic system is part of the vascular system, similar to a second bloodstream. It consists of capillaries, vessels and ducts through which lymph flows – a transparent viscous liquid with a large number of immune cells.

The lymphatic system is connected with the circulatory system. The task of the lymph is to take excess proteins, salts, water, toxins, cellular debris, pathogens and metabolic products from the tissues, and then send them to the blood for further utilization by the organs of the excretory system.

The lymphatic system includes the lymphatic vessels, the spleen, and the lymph nodes, which are small collections of lymphoid tissue. They filter the lymph and fight pathogens.

The lymphatic system includes the lymphatic vessels, spleen and lymph nodes

Lymph nodes are peripheral and deep.

Peripheral lymph nodes:

• occipital,
• behind the ear,
• front ear,
• chin pads,
• rear neck,
• front neck,
• submandibular,
• supraclavicular,
• jugular,
• axillary,
• cubital (elbow),
• inguinal,
• popliteal.

Peripheral lymph nodes close to the surface of the skin and can be felt

Deep lymph nodes are located in the chest and abdominal cavities, as well as in the muscle tissue of the thigh.

There are about 500 lymph nodes in the human body.

Lymph nodes are needed to protect the body from the spread of pathogens. Each lymph node plays the role of a “customs” – it passes lymph through itself, but recognizes and retains bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, as well as damaged and mutated cells that migrate through the lymphatic vessels from various organs and tissues.

To neutralize pathogens, each lymph node contains clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages – immune cells that quickly destroy harmful atypical cells and microorganisms.

Also in the lymph nodes, the maturation and preparation of lymphocytes for the destruction of foreign proteins and cells occurs.

In the lymph node there are clusters of lymphocytes and macrophages that destroy atypical cells and microorganisms

If there are too many pathogens, the lymph nodes may not be able to cope with the load and increase in size. Doctors call this condition lymphadenopathy .

ICD-10 code for lymphadenopathy – R59 (“Swollen lymph nodes”).

Causes of lymphadenopathy

As a rule, lymphadenopathy is secondary. It does not arise by itself, but as a symptom and consequence of various pathologies.

Causes of lymphadenopathy can be infectious and non-infectious .

When infected, the lymphatic system reacts to the invasion and stimulates the production of protective immune cells – lymphocytes and macrophages, which are needed to destroy foreign microorganisms. Due to the growth in the number of immune cells, the lymph nodes increase in size.

Infection of the lymph node can also lead to lymphadenopathy. In this case, the lymph node not only enlarges, but also becomes inflamed – and lymphadenitis develops.

In non-infectious lymphadenopathy, enlarged lymph nodes can be caused by the growth of tumor cells, as well as autoimmune diseases.

Lymphadenopathy in viral and bacterial infections

Most often, swollen lymph nodes are associated with infectious diseases.

The most common cause of enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes is acute respiratory diseases (ARI) viral and bacterial nature.

For example, lymph nodes often ‘swell’ in acute tonsillitis, also called tonsillitis. Streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, adenoviruses, influenza virus and other infectious agents can provoke tonsillitis. Lymphadenopathy caused by acute respiratory infections, as a rule, affects only the posterior cervical or submandibular lymph nodes.

Most often, swollen lymph nodes are associated with infectious diseases.

Posterior cervical lymph nodes are most often enlarged in acute respiratory infections

Deep lymph nodes increase if the infection has penetrated into the internal organs. With intestinal infections, the mesenteric lymph nodes located in the abdominal cavity, next to the intestines, may increase, and with pneumonia, the lymph nodes of the chest cavity and mediastinum.

In some cases, for example, when infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, which leads to the development of infectious mononucleosis, both peripheral and deep lymph nodes, as well as the spleen (it is also part of the lymphatic system), are significantly enlarged.

With HIV infection, generalized lymphadenopathy is observed – almost all lymph nodes are enlarged at once.

Lymph nodes can also increase in size with diphtheria, chicken pox, tuberculosis, hepatitis, toxoplasmosis, venereal diseases and many other infections.

It is impossible to determine which particular pathogen has entered the body by swollen lymph nodes. However, the general complaints of the patient, as well as an examination of enlarged lymph nodes, will help the doctor narrow the area of ​​diagnosis, identify the source of infection and make a diagnosis.

Lymphadenopathy in autoimmune diseases

Lymphadenopathy often occurs in the background of systemic autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Still’s disease or rheumatoid arthritis.

In autoimmune disorders, the immune system mistakenly perceives its own cells as pathogenic and begins to destroy them. Lymph nodes and the spleen are actively involved in this process and increase in size due to the heavy load.

Lymphadenopathy in malignant neoplasms

Lymphadenopathy occurs when cancer cells separated from the main tumor enter the lymphatic system and settle in the lymph node.

Accumulating, such cells begin to form metastases – distant secondary foci of a malignant tumor. With the development of a malignant process, the lymph nodes increase in size and become hard. Gradually, they cease to cope with cancer cells and begin to pass them further along the lymphatic system to the next lymph nodes.

All malignant tumors metastasize to lymph nodes.

In addition, there is a separate type of tumor that initially affects the lymphatic system – they are called lymphomas.

Types of lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is distinguished by the cause of occurrence, prevalence, duration and nature of the course.

Due to occurrence:

• infectious;
• non-infectious.

Involvement of the tumor process:

• tumor;
• non-tumor.

By prevalence:

• localized form – lymph nodes are enlarged only in one part of the body;
• common form – lymph nodes are enlarged in two or more parts of the body.

Duration:

• short – less than 2 months;
• long, or protracted – lasts more than 2 months.

Downstream:

• acute – short-lived, occurred together with any acute pathology;
• chronic – prolonged, persists due to chronic pathology or for no apparent reason;
• recurrent – exacerbates with a certain frequency against the background of a chronic disease or for no apparent reason.

Symptoms of lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is accompanied by an increase in lymph nodes. In classical lymphadenopathy, the nodes are soft in texture, sometimes slightly painful. In size, the affected lymph node may resemble a bean – it is about 2 cm.

In most cases, patients do not pay attention to enlarged lymph nodes, they are only concerned about the manifestations of the underlying disease. For example, with acute respiratory infections, it can be a sore throat, sore throat, cough, runny nose, fever, chills, a general feeling of malaise.

However, in some cases, an increase in lymph nodes is a symptom of a serious pathology.

An enlarged axillary lymph node in a woman may be a sign of breast cancer.

With the development of lymphoma or the spread of tumor cells (metastasis), the lymph nodes enlarge for no apparent reason and become dense, even hard.

In breast cancer, nearby lymph nodes are enlarged

The patient may not notice enlargement of internal lymph nodes at all. In this case, complaints will primarily indicate the symptoms of the underlying disease, and lymphadenopathy will be detected only after ultrasound, CT or MRI of the corresponding part of the body.

Diagnosis of lymphadenopathy

Most often, patients do not notice lymphadenopathy and do not complain about it. It serves as a secondary symptom of various diseases.

For example, with acute respiratory infections, patients first of all mention sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, chills and other symptoms, but not an increase in submandibular lymph nodes – the therapist will pay attention to this during examination and palpation (palpation).

If a patient comes to a therapist with complaints of a “cold”, the doctor will first feel the neck and the area under the lower jaw – he will check the lymph nodes.

In intestinal infections, such as salmonellosis, the main symptoms are abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, high fever. An increase in the abdominal lymph nodes, if any, will reveal only a hardware study.

However, in some cases, the appearance of an unusual “bump” under the armpit or in the groin may be the main complaint. In this case, the doctor will ask in detail about the symptoms and, focusing on the location of the enlarged lymph node, will begin to look for the cause of lymphadenopathy.

To assess the general condition of the patient, detect inflammatory processes and narrow the search area for pathology, a specialist can prescribe a general blood test and biochemistry, a urinalysis, and, if necessary, a set of tests for HIV, syphilis and hepatitis.

Clinical blood test with leukocyte formula and ESR (with microscopy of a blood smear when pathological changes are detected) (venous blood)

Ven. blood (+140 ₽) 43 1 day

43 bonuses

430 ₽

Add to cart

1 day

Ven. blood 140 ₽

Urinalysis

Urine 24 1 day

24 bonuses

240 ₽

Add to cart

1 day

Urine 0 ₽

Biochemistry 21 indicators (extended)

Ven. blood (+140 ₽) 375 1 day

375 bonuses

3,750 ₽

Add to cart

1 day

Ven. blood 140 ₽

Hospital complex

Ven. blood (+140 ₽) 109 1 day

109 bonuses

1,090 ₽

Add to cart

1 day

Ven. blood 140 ₽

If the consistency of the lymph node is not soft, but elastic and hard, the doctor may suggest the development of a lymphoma or metastasis of any tumor. For example, a hard lymph node under the arm of a woman can be a sign of breast cancer.

If a malignant process is suspected, the therapist will refer the patient to an oncologist for an extended examination, including for the appointment of a biopsy – an analysis of the tissues of the lymph node for the presence of pathological changes and cancer cells.

To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may prescribe a histological examination of the lymph nodes, which will reveal a malignant process, as well as recommend studies for a specific type of cancer.

Histological examination of lymph nodes (1-5 lymph nodes)

Biopsy/surgical material 275 3 days

275 bonuses

2,750 ₽

Add to cart

Biopsy/surgical material 0 ₽

Gist logical examination of lymph nodes (more than 5 lymph nodes)

Biopsy/surgical material 310 3 days

310 bonuses

3,100 ₽

Add to cart

Biopsy/surgical material 0 ₽

CA 15-3 (breast)

Ven. blood (+140 ₽) 64 1 day

64 bonuses

640 ₽

Add to cart

1 day

Ven. blood 140 ₽

Examination of breast punctures

Cytologist. material 61 3 days

61 bonus

610 ₽

Add to cart

Cytologist. material 0 ₽

Histological examination of the breast (biopsy material)

Biopsy material 275 3 days

275 bonuses

2 750 ₽

Add to cart

Biopsy material 0 ₽

Treatment of lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is not considered an independent disease and does not require separate treatment. It occurs as a result of other diseases, and the main goal of therapy is to cure them, and in the case of autoimmune and some oncological diseases, to achieve a stable remission.

For a viral infection, the patient is prescribed antiviral drugs. If the causative agent of the infection is a bacterium, the doctor will give you a prescription for antibiotics.

Treatment of autoimmune diseases may be associated with the use of hormonal drugs and immunosuppressants – drugs that reduce the body’s immune response.

Oncological diseases are treated with the help of operations, chemical and radiation therapy.

If the cause of the enlarged lymph nodes is not established (idiopathic lymphadenopathy) and no diseases were found after the examination, the doctor may recommend a preventive visit every 3 months to observe and evaluate changes. Perhaps the disease proceeds in a latent form and it takes time to manifest itself.

Sequelae of lymphadenopathy

Lymphadenopathy is a clinical sign of many diseases and a signal of the body that something is wrong with health.

In advanced infectious diseases, the pathogen can enter the lymph node and lead to its inflammation – lymphadenitis . Pathology is manifested by severe pain in the lymph node, swelling, redness of the skin, and sometimes suppuration or tissue death (necrosis).

Tuberculous lymphadenitis.
Photo: Dr. J. S. Bhandari

Lymphadenitis can lead to blood poisoning – sepsis, as well as to the spread of infection throughout the body.