Where should AED pads be placed on adults and children. How do AED pads work. Can AED pads be reused. What are the different types of AED pad placement. How to use an AED on someone with a pacemaker.

Understanding AED Pad Placement: A Comprehensive Guide

Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) are lifesaving devices designed to treat sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). A crucial component of these devices is the AED electrode pads, which deliver the necessary electrical shock to restart the heart. Proper pad placement is essential for the AED to function effectively and potentially save a life.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the intricacies of AED pad placement, covering various scenarios and addressing common questions. Our goal is to provide you with the knowledge and confidence to use an AED correctly in an emergency situation.

Types of AED Pad Placement: Anterior-Posterior vs. Anterior-Lateral

There are two primary types of AED pad placement: anterior-posterior and anterior-lateral. Understanding these terms and their implications is crucial for proper AED use.

Anterior-Posterior Pad Placement

Anterior-posterior placement refers to positioning the pads on the front and back of the body. In this configuration:

• One pad is placed on the front of the chest
• The other pad is positioned on the back

This placement allows the electrical current to travel through the heart from front to back, potentially increasing the effectiveness of the shock.

Anterior-Lateral Pad Placement

Anterior-lateral placement involves positioning both pads on the front of the chest. Specifically:

• One pad is placed on the upper right chest, just below the collarbone
• The other pad is positioned on the lower left side of the chest

This placement allows the electrical current to travel across the heart, which can be effective in most cases of cardiac arrest.

AED Pad Placement for Adults: Key Considerations

When it comes to adults, AED pad placement remains consistent regardless of gender or pregnancy status. Here are the essential points to remember:

• Pad placement is the same for men and women
• Pregnant women receive the same pad placement as non-pregnant adults
• Always place pads directly on bare skin for optimal effectiveness

Is pad placement different for various AED brands? While the general principles remain the same, it’s crucial to check your specific AED’s owner’s manual for any brand-specific instructions. Many AEDs have illustrations printed directly on the pads to guide proper placement.

Pediatric AED Pad Placement: Special Considerations

When using an AED on children, there are additional factors to consider. Pediatric pad placement may differ from adult placement due to the smaller size of a child’s body.

Key Points for Pediatric AED Use:

• Use pediatric pads if available for children under 8 years old or weighing less than 55 pounds (25 kg)
• If pediatric pads are not available, adult pads can be used with modified placement
• For small children, one pad may be placed on the center of the chest and the other on the center of the back
• Ensure the pads do not touch each other, even on a small child’s body

For a more detailed guide on pediatric AED use, consult our comprehensive Pediatric AED Pad Guide.

The Composition and Function of AED Pads

Understanding the materials used in AED pads can help users appreciate their importance and handle them correctly.

What are AED pads made of?

AED pads consist of several components:

• Plastic backing
• Metal conductor
• Conductive adhesive gel

The conductive gel is crucial as it helps the pad adhere to the patient’s skin and facilitates the delivery of the electrical shock. This combination of materials ensures effective transmission of the defibrillation shock while maintaining safety for both the patient and the rescuer.

AED Pad Reusability and Replacement: Important Guidelines

A common question regarding AED pads is whether they can be reused. The answer is unequivocally no. AED pads are designed for single use only and must be replaced after each use or upon expiration.

Why can’t AED pads be reused?

• The conductive gel degrades after use, reducing effectiveness
• Used pads may not adhere properly to skin in subsequent uses
• There’s a risk of contamination from previous use

How often should AED pads be replaced? The expiration date varies by manufacturer, typically ranging from 18 months to 5 years. Always check the expiration date on your AED pads and replace them as recommended by the manufacturer.

Using an AED on Patients with Pacemakers: Safety Precautions

Individuals with pacemakers or other implanted medical devices can still benefit from AED use during cardiac arrest. However, there are important considerations to keep in mind.

Guidelines for AED use on pacemaker patients:

• AEDs can be used safely on patients with pacemakers
• Avoid placing the AED pads directly over the pacemaker implant site
• Adjust pad placement if necessary to avoid the pacemaker location
• Follow your AED’s specific instructions for patients with implanted devices

If you can see or feel a pacemaker under the skin (usually near the left collarbone), place the pad at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) away from the device.

The Importance of AED Training and Public Access

While AEDs are designed for use by laypeople, proper training can significantly improve outcomes in emergency situations. Many organizations now recognize the importance of having AEDs readily available in public spaces.

Benefits of AED training and public access:

• Increased confidence in using AEDs during emergencies
• Improved survival rates for sudden cardiac arrest victims
• Faster response times in critical situations
• Enhanced community preparedness for cardiac emergencies

Where are AEDs commonly found? Many workplaces, educational institutions, public buildings, and sports facilities now have AEDs installed. This increased availability, combined with trained staff, can make a crucial difference in saving lives.

AED Use in Conjunction with CPR: Maximizing Survival Chances

While AEDs are powerful tools in treating sudden cardiac arrest, they are most effective when used in combination with high-quality CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation).

Key points about combining AED use with CPR:

• Start CPR immediately upon recognizing cardiac arrest
• Use the AED as soon as it becomes available
• Resume CPR immediately after each AED analysis or shock
• Minimize interruptions to chest compressions

How does the AED interact with CPR? The AED will provide voice prompts to guide you through the process, including when to pause CPR for rhythm analysis and when to resume compressions.

Common Mistakes in AED Use and How to Avoid Them

Even with proper training, certain errors can occur during AED use. Being aware of these common mistakes can help you avoid them in high-stress situations.

Frequent errors in AED use:

1. Delayed AED application
2. Incorrect pad placement
3. Touching the patient during analysis or shock delivery
4. Failing to remove clothing or other obstacles
5. Not resuming CPR promptly after shock delivery

How can these mistakes be prevented? Regular training, familiarization with your specific AED model, and staying calm during emergencies can help minimize these errors.

Maintenance and Upkeep of AEDs: Ensuring Readiness

Proper maintenance of AEDs is crucial to ensure they function correctly when needed. Regular checks and updates are essential parts of AED ownership.

Key aspects of AED maintenance:

• Regular battery checks and replacement
• Pad expiration date monitoring
• Software updates as recommended by the manufacturer
• Visual inspections for damage or wear
• Proper storage in accessible locations

How often should AEDs be checked? Most manufacturers recommend monthly checks, but always follow the specific guidelines for your AED model.

Legal Considerations and Good Samaritan Laws

Many people hesitate to use AEDs due to fear of legal repercussions. However, Good Samaritan laws in many jurisdictions provide legal protection for individuals who render emergency assistance.

Understanding Good Samaritan laws:

• These laws protect individuals who provide reasonable assistance in emergencies
• Protection typically applies if the rescuer acts in good faith
• Laws vary by location, so familiarize yourself with local regulations

Do Good Samaritan laws apply to AED use? In many jurisdictions, yes. These laws often specifically mention the use of AEDs as a protected action.

Technological Advancements in AED Design

As technology progresses, AEDs are becoming more advanced and user-friendly. These improvements aim to increase the effectiveness and ease of use of these life-saving devices.

Recent innovations in AED technology:

• Real-time CPR feedback
• Improved shock algorithms for better rhythm detection
• Wireless connectivity for easier maintenance and data transmission
• Enhanced durability for outdoor and rugged environments
• Multilingual capabilities to serve diverse populations

How do these advancements impact AED use? These improvements make AEDs more accessible to a wider range of users and increase the likelihood of successful resuscitation in emergency situations.

Cultural and Ethical Considerations in AED Use

While AEDs are designed to save lives, their use can sometimes intersect with cultural or ethical considerations. Understanding and respecting these issues is important for healthcare providers and community members alike.

Potential cultural and ethical issues:

• Religious beliefs about medical interventions
• Cultural norms regarding touching or exposing the chest area
• Ethical debates about resuscitation in certain populations (e.g., terminally ill patients)
• Privacy concerns related to public use of AEDs

How can responders navigate these issues? While the primary goal is to save lives, being aware of and sensitive to these concerns can help responders approach situations with empathy and respect.

The Future of AED Technology and Public Health

As we look to the future, the role of AEDs in public health is likely to expand. Ongoing research and development promise to bring new innovations that could further improve survival rates for sudden cardiac arrest.

Potential future developments:

• Integration with smartphone apps for faster emergency response
• Artificial intelligence-enhanced rhythm analysis
• Miniaturization for increased portability
• Enhanced integration with professional emergency medical services
• Expanded public education programs on AED use

What impact might these developments have? These advancements could lead to more widespread AED availability, faster response times, and ultimately, improved survival rates for cardiac arrest victims.

Global Perspectives on AED Access and Use

While AEDs are becoming more common in many developed countries, access and use vary significantly around the world. Understanding these global differences can provide insights into improving cardiac arrest outcomes on a global scale.

Factors influencing global AED access:

• Economic resources and healthcare infrastructure
• Public health policies and regulations
• Cultural attitudes towards emergency response
• Geographic challenges in rural or remote areas
• Education and training availability

How can global AED access be improved? International collaboration, knowledge sharing, and targeted public health initiatives can help bridge the gap in AED availability and use across different regions.

In conclusion, understanding proper AED pad placement and use is crucial for anyone who may find themselves in a position to respond to sudden cardiac arrest. By familiarizing yourself with these guidelines, staying informed about technological advancements, and being aware of cultural and ethical considerations, you can be better prepared to potentially save a life. Remember, while AEDs are designed for use by laypeople, regular training and practice can significantly improve your confidence and effectiveness in emergency situations. As AED technology continues to evolve and become more widespread, we can hope for a future where sudden cardiac arrest is no longer the deadly threat it is today.

AED Pad Placement – Where to Put Pads on Adults & Children

Automated External Defibrillator pads (also known as AED electrode pads) are an essential part of any lifesaving AED machine. These pads are placed on the bare chest of a person who is suspected to be suffering from Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA). Once placed on the chest, the AED unit can determine if the person’s heart is in a lethal rhythm that needs to be treated with a defibrillation shock. If the AED determines a shock is needed, electricity is safely administered to the person through the electrode pads to restart their heart back into a normal rhythm. 

In this guide, we’ll discuss everything you need to know about where to place AED pads on adults and children. Before diving in, let’s discuss the different types of AED pad placement.

Anterior Posterior Pad Placement & Anterior Lateral Pad Placement

Common technical terms you will hear to describe defibrillator pad placement include “anterior-posterior” and “anterior-lateral. ” What do these terms actually mean? 

First, let’s define anatomical position. Anatomical position refers to the standard position that the body is oriented when using describing position with terms such as anterior, posterior, and lateral. Specifically, standard anatomical position is when the body is essentially equivalent to what you would see when someone is flat on their back, palms and toes facing forward, and both the arms and legs slightly separated so they are not touching the torso or each other.

Anterior posterior or anteroposterior means the “front and back” of the body in this standard anatomical position. A feature that is anterior to another is closer to the front of the body whereas a feature posterior to another is located closer to the back of the body. In the case of AED pads, this specifically means that one AED pad is placed on the front of the chest while the other AED pad is placed on the back as seen in the illustration. 

As for anterior lateral or anterolateral , this is equivalent to “toward the front” and “towards the edge” in standard anatomical position. Anterior features are closer to the front of the body while lateral features are closer to the edge of the body. This type of defibrillator pad placement is when one AED pad is placed on the right side of the chest (just below the collarbone) while the other pad is put on the lower left side of the chest. 

One great thing about AED electrode pads is that the pads have graphics on them that show you where to place them on the body. Remember: all defib pads must be placed directly on bare skin!

Where to put AED pads on Adults?

AED pad placement is the same for all adults. Where you put AED pads on a woman = where you put AED pads on a man = where you put AED pads on a pregnant woman. It’s all the same! 

The electrode pad placement might vary from one AED brand to the next, so be sure to check your AED’s owner’s manual for specific electrode pad placement instructions. If you can’t find it there, most AEDs have an image printed directly on the electrode pads that show where they should be placed on a person’s body.

Where to put AED pads on Children?

There are several additional considerations when it comes to placing AED pads on a child. Read more about the specifics of child defibrillator pad placement with our Pediatric AED Pad Guide. 

Frequently Asked Questions

What are Defibrillator Pads Made of?

AED pads are made of plastic, metal, and a conductive adhesive gel that sticks to the patient and helps deliver lifesaving defibrillation shocks.

Can I Reuse AED Pads?

No, AED electrode pads are single-use and must be replaced after they are used for an emergency or when they expire. Expiration dates for different AED pads vary by manufacturer. Learn more about the cost, usable life, and more for different AED pads with our AED Electrode Pad Guide. (link to AED comparison about electrode pads).

Can You Use an AED on Someone with a Pacemaker

AEDs can be used on patients with a pacemaker, however, do not apply the AED’s electrode pads directly over an implanted pacemaker in the patient. As always, check your AED’s user manual for more information.

Correct AED Pad Placement – First Aid for Free

An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a medical device that delivers an electrical shock to a victim in cardiac arrest. A cardiac arrest occurs when a victim’s heart stops beating and blood stops flowing around the body.

Unfortunately, sudden cardiac arrest has a poor outcome unless a victim receives timely CPR and defibrillation. To improve survival from cardiac arrest there is now a push to have more publically accessible AEDs. Many workplaces, educational institutions, and public buildings now have an AED installed and have trained staff in its use.

AEDs are designed to be used by laypeople with no medical training, however, the American Heart Association (AHA) does advise potential operators of an AED to have basic training in its use and CPR. 

AED Pad Placement is Vital

An AED delivers a shock to a victim using two pads placed directly onto the victim’s chest. The positioning of these pads is important, as the electrical shock needs to travel through the heart muscle. 

The first pad is placed underneath the victim’s collarbone (clavicle). The second pad is placed on the left chest wall, underneath the armpit. As the diagram shows, this allows the electrical shock to travel through the victim’s heart.

Most AED pads come with written and visual instructions on where the place the pads.

Adult Pad Placement

Unless otherwise stated in the AED instructions, one AED pad should be placed on the upper right-hand side of the victim’s chest, underneath the collarbone. The other should be placed on the lower left side of the chest wall, below the armpit, as shown in the diagram above. 

This is the same for all adults, no matter whether they are male or female, young or old, or even if they’re pregnant.

AED Pad Placement on an Infant

First, check to make sure that the infant isn’t choking. Most cardiac arrests in infants under the age of one are due to a blockage in their airway rather than an isolated issue with their heart. So first, observe the infant for signs of choking, and if found, follow the guidance outlined in our post about airway obstruction in children and infants. 

Once you have ruled out a choking emergency, adjust the AED pads to the child setting. Most AED devices have this feature, and switching between adult and child modes is simple. However, in the unlikely event that only adult mode is available, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommends you still administer the shock, rather than doing nothing at all.

No matter what type of AED pads or mode you are using, they should be placed in a ‘front and back’ position (the anterior-posterior position), with one pad on the center of the front of the chest, and the other on the center of the infant’s upper back. Be sure the pads are not touching. 

Child Pad Placement

American Heart Association (AHA) recommends pediatric AED pads for children below the age of 8, or anyone weighing less than 25kg (55lbs). 

If you are unsure of the victim’s age or weight, quickly check with any close bystanders (do not leave the victim unattended) and use your best judgment.  

Child AED pad placement is the same as the anterior-posterior/ front and back infant pad placement outlined above. Place one pad on the center of the front of the chest and the other on the center of the child’s upper back. 

AED Pad Placement on a Pregnant Woman

According to guidance issued by the American Heart Association (AHA), if a pregnant woman suffers a cardiac arrest, it is safe and necessary to use an AED. 

Pad placement is the same as the placement for all adults: one pad should be placed on the upper right-hand side of the chest, above the right breast, and underneath the collarbone. The other should be placed on the lower left side of the chest wall, below the armpit,

Important: When calling 911, be sure to inform the operator that the victim is pregnant. In the event that the mother dies, medics may still be able to save the baby if medical assistance is sought quickly enough. 

AED Pad Placement for Cardiac Arrest Victims with a Pacemaker

AED devices should still be used if the cardiac arrest victim has a pacemaker. A pacemaker is a device installed in a patient’s chest to regulate the heart’s rhythm. The location of this device will depend on where you place the AED pads. 

Usually, pacemakers are installed in the upper left region of the patient’s chest. If this is the case, no modification is needed. Use the default pad placement required for all adults: one pad on the upper right-hand side of the chest, underneath the collar bone, and the other on the lower left side of the chest wall, below the armpit. 

Suppose the pacemaker is located on the upper right-hand side of the patient’s chest. In that case, you will need to modify the pad position slightly by placing the AED pad at least one inch to the side, or below, the pacemaker. As normal, the second pad should be placed on the lower left side of the chest wall, below the armpit.

Common AED Pad Placement Mistakes

The second pad placed on the left side of the chest wall should be positioned underneath the victim’s armpit. A common mistake is to place this pad on the front of the chest, this is likely to make an AED shock less effective.

AED pads need to be placed in direct contact with the skin. Excessive chest hair can reduce pad contact with the skin and risk causing burns. Many AEDs come with a small razor in order to remove chest hair before pad placement. 

Aerological diagram. How to read and what you can learn from it.

Can you predict from it? :

• Cloud base (lower boundary);
• Height of thermals available for vaping;
• Force, average rate of climb and turbulence of flows;
• Retaining layers in which the thermal will flex and misbehave;
• View of clouds;
• How well the clouds will perform;
• How quickly the clouds will evaporate after the death of the stream and whether they will spread, covering the sun with crises;
• Will the “cloud banks” work and is it possible to fly “dolphin”;
• How does the wind change with height;
• Will there be tornadoes, sharp downdrafts and how they will be distributed vertically;
• Is there a danger of overdevelopment of clouds;
• Will it rain, thunderstorms;
• At what height is it most efficient to fly;
• Will it be possible to evaporate “from the bottom”;
• and much, much more.

Let’s figure out how to read all this on this chart.

To begin with, let’s analyze what is an aerological diagram (AD)? – So.

An upper-air diagram is a series of data describing the state of the air in height. These data are represented by 2 air condition curves and wind values.

• The 1st curve is located on the left, usually bold, green , called – depegram (depegram) or “dew point” curve. This curve (in degrees C) shows the temperature of air saturation with water, that is, at what temperature, moisture will begin to condense from the air at a particular level. At its core, it conveys the absolute moisture content of the air at a given altitude.
• 2nd curve, on the right, usually bold red , is called “ stratification curve ” and it shows the air temperature at a given altitude. Stratification can be stable, unstable and indifferent to dry (and unsaturated) or saturated air.
• Distance between stratification curve and depegram shows dew point deficit ∆=T-Td.
• Wind data, mainly located to the right of the BP form and indicate the direction and speed of the wind at each altitude level, sometimes supplemented by the hodograph of the sonde offset in height. (a curve showing where the probe moved during the ascent, it clearly shows where and how the wind turns in height).

These 2 curves and wind data are obtained by from atmospheric soundings (often referred to as sounding ) meteorological balloons (usually 2 per day, at 0000 and 1200 standard time UTC ), or they are obtained from the results of numerical simulation for those points where there is no sounding or in the forecast for the future.

Curves are applied to a special form upper-air diagram , this blank nomogram describes the thermodynamic properties of air .

Upper air diagram lines .

The following lines are applied to BP:

• Isobar (equal pressure) – horizontal dashed lines – show the same height (pressure) along the entire line. The numbers on the right are altitude or pressure in mbar. Pressure indicates altitude. As a first approximation, we can assume that:
  • 1000 mbar = 100m
  • 900 mbar = 1 km
  • 800 mbar = 2 km
  • 700 mbar = 3 km
  • 500 mbar = 5.5 km
• Isotherm (equal temperature) – vertical thin red or brown lines on the ADP form and slanted to the right on the ADC form, at an angle of 45 degrees. to isobars (height) (that’s why the form is called oblique ) – they show the same temperature along the entire line. The brown numbers on the left and bottom are the temperature of the isotherms.
• Isograms (equal to “dew points”) – usually a green thin dotted line, show how the dew point changes when air rises with a certain humidity. about 0.2 degrees per 100m altitude.
• Dry adiabats (SAG=DALR) – gray lines inclined to the left, – they describe changes in air parameters moving according to the dry adiabatic law (that is, in the absence of moisture condensation). Or simply – the lines of the dry adiabatic gradient. SAG is about 9.8 hail per 1 km altitude.
• Wet adiabats (VAG=SALR) – blue curved lines , changes in air parameters moving in the humid adiabatic law (that is, under the condition of moisture condensation). Or simply – the lines of the wet adiabatic gradient. The lines are curved, since the wet adiabat strongly depends on pressure (altitude) and air temperature. (the warmer the air, the more moisture dissolves in it and the more “latent heat” is released during its condensation. VAG changes from 4 to 8 degrees per km of altitude. The colder the air, the less moisture it contains and the closer VAG approaches SAG .

VAG change depending on pressure and temperature.

• To the right of the BP field there are “flags” showing the direction and speed of the wind in meters per second or knots and the direction in degrees. For example, 90 (5) means that an east wind of 5 m/s is blowing at a given height.
• Top left, often draw a probe drift hodograph. The concentric circles indicate the speed, and the shift of the graph in one direction or another indicates the direction of the drift.

Aerological Diagram Forms.

There are 3 main types of forms, emagram (aka ADP ), Tepigram and Skew-T log P (aka ADK ) they differ in the angles of intersection of the lines describing the fundamental characteristics of air (first of all pressure (height), temperature, and dry adiabatic law

Airfoil chart blanks meet the following requirements:

1. Designed so that the area on the diagrams is proportional to the energy.
2. The underlying lines were straight and therefore easy to use.
3. On ADC / upper-air log in oblique coordinate system/ ( Skew-T log P ) – skew isotherms (T) are almost perpendicular to SAG (dry adiabatic gradient).

It is important that the SAG ( isentropes ) and isotherms be far apart to help us see small temperature changes relative to the SAG, which is important in determining stability.

Let’s look at the example of ADC (aka Skew-T log P).

Isobars (height)

Isobars

Isograms

Isograms

Isograms – lines of equal specific humidity in saturation They show at what temperature and at what height the air mass of a given humidity will reach a state of saturation ( dew point ).

Further rise of this air would lead to condensation and cloud formation.

Isotherms

Isotherms – constant temperature lines. For convenience, in ADC, they are arranged obliquely from left to right.

Dry adiabats (isanthropes) or

SAG (DALR in English diagrams)

SAG or isanthropes particles of dry or moist unsaturated air when it is lowered or raised.

The dry adiabatic temperature drop of the rising air is approximately 0.98°C/100m.

SAG lines are directed from right to left.

Wet adiabats or lines VAG (SALR in English)

VAG

Indicate the adiabatic temperature change of a particle of humid air 9000 4 when lowering or raising it, subject to condensation (evaporation) of moisture.

When moisture condenses, additional “hidden” energy is released, which reduces the temperature drop when air rises compared to an unsaturated state, as in SAG.

VAG (wet-adiabatic gradient) strongly depends on the amount of heat generated (hence air temperature and pressure (height)) VAG can vary from 0.3 to 0.98°C/100m).

In very cold air – humid adiabatic parameters are close to dry adiabatic .

All together the lines form the ADC form (

Skew-T log P)

ADC Form

actual air temperatures (stratification curve) and wind data.

Also on the BP form, the “ state curve ” is usually built.

Status curve – characterizes changes in air temperature in adiabatically rising air particle . Usually, the air contains a certain amount of water vapor, therefore, up to the level of condensation, the state curve is drawn along the dry adiabat (SAG), above the level of condensation – along the wet adiabat (WAG).

Simply put, the state curve describes what will happen to an isolated volume of air rising at a given temperature near the surface, in an atmosphere with given values ​​of the stratification curve and depegram. If we build a state curve for a temperature equal to the average at the surface, then it will show the law of air rise during mechanical (for example, orographic – due to relief) transfer, if we take the initial temperature equal to the layer of air “superheated” above the thermal formation zone (usually by 3 -4 degrees higher than the average at the surface) then the state curve will describe what will happen to the air rising in the thermal (bubble).

Based on the results of the mutual analysis of the stratification, state and depegram curves, INSTABILITY ANALYSIS is carried out, and a number of weather parameters and base levels of interest to us can be found.

Such as:

• Real temperature at any height isotherm.
• Condensation level is the level to which water vapor must be raised so that the water vapor contained in the air, during adiabatic rise, reaches a state of saturation (or 100% relative humidity) and moisture condensation begins. This level will help predict whether there will be clouds and what kind of base they will have. To determine the level of condensation, you need to choose what type of level we need – during convection (thermal) or during mechanical transfer (for example, orographic rise). For mechanical lifting (Lifting Condensation Level ( LCL )) – it is necessary to move along the dry adiabat from the sounding height (surface) from the air temperature value, and along the isogram from the dew point value, the level of their intersection is the level of condensation. For thermal convection, (Convective Condensation Level ( CCL )) it is necessary to take the temperature near the ground a few degrees higher than that measured by the probe. This will be the “thermal superheat” temperature relative to the ambient air.
• Temperature inversion levels .
• At what height is there dense clouds , and what layer it occupies in height (if any). For example, if the graphs of temperature and dew point are in contact, we have a dense stratus cloud. Stratified, not cumulus, because such conditions exist throughout our area.
• Rainy day – if these two graphs simultaneously go from below and to a high altitude (this means that over the entire height we have 100% humidity)
• The strength and direction of the wind at a given height on the right side of the diagram and the hodograph (if any).

Also, by analyzing the chart, one can judge the predictive weather dynamics, for example, the approach of an atmospheric front, the possibility of clouds spreading, etc. The very process of determining different levels and recognizing different types of weather, I will describe in separate articles, in section theoretical meteorology . And I want to finish this article with links to resources where you can download the current diagrams.

• First of all Flymeteo.org – on this site you can download the actual real data of the TRS at 00 and 12 UTC for many points in Russia and in the world. All charts are in a perfectly readable form and processed, that is, they highlight the basic levels and meteorological phenomena.

An example of full-scale ADP

• You can also see the predicted AD for any point on the planet (by clicking on the map) on the site XCSkies.com

ADK XCSkies.com

There are many other sources where you can view natural and predictive (model) upper-air diagrams, but the ones given above are quite enough for amateur weather analysis.

If you find an error, please highlight the text and press Ctrl+Enter .

AED / RUB (Emirati Dirham / Russian Ruble) Current rates, chart and conversion calculator

1 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Performance

Tariffs	1 month	3 months	6 months
Maximum	22. 343	22.343	22.343
Min.	21.379	10.959	10.959
Average	22.075	20.949	19.49
Volatility	-0.98081%	11.149%	25.946%

Compare AED RUB market rates

Rates	Emirati Dirham	Transaction fee	Russian ruble
0% (bank)	1 AED	N/A	21,379 RUB
1%	1 AED	0.01 AED	21,165 RUB
2% (withdrawal from ATM)	1 AED	0. 02 AED	20,951 RUB
3% (Credit card)	1 AED	0.03 AED	20,738 RUB
4%	1 AED	0.04 AED	20,524 RUB
5%(Kiosk)	1 AED	0.05 AED	20.31 RUB

AED to RUB 9 exchange rate history0005

Statistics for the last 14 days

December 2021

Date	Emirati Dirham	Russian ruble	Change	% Change
Maybe 04/05/2023	1 AED =	21.379	-0.27079	-1.2508%
Maybe 03/05/2023	1 AED =	21.65	-0.16443	-0. 75377%
Maybe 02/05/2023	1 AED =	21.814	-0.17587	-0.79976%
Maybe 01/05/2023	1 AED =	21.99	0.08098	0.36962%
April 30/04/2023	1 AED =	21.909	0.00172	0.00783%
April 29/04/2023	1 AED =	21.907	N/A	N/A
April 28/04/2023	1 AED =	21.907	-0. 38059	-1.7076%
April 27/04/2023	1 AED =	22.288	0.01305	0.05859%
April 26/04/2023	1 AED =	22.275	0.259	1.1764%
April 25/04/2023	1 AED =	22.016	-0.17594	-0.79282%
April 24/04/2023	1 AED =	22.192	0.0116	0.05231%
April 23/04/2023	1 AED =	22. 18	-0.000034	-0.00015%
April 22/04/2023	1 AED =	22.18	N/A	N/A
April 21/04/2023	1 AED =	22.18	-0.09474	-0.42534%
April 20/04/2023	1 AED =	22.275	0.02887	0.12977%

December 2021	Exchange rate
01 December indicator	20,362 RUB
31 December indicator	20,232 RUB
Highest rate	20,362 RUB as of December 31
Lowest rate	19,972 RUB as of December 27
View	Height
Change	0. 0%

1 AED to RUB, November 2021

1 AED to RUB, October 2021

October 2021	Exchange rate
01 October indicator	19,288 RUB
31 October indicator	19,785 RUB
Highest rate	19,808 RUB as of October 03
Lowest rate	18. 93 RUB October 26
Presentation	Height
Change	0.0%

1 AED to RUB, September 2021

September 2021	Exchange rate
01 September indicator	19,805 RUB
30 September indicator	19,872 RUB
Highest rate	19,991 RUB for September 20
Lowest rate	19,679 RUB for September 15
Presentation	Height
Change	0. 0%

1 AED to RUB, August 2021

1 AED to RUB, July 2021

July 2021	Exchange rate
01 July indicator	19,914 RUB
05 July indicator	20,008 RUB
Highest rate	20,351 RUB as of July 07
Lowest rate	19,914 RUB as of July 30
Presentation	Height
Change	0. 975%

1 AED to RUB June 2021

1 AED to RUB, May 2021

May 2021	Exchange rate
01 Can indicator	19,993 RUB
31 Can indicator	20,498 RUB
Highest rate	20,498 RUB on May 01
Lowest rate	19,928 RUB at May 28
Performance	Height
Change	1. 241%

1 AED to RUB, April 2021

1 AED to RUB, March 2021

February 2021

March 2021	Exchange rate
01 March indicator	20,611 RUB
31 March indicator	20,224 RUB
Highest rate	20,868 RUB on March 24
Lowest rate	19,811 RUB on March 15
Presentation	Reduction
Change	-1. 998%

1 AED to RUB, January 2021

January 2021	Exchange rate
01 January indicator	20,668 RUB
31 January indicator	20,131 RUB
Highest rate	20,747 RUB on January 28
Lowest rate	19,972 RUB as of January 14
Presentation	Height
Change	7. 49%

Historical Years

• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2022
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2021
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2020
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2019
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2018
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2017
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2016
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2015
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2014
• Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble Historical Rates in 2013

AED to RUB Conversion Table

Emirates Dirham (AED)	Russian ruble (RUB)
1. 1 AED =	23.517
1.2 AED =	25.655
1.3 AED =	27.793
1.4 AED =	29.931
1.5 AED =	32.068
1.6 AED =	34.206
1.7 AED =	36.344
1.8 AED =	38.482
1.9 AED =	40.62

Convert 1 AED to different currencies

Currency	Exchange rate
Australian dollar	0. 40769 AUD
US dollar	0.27231 USD
Swiss franc	CHF 0.24097
Chilean peso	218.808 CLP
Colombian Peso	1,261.48 COP
Czech crown	5.7664 CZK

Different AED amounts to RUB

• 3 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 4 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 5 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 6 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 7 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 8 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 9 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble
• 10 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble

AED to RUB exchange rate FAQs

How much is 1 Emirati Dirham to Russian Ruble today?

AEDد.