What is H. pylori and how does it affect the stomach. How is H. pylori transmitted and diagnosed. What are the main symptoms of H. pylori infection. How is H. pylori treated with medications and natural remedies. Can H. pylori lead to more serious conditions.

Understanding H. Pylori: A Common Bacterial Infection

Helicobacter pylori, commonly known as H. pylori, is a type of bacteria that can colonize the stomach and upper part of the small intestine. This spiral-shaped microorganism has the unique ability to survive in the harsh, acidic environment of the stomach, where it can cause significant damage to the protective lining of these organs.

H. pylori infection is remarkably common worldwide, with estimates suggesting that over 50% of the global population may be infected. However, the prevalence varies significantly between regions, with higher rates in developing countries.

How does H. pylori affect the body?

H. pylori can have several effects on the human body:

• It damages the protective mucus layer of the stomach and small intestine
• It stimulates inflammation in the stomach lining (gastritis)
• It increases the risk of developing peptic ulcers
• In some cases, it may contribute to the development of stomach cancer

Despite these potential consequences, it’s important to note that many people with H. pylori infection never develop symptoms or complications.

Transmission and Risk Factors for H. Pylori Infection

The exact mechanisms of H. pylori transmission are not fully understood, but several routes have been proposed:

• Oral-oral transmission (through saliva)
• Fecal-oral transmission
• Contaminated food or water

Infection typically occurs in childhood, but symptoms may not appear until adulthood. Several factors can increase the risk of H. pylori infection:

1. Living in crowded conditions
2. Poor sanitation and hygiene practices
3. Limited access to clean water
4. Living in developing countries
5. Close contact with infected individuals

Can H. pylori infection be prevented?

While complete prevention may be challenging, certain measures can reduce the risk of H. pylori infection:

• Practice good hygiene, especially handwashing
• Avoid sharing utensils, glasses, or toothbrushes
• Consume properly prepared and cooked food
• Drink clean, safe water

Recognizing the Symptoms of H. Pylori Infection

Many individuals with H. pylori infection remain asymptomatic. However, when symptoms do occur, they can include:

• Abdominal pain or discomfort, often described as a burning sensation
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Bloating
• Frequent burping

In more severe cases, H. pylori infection can lead to complications such as:

• Peptic ulcers
• Gastritis
• Gastric cancer (in rare cases)

When should you seek medical attention for suspected H. pylori infection?

It’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider if you experience persistent stomach discomfort, especially if accompanied by:

• Severe or recurring abdominal pain
• Difficulty swallowing
• Bloody or black stools
• Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosing H. Pylori Infection: Available Tests and Procedures

Several diagnostic methods are available to detect H. pylori infection:

1. Breath test: This non-invasive test involves drinking a solution containing urea and measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in your breath.
2. Blood test: This detects antibodies to H. pylori in your blood.
3. Stool test: This checks for H. pylori antigens in a stool sample.
4. Endoscopy with biopsy: This invasive procedure allows direct visualization of the stomach lining and collection of tissue samples for testing.
5. Rapid urease test: This test can be performed on a biopsy sample during endoscopy.

Which test is most appropriate for diagnosing H. pylori?

The choice of diagnostic test depends on various factors, including:

• Patient’s age and overall health
• Presence of symptoms
• Cost and availability of tests
• Need for endoscopy to evaluate other conditions

Your healthcare provider will determine the most suitable test based on your individual circumstances.

Treatment Options for H. Pylori Infection

H. pylori infection is typically treated with a combination of medications, including:

• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid
• Antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria
• Bismuth subsalicylate in some cases

The most common treatment regimen, often referred to as triple therapy, includes:

1. A proton pump inhibitor (e.g., omeprazole, lansoprazole)
2. Two antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole)

This combination is typically prescribed for 7-14 days, depending on the specific regimen and local guidelines.

How effective is H. pylori treatment?

The success rate of H. pylori eradication therapy varies, but it generally ranges from 70% to 90%. Factors that can affect treatment success include:

• Antibiotic resistance
• Patient compliance with the treatment regimen
• Smoking
• Previous antibiotic use

In cases where initial treatment fails, alternative regimens or longer treatment durations may be necessary.

Natural and Complementary Approaches to Managing H. Pylori Infection

While medical treatment is essential for eradicating H. pylori, some natural remedies and lifestyle changes may help manage symptoms and support overall digestive health:

1. Probiotics: Consuming probiotic-rich foods or supplements may help restore beneficial gut bacteria and support the immune system.
2. Dietary modifications: Avoiding spicy, acidic, and fatty foods may help reduce stomach discomfort.
3. Herbal remedies: Some herbs, such as garlic, ginger, and turmeric, have shown potential antibacterial properties against H. pylori in laboratory studies.
4. Stress management: Chronic stress can exacerbate digestive symptoms, so practicing stress-reduction techniques may be beneficial.

Can natural remedies cure H. pylori infection?

While natural remedies may offer some benefits, they should not be considered a substitute for medical treatment. Always consult with a healthcare provider before trying any alternative therapies.

Long-term Implications of H. Pylori Infection

Chronic H. pylori infection can have several long-term consequences:

• Increased risk of peptic ulcers
• Higher likelihood of developing chronic gastritis
• Slightly elevated risk of stomach cancer
• Potential link to other digestive disorders

However, it’s important to note that the majority of people with H. pylori infection do not develop serious complications. Regular medical check-ups and prompt treatment when necessary can help minimize these risks.

Does H. pylori infection increase cancer risk?

While H. pylori is classified as a carcinogen by the World Health Organization, the absolute risk of developing stomach cancer due to H. pylori infection is relatively low. Factors such as genetic predisposition, diet, and environmental factors also play significant roles in cancer development.

Living with H. Pylori: Management and Prevention of Recurrence

After successful treatment of H. pylori infection, it’s important to adopt strategies to prevent recurrence and maintain digestive health:

1. Follow up with your healthcare provider to confirm eradication of the bacteria
2. Maintain good hygiene practices
3. Avoid sharing personal items that could transmit the bacteria
4. Consider regular screening if you have a family history of stomach cancer
5. Adopt a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise

How often should you be tested for H. pylori after treatment?

Follow-up testing is typically recommended 4-8 weeks after completing treatment to confirm eradication. If the infection persists, your healthcare provider may recommend alternative treatment strategies.

In conclusion, H. pylori infection is a common but manageable condition. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care, most individuals can successfully overcome the infection and minimize its long-term impacts on their health. If you suspect you may have an H. pylori infection or are experiencing persistent digestive symptoms, don’t hesitate to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.

H. Pylori Infection: Symptoms, Treatment & Natural Options

H. pylori, or Helicobacter pylori, is a type of bacteria that can lodge in the stomach or intestine and cause damage to the protective lining, stimulating inflammation and possibly causing symptoms such as abdominal pain and burning sensation. H. Pylori infection also increases the risk of developing ulcers and cancer.

This type of infection is usually identified through an endoscopy, where the doctor may perform a biopsy or an urease test, which are the most common methods for its detection.

Omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin, are the main types of medication prescribed for the treatment of H. Pylori, but it is also important to follow a diet based on vegetables and white meats to help to relieve the symptoms. Sauces, seasonings, and industrialized foods should also be avoided. Learn more about what to eat and what to avoid.

Main symptoms

It is very common to have an H. Pylori infection without presenting any symptoms. However, since this type of bacteria can destroy the natural lining that protects the inner walls of the stomach and intestine, some symptoms may appear over time:

• Pain or burning sensation in the stomach;
• Lack of appetite;
• Nausea;
• Vomiting;
• Very dark stools or stools with blood.

The diagnosis of H. pylori infection is usually done through a biopsy, with the collection of tissue from the stomach or duodenum, with which bacterial detection tests such as the urease test, culture, or tissue evaluation can be done. 

Other possible tests are the urea breath test, blood serology test, or fecal detection test.

How is it transmitted

H. pylori infection is fairly common; there is evidence that it can be transmitted through saliva or oral contact with water or food that has come into contact with contaminated feces, but its transmission has not yet been fully clarified.

So, to prevent this type infection, it is very important to follow careful hygiene practices, such as washing your hands before eating and after going to the bathroom, and avoiding the sharing of cutlery and glasses with other people.

Treatment options

Treatment for H. Pylori infection is usually only indicated in the presence of some situations, such as:

• Peptic ulcer;
• Gastritis;
• Intestinal carcinoma, or gastric lymphoma;
• Symptoms, such as discomfort, burning or stomach pain;
• Family history of gastric cancer.

Therefore, if the bacteria isn’t causing any type of problem, chances are that treatment is not necessary. This is because the unnecessary use of antibiotics increases the chances of bacteria resistance and causes side effects. 

Medication to treat 

H. pylori

The most commonly prescribed medication to treat H. pylori infection is the combination of proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, Ianzoprazole, pantoprazole, or rabeprazole, with antibiotics, usually clarithromycin 500mg, amoxicillin 1000mg, or metronidazole 500mg, which can be used separately or as a combination pill, such as Pyloripac.

This treatment should be done for a period of 7 – 14 days, twice a day, or according to medical guidance, and must be followed strictly to avoid the development of drug resistant bacteria.

Other antibiotic options that can be used in cases of treatment-resistant infections are bismuth subsalicylate, tetracycline, tinidazole, or levofloxacin.

Natural treatment options

There are some natural alternatives that can complement medication treatment as they help control stomach symptoms and control the spread of bacteria, but they do not replace medical treatment.

The consumption of zinc-rich foods such as oysters, meats, wheat germ, and whole grains, for example, in addition to strengthening the immune system, facilitate the healing of ulcers and decrease inflammation in the stomach.

The foods that can help eliminate bacteria in the stomach are natural yogurt, because it is rich in probiotics, or thyme and ginger, because they have antibacterial properties that can also be a great way to help the treatment.

There are also foods that may help to control acidity and lessen the discomfort caused by gastritis, such as bananas and potatoes. 

Helicobacter Pylori – What You Need to Know

1. CareNotes
2. Helicobacter Pylori

This material must not be used for commercial purposes, or in any hospital or medical facility. Failure to comply may result in legal action.

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:

What is a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection?

H. pylori bacteria infect the lining of the stomach and upper intestine. People are usually infected with the bacteria as children but do not have symptoms until they are adults.

What are the signs and symptoms of an H. pylori infection?

Most people who are infected with H. pylori never have symptoms. If you do, your symptoms may come and go and last for minutes or hours. You may feel better for a short time after you eat food or take medicine. You may have any of the following:

• Dull or burning pain in your stomach or throat
• Nausea, vomiting, bloating, or burping
• Loss of appetite or weight loss
• Pain at night or with an empty stomach

How is an H. pylori infection diagnosed?

• A urea breath test means you will swallow pudding, liquid, or a capsule that contains a chemical. Then you will breathe into a container. Your breath sample will be tested for a reaction to the chemical that confirms H. pylori infection.
• Bowel movement or blood samples may be tested for infection.
• Endoscopy is a procedure that may be done if your healthcare provider thinks you have an ulcer. He or she will use a scope to see the inside of your stomach. A scope is a soft, flexible tube with a light and tiny camera on the end. It is passed down your throat and into your stomach. Samples of your stomach tissue may be removed and tested for H. pylori infection.

How is an H. pylori infection treated?

It is important to treat the infection. H. pylori may lead to changes in the cells of your esophagus or stomach. The cells are changed into intestine cells. This is a condition called intestinal metaplasia that increases your risk for cancer of the esophagus or stomach. The following may be used to treat an infection:

• Antibiotics help kill the bacteria. You may need to take this medicine for 10 to 14 days. Your healthcare provider will prescribe at least 2 antibiotics at the same time.
• Antiulcer medicines help decrease the amount of acid that is normally made by the stomach. These help relieve pain and heal or prevent ulcers.
• Bismuth is a liquid or tablet that may be used to decrease heartburn, upset stomach, or diarrhea. It may also decrease swelling in your stomach and help kill the infection if other medicines do not work. It also protects ulcers from stomach acid so they can heal.

How can I prevent or manage an H. pylori infection?

• Wash your hands often. Infection can happen through contact with infected bowel movement, vomit, or saliva. Use soap and warm water. Use an alcohol-based gel if soap and water are not available. Clean your hands before you eat and after you use the bathroom. Clean your hands after you change a baby’s diaper.
  
• Handle food properly. Infection can happen if you drink water that is not clean or eat food that is not washed or cooked properly. Rinse food well before you cook or eat it. Cook food all the way through. Proper handling will help kill any bacteria that may be on your food.
• Drink clean water from a safe source. Only drink water that has been filtered or purified.
• Ask about NSAIDs. NSAIDs can cause stomach bleeding and kidney problems if not taken correctly. Your healthcare provider may tell you to avoid these medicines because they can make your symptoms worse.
• Do not smoke. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and cigars can worsen your symptoms. Ask your provider for information if you currently smoke and need help to quit. E-cigarettes or smokeless tobacco still contain nicotine. Talk to your provider before you use these products.
• Do not drink alcohol. Alcohol may worsen your symptoms of heartburn. Alcohol also increases the risk for cancer of the esophagus or stomach. Ask your provider for information if you currently drink alcohol and need help to quit.

When should I seek immediate care?

• You have bloody bowel movements, bloody vomit, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.
• You have sudden, sharp stomach pain that does not go away or spreads to your back.

When should I call my doctor?

• Your symptoms do not improve with treatment.
• You feel full after eating only a small amount of food.
• You lose weight without trying.
• You have questions or concerns about your condition or care.

Care Agreement

You have the right to help plan your care. Learn about your health condition and how it may be treated. Discuss treatment options with your healthcare providers to decide what care you want to receive. You always have the right to refuse treatment. The above information is an educational aid only. It is not intended as medical advice for individual conditions or treatments. Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you.

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Signs of chronic gastritis | Ada

What is chronic gastritis?

Chronic gastritis is a long-term condition in which the mucus lined layer of the stomach, also known as the gastric mucosa, is inflamed or irritated over a longer period of time. Symptoms tend to appear slowly, over time.

Some of the causes of chronic gastritis include:

• Infection with bacteria of the helicobacter pylori species (H. pylori). This cause is by far the most common and is sometimes referred to as Type B gastritis.
• Damage to the stomach lining, such as that caused by chemical irritation from substances including alcohol, certain painkillers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or bile entering the stomach.
• A malfunction of the immune system, making it an autoimmune disorder. This is sometimes referred to as Type A gastritis and is the least common cause of chronic gastritis

Depending on the underlying cause, chronic gastritis can generally be treated relatively simply.
Chronic gastritis often improves quickly once treatment has begun.

Without treatment, chronic gastritis can progress over a number of months to years to the point where the stomach lining is so damaged that the affected person is at risk of:

• Peptic ulcers
• Gastric polyps or tumors that may be non-cancerous
• Anemia, more commonly in cases of autoimmune gastritis

Even though the risk remains low, people with untreated chronic gastritis are also at a higher risk than the general population of developing cancerous tumors of the stomach.

Chronic vs. acute gastritis

Acute gastritis is also an inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining, but one that lasts for a shorter period of time than chronic gastritis. A person affected by chronic gastritis may sometimes not notice many or possibly not even any symptoms and when pain appears, it is typically dull and long-lasting. Acute gastritis tends to set in more quickly, with pain often felt more sharply.

Read more about Acute Gastritis »

Gastritis vs. gastroenteritis

Both acute and chronic gastritis directly affect the stomach and may cause nausea and vomiting. Gastroenteritis affects the intestines, as well as the stomach. While nausea and vomiting often result from gastroenteritis, it also very likely leads to diarrhea, which is not a symptom of gastritis.

Read more about Gastroenteritis »

Chronic gastritis symptoms

A lot of people infected with H. Pylori, which is the main cause of chronic gastritis, do not develop any symptoms for a long time and experience no complications.

People who experience symptoms linked to chronic gastritis, rather than its various complications, may experience:

• Pain or an ache in the upper abdomen
• A feeling of being full
• Pain while fasting
• Pain after eating
• Nausea
• Vomiting

Worried you may have this condition? Start a symptom assessment on the Ada app.

Symptoms of type A autoimmune chronic gastritis

Pain may not be in the foreground in people with autoimmune chronic gastritis and most will not experience pain as strongly as those with chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori or NSAIDs.

Some people with autoimmune chronic gastritis may experience a full feeling in the upper abdomen after eating, feel nauseous or vomit.

The main resulting condition from autoimmune chronic gastritis is pernicious anemia, caused by a lack of vitamin B12, due to problems with vitamin B12 absorption due to the effects of the gastritis. It may also lead to iron deficiency anemia or other conditions, though.

Symptoms of pernicious anemia may include:

• Diarrhea
• Feeling dizzy or clumsy
• Feeling tired
• Shortness of breath, especially when exercising
• Brittle nails and dry skin
• Numbness or pins and needles
• Abnormalities in gait
• Reduced taste and smell
• Lack of concentration
• Psychiatric or cognitive symptoms

Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include:

• Feeling tired
• Pale skin
• Headaches
• Brittle nails and dry skin
• Shortness of breath
• Heart palpitations
• Tinnitus

Read more about Anemia ».

Chronic gastritis complications

Chronic gastritis can lead to other conditions if not properly managed. As chronic gastritis may often be asymptomatic, another condition may be the first sign that a person is affected by chronic gastritis. If any of these symptoms seem familiar, try a symptom assessment on the Ada app. Some of these complications include:

Stomach ulcers

A stomach ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach, caused by damage to the stomach lining due to prolonged exposure to gastric acid. Eight out of 10 stomach ulcers, also known as peptic ulcers, are linked to infection with H. pylori. Long-term use of NSAID painkillers is another cause.

Symptoms of a stomach ulcer include:

• Burning pain in the stomach
• Nausea and retching
• Vomiting
• Bloating or feeling full
• Belching
• Heartburn
• Changes in appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Difficulty breathing
• Feeling faint
• Vomiting blood
• Blood in stools
• Stools that appear black or tarry

These symptoms usually:

• Appear on an empty stomach
• Last for minutes or possibly hours
• Appear on and off over several weeks
• Can be stopped for a short time by taking antacids

Read more about Peptic Ulcer Disease »

Atrophic gastritis

If left untreated, severe chronic gastritis, especially the Type A autoimmune chronic gastritis, as well as the Type B H. pylori chronic gastritis can develop into atrophic gastritis. This is where the protective mucus layer in the stomach is damaged, leading to loss of gastric glandular cells, which is compensated by cells usually found in the intestine. Eventually, gastric glandular cells are replaced by intestinal and fibrous tissue. This process is known as intestinal metaplasia (IM) of the stomach, and those affected are at increased risk of gastric cancer compared to the general population, although the overall risk remains relatively low.

Atrophic gastritis is a development of chronic gastritis and the symptoms depend on the specific cause of the condition.For example, atrophic gastritis if due to chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori bacteria may often not cause many, possibly not even any symptoms. Whereas a person with autoimmune chronic gastritis that develops into atrophic gastritis may display symptoms of pernicious (related to vitamin B12) or iron-deficiency anemia . See the section above on symptoms to see more signs of chronic gastritis.

Gastric polyps or tumors

Gastric polyps are growths that form in the lining of the stomach. They do not usually cause symptoms, but when they do, these can include:

• Anemia
• Tender stomach when pressed
• In rarer cases, bleeding

Most gastric polyps are benign, meaning non-cancerous, but some can develop into gastric cancers.

Seeking medical advice from a doctor is advisable if any of the symptoms of chronic or acute gastritis are experienced.

Good to know: The chance of developing cancer from gastritis or atrophic gastritis is low. However, a gastric cancer screening is recommended for people diagnosed with atrophic gastritis at regular intervals. These gaps between screenings will likely be between every one and three years depending on a doctor’s recommendations.

Other effective ways of lowering the chances of gastric cancer include:

• A diet high in fresh fruit and vegetables
• A diet low in highly processed foods containing lots of salt (sodium) and hydrogenated fats
• Avoiding red meats, especially processed, smoked ones containing high levels of nitrate salts and/or nitrite
• Leading a smoke and nicotine free lifestyle
• Drinking alcohol only in moderate amounts

Chronic gastritis causes

If the protective layer of mucus in the stomach is damaged, gastric acids can irritate the stomach lining underneath the mucus.

In the great majority of cases, chronic gastritis is caused by the bacteria H. pylori. These bacteria create an inflammation of the stomach lining and, gradually, stomach cells become damaged. Infection with_H. pylori_ is usually acquired in childhood, though symptoms do very often not develop until later in life.

Chronic gastritis can also be caused by several chemical substances. These causes include:

• Repeated, high dose and/or prolonged use of certain pain-relievers such as aspirin, which may also be prescribed for non-pain treatment in lower doses, e.g., after a heart attack, or NSAID drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen- Excessive consumption of alcohol.
• Bile, a liquid the liver produces to aid digestion, entering the stomach. This is known as bile reflux

A small number of cases of chronic gastritis are caused by an autoimmune reaction (Type A chronic gastritis).

Causes of autoimmune chronic gastritis

An autoimmune reaction can also cause chronic gastritis. The body’s autoimmune response causes an inflammation of the protective mucus covered lining of the stomach, which eventually affects and degrades the mucus-producing cells. This leads to fewer mucus-producing cells being available and, consequently, less protection for the stomach. This is accompanied by a loss of parietal cells in the stomach, which regulate stomach acid. Parietal cells also affect absorption of vitamin B12 and iron by the stomach. So damage or loss of these cells may cause the body to have less vitamin B12 and iron available for its various processes and therefore lead to anemia and other deficiency symptoms (see symptom section above).

It is not yet known what causes the autoimmune reaction, but people with autoimmune chronic gastritis often also have other autoimmune conditions such as autoimmune thyroiditis, Addison’s disease or type I diabetes.

Chronic gastritis risk factors

Certain population groups and people who overuse certain substances are at increased risk of chronic gastritis:

• Habitual use of painkillers such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen can change the composition of the stomach lining, leaving it less protected and causing both acute and chronic gastritis
• Excessive alcohol consumption is another common risk factor
• Infection with H. pylori (type B) is a big risk factor for developing acute as well as chronic gastritis.. Incidences of H. pylori infection have been falling in the developed world since the 1960s, likely due to better hygiene practices

Chronic gastritis diagnosis

To assist with the diagnosis of chronic gastritis, a doctor will take the person’s medical history, including their use of medications such as aspirin, NSAID pain-relievers and antacids, as well as alcohol consumption and travel to countries where infection with H. pylori is common. For example, around nine out of every 10 people in Nigeria, Portugal and Estonia are estimated to be infected with H. pylori. . The doctor will also conduct a physical examination of the abdomen/belly.

Depending on these factors, a number of tests may be used for helping with diagnosis or evaluating potential causes:

• Testing for H. pylori. These tests may include a blood, stool or breath tests
• Blood tests for anemia
• Blood tests to find antibodies that mistakenly provoke an immune response against cells in a person’s own stomach
• Liver and kidney function blood tests
• Stool tests for the presence of blood

Other tests may include:

EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), also called gastroscopy or upper endoscopy: An EGD is a visual inspection of the stomach lining, performed by passing an endoscope – a long, thin, flexible tube with a lighted camera – down the throat and into the esophagus, stomach and upper small intestine. The doctor can examine the stomach lining for signs of inflammation and take a small tissue sample (biopsy) to test for H. pylori. An EGD is the best diagnostic tool for autoimmune chronic gastritis.

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series: Also called a barium swallow, this test creates a series of X-rays of the GI tract. Swallowing a liquid containing barium (a metal compound) coats the inside of the stomach, esophagus and small intestine to make the organs, as well as any potential ulcer presence, polyps or other abnormality, more visible by X-ray.

Treatment for chronic gastritis

How chronic gastritis is treated depends on the underlying cause. If the condition is caused by prolonged and excessive use of NSAIDs or alcohol, the person will need to stop taking those substances. A medical professional will be able to assist with replacement painkillers or with any withdrawal effects and also redirect to other needed support, e. g., support groups for quitting alcohol.

Treating

H. pylori

Antibiotics can treat H. pylori infection. Ridding the body of these bacteria will often cure the gastritis.
In the first instance, a combination of three drugs is usually used to treat H. pylori infection. This treatment will usually include a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), a medication that lessens the amount of acid produced by the stomach, as well as two antibiotics. This is known as a triple therapy and the course of treatment runs for between 10 and 14 days.

In the majority of cases, triple therapy will successfully clear up the infection. If additional treatment is required, then doctors will often recommend a quadruple therapy. This involves a PPI and three antibiotics and also runs for between 10 and 14 days.

Treating intestinal metaplasia

Chronic gastritis can lead to a change in the stomach lining known as intestinal metaplasia (IM). This is when the cells in the stomach change and become more like the cells in the intestine. IM is associated with an increased risk of cancer, but the risk still remains low.

While treating H. pylori infection removes chronic gastritis, it remains unclear whether this treatment will also prove effective at reversing intestinal metaplasia. Evidence suggests that removing H. pylori may at least slow down IM.

Treatment for autoimmune chronic gastritis

Currently, there is no treatment available that will cure autoimmune chronic gastritis. However, the vitamin B12 and iron deficiencies that it often causes can be treated with supplements, in the form of tablets, shots or intravenous infusions.

Even though autoimmune chronic gastritis cannot be removed by treatment, the risk of developing gastric cancer as a complication of the condition is still modest to low. Nevertheless, a doctor may recommend follow-up endoscopies to detect any early signs of gastric cancer. Treatment on gastric cancer is generally more effective the earlier the condition is detected and treated.

Follow-up endoscopies may be recommended to monitor development of atrophic gastritis and to detect any early signs of gastric cancer which will allow to then treat it as soon as possible with the best possible outcome.

Diet and home remedies for chronic gastritis

Diet does not play a role in causing chronic gastritis, though to ease symptoms, people may find it advisable to stop eating things that irritate the stomach, such as fatty, spicy or highly acidic foods. Some people choose to reduce foods containing lactose or gluten.

Other lifestyle changes that may help include eating smaller, more frequent meals rather than larger meals, weight reduction and stress management.

Over the counter medicines, such as antacids, may ease stomach and digestive symptoms but will not address the underlying problem. Over-the-counter medicines should not be taken often and relied upon. A medical professional should be consulted if symptoms persist for more than a week or are severe.

Chronic gastritis FAQs

Q: Is there a cure for chronic gastritis?
A: Chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori bacteria or by use of NSAIDs or alcohol can be cured by either eliminating the bacteria or discontinuing use of the substance. However, if a person has had chronic gastritis for a long time, some of the damage to the inner stomach lining may be permanent.

Q: Is chronic gastritis dangerous?
A: Chronic gastritis is itself not dangerous, but can, like acute gastritis, lead to other problems developing, such as ulcers. Furthermore it can develop into a more serious stage. If chronic gastritis progresses to atrophic gastritis it can additionally increase the risk of developing ulcers, anemia, polyps or non-cancerous tumors, and gastric cancers.

Q: What is chronic antral gastritis?
A: Antral gastritis only affects the lower portion of the stomach, known as the antrum rather than the whole organ. Just like gastritis that affects the whole stomach, antral gastritis can either be chronic or acute. Gastritis caused by H. pylori tends to often be focused in the antrum before spreading to the rest of the stomach.

Q: What is the gastric mucosa?
A: The gastric mucosa is the internal lining or mucous membrane of the stomach. It is coated by a thick mucus layer and not only produces the acid to break down food entering the stomach, but also protects the stomach from the acid it creates. Gastritis happens when the gastric mucosa is inflamed.

Q: How long does chronic gastritis last?
A: Chronic gastritis, especially the common types due to H. pylori or due to irritants like alcohol or pain medication, usually improves quickly after proper treatment is started. However, if the condition is left untreated, chronic gastritis can affect a person for many months or even years. Potentially, as in the rarer occuring autoimmune gastritis, it may persist, even despite supportive treatment, for the rest of a person’s life.

Foods Not to Eat With Pylori Bacteria

You shouldn’t drink alcohol with pylori bacteria.

Image Credit: istetiana/Moment/GettyImages

H. pylori bacteria infect the stomach lining and cause abdominal pain and discomfort. Foods to avoid with H. pylori include spicy or greasy foods, and things containing a lot of caffeine or milk. H. pylori diets should include foods that reduce inflammation such as berries, broccoli and green tea.

Tip

People who experience symptoms of H. pylori infection should avoid caffeine and alcohol as well as foods that are very spicy or fatty.

What Is H. Pylori?

Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that is easily passed from one person to another through saliva. It can also be transmitted via water or food that has been contaminated by fecal material. Once in the body, H. pylori take up residence in the cells of the lining of the stomach.

Despite the low pH of gastric juice in the stomach, H. pylori have adapted to the harsh, acidic environment. They infect cells within the mucosal layer of the stomach, which protects the stomach tissue from the corrosive properties of gastric acid. They migrate from old cells to new cells to avoid destruction when dead cells are cast off.

Symptoms of H. Pylori Infection

Not everyone who has H. pylori experiences symptoms. In some people, the presence of H. pylori can cause inflammation of the stomach lining, a condition called gastritis, which can develop into peptic ulcers. According to the Mayo Clinic, symptoms of H. pylori include:

• Burning stomach pain
• Nausea
• Decrease in appetite
• Bloating and excessive burping
• Pain that worsens when the stomach is empty

If the infection is not treated, gastritis can worsen and cause portions of the mucosa to erode. These eroded areas of the stomach lining are called peptic ulcers and may cause bleeding in the stomach. In some cases, H. pylori puts people at risk for stomach cancer due to chronic inflammation of the mucosa.

A more serious condition, such as ulcers or cancer, will present with additional symptoms. The Mayo Clinic advises individuals to seek medical attention if their stool becomes black or bloody or if they vomit blood or black materials. Other symptoms that cause concern include severe, prolonged stomach pain and experiencing difficulty when swallowing.

Testing and Diagnosis

Two tests for H. pylori involve detecting evidence of the bacteria based on the body’s response to it. A breath test analyzes exhaled gases when the bacteria convert urea into carbon dioxide. This test can only be performed if the patient is not taking antibiotics or other medications to treat H. pylori symptoms. A blood test detects the presence of antibodies produced in response to H. pylori, which may be present even if the infection has been cured.

A stool test and a biopsy are two ways to detect the presence of actual bacterial cells in the body. Fecal material contains H. pylori cells shed from the stomach lining. During an endoscopy, cells are collected directly from the stomach lining.

Foods to Avoid

While diet does not cause gastric inflammation or ulcers, certain types of foods can worsen an irritated stomach lining. Some substances stimulate acid production and can trigger inflammation in the mucosa of people infected with H. pylori include caffeine, milk, peppery spices, onions and garlic. Foods high in fats, especially animal fats, also cause irritation.

Caffeine is found in tea and coffee and is also present in chocolate and some sodas. Coffee contains other compounds that also trigger acid production and cause irritation, so even decaffeinated brews should be limited. A small amount of milk is OK but drinking more than a couple of cups per day may make symptoms worse.

Spicy foods are known to cause inflammation in some people, but certain foods can be tolerated by individuals if they do not cause discomfort or other symptoms. The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center also recommends limiting fried foods and other high-fat foods such as lard, butter, heavy cream, bacon and sausage due to the irritation they cause to the stomach lining.

Read more: What to Eat and Not to Eat When You Have an Ulcer

Alcohol and Pain Medications

Alcohol is another substance that increases inflammation in the stomach and can worsen symptoms of H. pylori. Drinking alcohol can irritate the stomach lining and stimulate the stomach to produce more acid.

Certain types of pain relievers also have a corrosive effect on the mucosa. Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and naproxen irritate the stomach lining and increase the risk of ulcers forming in patients who have gastritis, according to the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.

H. Pylori Diet

H. pylori infection causes an inflammatory response in the body that leads to gastritis. If left untreated, the inflammation can cause ulcers to develop when areas of stomach lining are eroded and can also result in stomach cancer. A 2016 study published in the Central European Journal of Immunology found that compounds called flavonoids in some foods have an anti-inflammatory effect and can help to prevent injury to the mucosa caused by the bacteria.

Flavonoids are compounds found in plants, including many types of fruits and vegetables and tea leaves. Citrus fruits and legumes are high in flavonoids, and berries such as blueberries, blackberries, raspberries and strawberries are also good sources of flavonoids. These foods are also high in fiber, which reduces stomach acid.

Flavonoid-rich foods are an important component of an H. pylori diet to help minimize inflammation. Drinking decaffeinated tea, especially green tea, can also have an anti-inflammatory effect. Red wine and dark chocolate are also beneficial when consumed in moderation.

Read more: A List of Foods to Eat When You Have H. Pylori

Treating H. Pylori Infections

Avoiding trigger foods and incorporating more flavonoid-rich foods can minimize inflammation caused by H. pylori. A 2016 research review published in the journal Gastroenterology Review states that other foods may help to inhibit the spread of the H. pylori due to their antibacterial activity in the body. Some bacteria-fighting foods for H. pylori diets include:

• Cauliflower
• Broccoli and broccoli sprouts
• Oak and manuka tree honey
• Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

When H. pylori causes an acute gastritis attack, eating may make your stomach feel worse. It may help to switch to a liquid or bland diet for gastric pain until symptoms improve. Juices, broths, cooked cereals and cooked fruits and vegetables may be easier to tolerate.

While dietary changes can reduce inflammation and combat the spread of H. pylori bacteria, other therapies may be needed to eradicate the bacteria or resolve symptoms. Antibiotics may be prescribed to kill the bacteria population. Medications that block stomach acid production can help with pain due to inflammation and help the tissue to heal.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Testing

Sources Used in Current Review

Santacroce, L. and Bhutani, M. (2018 August 9, Updated). Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Medscape Gastroenterology. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176938-overview. Accessed on 9/08/18.

Lai, S. (2017 August 1, Updated). Tests for H. pylori. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007501.htm. Accessed on 9/08/18.

Couturier, M. and Jarboe, E. (2018 August, Updated). Helicobacter pylori. ARUP Consult. Available online at https://arupconsult.com/content/helicobacter-pylori. Accessed on 9/08/18.

Zingman, B. et. al. (2017 October 12, Updated). Helicobacter pylori infection. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Available online at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007715.htm. Accessed on 9/08/18.

(© 1995– 2018). Helicobacter pylori Breath Test. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories. Available online at https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81590. Accessed on 9/08/18.

(© 1995– 2018). Helicobacter pylori Antigen, Feces. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories. Available online at https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/81806. Accessed on 9/08/18.

Sultan, M. et. al. (2018 February 12, Updated). Pediatric Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Medscape Pediatrics: General Medicine. Available online at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/929452-overview. Accessed on 9/08/18.

(April 5, 2017) Armand W. H. pylori, a true stomach “bug”: Who should doctors test and treat? Harvard Health. Available online at https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/h-pylori-a-true-stomach-bug-who-should-doctors-test-and-treat-2017040511328. Accessed Sep 2018.

(© 1995–2018). Helicobacter pylori Diagnostic Algorithm. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories. Available online at https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/it-mmfiles/Helicobacter_pylori_Diagnostic_Algorithm.pdf. Accessed Sep 2018.

© 2018 ARUP Laboratories. Helicobacter pylori Breath Test. Available online at https://www.aruplab.com/testing/0020646. Accessed Sep 2018.

Sources Used in Previous Reviews

The Cleveland Clinic Health Information Center. Breath Test for H. pylori (Online information). Available online at http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/. Accessed February 2008.

Pagana K, Pagana T. Mosby’s Manual of Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests. 3rd Edition, St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier; 2006.

Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 12th Edition: Mosby Elsevier, St. Louis, MO; 2007.

Chisholm SA, Owen RJ. Application of polymerase chain reaction-based assays for rapid identification and antibiotic resistance screening of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008 Jan 11.

Siddique I, et. al Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Improving the Sensitivity of CLOtest by Increasing the Number of Gastric Antral Biopsies. J Clin Gastroenterol.  2008 Apr;42(4):356-360.

Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Procedures, Correlations. Bishop M, Duben-Engelkirk J, Fody E, eds. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.

Clinical Chemistry: Theory, Analysis, and Correlations. Kaplan L, Pesce A, eds. 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company; 1989.

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. H. pylori and Peptic Ulcer. Available online at http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hpylori/. Accessed June 2011.

Michael Selgrad, Arne Kandulski and Peter Malfertheiner. Helicobacter pylori: Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25(6):549-556. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/711405_2. Accessed June 2011.

Baumann, A. and Katz, P. (Updated 2014 January 27). Helicobacter Pylori Antigen Test. Medscape Drugs & Diseases [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine. medscape.com/article/2117821-overview. Accessed October 2014.

Santacroce, L. and Bhutani, M. (Updated 2014 September 11). Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Medscape Drugs & Diseases [On-line information]. Available online at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/176938-overview. Accessed October 2014.

Longstreth, G.(Updated 2013 August 22). Tests for H pylori. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007501.htm. Accessed October 2014.

DiMarino, M. (Revised 2014 May). Helicobacter pylori Infection. The Merck Manual Professional Edition [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.merckmanuals.com. Accessed October 2014.

(© 1995–2014). Helicobacter pylori Antibody, IgA, Serum. Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Overview/35755. Accessed October 2014.

(2013 November). Helicobacter pylori Infection: Test Utilization Strategies for Diagnosis. Communique, Mayo Clinic Mayo Medical Laboratories [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/articles/communique/2013/11-hpylori-infection/. Accessed October 2014.

Kelly, J. (2014 September 30). WHO Urges H pylori Screening to Prevent Gastric Cancer. Medscape News [On-line information]. Available online at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/832581. Accessed October 2014.

Baron, E. et. al. (2013 July 10). A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2013 Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). [On-line information]. Available online through http://www.idsociety.org. Accessed October 2014.

Pagana, K. D., Pagana, T. J., and Pagana, T. N. (© 2015). Mosby’s Diagnostic & Laboratory Test Reference 12th Edition: Mosby, Inc., Saint Louis, MO. Pp 494-496.

Pros and Cons of Exercise with a GI Condition

Most people can benefit from moving their body

Whatever your age, there is a proven benefit to taking regular exercise. It’s not just athletes who need to build physical activity, everyone should keep their bodies working in order to:

• Stimulate the body’s natural processes to repair and maintain it and keep it healthy
• Maintain bones, joints and muscles
• Keep your heart healthy
• Prevent high blood pressure
• Maintain a positive level of energy

Building and maintaining stamina, strength and resilience is important and, indeed, vital for long term health, as well as reducing pain and stiffness.

Are certain gastrointestinal disorders an exception to the rule?

There is conflicting information about the impact of exercise on some GI conditions. In some cases doctors and researchers have good data to support mild exercise.

Mild exercise is good for: 

• Increasing endorphins and a feeling of well being
• Relieve symptoms of stress which can impair GI health
• Lowering the risk of colon cancer
• Strengthening your digestive tract 
• When your body moves, so does your blood, improving overall circulation
• Making your muscles work more efficiently
• Strengthening your immune system
• Speed up the metabolism and cardiac function
• Reducing constipation by helping you pass a bowel movement more quickly than if you were sedentary
• Stimulating the amount of positive bacteria which can help:
  • Reduce obesity and metabolic disorders
  • Reduce risk of gastrointestinal disorders and colon cancer

GI conditions that exercise can help

In some cases, exercise can help to ease gastritis. Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions that are united by one common symptom: an irritation or inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The most common cause of gastritis is the same type of bacteria (helicobacter pylori) as the one that is now known to cause stomach ulcers. It can come on suddenly or cause problems over time. Gastritis symptoms include gnawing pain, indigestion, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn and gas.  However, it is important to see a gastroenterologist or your primary care doctor to ensure that you do have gastritis and not another condition. Left untreated, gastritis can lead to cancer in the long term, so be careful. However, if you have a confirmed diagnosis of gastritis, exercise for at least 30 minutes several days a week can help in the following ways:

• If you are overweight, gastritis symptoms such as bloating and acid reflux are more likely. Exercising to assist with weight loss will not only relieve the gastritis, but will help you shed pounds and burn calories. Don’t exercise on a full stomach. This can make you feel uncomfortable or ill.
• Improving delayed gastric emptying, where undigested food moves too slowly through the digestive tract, causing symptoms similar to gastritis, including nausea and bloating. According to the British Journal of Sports Medicine, men who exercise may have a lower risk of duodenal ulcer. Ulcers are open sores that can occur in the digestive tract and which can be a side effect of gastritis.

GI conditions where the jury is still out on the benefits of exercise

There are some conditions where vigorous physical exercise can actually cause some negative impacts. Evidence of the positive effects of exercise is not conclusive in diseases such as:

Important facts to remember when beginning an exercise program

• Schedule a visit to your physician. Yes, we know that all exercise regimens say that, but it is very important if you have ongoing symptoms of a gastric disorder.
• Start gradually. Don’t go from 0-60 overnight – Your body will thank you for it. What’s more, if you don’t put yourself into agony, you’re more likely to stick with it.
• Be sure to eat a healthy, high-fiber diet. 
• Keep hydrated. Dehydration is a leading cause of exercise-related GI problems. It may result in constipation, acid reflux, and reduce the beneficial bacteria in your intestines, leading to malabsorption of nutrients and oxygen of the food you eat.
• For many conditions, exercise will help you feel good, or at least better, so move your body several times a week. You’ll be surprised at the positive results.

When in doubt, see a gastroenterologist

At Premier Medical Group we have 10 GI specialists who can help you get a correct diagnosis, recommend treatment, and clear you for exercise.

BBC Science & Nature – Human Body and Mind

System: Digestive

Location: Between a muscular tube called the oesophagus and the small intestine

Physical description: A J-shaped elastic sac which is the widest part of your digestive system

Function: Storing food, breaking food down and mixing it with juices secreted by your stomach lining

Food store

Your stomach is a short-term food-storage facility. This allows you to consume a large meal quickly and then digest it over an extended period of time. When full, your stomach can hold around one litre of chewed up food.

Swallowed food is propelled down your oesophagus into your stomach. Food is enclosed in your stomach by two circular muscles, known as sphincters.

Chemical breakdown

As soon as food enters your stomach, your stomach lining releases enzymes that start breaking down proteins in the food. Your stomach lining also secretes hydrochloric acid, which creates the ideal conditions for the protein-digesting enzymes to work. The potent hydrochloric acid kills bacteria, protecting your body from harmful microbes which can enter your body in food.

Your stomach protects itself from being digested by its own enzymes, or burnt by the corrosive hydrochloric acid, by secreting sticky, neutralising mucus that clings to the stomach walls. If this layer becomes damaged in any way it can result in painful and unpleasant stomach ulcers.

Physical breakdown

Waves of muscular contraction along your stomach wall, known as peristalsis, break food down into smaller pieces, mix it with fluids secreted from your stomach lining and move it through your stomach. This creates a mixture that resembles thick cream.

Release of food into small intestine

When food has been broken down sufficiently, small amounts are squirted out of your stomach into your small intestine for further processing. This normally occurs within four hours of eating a meal, but can take six or more hours if your meal has a high fat content.

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90,000 diagnostics and treatment of diseases that it causes in the MEDSI clinic in St. Petersburg

Contents

Helicobacter pylori bacterium belongs to gram-negative spiral-shaped microorganisms and usually “lodges” in the antrum of the stomach. The products of its vital activity can cause the development of erosive and ulcerative, inflammatory or atrophic processes in the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum and provoke diseases such as peptic ulcer, gastritis, duodenitis and cancer.

According to estimates by various authors, worldwide infection with this microorganism reaches more than 60% (15-25% in Europe and North America and more than 90% in Third World countries). In Russia, the infection rate of the adult population ranges from 65% (St. Petersburg) to 92% (Moscow, Krasnoyarsk). Helicobacter pylori is believed to have spread from East Africa about 58,000 years ago. Currently, 370 strains of Helicobacter pylori have been identified in 27 regions of the world. In Russia, the dominant strain is HpAsia2 (Indian genome).

History

The first information about this microorganism was given by German scientists in 1875 (the bacterium did not grow on artificial nutrient media known at that time, and this accidental discovery was forgotten). Then there are references in the works of 1886 by Professor Valery Yavorsky from the Jagiellonian University (he called the bacterium he discovered Vibrio rugula and was the first to suggest a possible etiological role of this microorganism in the pathogenesis of stomach diseases), in 1974.in the works of Professor I.A.Morozov (found spiral bacteria in the material of patients after vagotomy in the intracellular tubules of stomach cells, as well as in patients with an ulcer who did not undergo vagotomy). The bacterium was rediscovered in 1979 by Australian pathologist Robin Warren, who then did further research with Barry Marshall. Warren and Marshall were able to isolate, isolate and cultivate this microorganism from samples of the mucous membrane of the human stomach. They suggested that most stomach ulcers and gastritis in humans are caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori, rather than stress or spicy food, as previously thought.In 2005, scientists Robin Warren and Barry Marshall received the Nobel Prize for discovering the true mechanisms behind the development of these ailments.

The course of the disease

After entering the stomach, H. pylori, moving with the help of flagella, overcomes the protective layer of mucus and colonizes the gastric mucosa. Having fixed on the surface of the mucous membrane, the bacterium begins to produce urease, due to which the concentration of ammonia increases in the mucous membrane and the layer of protective mucus near the growing colony and the pH rises.By the mechanism of negative feedback, this causes an increase in gastrin secretion by cells of the gastric mucosa and a compensatory increase in the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, with a simultaneous decrease in the secretion of bicarbonates.

Endotoxin VacA, produced by bacteria, causes vacuolization and death of gastric epithelial cells. CagA gene products cause degeneration of gastric epithelial cells, causing changes in their cell phenotype. The leukocytes attracted by inflammation produce various inflammatory mediators, which leads to the progression of inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa.Thus, the mechanism of inflammatory and erosive-ulcerative changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum and programmed cell death of the epithelial cells of the stomach with the launch of a cascade of changes in the gastric mucosa (Correa cascade) – normal mucosa – atrophy of the gastric mucosa – metaplasia – dysplasia – cancer. Experts from the World Health Organization have recognized the microorganism Helicobacter pylori as an absolutely proven class 1 carcinogen. More than 37,000 new cases of stomach cancer are registered in Russia every year.This pathology took the fourth place among tumor diseases and the second place in the structure of mortality from cancer pathology.

Diagnostics and treatment

According to the Kyoto consensus, the Maastricht V consensus, the recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association, the issues of diagnosis and optimization of eradication therapy Nr. The strategy “test for Helicobacter pylori and treat” is recognized as the most effective measure for the prevention of noncardiac gastric cancer, the treatment of peptic ulcer and gastritis.Existing non-invasive (respiratory urease test, 13C – urease breath test, determination of HP antigens in feces, PCR HP in feces) and invasive (serological method for testing HP antibodies in blood, rapid urease test (performed with EGD in biopsy of the gastric mucosa), bacteriological examination for HP, microscopic examination of a biopsy of the gastric mucosa for HP) diagnostic tests make it possible to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection with varying accuracy. According to international consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori, the gold standard for determining Helicobacter pyloriosis is the combination of a urease breath test with the determination of Helicobacter pylori antigen in feces using enzyme immunoassay.Eradication of H. pylori eliminates the inflammatory response of the gastric mucosa, leads to the reverse development of gastric atrophy, if there is no intestinal metaplasia, stops the progression of damage to the gastric mucosa to precancerous changes and cancer. Eradication of H. pylori for the prevention of gastric cancer is warranted in areas with high and medium risk of gastric cancer and in patients with an increased risk of gastric cancer, is rational in areas with a low risk of stomach cancer.

Helicobacter test, Helicobacter test

In the Medinef clinic you can do the Helik Test (analysis for Helicobacter) on the latest apparatus Helik-Scan test system

Test system Helik-scan with indicator tube is a disposable device (indicator tube) and a compressor.The test system allows for non-invasive specific express diagnostics of Helicobacter pylori infection by the composition of exhaled air with high accuracy and without the involvement of a laboratory

You can get and print instructions for preparing for the helik test here: Preparation for the helik test

New approaches in the diagnosis of gastritis and ulcers. Helicobacter – the main cause of gastritis and ulcers

Scientists claim that people suffering from ulcers and gastritis, unreasonably often have a bad, depressed mood.And this is not surprising, because the work of the whole organism and the nervous system as well depends on how well the stomach copes with food. The culprit is the Helicobacter bacterium.

How it all starts

Gastritis and ulcers, as a rule, are a consequence of the appearance of Helicobacter bacteria in the body. To get infected, it is enough not to wash your hands before eating, have a snack on the go with an apple right from the counter, or come into close contact with a carrier of Helicobacter bacteria.

Symptoms of gastritis and ulcers

Signs of the disease may not appear immediately.Helicobacter are activated at the moment of weakening of the body, during failures of the protective reaction of the immune system. Stress, dietary changes, or sore throat can aggravate the disease. The patient suffers from belching, abdominal pain, burning sensation and nausea. These unpleasant and painful sensations are caused by the increased acidity of gastric juice, which is a consequence of the activity of Helicobacter. The mucous membrane of the stomach becomes inflamed, small ulcers appear on the surface, which become the cause of big problems if left untreated.

Treatment of Helicobacter: features of exposure

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that is found in patients with diseases of the duodenum and stomach. The name of the bacterium comes from two words: “pylori”, which indicates the habitat of this bacterium – the pyloric gastric section, as well as “helico”, which is a reflection of its shape: spiral, helical.

Robin Warren and Barry Marshall became the first doctors to discover Helicobacter.For this, in 2005, they received the Nobel Prize. For several reasons, the discovery of Helicobacter can be called truly revolutionary:

1. It was found that the acidic environment in the stomach for the Helicobacter bacterium is not a hindrance, it survives there well and causes most gastric diseases. Previously, it was believed that bacteria do not survive in such an acidic environment. But, nevertheless, taking antibiotics can cure most stomach ailments.

So, the first feature that is inherent in Helicobacter pylori is the ability to withstand an acidic stomach environment.Resistance to acidity occurs through two mechanisms.

When food enters the stomach, Helicobacter pylori moves with the help of flagella and hides in mucus, which is a protection for cells and a covering of the walls of the stomach.
Helicobacter acts as an enhancer of the protective secretion of ammonia, which neutralizes the acidic environment in the stomach.
Helicobacter pylori is fixed on the gastric walls and can survive there for more than a dozen years.

2.The second feature of Helicobacter pylori is that it is she who is the main cause of diseases of the duodenum and stomach. When multiplying, this bacterium is capable of destructively acting on our stomach. Due to the release of harmful substances, chronic inflammation begins as a result – gastritis. In addition, when the lining of the duodenum and stomach is weakened, ulcers eventually develop, and stomach cancer is also possible. Today, Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of the development of cancerous tumors in the stomach.

3. The third feature is that the Helicobacter pylori bacterium can be destroyed by antibiotics, as well as other drugs that are able to regulate the acidity level in the stomach. It can be said that there are two main reasons why people with stomach problems should be tested to see if they have H. pylori:

this bacterium can cause very serious diseases;
Helicobacter pylori is resistant to acidic environment and can safely exist in it for decades.
The only way to prevent the development and existence of H. pylori is effective treatment with antibiotics and other special medications.

Diagnosis of gastritis and ulcers – Helicobacter test

As you know, a correct and timely diagnosis is a 50% success rate. But many examinations are unpleasant, painful and time-consuming.

The doctors of the MEDINEF clinic are in a hurry to please their patients: there is no longer a need to use a probe for examining the stomach.Now it is enough to pass the analysis for Helicobacter (Helicobacter test) using a new absolutely painless method. It is enough for the patient to breathe into the diagnostic gas analyzer for some time, and in a matter of minutes it will be known whether there is a causative agent of gastritis and ulcers in the patient’s stomach – the Helicobacter bacterium.

The result of the Helicobacter test helps the doctor choose an individual treatment for each patient, and subsequently monitor its effectiveness. The importance of diagnosing the presence of Helicobacter by this method can hardly be overestimated.It allows you to absolutely painlessly determine the presence of causative agents of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

You can make an appointment by phone: 8 (812) 603-03-03

We are located at St. Petersburg, st. Botkinskaya d. 15, building 1
(5 minutes walk from the metro station Lenin Square, exit to Botkinskaya street).

90,000 Top 5 foods that kill your intestines

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Top 5 foods that kill your intestines

Top 5 foods that kill your intestines more and more new health problems arise. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to your own body and support … RIA Novosti Sport, 08/19/2021

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MOSCOW, Aug 19 – RIA Novosti. In the era of fast food and sedentary lifestyles, more and more health problems are emerging. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to your own body and keep it in shape. One of the most common problems is bowel disease. Today, adolescents are increasingly experiencing such ailments, so it is necessary to normalize their daily routine and, of course, nutrition.It is the intestines that are responsible for the processing and breakdown of food, as well as for our immunity. Today we will talk about which foods adversely affect the intestinal microflora. Alcohol It would seem that the harm of alcohol is pretty obvious. However, not the entire range of alcoholic beverages can be attributed to unambiguous harm to the intestines. The degree is important: the stronger the alcohol, the more it harms our body. The high alcohol content directly affects the entire digestive process: the intestines are simply not able to absorb all the nutrients and elements from the food eaten, and therefore the frequent use of strong drinks can lead to serious organ diseases.For example, bowel cancer. If you are a fan of alcohol abuse, then we recommend changing whiskey, cognac or vodka to something lighter. But it is better to refuse altogether. Meat Of course, not all meat negatively affects our digestive system. But it is still worth noting the harmfulness of processed meat: sausages, wieners and other sausages. They contain hazardous substances (nitrosamines) that can also cause bowel cancer. If you are a fan of sausages, then homemade production is worth considering.So you will do something nice for yourself, and you will save your body from troubles. Also, don’t underestimate grilled meats. Especially fatty pork or lamb. Such food is difficult to digest, which puts additional strain on the intestines. The mucous membrane may become inflamed, causing unwanted lumps in the lining of the digestive tract. Most people eat fried meat, but eating large quantities of it can have dire consequences. Therefore, avid meat eaters should take breaks, and it is better to eat fried red meat twice a week.Sweet We often think that all sorts of cakes, cakes and cheesecakes only harm our figure. But it is not so. Scientists from the University of Alberta have learned that excessive sugar consumption affects the gut in a negative way. The internal microflora is destroyed, and this leads to the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria that can penetrate into other organs from the digestive tract, which can even cause Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Mayonnaise is another opponent of a beautiful figure. Women hate him, but men tend to adore him.And again, the problem lies not only in the rapid weight gain, but also in the detrimental effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Like sweets, mayonnaise has an unpleasant effect on the microflora. However, these words only apply to the purchased product. Homemade mayonnaise is created without additional chemical components, which means it is still healthier. At home, the popular sauce is made in just five minutes. Margarine: Its linoleic acid is a common cause of ulcerative colitis. Linoleic acid is also found in nuts and various seeds, but most often we do not consume them in such quantities that it adversely affects our body.Margarine is full of linoleic acid, so do not overdo it with a plant product. Remember that excessive consumption of any food will negatively affect not only the intestines, but also the body as a whole. Eat a balanced diet, drink plenty of water, and do not forget to do a little exercise.

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food, health, intestines

MOSCOW, Aug 19 – RIA Novosti. In the era of fast food and sedentary lifestyles, more and more health problems are emerging. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to your own body and keep it in shape. One of the most common problems is bowel disease. Today, adolescents are increasingly experiencing such ailments, so it is necessary to normalize their daily routine and, of course, nutrition.It is the intestines that are responsible for the processing and breakdown of food, as well as for our immunity.

Today we’ll talk about exactly which foods adversely affect the intestinal microflora.

Alcohol

It would seem that the harm of alcohol is quite obvious. However, not the entire range of alcoholic beverages can be attributed to unambiguous harm to the intestines. The degree is important: the stronger the alcohol, the more it harms our body. The high alcohol content directly affects the entire digestive process: the intestines are simply not able to absorb all the nutrients and elements from the food eaten, and therefore the frequent use of strong drinks can lead to serious organ diseases.For example, bowel cancer. If you are a fan of alcohol abuse, then we recommend changing whiskey, cognac or vodka to something lighter. But it is better to refuse altogether.

Meat

Of course, not all meat negatively affects our digestive system. But it is still worth noting the harmfulness of processed meat: sausages, wieners and other sausages. They contain hazardous substances (nitrosamines) that can also cause bowel cancer. If you are a fan of sausages, then homemade production is worth considering.So you will do something nice for yourself, and you will save your body from troubles.

Don’t underestimate grilled meats either. Especially fatty pork or lamb. Such food is difficult to digest, which puts additional strain on the intestines. The mucous membrane may become inflamed, causing unwanted lumps in the lining of the digestive tract. Most people eat fried meat, but eating large quantities of it can have dire consequences. Therefore, avid meat eaters should take breaks, and it is better to eat fried red meat twice a week.

Sweet

Often we think that all kinds of pastries, cakes and cheesecakes only harm our figure. But it is not so. Scientists from the University of Alberta have learned that excessive sugar consumption affects the gut in a negative way. The internal microflora is destroyed, and this leads to the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria that can penetrate into other organs from the digestive tract, which can even cause Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

Mayonnaise

Another opponent of a beautiful figure.Women hate him, but men tend to adore him. And again, the problem lies not only in the rapid weight gain, but also in the detrimental effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Like sweets, mayonnaise has an unpleasant effect on the microflora. However, these words only apply to the purchased product. Homemade mayonnaise is created without additional chemical components, which means it is still healthier. At home, the popular sauce is made in just five minutes.

Margarine

Its linoleic acid is a common cause of ulcerative colitis.Linoleic acid is also found in nuts and various seeds, but most often we do not consume them in such quantities that it adversely affects our body. Margarine is full of linoleic acid, so do not overdo it with a plant product.