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Balance equilibrium. Balance Disorders: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

What are the main causes of balance disorders. How do balance problems affect daily life. What treatments are available for balance issues. Can balance disorders be prevented. How is the vestibular system involved in maintaining balance. What diagnostic tests are used for balance problems. When should you see a doctor for dizziness or vertigo.

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Understanding Balance Disorders: An Overview

Balance disorders are conditions that cause individuals to feel unsteady, dizzy, or as if they are in motion when they are actually still. These disorders can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities and potentially leading to psychological distress.

Approximately 15% of American adults, or 33 million people, reported experiencing balance or dizziness problems in 2008. This statistic underscores the prevalence of these issues and the importance of understanding their causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

What constitutes a balance disorder?

A balance disorder is characterized by sensations of unsteadiness or dizziness that can occur while standing, sitting, or lying down. Individuals may feel as if they are moving, spinning, or floating, even when stationary. When walking, there might be a sudden sensation of tipping over.

It’s important to note that the term “dizziness” can have different meanings for different people. For some, it might be a brief feeling of faintness, while for others, it could be an intense, prolonged sensation of spinning, known as vertigo.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Balance Disorders

Balance disorders can manifest through a variety of symptoms, which may vary in intensity and duration. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment.

  • Dizziness or vertigo (a spinning sensation)
  • Falling or feeling as if you are going to fall
  • Staggering when trying to walk
  • Lightheadedness, faintness, or a floating sensation
  • Blurred vision
  • Confusion or disorientation

Additional symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, and feelings of fear, anxiety, or panic. These symptoms can be transient, coming and going over short periods, or they may persist for extended durations. Prolonged balance issues can lead to fatigue and depression, further impacting an individual’s overall well-being.

How do balance disorders affect daily life?

Balance disorders can have a profound impact on a person’s daily activities. Simple tasks such as walking, climbing stairs, or even standing up can become challenging and potentially dangerous. The fear of falling or experiencing dizziness can lead to reduced physical activity and social isolation. This, in turn, can affect a person’s mental health, potentially leading to anxiety and depression.

Exploring the Causes of Balance Disorders

Balance disorders can stem from various factors, ranging from medical conditions to environmental influences. Understanding these causes is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.

What are the primary causes of balance problems?

Balance problems can be attributed to several factors:

  1. Medications: Certain drugs can affect balance as a side effect.
  2. Ear infections: Infections in the inner ear can disrupt the vestibular system.
  3. Head injuries: Trauma to the head can affect the brain’s ability to process balance information.
  4. Inner ear or brain disorders: Conditions affecting these areas can directly impact balance.
  5. Low blood pressure: This can cause dizziness, especially when standing up quickly.
  6. Skeletal or visual system problems: Issues such as arthritis or eye muscle imbalance can contribute to balance disorders.
  7. Age-related changes: The risk of balance problems increases with age.

It’s worth noting that many balance disorders can onset suddenly and without an apparent cause, making diagnosis challenging in some cases.

The Body’s Balance System: A Complex Network

Maintaining balance is a complex process involving multiple systems in the body. Understanding how these systems work together can provide insight into why balance disorders occur and how they can be treated.

How does the body maintain balance?

The body’s sense of balance relies on a series of signals sent to the brain from various organs and structures, primarily:

  • Eyes: Provide visual input about the body’s position in space
  • Ears: House the vestibular system, which detects head movement and position
  • Muscles and touch sensors: Provide information about body position and movement

The vestibular system, located in the inner ear, plays a crucial role in maintaining balance. This system consists of the labyrinth, a maze-like structure made of bone and soft tissue.

What is the role of the vestibular system in balance?

The vestibular system contains several key structures that contribute to balance:

  1. Semicircular canals: Three fluid-filled ducts that detect head rotation
  2. Cupula: A gelatin-like structure in each canal that flexes with head movement
  3. Otolithic organs (utricle and saccule): Detect head position relative to gravity and linear acceleration

These structures work together to provide the brain with information about head position and movement. When you move, the vestibular system detects mechanical forces, including gravity, that stimulate the semicircular canals and otolithic organs. This information is then integrated with input from other sensory systems to maintain stable posture and balance.

Diagnosing Balance Disorders: A Multifaceted Approach

Diagnosing balance disorders often requires a comprehensive evaluation, as symptoms can be similar for various conditions. Healthcare providers use a combination of medical history, physical examinations, and specialized tests to determine the underlying cause of balance issues.

What diagnostic tests are used for balance problems?

Several tests may be employed to diagnose balance disorders:

  • Electronystagmography (ENG) or Videonystagmography (VNG): These tests evaluate eye movements and the vestibular system’s function.
  • Posturography: This test assesses how well you use visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive information to maintain balance.
  • Rotary chair testing: This test evaluates the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which helps stabilize vision during head movement.
  • Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing: This test assesses the function of specific parts of the vestibular system.
  • Imaging studies: MRI or CT scans may be used to check for structural abnormalities in the brain or inner ear.

The choice of diagnostic tests depends on the individual’s symptoms and medical history. A thorough evaluation helps healthcare providers determine the most appropriate treatment plan.

Treatment Options for Balance Disorders

Treatment for balance disorders varies depending on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms experienced by the individual. A comprehensive treatment plan may involve a combination of approaches to address both the physical and psychological aspects of balance issues.

What treatments are available for balance problems?

Treatment options for balance disorders include:

  1. Vestibular rehabilitation therapy: A specialized form of physical therapy that helps retrain the balance system.
  2. Medications: Drugs may be prescribed to reduce dizziness, nausea, or other symptoms associated with balance disorders.
  3. Dietary changes: In some cases, modifying diet and hydration habits can help alleviate symptoms.
  4. Surgery: For certain conditions, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) or Ménière’s disease, surgical intervention may be necessary.
  5. Cognitive behavioral therapy: This can help individuals cope with the psychological impact of balance disorders.
  6. Lifestyle modifications: Changes in daily activities and home environment can help reduce the risk of falls and improve overall safety.

The effectiveness of treatment often depends on the accurate diagnosis of the underlying condition and the individual’s adherence to the prescribed treatment plan.

Preventing Balance Disorders: Proactive Measures

While not all balance disorders can be prevented, there are steps individuals can take to reduce their risk and maintain overall balance health.

Can balance disorders be prevented?

While some balance disorders are not preventable, there are measures that can help reduce the risk or severity of balance problems:

  • Regular exercise: Engaging in activities that improve strength, flexibility, and balance can help maintain overall balance health.
  • Proper nutrition: A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals supports overall health, including the vestibular system.
  • Limiting alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake can affect balance and increase the risk of falls.
  • Managing chronic conditions: Properly controlling conditions like diabetes and hypertension can help prevent associated balance issues.
  • Regular check-ups: Routine medical examinations can help detect potential balance problems early.
  • Protecting against head injuries: Using appropriate safety gear during activities that pose a risk of head trauma can prevent balance issues related to head injuries.

By incorporating these preventive measures into their lifestyle, individuals can potentially reduce their risk of developing balance disorders or minimize the impact of existing conditions.

When to Seek Medical Attention for Balance Issues

While occasional dizziness or brief episodes of imbalance may not be cause for immediate concern, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical attention. Recognizing when to seek help is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment of potential balance disorders.

When should you see a doctor for dizziness or vertigo?

It’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

  • Frequent or severe dizziness or vertigo
  • Sudden onset of balance problems
  • Dizziness accompanied by other symptoms such as hearing loss, vision changes, or headaches
  • Balance issues that interfere with daily activities or quality of life
  • Falls or near-falls due to balance problems
  • Persistent ringing in the ears (tinnitus) along with balance issues

Early intervention can often lead to more effective treatment and better outcomes for individuals experiencing balance disorders. If you’re unsure about the severity of your symptoms, it’s always better to err on the side of caution and seek medical advice.

Healthcare providers may refer patients to specialists such as otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat doctors), neurologists, or vestibular rehabilitation therapists for further evaluation and specialized treatment.

Balance Disorders — Causes, Types & Treatment

What is a balance disorder?

A balance disorder is a condition that makes you feel unsteady or dizzy. If you are standing, sitting, or lying down, you might feel as if you are moving, spinning, or floating. If you are walking, you might suddenly feel as if you are tipping over.

Everyone has a dizzy spell now and then, but the term “dizziness” can mean different things to different people. For one person, dizziness might mean a fleeting feeling of faintness, while for another it could be an intense sensation of spinning (vertigo) that lasts a long time.

About 15 percent of American adults (33 million) had a balance or dizziness problem in 2008. Balance disorders can be caused by certain health conditions, medications, or a problem in the inner ear or the brain. A balance disorder can profoundly affect daily activities and cause psychological and emotional hardship.

What are the symptoms of a balance disorder?

If you have a balance disorder, your symptoms might include:

  • Dizziness or vertigo (a spinning sensation).
  • Falling or feeling as if you are going to fall.
  • Staggering when you try to walk.
  • Lightheadedness, faintness, or a floating sensation.
  • Blurred vision.
  • Confusion or disorientation.

Other symptoms might include nausea and vomiting; diarrhea; changes in heart rate and blood pressure; and fear, anxiety, or panic. Symptoms may come and go over short time periods or last for a long time, and can lead to fatigue and depression.

What causes balance disorders?

Causes of balance problems include medications, ear infection, a head injury, or anything else that affects the inner ear or brain. Low blood pressure can lead to dizziness when you stand up too quickly. Problems that affect the skeletal or visual systems, such as arthritis or eye muscle imbalance, can also cause balance disorders. Your risk of having balance problems increases as you get older.

Unfortunately, many balance disorders start suddenly and with no obvious cause.

How does my body keep its balance?

Your sense of balance relies on a series of signals to your brain from several organs and structures in your body, specifically your eyes, ears, and the muscles and touch sensors in your legs. The part of the ear that assists in balance is known as the vestibular system, or the labyrinth, a maze-like structure in your inner ear made of bone and soft tissue.

Structures of the balance system inside the inner ear

Source: NIH/NIDCD

Within the labyrinth are structures known as semicircular canals. The semicircular canals contain three fluid-filled ducts, which form loops arranged roughly at right angles to one another. They tell your brain when your head rotates. Inside each canal is a gelatin-like structure called the cupula [KEW-pyew-lah], stretched like a thick sail that blocks off one end of each canal. The cupula sits on a cluster of sensory hair cells. Each hair cell has tiny, thin extensions called stereocilia that protrude into the cupula.

When you turn your head, fluid inside the semicircular canals moves, causing the cupulae to flex or billow like sails in the wind, which in turn bends the stereocilia. This bending creates a nerve signal that is sent to your brain to tell it which way your head has turned.

Between the semicircular canals and the cochlea (a snail-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear) lie two otolithic [oh-toe-LITH-ic] organs: fluid-filled pouches called the utricle [YOU-trih-cull] and the saccule [SACK-kewl]. These organs tell your brain the position of your head with respect to gravity, such as whether you are sitting up, leaning back, or lying down, as well as any direction your head might be moving, such as side to side, up or down, forward or backward.

The utricle and the saccule also have sensory hair cells lining the floor or wall of each organ, with stereocilia extending into an overlying gel-like layer. Here, the gel contains tiny, dense grains of calcium carbonate called otoconia [oh-toe-CONE-ee-ah]. Whatever the position of your head, gravity pulls on these grains, which then move the stereocilia to signal your head’s position to your brain. Any head movement creates a signal that tells your brain about the change in head position.

When you move, your vestibular system detects mechanical forces, including gravity, that stimulate the semicircular canals and the otolithic organs. These organs work with other sensory systems in your body, such as your vision and your musculoskeletal sensory system, to control the position of your body at rest or in motion. This helps you maintain stable posture and keep your balance when you’re walking or running. It also helps you keep a stable visual focus on objects when your body changes position.

When the signals from any of these sensory systems malfunction, you can have problems with your sense of balance, including dizziness or vertigo. If you have additional problems with motor control, such as weakness, slowness, tremor, or rigidity, you can lose your ability to recover properly from imbalance. This raises the risk of falling and injury.

What are some types of balance disorders?

There are more than a dozen different balance disorders. Some of the most common are:

  • Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) or positional vertigo: A brief, intense episode of vertigo triggered by a specific change in the position of the head. You might feel as if you’re spinning when you bend down to look under something, tilt your head to look up or over your shoulder, or roll over in bed. BPPV occurs when loose otoconia tumble into one of the semicircular canals and affect how the cupula works. This keeps the cupula from flexing properly, sending incorrect information about your head’s position to your brain, and causing vertigo. BPPV can result from a head injury, or can develop just from getting older.
  • Labyrinthitis: An infection or inflammation of the inner ear that causes dizziness and loss of balance. It is often associated with an upper respiratory infection, such as the flu.
  • Ménière’s disease: Episodes of vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus (a ringing or buzzing in the ear), and a feeling of fullness in the ear. It may be associated with a change in fluid volume within parts of the labyrinth, but the cause or causes are still unknown. For more information, read the NIDCD fact sheet Ménière’s Disease.
  • Vestibular neuronitis: An inflammation of the vestibular nerve that can be caused by a virus, and primarily causes vertigo.
  • Perilymph fistula: A leakage of inner ear fluid into the middle ear. It causes unsteadiness that usually increases with activity, along with dizziness and nausea. Perilymph fistula can occur after a head injury, dramatic changes in air pressure (such as when scuba diving), physical exertion, ear surgery, or chronic ear infections. Some people are born with perilymph fistula.
  • Mal de Debarquement syndrome (MdDS): A feeling of continuously rocking, swaying, or bobbing, typically after an ocean cruise or other sea travel, or even after prolonged running on a treadmill. Usually the symptoms go away within a few hours or days after you reach land or stop using the treadmill. Severe cases, however, can last months or even years, and the cause remains unknown.

How are balance disorders diagnosed?

Diagnosis of a balance disorder is difficult. To find out if you have a balance problem, your primary doctor may suggest that you see an otolaryngologist and an audiologist. An otolaryngologist is a physician and surgeon who specializes in diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, neck, and throat. An audiologist is a clinician who specializes in the function of the hearing and vestibular systems.

Dislodging otoconia using the Epley maneuver.

Source: NIH/NIDCD

You may be asked to participate in a hearing examination, blood tests, a video nystagmogram (a test that measures eye movements and the muscles that control them), or imaging studies of your head and brain. Another possible test is called posturography. For this test, you stand on a special movable platform in front of a patterned screen.

Posturography measures how well you can maintain steady balance during different platform conditions, such as standing on an unfixed, movable surface. Other tests, such as rotational chair testing, brisk head-shaking testing, or even tests that measure eye or neck muscle responses to brief clicks of sound, may also be performed. The vestibular system is complex, so multiple tests may be needed to best evaluate the cause of your balance problem.

How are balance disorders treated?

The first thing an otolaryngologist will do if you have a balance problem is determine if another health condition or a medication is to blame. If so, your doctor will treat the condition, suggest a different medication, or refer you to a specialist if the condition is outside his or her expertise.

If you have BPPV, your otolaryngologist or audiologist might perform a series of simple movements, such as the Epley maneuver, to help dislodge the otoconia from the semicircular canal. In many cases, one session works; other people need the procedure several times to relieve their dizziness.

If you are diagnosed with Ménière’s disease, your otolaryngologist may recommend that you make some changes to your diet and, if you are a smoker, that you stop smoking. Anti-vertigo or anti-nausea medications may relieve your symptoms, but they can also make you drowsy. Other medications, such as gentamicin (an antibiotic) or corticosteroids may be used. Although gentamicin may reduce dizziness better than corticosteroids, it occasionally causes permanent hearing loss. In some severe cases of Ménière’s disease, surgery on the vestibular organs may be needed.

Some people with a balance disorder may not be able to fully relieve their dizziness and will need to find ways to cope with it. A vestibular rehabilitation therapist can help you develop an individualized treatment plan.

Talk to your doctor about whether it’s safe to drive, and about ways to lower your risk of falling and getting hurt during daily activities, such as when you walk up or down stairs, use the bathroom, or exercise. To reduce your risk of injury from dizziness, avoid walking in the dark. Wear low-heeled shoes or walking shoes outdoors. If necessary, use a cane or walker and modify conditions at your home and workplace, such as adding handrails.

When should I seek help if I think I have a balance disorder?

To help you decide whether to seek medical help for dizziness or balance problems, ask yourself the following questions. If you answer “yes” to any of these questions, talk to your doctor:

  • Do I feel unsteady?
  • Do I feel as if the room is spinning around me, even for a very brief time?
  • Do I feel as if I’m moving when I know I’m sitting or standing still?
  • Do I lose my balance and fall?
  • Do I feel as if I’m falling?
  • Do I feel lightheaded or as if I might faint?
  • Do I have blurred vision?
  • Do I ever feel disoriented—losing my sense of time or location?

How can I help my doctor make a diagnosis?

You can help your doctor make a diagnosis and determine a treatment plan by answering the questions below. Be prepared to discuss this information during your appointment.

  1. The best way I can describe my dizziness or balance problem is:
    • Is there a spinning sensation, and if so, which way does the room spin?
    • Is the dizziness/spinning caused by any specific motion or does it occur even when sitting or lying still?
    • Are there any other symptoms that occur at the same time as the dizziness/spinning, such as hearing loss, tinnitus, a feeling of pressure in one or both ears, or a headache?
    • Does anything seem to help the dizziness/spinning?
  2. How often do I feel dizzy or have trouble keeping my balance? How long do the dizziness or spinning episodes last (seconds, minutes, hours, days)?
  3. Have I ever fallen?
    • When did I fall?
    • Where did I fall?
    • Under what conditions did I fall?
    • How often have I fallen?
  4. These are the medicines I take. Include all prescription medications; all over-the-counter medicine, such as aspirin, antihistamines, or sleep aids; and all vitamin supplements and alternative or homeopathic remedies:
    • Name of medicine or supplement: ______________________.
    • How much (milligrams) _____ and how often (times) ______ per day.
    • The condition I take this medicine for is: __________________________.

What research is being done on balance disorders?

Scientists supported by the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) are studying animal ears to learn if inner-ear structures that help with balance but are destroyed by aging, medications, infections, or trauma can someday be regrown in people with balance problems. Other NIDCD-supported scientists are testing vestibular prostheses—miniature devices that may be worn outside the body or implanted into the ear to regulate the function of balance organs in the inner ear and ease dizziness. Some of these devices are being tested on volunteers in clinical trials, and others are still being developed. Visit the NIH Clinical Research Trials and You website to read about these and other clinical trials that are recruiting volunteers.

NIDCD-funded scientists are also working to develop much-needed tests to appropriately diagnose balance disorders. Standardized tests will help doctors determine the best way to help individuals restore their sense of balance and quality of life. These tests will also help us understand how many people suffer from balance disorders, and track whether the sense of balance is restored following treatment.

Where can I find additional information about balance disorders?

The NIDCD maintains a directory of organizations that provide information on the normal and disordered processes of hearing, balance, taste, smell, voice, speech, and language.

For more information, contact us at:

NIDCD Information Clearinghouse
1 Communication Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20892-3456
Toll-free voice: (800) 241-1044
Toll-free TTY: (800) 241-1055
Email: [email protected]

NIH Pub. No. 00-4374
December 2017

Older Adults and Balance Problems

Have you ever felt dizzy, lightheaded, or as if the room were spinning around you? These can be troublesome sensations. If the feeling happens often, it could be a sign of a balance problem.

On this page:

Many older adults experience problems with balance and dizziness. Problems can be caused by certain medications, balance disorders, or other medical conditions. Balance problems are one reason older people fall. Maintaining good balance as you age and learning about fall prevention can help you get around, stay independent, and carry out daily activities.

Causes of balance problems

Read and share this infographic and help spread the word about how to help prevent falls.

People are more likely to have problems with balance as they grow older. In some cases, you can help reduce your risk for certain balance problems, but problems often can start suddenly and without obvious cause.

Balance problems can be caused by certain medications or medical conditions. The list below covers some common causes of balance problems.

  • Medications. Check with your doctor if you notice balance problems while taking certain medications. Ask if other medications can be used instead, if the dosage can be safely reduced, or if there are other ways to reduce unwanted side effects.
  • Inner ear problems. A part of the inner ear called the labyrinth is responsible for balance. When the labyrinth becomes inflamed, a condition called labyrinthitis occurs, causing vertigo and imbalance. Certain ear diseases and infections can lead to labyrinthitis.
  • Alcohol. Alcohol in the blood can also cause dizziness and balance problems by affecting how the inner ear works.
  • Other medical conditions. Certain conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, stroke, or problems with your vision, thyroid, nerves, or blood vessels can cause dizziness and other balance problems.

Visit the NIH National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders website for more information on specific balance disorders.

Symptoms of balance disorders

If you have a balance disorder, you might experience symptoms such as:

  • Dizziness or vertigo (a spinning sensation)
  • Falling or feeling as if you are going to fall
  • Staggering when you try to walk
  • Lightheadedness, faintness, or a floating sensation
  • Blurred vision
  • Confusion or disorientation

Other symptoms might include nausea and vomiting; diarrhea; changes in heart rate and blood pressure and feelings of fear, anxiety, or panic. Symptoms may come and go over short periods or last for a long time and can lead to fatigue and depression.

Treatments for balance problems and disorders

Exercises that involve moving the head and body in certain ways can help treat some balance disorders. Patient-specific exercises are developed by a physical therapist or other professional who understands balance and its relationship with other systems in the body.

Balance problems due to high blood pressure may be managed by eating less salt (sodium), maintaining a healthy weight, and exercising. Balance problems due to low blood pressure may be managed by drinking plenty of fluids such as water; avoiding alcohol; and being cautious regarding your body’s posture and movement, such as never standing up too quickly. Consult with your doctor about making any changes in your diet or activity level.

Coping with a balance disorder

Some people with a balance disorder may not be able to fully relieve their dizziness and will need to find ways to cope with it. A vestibular rehabilitation therapist can help develop an individualized treatment plan.

Chronic balance problems can affect all aspects of your life, including your relationships, work performance, and your ability to carry out daily activities. Support groups provide the opportunity to learn from other people with similar experiences and challenges.

If you have trouble with your balance, talk to your doctor about whether it’s safe to drive, and about ways to lower your risk of falling during daily activities, such as walking up or down stairs, using the bathroom, or exercising. To reduce your risk of injury from dizziness, do not walk in the dark. Avoid high heels and, instead, wear nonskid, rubber-soled, low-heeled shoes. Don’t walk on stairs or floors in socks or in shoes and slippers with smooth soles. If necessary, use a cane or walker. Make changes to add safety features at your home and workplace, such as adding handrails.

Learn more about falls and falls prevention.

Read about this topic in Spanish. Lea sobre este tema en español.

For more information on balance problems

MedlinePlus
National Library of Medicine      
www.medlineplus.gov

Mayo Clinic
www.mayoclinic.org/patient-care-and-health-information

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
800-241-1044
800-241-1055 (TTY)
[email protected]
www.nidcd.nih.gov

This content is provided by the NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA). NIA scientists and other experts review this content to ensure it is accurate and up to date.

Content reviewed:
September 12, 2022

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