What are the main types of thyroid disorders. How do thyroid problems affect the body. What symptoms indicate a thyroid issue. How are thyroid disorders diagnosed and treated.

Understanding Thyroid Function and Disorders

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions through the production of thyroid hormones. When this gland overproduces or underproduces hormones, it can lead to two primary thyroid disorders: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. These conditions can significantly impact a person’s overall health and quality of life.

Thyroid disorders are surprisingly common, with researchers estimating that approximately 13 million people in the United States have an undiagnosed thyroid illness. This staggering number underscores the importance of understanding these conditions, their symptoms, and available treatments.

Hypothyroidism: When the Thyroid Underperforms

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient thyroid hormone. This deficiency can slow down a person’s metabolism, leading to a range of adverse symptoms.

Causes of Hypothyroidism

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (most common cause)
• Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland
• Radiation therapy for head and neck cancers
• Certain medications (e.g., lithium for bipolar disorder, sulfonylureas for diabetes)
• Congenital thyroid defects
• Iodine imbalance
• Turner syndrome
• Pituitary gland damage

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland, is the leading cause of hypothyroidism. While the exact cause of Hashimoto’s is unclear, genetic factors may play a role. Individuals with a family history of the condition or those with other autoimmune disorders are at higher risk of developing Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Recognizing Hypothyroidism Symptoms

The symptoms of hypothyroidism can be subtle and develop gradually over time. Common signs include:

• Sensitivity to cold
• Increased fatigue
• Dry skin
• Memory problems
• Depression
• Constipation
• Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)

Can hypothyroidism symptoms vary among individuals? Yes, the severity and combination of symptoms can differ from person to person. Some individuals may experience only a few mild symptoms, while others may have more severe manifestations that significantly impact their daily lives.

Diagnosing and Treating Hypothyroidism

Diagnosing hypothyroidism typically involves a comprehensive approach:

1. Discussion of symptoms and family history
2. Physical examination (checking for thyroid swelling, heart rate, reflexes)
3. Blood tests to assess thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine levels

While there is no cure for hypothyroidism, the condition can be effectively managed with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This treatment usually involves taking a daily oral medication to supplement the body’s thyroid hormone levels.

Hyperthyroidism: When the Thyroid Goes into Overdrive

Hyperthyroidism is characterized by an overproduction of thyroid hormones, leading to an accelerated metabolism. This condition can result in various symptoms and health complications if left untreated.

Common Causes of Hyperthyroidism

• Graves’ disease (most common cause)
• Multinodular goiter
• Thyroiditis (temporary inflammation of the thyroid gland)

Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder, is the primary cause of hyperthyroidism. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to grow and produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. While the exact trigger for Graves’ disease remains unclear, genetic factors are believed to play a significant role.

Identifying Hyperthyroidism Symptoms

The increased metabolic rate associated with hyperthyroidism can lead to various symptoms, including:

• Rapid heartbeat
• High blood pressure
• Fatigue
• Unexplained weight loss
• Increased appetite
• Nervousness and anxiety
• Tremors
• Heat intolerance

How quickly do hyperthyroidism symptoms develop? Unlike hypothyroidism, the symptoms of hyperthyroidism often appear more suddenly and can be more noticeable. However, the onset and severity of symptoms can still vary among individuals.

The Impact of Thyroid Disorders on Specific Populations

Thyroid disorders can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, but certain groups may be at higher risk or experience unique challenges.

Thyroid Disorders in Women

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are more prevalent in birth-assigned females. This increased susceptibility may be due to hormonal fluctuations throughout a woman’s life, particularly during pregnancy and menopause. Thyroid disorders can also impact fertility and pregnancy outcomes, making early detection and proper management crucial for women of reproductive age.

Thyroid Issues in Older Adults

As people age, the risk of developing thyroid disorders increases. In older adults, thyroid problems can be particularly challenging to diagnose because the symptoms often mimic those of other age-related conditions. Additionally, thyroid dysfunction in seniors can exacerbate existing health issues or contribute to new ones, such as cardiovascular problems or osteoporosis.

Why is proper thyroid function especially important for older adults? Maintaining optimal thyroid hormone levels is crucial for seniors as it affects multiple body systems, including cardiovascular health, bone density, and cognitive function. Untreated thyroid disorders in older adults can lead to more severe health complications and a decreased quality of life.

Thyroid Nodules and Goiters: When Size Matters

In addition to hormonal imbalances, structural changes in the thyroid gland can also occur, leading to conditions such as thyroid nodules and goiters.

Understanding Thyroid Nodules

Thyroid nodules are lumps that form within the thyroid gland. While most nodules are benign, a small percentage can be cancerous. Regular monitoring and, in some cases, biopsy may be necessary to ensure early detection of any malignant changes.

Goiters: Enlarged Thyroid Glands

A goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition can occur in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, as well as in cases of iodine deficiency. While some goiters may be asymptomatic, larger ones can cause discomfort, difficulty swallowing, or breathing problems.

Can goiters resolve on their own? In some cases, small goiters may shrink or disappear without treatment, especially if caused by temporary inflammation. However, larger or persistent goiters often require medical intervention, which may include hormone therapy or, in severe cases, surgical removal.

Diagnosing Thyroid Disorders: A Comprehensive Approach

Accurate diagnosis of thyroid disorders is essential for proper treatment and management. Healthcare providers typically employ a combination of methods to assess thyroid function and identify any underlying issues.

Blood Tests: The Foundation of Thyroid Diagnosis

Blood tests are the primary tool for evaluating thyroid function. These tests measure levels of:

• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)

Abnormal levels of these hormones can indicate various thyroid disorders. For instance, high TSH and low T4 levels suggest hypothyroidism, while low TSH and high T4 levels point to hyperthyroidism.

Imaging Studies: Looking Inside the Thyroid

When blood tests indicate a thyroid problem or a physical examination reveals structural abnormalities, imaging studies may be recommended. These can include:

• Ultrasound: To visualize the thyroid’s structure and detect nodules
• Thyroid scan: To assess the gland’s function and identify areas of increased or decreased activity
• CT or MRI: For a more detailed view of the thyroid and surrounding structures

How do imaging studies complement blood tests in thyroid diagnosis? While blood tests provide information about thyroid hormone levels, imaging studies offer insights into the gland’s physical structure and function. This combination allows for a more comprehensive assessment, especially in cases of nodules or structural abnormalities.

Treatment Options for Thyroid Disorders

The treatment of thyroid disorders aims to restore normal thyroid function and alleviate symptoms. The approach varies depending on the specific condition and its severity.

Treating Hypothyroidism

The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. This typically involves taking a daily oral medication containing synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine). The dosage is carefully adjusted based on regular blood tests to achieve optimal hormone levels.

Managing Hyperthyroidism

Treatment options for hyperthyroidism include:

• Anti-thyroid medications: To reduce thyroid hormone production
• Radioactive iodine therapy: To shrink the thyroid gland and decrease hormone production
• Surgery (thyroidectomy): To remove part or all of the thyroid gland
• Beta-blockers: To manage symptoms such as rapid heart rate and tremors

The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the patient’s age, severity of symptoms, and underlying cause of hyperthyroidism.

Addressing Thyroid Nodules and Goiters

Treatment for thyroid nodules and goiters varies based on their size, characteristics, and impact on the patient. Options may include:

• Watchful waiting with regular monitoring
• Thyroid hormone therapy to suppress nodule growth
• Fine-needle aspiration biopsy for suspicious nodules
• Surgery for large goiters or cancerous nodules

Is surgery always necessary for thyroid nodules? No, surgery is not always required for thyroid nodules. Many nodules are benign and can be managed through regular monitoring or medication. Surgery is typically reserved for cases where cancer is suspected or when the nodule causes significant symptoms or cosmetic concerns.

Living with Thyroid Disorders: Lifestyle Considerations

While medical treatment is crucial for managing thyroid disorders, certain lifestyle factors can also play a role in supporting thyroid health and overall well-being.

Nutrition and Thyroid Function

A balanced diet is essential for maintaining thyroid health. Key nutritional considerations include:

• Iodine: Essential for thyroid hormone production
• Selenium: Supports thyroid hormone metabolism
• Zinc: Aids in thyroid hormone synthesis
• Vitamin D: Important for immune function and thyroid health

However, it’s important to note that excessive intake of certain nutrients, such as iodine, can be harmful. Patients should consult with their healthcare provider before making significant dietary changes or starting supplements.

Exercise and Thyroid Disorders

Regular physical activity can benefit individuals with thyroid disorders by:

• Improving energy levels and mood
• Supporting weight management
• Enhancing cardiovascular health
• Reducing stress and anxiety

The type and intensity of exercise should be tailored to the individual’s condition and overall health status. For example, people with hyperthyroidism may need to avoid high-intensity workouts that could exacerbate symptoms like rapid heart rate.

Stress Management and Thyroid Health

Chronic stress can potentially impact thyroid function and exacerbate symptoms of thyroid disorders. Implementing stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises may help support overall thyroid health and well-being.

How does stress affect thyroid function? Chronic stress can disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, potentially leading to alterations in thyroid hormone production and metabolism. Managing stress through various relaxation techniques may help maintain a more balanced thyroid function.

The Future of Thyroid Disorder Management

As medical research advances, new approaches to diagnosing and treating thyroid disorders are emerging. These developments hold promise for more personalized and effective management of thyroid conditions.

Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicine

Genetic testing is becoming increasingly important in understanding individual susceptibility to thyroid disorders and predicting treatment responses. This approach may allow for more tailored treatment plans based on a patient’s genetic profile.

Novel Therapies and Treatment Modalities

Researchers are exploring new treatment options for thyroid disorders, including:

• Targeted immunotherapies for autoimmune thyroid conditions
• Thyroid hormone analogs with improved efficacy and fewer side effects
• Minimally invasive techniques for treating thyroid nodules

These advancements may offer more precise and less invasive options for managing thyroid disorders in the future.

Improved Monitoring and Disease Management

The development of advanced diagnostic tools and wearable technologies may allow for more continuous and accurate monitoring of thyroid function. This could lead to earlier detection of thyroid problems and more responsive treatment adjustments.

What role might artificial intelligence play in thyroid disorder management? AI algorithms could potentially analyze complex patterns in thyroid function data, helping to predict disease progression and optimize treatment strategies. This technology may enable more proactive and personalized care for individuals with thyroid disorders.

As our understanding of thyroid disorders continues to evolve, so too will the strategies for diagnosing, treating, and managing these conditions. By staying informed about the latest developments and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals with thyroid disorders can look forward to increasingly effective and personalized care options in the years to come.

Common thyroid disorders and their symptoms

Certain brands and strengths of medication for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) have been recalled. This is due to the medication having less active drug (levothyroxine) than they are supposed to.

Taking these tablets can lead to symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, constipation, hair loss, and depression. Reduced effectiveness can be particularly dangerous for older people and those who are pregnant.

Call your pharmacist to find out if your medication has been recalled. Don’t stop taking the medication unless advised to do so by your healthcare provider.

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If the thyroid overproduces or underproduces hormones, it can cause hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Certain conditions or diseases can lead to thyroid disorders.

Changes in hormone production may also result in the thyroid gland swelling to a visible, enlarged state called a goiter.

Researchers estimate that about 13 million people have an undiagnosed thyroid illness in the United States.

This article looks at the different types of thyroid disorders, what causes them, their symptoms, and how doctors diagnose and treat them.

Hypothyroidism is when a person’s thyroid does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Not having enough thyroid hormone can slow down a person’s metabolism and lead to several adverse symptoms.

Hypothyroidism is more prevalent in birth-assigned females and is more common than hyperthyroidism.

Causes

Causes of hypothyroidism include:

• Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
• surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland
• radiation therapy for head and neck cancers
• some medications, such as lithium for bipolar disorder and sulfonylureas for diabetes
• a damaged or missing thyroid gland, often occurring from birth
• too much or too little iodine intake in the diet
• Turner syndrome, a chromosomal disorder affecting females
• pituitary gland damage

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This is a condition in which a person’s immune system attacks their thyroid gland. The gland then becomes inflamed, and hormone production falls.

The exact cause of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is unclear, but heredity may play a role. If a person has close family members with the condition, their risk of developing it can be greater.

Having another autoimmune disorder, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, or lupus, also increases the risk for Hashimoto’s.

Development of the disease can be prolonged, occurring over months or even years.

Symptoms

Hypothyroid symptoms can vary, but may include:

• feeling cold
• tiring more easily
• dry skin
• forgetfulness
• depression
• constipation

A person may also develop a goiter, or enlargement of the thyroid gland. This condition occurs when the gland tries to compensate for the lack of thyroid hormone.

Diagnosis

After discussing a person’s symptoms and family history, a doctor may perform a physical exam. This exam can include checking the thyroid gland area for swelling, measuring the patient’s heart rate, and checking their reflexes.

Doctors may also carry out blood tests as part of the diagnosis. These will assess levels of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine in a person’s blood.

Thyroxine is a hormone released by the thyroid gland. Low levels of thyroxine in the blood indicate hypothyroidism.

The body releases TSH to signal the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones. When the body senses low thyroid hormone levels, it releases more TSH, so a high level of TSH typically indicates hypothyroidism.

Treatment

There is no cure for hypothyroidism, but a person can manage the condition with thyroid hormone replacement. A person typically takes thyroid hormone replacement daily as an oral pill.

Hyperthyroidism is when a person has too much thyroid hormone in their body. This can speed up their metabolic processes. A person with a heightened metabolic rate may experience a raised heart rate, high blood pressure, and fatigue.

Causes

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease.

In Graves’ disease, the immune system creates antibodies that signal the thyroid gland to grow and produce significantly more thyroid hormone than the body needs.

It is not clear why people develop Graves’ disease, although researchers believe that genetics plays a role.

Another cause of hyperthyroidism is multinodular goiter. This condition results from hormone-producing nodules in the thyroid gland becoming enlarged and releasing excess thyroid hormone.

Multinodular goiter is one of the most common thyroid gland disorders and is more prevalent in birth-assigned females than birth-assigned males.

A person may also experience an increase in thyroid hormone levels without the thyroid gland itself being overactive.

Thyroiditis is a temporary inflammation of the thyroid gland due to an autoimmune condition or a virus. This may temporarily cause thyroid hormone to leak into the blood without the gland overproducing.

A person taking hormone replacement medication to treat an underactive thyroid may also experience an increase in thyroid hormone levels.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism can include:

• fatigue and muscle weakness
• rapid or irregular heartbeat
• tremors in the hands
• problems sleeping
• nervousness
• irritability
• frequent bowel movements
• unintended weight loss
• a light menstrual flow or fewer periods

Diagnosis

Doctors will primarily use blood tests to diagnose hyperthyroidism. However, before this, they may look for physical symptoms including a visibly enlarged thyroid, a rapid pulse, and tremors in the fingers.

As with hypothyroidism, blood tests will primarily measure thyroid hormone and TSH levels.

In a person with hyperthyroidism, the amount of thyroid hormone in the blood will be higher than usual, and in turn, the body will release less TSH. A doctor may diagnose the condition if tests reveal both of these results.

Treatment

A doctor may recommend beta-blockers as a short-term treatment for hyperthyroidism. Beta-blockers stop some of the effects of the thyroid hormone and can reduce symptoms such as a rapid pulse and tremors.

According to the American Thyroid Association, a doctor may also suggest a more permanent treatment including:

• Antithyroid drugs: These drugs can stop the thyroid from making so much thyroid hormone.
• Radioactive iodine tablets: When a person ingests these tablets, thyroid cells absorb the iodine. This treatment then destroys them, and the gland’s hormone overproduction stops.
• Surgery: A surgeon may remove a part, or all, of a person’s thyroid.

If a person takes radioactive iodine or undergoes surgery, their thyroid may no longer produce enough hormones, and they may develop hypothyroidism. In this instance, they would then require thyroid hormone replacement treatment.

Thyroid nodules are lumps on a person’s thyroid and can appear alone or in groups.

Thyroid nodules are common. Around 50% of people over 60 years of age have a thyroid nodule, according to estimates. However, the vast majority of thyroid nodules are harmless.

It is not clear why people develop thyroid nodules. Thyroid nodules do not typically cause symptoms, although in some cases, they may cause hyperthyroidism by becoming overactive.

A doctor will be able to feel thyroid nodules on a person’s neck during an examination. If they discover nodules, they may check for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism.

A 2015 report states that thyroid cancer is present in 7-15% of thyroid nodule cases. During diagnosis, doctors may perform an ultrasound or a fine-needle biopsy to check for cancer.

If there are any signs of cancer or possible cancer risk in the future, a doctor will recommend removing the nodules. Depending on the type of cells found in a biopsy, and the risk of the nodule being cancer, a doctor may remove part or all of the gland.

The thyroid gland is responsible for producing hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism.

There are many different thyroid disorders, but doctors typically categorize them into those that make the thyroid produce too much or too little of these hormones.

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. This speeds up a person’s metabolism and can result in an increased heart rate, high blood pressure, and fatigue.

Conversely, hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland produces too little hormone. This lowers the body’s metabolism and can lead to tiredness, feelings of cold, and constipation.

Thyroid nodules can appear on the thyroid gland alone or in groups, and are common in older adults. These nodules can cause hyperthyroidism and may include cancerous cells.

If a person is concerned that they may have a thyroid disorder, they should speak to a doctor about testing.

Causes, symptoms, treatment, and recovery

Labyrinthitis is an inner ear infection that can affect a person’s balance and hearing. It may occur when a cold, the flu, or a middle ear infection spreads to the inner ear.

This article will cover the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of labyrinthitis.

The inner ear, also known as the labyrinth, is responsible for both hearing and balance. The labyrinth consists of two main parts:

• The cochlea is a small, snail-shaped structure that converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses that travel to the brain.
• The vestibular system consists of a complex network of semicircular canals that play an important role in maintaining balance by providing information about the body’s spatial orientation.

Both the cochlea and vestibular system send information to the brain via the vestibulocochlear nerve.

Labyrinthitis is an infection of the inner ear. It causes inflammation that can affect the structures of this part of the ear and disrupt the flow of sensory information from the ear to the brain. This disruption can result in a range of symptoms, including dizziness, vertigo, and even hearing loss.

Viral infections are the most common cause of labyrinthitis, but the condition can sometimes result from a bacterial infection.

While both types of infection can cause similar symptoms, bacterial labyrinthitis is generally more severe than viral labyrinthitis. The treatments for the two are very different, so it is important that a person gets the correct diagnosis from a doctor.

Anyone can develop labyrinthitis, but some conditions can increase the risk. These include:

• upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold and the flu
• middle ear infections
• meningitis
• head injuries
• respiratory illnesses, such as bronchitis
• viral infections, including herpes and measles
• autoimmune conditions

Other factors that may increase the likelihood of labyrinthitis include:

• smoking
• heavy alcohol consumption
• a history of allergies
• stress
• use of specific medications

Share on PinterestSymptoms of labyrinthitis can include tinnitus, hearing problems, dizziness, and nausea.

The symptoms of labyrinthitis can appear suddenly and without warning. Some people with this infection may experience symptoms that last for a few weeks but then disappear on their own.

However, other people may experience long-term or reoccurring symptoms that appear when they move their head suddenly.

Symptoms of labyrinthitis include:

• dizziness
• vertigo, which gives a person the sensation of spinning or the world spinning around them
• tinnitus, which is ringing in the ears
• nausea
• loss of balance
• hearing or vision problems

There are several different types of labyrinthitis, which we cover in more detail below.

Viral labyrinthitis

Most cases of labyrinthitis are due to viral infections, such as a cold or the flu, spreading to the inner ear. Viral labyrinthitis typically results in sudden vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. Sometimes, it also leads to hearing loss.

Viral labyrinthitis usually goes away on its own. Medications for this form of labyrinthitis aim to relieve symptoms, such as dizziness and nausea.

Bacterial labyrinthitis

There are two main types of bacterial labyrinthitis:

Serous labyrinthitis

Also called toxic labyrinthitis, serous labyrinthitis commonly results from a bacterial infection in the middle ear, which doctors refer to as chronic otitis media (COM). COM causes a fluid buildup in the middle ear, which can progress to the inner ear if a person does not receive treatment.

Serous labyrinthitis is the less severe type of bacterial labyrinthitis, and hearing loss only affects high-frequency sounds. The symptoms of serous labyrinthitis include:

• mild vertigo
• nausea or vomiting

Suppurative labyrinthitis

This form of labyrinthitis occurs when bacteria in the middle ear enter the inner ear. The symptoms are more severe than those of serous labyrinthitis, and they typically affect just one of the ears.

Symptoms of suppurative labyrinthitis include:

• severe vertigo
• nausea and vomiting
• tinnitus
• nystagmus, which is a condition that causes repetitive and uncontrolled eye movements
• hearing loss

A person should see a doctor as soon as any symptoms of labyrinthitis appear. Labyrinthitis can resolve without treatment, but determining the cause of the condition is key to preventing long-lasting complications.

A doctor can determine whether a viral or bacterial infection is responsible for the symptoms. They may prescribe antibiotics for bacterial labyrinthitis.

Even if the labyrinthitis clears on its own, it is a good idea to ask a doctor to assess whether or not the condition has caused any permanent damage.

There are no specific tests to diagnose labyrinthitis. A doctor will usually carry out a thorough physical examination and neurological evaluation to rule out any other conditions, such as:

• Meniere’s disease
• vestibular neuritis
• head injury
• brain tumor
• stroke
• cardiovascular disease

Rarely, structural abnormalities inside a person’s head can cause symptoms of labyrinthitis. To rule these out, a doctor may recommend imaging tests, such as a CT or MRI scan.

Share on PinterestOver-the-counter antihistamines may ease some of the symptoms of viral labyrinthitis.

The purpose of labyrinthitis treatment is to relieve symptoms. A person can take over-the-counter antihistamines to ease some of the symptoms of viral labyrinthitis, such as nausea or dizziness. Stronger antihistamines, such as meclizine or promethazine, are available on prescription.

A doctor may also prescribe corticosteroids or sedatives for people with more severe symptoms. In cases where a bacterial infection is responsible for labyrinthitis, they may prescribe antibiotics.

If symptoms persist for several months, the doctor may need to check the individual for signs of permanent hearing damage. Following this, they can advise on whether or not a hearing aid may be helpful.

When labyrinthitis is chronic, or long-term, a person may benefit from a type of physical therapy called vestibular rehabilitation. This therapy involves exercises that aim to improve balance and reduce dizziness.

Therapists typically tailor vestibular rehabilitation to an individual’s specific needs, but some common exercises include:

• moving the eyes up and down and from side to side
• bending the head forward and backward
• turning the head from side to side
• bending the torso forward
• leaning the torso over to each side
• catching and throwing a ball
• walking up and down on an incline

Most people can perform vestibular rehabilitation exercises at home, but a specialized physical therapist will monitor their progress and make any necessary modifications to the exercises.

Early diagnosis and treatment of labyrinthitis can reduce the risk of permanent damage to the inner ear. Severe cases of labyrinthitis can result in permanent damage to the vestibular system and varying degrees of hearing loss.

Labyrinthitis can also lead to a condition known as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). BPPV is a type of vertigo that results from sudden movements of the head. This condition is not life-threatening, but it can increase a person’s risk of falls.

Labyrinthitis is not life-threatening. In most cases, hearing and balance return to normal over time. Symptoms of vertigo and dizziness usually only last for a few days.

Most people make a full recovery provided that they receive proper treatment, especially for bacterial labyrinthitis. Recovery from labyrinthitis usually takes a few weeks.

While recovering from labyrinthitis, a person should rest and avoid any sudden movements of the head. As this condition can significantly affect a person’s balance and coordination, it is also essential to avoid driving and operating potentially dangerous machinery.

During a vertigo attack, a person should try to remain calm and avoid unnecessary movement. It is best to avoid bright lights and television or computer screens during an attack. Instead, find a quiet place to sit down and wait for it to pass.

People who experience chronic labyrinthitis should speak with their doctor about other treatment options, such as vestibular rehabilitation.

Labyrinthitis is an infection of the inner ear that can cause nausea and affect a person’s balance and hearing. Although symptoms typically resolve on their own within a few weeks, it is important to see a doctor for a proper evaluation.

A doctor can prescribe medications to relieve symptoms and aid recovery. In severe cases, untreated labyrinthitis can lead to serious long-term health complications, such as permanent damage to the inner ear and hearing loss.

How to deal with nausea and vomiting

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Approximately 3 min.

This information will help you cope with nausea (feeling like you’re about to vomit) and vomiting.

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About nausea and vomiting

Many people experience nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This can be caused by:

• chemotherapy drugs that affect the centers in the brain that control nausea;
• chemotherapy drugs that irritate the lining of the mouth, throat, stomach, or intestines;
• radiotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy;
• stress
• thoughts about upcoming chemotherapy

Nausea and vomiting may occur:

• before a chemotherapy session;
• within 24 hours after a session of chemotherapy or radiotherapy;
• 24 hours after a session of chemotherapy or radiotherapy;
• after taking a medicine that prevents their occurrence.

It is important to eliminate nausea and vomiting so that you can eat and drink.
If you don’t eat or drink enough, your body won’t get the vitamins and nutrients that give it the energy and strength to heal.

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How to manage nausea and vomiting

Take medicine

Your health care provider may be able to give you medicine to prevent or control nausea and vomiting. In this case, you will be told when to take it. This may be before, during, or after chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Medicines affect everyone differently. If the medication you are taking does not relieve nausea or vomiting, tell your healthcare provider. You may need to try a different medicine or take another type of medicine in addition. Together with your health care provider, you will find the most suitable medicine for you.

Medication instructions

If your health care provider writes you a prescription for a drug that you must take at home, it is important that you follow their instructions for taking that drug. You may be prescribed to take it regularly, even when you don’t feel nauseous. Or the medicine will need to be taken at the moment when you begin to experience nausea. In any case, take your medicine on time and without delay.

Follow food and drink recommendations

Drink recommendations

• Drink at least 8-10 glasses (8 ounces (240 ml)) of fluid per day.
• Drink slowly and little by little.
• Do not drink anything at least 1 hour before and within 1 hour after eating.
• Try to drink cool, clear, unsweetened fruit juices (such as grape juice) or light-colored sodas that have passed out of gas.
• Choose drinks that do not contain caffeine. Caffeine leads to dehydration.

Food recommendations

• Eat food often, in small portions. Eat slowly.
• Chew your food thoroughly and sit up straight for two hours after eating. This may improve digestion.
• Do not eat foods with a strong smell.
  • If strong odors bother you, try to eat food chilled or at room temperature.
• Avoid deep-fried, fatty, oily, rich or spicy foods.
• Try eating dry foods (such as crackers, cereal, or toast) before you get out of bed in the morning. This can prevent nausea or vomiting cramps.
• Suck on lozenges, such as minty, ginger, or sour-flavored lozenges.
• Eat a light snack before and after your chemotherapy session.

Be sure to brush your teeth and keep your mouth clean. Rinse your mouth after vomiting.

If you have questions about food and drink, ask your health care provider to make an appointment with a dietitian. A dietitian will help you eat right during your treatment so that you get all the nutrients your body needs.

Use relaxation techniques to manage stress levels

Examples of relaxation techniques include:

• listening to music;
• deep breathing exercises;
• yoga
• meditation;
• applying a wet washcloth with or without peppermint oil to the back of the head for 30 minutes;
• Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR), a yoga-like technique that helps reduce tension in the body
• doing sports at home.

Use acupressure and other complementary therapies

Acupressure is a healing practice in which finger pressure is applied to specific points on the body. Acupressure can help relieve muscle tension and increase blood circulation. In addition, it can help relieve nausea and vomiting. To learn how to give yourself acupressure, check out our resource Acupressure for Nausea and Vomiting or watch the video below.

Complementary therapies (such as massage, acupressure, and music therapy) can be used along with traditional health care to help you relax and control nausea and vomiting. For more information or to book an appointment, call the Memorial Sloan Kettering’s (MSK) Integrative Medicine Service at 646-449-1010.

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When should you contact your healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you have:

• vomiting that occurs 3 to 5 times in 24 hours;
• the feeling of nausea does not go away, despite taking the medicine;
• have any questions or concerns.

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Date last updated

Monday, December 12, 2022

Nausea in the morning | causes and symptoms why nausea, diagnosis and prevention

The feeling of discomfort, concentrated in the upper abdomen, in the mouth and esophagus, is called nausea . Often this condition is accompanied by a desire to vomit. Depending on the severity, the symptoms may be severe or mild, and may be accompanied by weakness, sweating, a drop in blood pressure, and a feeling of coldness in the extremities.

Many people experience these symptoms, for example during a long car ride, during pregnancy or due to poisoning with a substance. However, if nausea occurs for a long time in the morning, this may be a sign of serious problems in the body. Therefore, with constant morning sickness, you should consult a doctor for advice and diagnosis.

Contents

• Causes of morning sickness
• Which doctor to contact
• What to do if you start to feel sick in the morning
• Diagnostics

Causes of nausea in the morning

Nausea that occurs on an empty stomach may indicate the presence of organic or functional problems in the digestive system, as well as endotoxicosis or neurological disorders. The physiological causes of this symptom include taking vitamin complexes on an empty stomach. Especially often, inconveniences appear after the use of ascorbic acid, B vitamins and quercetin. Nausea can also be a side effect of oral iron supplements and is characterized by discomfort and reaction to odors, sometimes accompanied by bloating and diarrhea. Other causes should also be considered, such as problems with the endocrine system, intracranial pressure, the cardiovascular system, and the alimentary tract.

Toxicosis in pregnancy

When it comes to pregnancy, nausea on an empty stomach is associated with early toxemia, which occurs in 60% of women from 5-6 weeks. The appearance of vomiting in the morning has several reasons, including a change in the concentration of sex hormones in the blood, irritation of the nerve endings of the body of the uterus due to the attachment of the fetal egg, as well as a violation of the immunological status of a woman. This discomfort is accompanied by salivation, aversion to food, weakness and dizziness, and usually precedes vomiting, which can be frequent, especially the nature of toxicosis is severe.

Diseases of the stomach

Hyperacid conditions can lead to unpleasant symptoms, when an excess of free hydrochloric acid irritates the mucous membrane, causing pathological impulses from the nerve receptors of the organ. Nausea in the morning can be associated not only with organic diseases of the stomach, but also with functional dyspepsia. Usually this symptom is accompanied by pain in the abdomen of various localization and intensity, as well as unstable stools. Nausea on an empty stomach can be associated with various pathologies, including:

• Gastritis is an inflammatory process of the gastric mucosa that can lead to nausea, vomiting and pain in the upper abdomen.
• Peptic ulcer is an ulcer in the lining of the stomach or duodenum that can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and loose stools.
• Reflux is the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, which can lead to nausea, heartburn, and chest pain.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a chronic condition that can lead to nausea, abdominal pain and loose stools.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease in which stomach contents back up into the esophagus, causing morning sickness, heartburn and chest pain.

Erosion of the esophagus

Nausea on an empty stomach is caused by stagnation of aggressive stomach contents in the lower part of the esophagus in a horizontal position. The hydrochloric acid contained in this content additionally irritates the affected mucous membrane. Usually this symptom is combined with sour belching and burning behind the sternum. Patients complain of swallowing disorders and sharp pains in the chest after eating. With a massive organic lesion of the walls of the esophagus, bleeding may occur, which is manifested by the presence of streaks of scarlet blood in the vomit.

Parasitic infestations

The unpleasant symptom of nausea on an empty stomach is often the first sign of helminthiasis and protozoal infections, especially in children. The development of the vomiting center occurs due to damage to the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, as well as under the influence of toxic metabolic products of parasites that accumulate in the body. Hypersensitivity to parasite antigens also plays a significant role. Patients with infectious diseases such as:

• Ascariasis – caused by roundworms, can lead to morning sickness, vomiting and abdominal pain.
• Trichinosis is an infection caused by intracellular parasites that can cause nausea, vomiting, muscle and facial pain, and fever.
• Amoebiasis – Caused by unicellular amoebae, may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and bloody discharge.
• Giardiasis is an infection caused by Giardia protozoa that can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
• Echinococcosis – manifested by tapeworms, can lead to nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and allergic reactions.

In the event of these symptoms, the appropriate specialist should be consulted for the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic infestations.

Endogenous poisonings

Endotoxicosis syndrome can cause morning sickness associated with direct exposure of toxic substances to the trigger zone in the fourth ventricle of the brain. This unpleasant symptom is often accompanied by a general state of severity caused by damage to other nervous structures and dysfunction of internal organs. The syndrome can be observed in various chronic liver diseases, such as hepatitis or fatty degeneration, which reduce its detoxification function.

Patients with chronic renal failure and uremia often report nausea on an empty stomach. This is due to the poisoning of the body by the products of protein metabolism, which are delayed due to impaired excretory function, which is combined with constant thirst, dry mouth, decreased appetite and trembling fingers. The skin looks pale with a grayish tint, itchy skin is possible. Nausea on an empty stomach can also be the result of cancer intoxication, when the products of the metabolism of malignant cells enter the bloodstream.

Migraine

Pain in the head during a migraine attack is of central origin and is associated with the spread of excitation from the pathological focus to the vomiting center located in the medulla oblongata. This symptom may occur at the precursor stage, and is often associated with weakness, drowsiness, and yawning. During an attack, patients experience intense and unbearable pain in one half of the head, most often in the frontal and temporal region. This pain syndrome is aggravated by bright light and loud sounds, and at the height of the pain may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The duration of a migraine attack can range from several hours to several days.

Emergencies

Nausea on an empty stomach is a typical symptom of an acute illness requiring immediate medical attention. Unpleasant sensations arise for a variety of reasons: a direct effect on the trigger zone of the vomiting center in the medulla oblongata, reflective mechanisms during stimulation of visceral receptors or nerve endings in the serous membranes. A characteristic feature of these diseases is a severe or extremely severe general condition. Nausea in the morning can accompany pathologies such as:

• Hypertensive crisis. The appearance of nausea on an empty stomach is due to a sharp violation of cerebral hemodynamics and secondary neurovegetative reactions. In this case, there are intense headaches in the back of the head and temples, combined with visual impairment (“flies”, the appearance of a “shroud”), excessive sweating, redness of the skin of the face and neck. In typical cases, the duration of an uncomplicated crisis is up to 5-6 hours.
• Appendicitis. Inflammation of the appendix is ​​accompanied by a severe pain syndrome that causes reflex nausea and vomiting. With appendicitis, pain often moves – first occurs in the navel, and then localized in the right iliac region. General intoxication develops, caused by the ingress of toxins and inflammatory products into the blood, tachycardia and a decrease in blood pressure.
• Peritonitis. At the initial stages, the appearance of nausea is due to a reflex reaction of the vomiting center to irritation of the peritoneal receptors. Then there is uncontrollable vomiting associated with intestinal paresis and severe endotoxicosis. The disease is determined by gradual subsiding pain in the abdomen as the general condition of the person worsens.

Where to see a doctor

Morning sickness can occur for a variety of reasons, including serious medical conditions. If the symptom does not go away on the second or third day, and your condition does not improve, it is recommended to immediately consult a doctor. You can visit a general practitioner, gastroenterologist, proctologist or gynecologist at our polyclinic. In the Medline-Service medical centers in Moscow, you will find experienced doctors who will conduct a professional diagnosis of your condition and prescribe appropriate tests. After receiving the results, you will receive an accurate diagnosis and an appointment for the necessary course of treatment. You can consult and make an appointment directly on the website or by phone!

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What to do if you feel sick in the morning

Persistent morning sickness is a sign of a pathological condition and you should not self-medicate, as this can worsen the situation. Morning sickness should be defined as normal or requiring therapy. In most cases, it goes away on its own, but sometimes it can be associated with more serious problems. Health issues associated with morning sickness may be due to diseases such as cholecystitis, peptic ulcer, hormonal imbalance, pancreatitis, and the like. It is definitely better to see a doctor for a checkup, but if you can’t do it now, there are several effective ways to help deal with the problem:

• Medicines. Be very careful to make sure morning sickness is not caused by pregnancy or bowel disease.
• Ginger root, mint and lemon drinks. You can make infusions with these ingredients by simply adding them to a glass and pouring boiling water over them. In 15 minutes you will have a very effective and safe (in the absence of allergies) remedy for morning sickness. You can also add them to hot tea.
• Medicinal collection – if nausea does not subside in the morning, you can try a collection of mint, oak bark and celandine. To prepare the drink, take 1 teaspoon of mint leaves, dried oak bark and chopped celandine, pour 0.5 liters of boiling water and boil in a water bath for 10 minutes. After cooling and straining, the decoction is taken 1 tablespoon 3-5 times a day before meals.
• During pregnancy. There are some tricks you can use. For example, do not get out of bed quickly, drink plenty of fluids. Eliminate fatty and heavy foods from your diet. Eat small meals several times a day.

Diagnostics

Morning sickness may be associated with various pathologies, including those of the digestive system. To establish the cause and treat the disorder, you need to contact a specialist and, possibly, undergo an ultrasound of the gallbladder and pancreas. To establish an accurate diagnosis, a gastroenterologist may prescribe a comprehensive examination, including various instrumental methods and laboratory tests. First of all, the state of the gastrointestinal tract is studied, and then other organs are examined. The most informative diagnostic methods are:

• Sonography. Ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity is used for the initial assessment of the state of the digestive tract and the development of further treatment tactics. This method allows you to detect signs of inflammatory processes and morphological changes in the digestive tract.
• Endoscopy. This method allows a clear visualization of the gastric and upper duodenal mucosa. EGDS may be performed to confirm inflammatory diseases, neoplasms, and scarring. To clarify the diagnosis, a biopsy with histological examination can be performed.
• Intragastric pH-metry. This method can be used to measure the pH in the stomach for 24 hours to assess the quality and degree of activation of the organ’s acid-producing function.