What are the ideal blood sugar levels for diabetics and non-diabetics. How can extreme blood sugar levels impact health. What lifestyle changes can help maintain safe blood glucose ranges.

Understanding Blood Glucose and Its Importance

Blood glucose, often referred to as blood sugar, is a vital source of energy for the human body. It’s the primary fuel that powers our cells and organs, ensuring they function optimally. But what exactly is blood glucose, and why is it so crucial to maintain it within a safe range?

Blood glucose is a type of sugar that circulates in our bloodstream. It comes from the food we eat, particularly carbohydrates, which are broken down into glucose during digestion. Additionally, our liver can produce glucose and release stored glucose when needed. The body has a complex system to regulate blood glucose levels, aiming to keep them within a moderate range – sufficient to fuel cells but not so high as to overload the bloodstream.

Why is blood glucose regulation important?

Maintaining stable blood glucose levels is crucial for several reasons:

• Energy provision: Glucose is the primary energy source for cells.
• Organ function: Stable glucose levels support vital bodily functions.
• Disease prevention: Proper regulation can reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease.
• Brain health: The brain requires a constant supply of glucose to function correctly.

Target Blood Sugar Levels: What’s Considered Safe?

Understanding what constitutes a “safe” blood sugar level is crucial for both diabetics and non-diabetics. But what are these target ranges, and how do they differ for various groups of people?

Normal blood sugar levels for non-diabetics

For individuals without diabetes, the U.S. National Institutes of Health considers a normal fasting blood sugar level to be below 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). This measurement is typically taken in the morning before eating or drinking anything.

Target blood sugar levels for diabetics

For people with diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends the following target levels:

• Before meals: 80 to 130 mg/dL
• Within 2 hours after eating: Less than 180 mg/dL

It’s important to note that these are general guidelines. Individual target ranges may vary based on factors such as age, duration of diabetes, and presence of other health conditions. Always consult with a healthcare provider to determine your personal target range.

Hyperglycemia: When Blood Sugar Levels Soar

Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, occurs when glucose levels in the bloodstream become consistently elevated. This condition is a hallmark of diabetes, but it can also occur in other circumstances. Understanding hyperglycemia is crucial for managing diabetes and preventing long-term complications.

What causes hyperglycemia?

Several factors can contribute to hyperglycemia:

• Insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin use
• Consuming more carbohydrates than the body can process
• Stress or illness
• Certain medications, such as corticosteroids
• Lack of physical activity

Recognizing the symptoms of hyperglycemia

Identifying the signs of high blood sugar is crucial for prompt management. Common symptoms include:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination
• Fatigue and weakness
• Blurred vision
• Headaches
• Dry mouth

If left untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to more severe symptoms and complications.

The Long-Term Impact of Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia

Persistent high blood sugar levels can have far-reaching consequences on various body systems. Understanding these potential complications underscores the importance of maintaining good blood glucose control.

Cardiovascular complications

Prolonged hyperglycemia can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of:

• Heart attacks
• Strokes
• Peripheral artery disease

Microvascular complications

High blood sugar can affect small blood vessels, leading to:

• Diabetic retinopathy (vision loss)
• Nephropathy (kidney disease)
• Neuropathy (nerve damage)

Other potential complications

Additional risks associated with uncontrolled hyperglycemia include:

• Erectile dysfunction
• Foot ulcers and poor wound healing
• Increased susceptibility to infections
• Cognitive decline and dementia

Hypoglycemia: The Dangers of Low Blood Sugar

While much attention is given to high blood sugar, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can be equally dangerous, especially for people with diabetes. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels fall below normal, typically defined as less than 70 mg/dL.

What triggers hypoglycemia?

Several factors can lead to hypoglycemia:

• Taking too much insulin or diabetes medication
• Skipping meals or not eating enough
• Increased physical activity without adjusting medication or food intake
• Alcohol consumption, especially on an empty stomach
• Certain medications or medical conditions

Recognizing hypoglycemia symptoms

Early recognition of hypoglycemia is crucial for prompt treatment. Common symptoms include:

• Shakiness and trembling
• Sweating and clamminess
• Rapid heartbeat
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Confusion and difficulty concentrating
• Irritability or mood changes

In severe cases, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, or even be fatal if not treated promptly.

Strategies for Maintaining Safe Blood Sugar Levels

Keeping blood glucose levels within a healthy range is crucial for overall health and well-being, especially for individuals with diabetes. But how can one achieve this balance? Here are some effective strategies:

Dietary approaches

A balanced diet plays a significant role in blood sugar management:

• Monitor carbohydrate intake: Carbs have the most significant impact on blood sugar levels.
• Choose complex carbohydrates: These are digested more slowly, causing a gradual rise in blood sugar.
• Incorporate fiber-rich foods: Fiber can help slow the absorption of sugar.
• Practice portion control: This can help prevent blood sugar spikes after meals.
• Stay hydrated: Adequate water intake can help flush out excess glucose through urine.

Regular physical activity

Exercise is a powerful tool for blood sugar management:

• Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.
• Include both aerobic exercises and strength training in your routine.
• Be consistent: Regular activity is more beneficial than sporadic intense workouts.
• Monitor blood sugar before, during, and after exercise, especially if you’re on insulin.

Medication management

For those with diabetes, proper medication use is crucial:

• Take medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider.
• Understand how your medications work and their potential side effects.
• Adjust medication doses as needed, under medical supervision.
• Be aware of how other medications might interact with your diabetes drugs.

Stress management

Stress can affect blood sugar levels, so managing it is important:

• Practice relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation.
• Engage in regular physical activity to reduce stress.
• Get adequate sleep, as sleep deprivation can affect blood sugar control.
• Seek support from friends, family, or professional counselors when needed.

The Role of Blood Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes Management

Regular blood glucose monitoring is a cornerstone of effective diabetes management. It provides valuable information about how food, physical activity, medications, and other factors affect blood sugar levels. But how often should one check their blood sugar, and what do the numbers mean?

Frequency of blood glucose monitoring

The frequency of blood glucose checks can vary depending on several factors:

• Type of diabetes: People with type 1 diabetes typically need to check more frequently than those with type 2.
• Treatment regimen: Those on insulin or certain medications may need to check more often.
• Stability of blood sugar levels: More frequent checks may be needed during periods of illness or stress.
• Personal preferences and goals: Some people may choose to check more often for better control.

Understanding blood glucose readings

Interpreting blood glucose readings is crucial for making informed decisions about diabetes management:

• Fasting blood sugar: This is your blood sugar level after not eating for at least 8 hours.
• Pre-meal blood sugar: This is your blood sugar level before eating.
• Post-meal blood sugar: This is your blood sugar level 1-2 hours after eating.
• Bedtime blood sugar: This is your blood sugar level before going to sleep.

By tracking these readings over time, patterns can emerge that help guide treatment decisions.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

Continuous Glucose Monitoring systems have revolutionized diabetes management:

• CGM devices provide real-time glucose readings throughout the day and night.
• They can alert users to high or low blood sugar trends before they become problematic.
• CGM data can help healthcare providers make more informed treatment decisions.
• Some systems can integrate with insulin pumps for automated insulin delivery.

Emerging Technologies in Blood Sugar Management

The field of diabetes care is rapidly evolving, with new technologies emerging to help people better manage their blood sugar levels. These innovations aim to make blood glucose monitoring more convenient, accurate, and informative.

Smart insulin pens

Smart insulin pens are revolutionizing insulin delivery:

• They can track insulin doses and timing.
• Some models can suggest dose corrections based on blood glucose readings.
• Data can be shared with healthcare providers for better treatment planning.

Artificial pancreas systems

Also known as closed-loop systems, these devices aim to mimic the function of a healthy pancreas:

• They combine a CGM, an insulin pump, and a computer algorithm.
• The system automatically adjusts insulin delivery based on real-time glucose readings.
• This can help reduce the burden of constant diabetes management decisions.

Non-invasive glucose monitoring

Researchers are working on developing glucose monitoring methods that don’t require blood samples:

• Some approaches use tears or interstitial fluid instead of blood.
• Others are exploring the use of radio waves or light to measure glucose levels through the skin.
• These technologies could make glucose monitoring more comfortable and convenient.

While these technologies hold great promise, it’s important to note that they are still evolving. Always consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating new devices or methods into your diabetes management plan.

The Importance of Regular Health Check-ups for Blood Sugar Control

Regular health check-ups play a crucial role in maintaining optimal blood sugar control and preventing diabetes-related complications. These check-ups allow healthcare providers to monitor progress, adjust treatment plans, and catch potential issues early. But what should these check-ups involve, and how often should they occur?

Frequency of check-ups

The frequency of health check-ups can vary depending on individual circumstances:

• Newly diagnosed individuals may need more frequent visits initially.
• People with well-controlled diabetes might have check-ups every 3-6 months.
• Those with complications or difficulty controlling blood sugar may need more frequent visits.

Components of a comprehensive diabetes check-up

A thorough diabetes check-up should include several key components:

• HbA1c test: This provides an average of blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months.
• Blood pressure measurement: High blood pressure is common in diabetes and increases the risk of complications.
• Lipid profile: This checks cholesterol levels, which can affect heart health.
• Kidney function tests: These assess how well the kidneys are working.
• Foot examination: This checks for signs of nerve damage or poor circulation.
• Eye examination: Regular eye exams can detect early signs of diabetic retinopathy.

Discussing lifestyle and medication

Check-ups are also an opportunity to discuss lifestyle factors and medication effectiveness:

• Review of blood glucose logs or CGM data
• Discussion of diet and exercise habits
• Assessment of medication efficacy and side effects
• Addressing any concerns or questions about diabetes management

Regular health check-ups are a vital part of proactive diabetes care. They provide an opportunity to assess overall health, adjust treatment plans as needed, and catch potential complications early. By maintaining a consistent schedule of check-ups, individuals with diabetes can work closely with their healthcare team to achieve optimal blood sugar control and overall health.

Targets, extremes, and lifestyle tips

Typically, a person’s fasting blood sugar level should be below 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Keeping blood sugar levels within a safe range can reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease.

Blood glucose is a sugar that supplies energy to the body. Blood glucose monitoring measures the amount of sugar that the blood is transporting during a single instant.

People can obtain this sugar from their diet. However, glucose is also created by the body as it produces glucose and breaks down stored glucose.

The human body regulates blood glucose levels so that they remain moderate: enough glucose to fuel the cells, though not enough to overload the bloodstream.

The blood’s internal environment must remain stable to support vital bodily functions.

Blood glucose levels can change throughout the day. After eating, levels rise and then settle after about an hour. They are at their lowest point before the first meal of the day.

In this article, we look at the ideal target levels for blood glucose as well as provide an overview of glucose itself and explain how to keep blood sugar readings within the right range.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health considers a normal fasting blood sugar level to be below 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

In people with diabetes, these levels will change more. Instead of targeting a specific level, the aim of managing blood sugar is to keep the levels within a healthy range.

The American Diabetes Association recommends target levels of 80 to 130 mg/dL before eating if a person has diabetes. Within 2 hours of eating a meal, blood glucose levels should be less than 180 mg/dL.

Consistently high blood sugar levels are part of a condition called hyperglycemia.

People with poorly controlled diabetes, Cushing’s syndrome, and some other illnesses often experience hyperglycemia. People taking oral steroids may also experience hyperglycemia while taking this medication.

Hyperglycemia normally develops when there is not enough insulin in the body, or when the cells become less sensitive to insulin.

Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, and it builds up in the bloodstream.

Common symptoms of hyperglycemia can include:

• a dry mouth
• frequent urination
• increased thirst

A person might also experience:

• fatigue
• lightheadedness
• blurred vision
• headache
• nausea
• weakness

Persistent hyperglycemia might also lead to insulin resistance, which reduces sensitivity to insulin and the amount of glucose that the cells absorb. This might eventually develop into type 2 diabetes.

The long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes affect the small blood vessels that supply the nerves, kidneys, retina, and other organs.

Some serious problems that can develop from persistent hyperglycemia include:

• vision loss
• kidney disease leading to kidney failure
• erectile dysfunction
• foot ulcers
• permanent nerve damage, causing numbness and tingling
• poor wound healing
• increased risk of heart attack or stroke

Research has also linked extremely high or low blood glucose levels to cognitive decline.

Using neuron imaging, researchers showed that people who have diabetes and cognitive dysfunction may also have reduced blood flow to the brain and a range of other changes that can affect thought processes.

Click here to read more about hyperglycemia and its complications.

Hypoglycemia develops when blood sugar concentrations fall below normal. People with diabetes have a higher risk of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Early signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia can include:

• tingling lips
• trembling in the hands and other parts of the body
• pale face
• sweating
• palpitations or increased heart rate
• anxiety
• dizziness or lightheadedness

The human brain needs a constant supply of glucose. Severely low glucose can have the following effects:

• confusion and disorientation
• difficulty concentrating
• a paranoid or aggressive mentality

Less commonly, the person may experience seizures or lose consciousness. Among people with diabetes, severe hypoglycemia can be fatal.

Some causes of hypoglycemia can include:

• diabetes
• some medications, for example, quinine for the treatment of malaria
• taking too much insulin
• drinking alcohol without eating, as the liver may not release glycogen
• some illnesses, notably severe hepatitis and disorders of the kidney
• anorexia

If the kidneys and liver do not work correctly, breaking down and excreting medication from the body becomes harder.

Excessive insulin production or supplementation can lead to hypoglycemia. Some tumors can cause low blood sugar, as they produce chemicals similar to insulin. A tumor may also consume so much glucose that it does not leave enough for the rest of the body.

People who undergo gastric bypass surgery might also experience hypoglycemia, as they will be able to take in less food than they were able to before surgery.

Nesidioblastosis, a rare condition involving the enlargement of beta cells, often results in an overproduction of insulin. Beta cells produce insulin in the pancreas.

Glucose is a sugar that circulates the blood, serving as the body’s main source of energy.

Glucose is another product of carbohydrate breakdown. It is a simple sugar that cells in the body can easily convert to energy. Sugars, such as glucose, and complex carbohydrates make up the principal dietary carbohydrates.

Other sugars can include fructose, lactose, and maltose, along with sucrose (table sugar). Complex carbohydrates can include starches and types of dietary fiber.

The sugar goes straight from the digestive system into the bloodstream after an individual consumes and digests food.

However, glucose can only enter cells if enough insulin is also circulating in the bloodstream. Insulin is a protein that makes cells ready to receive glucose. The cells would starve without enough insulin or if they become too resistant to its effects.

After people eat, blood sugar concentrations increase. The pancreas releases insulin automatically to move glucose from the blood to the cells.

As more and more cells receive glucose, blood sugar levels return to normal.

The liver and muscles store excess glucose as glycogen. Glycogen plays an important role in achieving homeostasis, a balanced state in the body. It helps the body function during states of starvation.

If a person does not eat for a short period, blood glucose concentrations will fall. The pancreas releases another hormone called glucagon. Glucagon triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which pushes levels in the blood back up to normal.

People with diabetes need to maintain steady blood glucose levels. However, those without diabetes should also avoid increasing their risk of developing the condition.

The glycemic index

The glycemic index (GI) can help people choose foods that will not disrupt their blood sugar levels.

The index gives a value to each food. Foods that will cause blood glucose levels to spike dramatically, such as candy and sweet desserts, are high in the glycemic index.

Those that will minimize fluctuations through a slow release of energy have a low score.

Measured against glucose, which is 100 in the index, foods such as soft drinks, white bread, potatoes, and white rice have a high glycemic score. Foods such as whole grain oats and some fruits and plants have a lower glycemic score.

The glycemic load (GL) is based on the GI. It provides a picture of the total impact a serving of food will have on energy levels.

People use blood glucose monitoring to regularly test glucose levels in the blood.

It is an essential part of effective diabetes control. Many people with diabetes must check several times each day to plan for activities and meals, as well as scheduling doses of medication or insulin.

A person can test their blood glucose levels with a glucometer. They usually come with lancets, or tiny needles, as well as test strips and a logbook to record results.

How to use a glucose meter

Glucometers are easy to use. A person will:

1. set out the glucose meter, a test strip, the lancet device, and an alcohol prep pad
2. wash their hands with warm, soapy water
3. turn the glucose meter on and insert a test strip when the device is ready
4. with an alcohol prep pad, wipe the planned site of injection and wait for the alcohol to evaporate
5. prick their finger with the lancet and gently squeeze their finger until a small drop of blood develops
6. place the drop of blood on the strip
7. wait for the glucose meter to process the data
8. read the result on the screen of glucose meter
9. follow their doctor’s instructions in line with whichever reading shows on the screen
10. keep a log of each glucose reading to help their doctor find the best treatment plan (more-modern devices allow automatic storage of data)

People with type 2 diabetes normally need to test blood sugar concentrations at least once each day.

Those who need to take insulin, which includes all people with type 1 diabetes and some people with type 2, have to test their blood several times a day.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can be an alternative method for glucose monitoring for people with diabetes.

An accurate reading of the blood glucose level can help achieve good diabetes control.

There are several steps a person can often take to help control blood sugar.

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables, maintaining a moderate weight, and getting at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-intense exercise each week can help.

Other tips for controlling blood sugar can include:

• eating at regular times and not skipping meals
• drinking more water
• balancing portions at meals so that a typical plate will be one-fourth meat, one-fourth starchy foods, and one-half non-starchy vegetables

Any person who experiences symptoms of low or high blood sugar should see a doctor, whether or not they have a diagnosis of diabetes.

People should aim for blood glucose levels that are below 99 mg/dL. Irregular or extreme blood sugar levels can lead to diabetes and other harmful complications.

Monitoring blood sugar at home is the best way to make sure levels stay within a healthy range.

Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia can lead to the more severe complications of diabetes. So, eating mainly low-GI foods and exercising regularly can help keep blood glucose balanced.

Q:

Is low-sugar chocolate really better for my blood glucose?

Anonymous

A:

ow-sugar chocolate may be two different things. One is chocolate sweetened with a sugar alternative, such as sugar alcohols. Examples include mannitol, xylitol, or isomalt.

While they are usually lower in sugar, they still have carbohydrates and can affect blood glucose. They also have a slight laxative effect. Chocolate sweetened with stevia may be a better choice for a low glycemic treat. Dark chocolate is better than milk chocolate, especially dark chocolate with a cocoa content of at least 70 percent.

Typically, dark chocolate has a reasonably low glycemic index of 42 and a glycemic load of 9. As with all dietary matters, moderation is key,so keep an eye on portion size and read nutrition labels.

Deborah Weatherspoon, PhD, RN, CRNAAnswers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.

Was this helpful?

Targets, extremes, and lifestyle tips

Typically, a person’s fasting blood sugar level should be below 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Keeping blood sugar levels within a safe range can reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease.

Blood glucose is a sugar that supplies energy to the body. Blood glucose monitoring measures the amount of sugar that the blood is transporting during a single instant.

People can obtain this sugar from their diet. However, glucose is also created by the body as it produces glucose and breaks down stored glucose.

The human body regulates blood glucose levels so that they remain moderate: enough glucose to fuel the cells, though not enough to overload the bloodstream.

The blood’s internal environment must remain stable to support vital bodily functions.

Blood glucose levels can change throughout the day. After eating, levels rise and then settle after about an hour. They are at their lowest point before the first meal of the day.

In this article, we look at the ideal target levels for blood glucose as well as provide an overview of glucose itself and explain how to keep blood sugar readings within the right range.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health considers a normal fasting blood sugar level to be below 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

In people with diabetes, these levels will change more. Instead of targeting a specific level, the aim of managing blood sugar is to keep the levels within a healthy range.

The American Diabetes Association recommends target levels of 80 to 130 mg/dL before eating if a person has diabetes. Within 2 hours of eating a meal, blood glucose levels should be less than 180 mg/dL.

Consistently high blood sugar levels are part of a condition called hyperglycemia.

People with poorly controlled diabetes, Cushing’s syndrome, and some other illnesses often experience hyperglycemia. People taking oral steroids may also experience hyperglycemia while taking this medication.

Hyperglycemia normally develops when there is not enough insulin in the body, or when the cells become less sensitive to insulin.

Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, and it builds up in the bloodstream.

Common symptoms of hyperglycemia can include:

• a dry mouth
• frequent urination
• increased thirst

A person might also experience:

• fatigue
• lightheadedness
• blurred vision
• headache
• nausea
• weakness

Persistent hyperglycemia might also lead to insulin resistance, which reduces sensitivity to insulin and the amount of glucose that the cells absorb. This might eventually develop into type 2 diabetes.

The long-term complications of uncontrolled diabetes affect the small blood vessels that supply the nerves, kidneys, retina, and other organs.

Some serious problems that can develop from persistent hyperglycemia include:

• vision loss
• kidney disease leading to kidney failure
• erectile dysfunction
• foot ulcers
• permanent nerve damage, causing numbness and tingling
• poor wound healing
• increased risk of heart attack or stroke

Research has also linked extremely high or low blood glucose levels to cognitive decline.

Using neuron imaging, researchers showed that people who have diabetes and cognitive dysfunction may also have reduced blood flow to the brain and a range of other changes that can affect thought processes.

Click here to read more about hyperglycemia and its complications.

Hypoglycemia develops when blood sugar concentrations fall below normal. People with diabetes have a higher risk of both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Early signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia can include:

• tingling lips
• trembling in the hands and other parts of the body
• pale face
• sweating
• palpitations or increased heart rate
• anxiety
• dizziness or lightheadedness

The human brain needs a constant supply of glucose. Severely low glucose can have the following effects:

• confusion and disorientation
• difficulty concentrating
• a paranoid or aggressive mentality

Less commonly, the person may experience seizures or lose consciousness. Among people with diabetes, severe hypoglycemia can be fatal.

Some causes of hypoglycemia can include:

• diabetes
• some medications, for example, quinine for the treatment of malaria
• taking too much insulin
• drinking alcohol without eating, as the liver may not release glycogen
• some illnesses, notably severe hepatitis and disorders of the kidney
• anorexia

If the kidneys and liver do not work correctly, breaking down and excreting medication from the body becomes harder.

Excessive insulin production or supplementation can lead to hypoglycemia. Some tumors can cause low blood sugar, as they produce chemicals similar to insulin. A tumor may also consume so much glucose that it does not leave enough for the rest of the body.

People who undergo gastric bypass surgery might also experience hypoglycemia, as they will be able to take in less food than they were able to before surgery.

Nesidioblastosis, a rare condition involving the enlargement of beta cells, often results in an overproduction of insulin. Beta cells produce insulin in the pancreas.

Glucose is a sugar that circulates the blood, serving as the body’s main source of energy.

Glucose is another product of carbohydrate breakdown. It is a simple sugar that cells in the body can easily convert to energy. Sugars, such as glucose, and complex carbohydrates make up the principal dietary carbohydrates.

Other sugars can include fructose, lactose, and maltose, along with sucrose (table sugar). Complex carbohydrates can include starches and types of dietary fiber.

The sugar goes straight from the digestive system into the bloodstream after an individual consumes and digests food.

However, glucose can only enter cells if enough insulin is also circulating in the bloodstream. Insulin is a protein that makes cells ready to receive glucose. The cells would starve without enough insulin or if they become too resistant to its effects.

After people eat, blood sugar concentrations increase. The pancreas releases insulin automatically to move glucose from the blood to the cells.

As more and more cells receive glucose, blood sugar levels return to normal.

The liver and muscles store excess glucose as glycogen. Glycogen plays an important role in achieving homeostasis, a balanced state in the body. It helps the body function during states of starvation.

If a person does not eat for a short period, blood glucose concentrations will fall. The pancreas releases another hormone called glucagon. Glucagon triggers the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which pushes levels in the blood back up to normal.

People with diabetes need to maintain steady blood glucose levels. However, those without diabetes should also avoid increasing their risk of developing the condition.

The glycemic index

The glycemic index (GI) can help people choose foods that will not disrupt their blood sugar levels.

The index gives a value to each food. Foods that will cause blood glucose levels to spike dramatically, such as candy and sweet desserts, are high in the glycemic index.

Those that will minimize fluctuations through a slow release of energy have a low score.

Measured against glucose, which is 100 in the index, foods such as soft drinks, white bread, potatoes, and white rice have a high glycemic score. Foods such as whole grain oats and some fruits and plants have a lower glycemic score.

The glycemic load (GL) is based on the GI. It provides a picture of the total impact a serving of food will have on energy levels.

People use blood glucose monitoring to regularly test glucose levels in the blood.

It is an essential part of effective diabetes control. Many people with diabetes must check several times each day to plan for activities and meals, as well as scheduling doses of medication or insulin.

A person can test their blood glucose levels with a glucometer. They usually come with lancets, or tiny needles, as well as test strips and a logbook to record results.

How to use a glucose meter

Glucometers are easy to use. A person will:

1. set out the glucose meter, a test strip, the lancet device, and an alcohol prep pad
2. wash their hands with warm, soapy water
3. turn the glucose meter on and insert a test strip when the device is ready
4. with an alcohol prep pad, wipe the planned site of injection and wait for the alcohol to evaporate
5. prick their finger with the lancet and gently squeeze their finger until a small drop of blood develops
6. place the drop of blood on the strip
7. wait for the glucose meter to process the data
8. read the result on the screen of glucose meter
9. follow their doctor’s instructions in line with whichever reading shows on the screen
10. keep a log of each glucose reading to help their doctor find the best treatment plan (more-modern devices allow automatic storage of data)

People with type 2 diabetes normally need to test blood sugar concentrations at least once each day.

Those who need to take insulin, which includes all people with type 1 diabetes and some people with type 2, have to test their blood several times a day.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can be an alternative method for glucose monitoring for people with diabetes.

An accurate reading of the blood glucose level can help achieve good diabetes control.

There are several steps a person can often take to help control blood sugar.

Eating a balanced diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables, maintaining a moderate weight, and getting at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-intense exercise each week can help.

Other tips for controlling blood sugar can include:

• eating at regular times and not skipping meals
• drinking more water
• balancing portions at meals so that a typical plate will be one-fourth meat, one-fourth starchy foods, and one-half non-starchy vegetables

Any person who experiences symptoms of low or high blood sugar should see a doctor, whether or not they have a diagnosis of diabetes.

People should aim for blood glucose levels that are below 99 mg/dL. Irregular or extreme blood sugar levels can lead to diabetes and other harmful complications.

Monitoring blood sugar at home is the best way to make sure levels stay within a healthy range.

Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia can lead to the more severe complications of diabetes. So, eating mainly low-GI foods and exercising regularly can help keep blood glucose balanced.

Q:

Is low-sugar chocolate really better for my blood glucose?

Anonymous

A:

ow-sugar chocolate may be two different things. One is chocolate sweetened with a sugar alternative, such as sugar alcohols. Examples include mannitol, xylitol, or isomalt.

While they are usually lower in sugar, they still have carbohydrates and can affect blood glucose. They also have a slight laxative effect. Chocolate sweetened with stevia may be a better choice for a low glycemic treat. Dark chocolate is better than milk chocolate, especially dark chocolate with a cocoa content of at least 70 percent.

Typically, dark chocolate has a reasonably low glycemic index of 42 and a glycemic load of 9. As with all dietary matters, moderation is key,so keep an eye on portion size and read nutrition labels.

Deborah Weatherspoon, PhD, RN, CRNAAnswers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.

Was this helpful?

Expert advice – articles from the specialists of the clinic “Mother and Child”

What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and how is it different from normal diabetes?

– GDM is a first-time and detected increase in blood sugar during pregnancy. As a rule, failure occurs due to the sugar-boosting effect of pregnancy hormones. This diagnosis differs from type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in that it disappears after childbirth.

At what time and during which examinations is gestational diabetes detected?

– In the first half of pregnancy, according to the fasting blood sugar level (normally it should be up to 5 mmol / l), from the 24th to the 32nd week – using an oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g of glucose (OGTT-75), which administered to all women if their fasting blood sugar level is below 5. 1 mmol/l. If fasting sugar is 5.1 and above, then the test can be omitted – this indicator is already enough to establish a diagnosis.

Do I need to prepare for the test somehow?

– No, you need to stick to your usual diet. The last meal should contain carbohydrates – cereals, pasta or stewed vegetables.

Who is at risk?

“Pregnancy itself is a risk factor for GDM, as pregnancy hormones increase blood sugar. The high-risk group automatically includes women with GDM that manifested in a previous pregnancy, those who are overweight and obese, as well as those who have close relatives with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, the birth of a child in a previous pregnancy weighing more than 4 kg also indicates a tendency to develop GDM.

Why is fasting sugar different for pregnant and “regular” people?

– During pregnancy, the nighttime production of glucose by the liver decreases, because the developing fetus takes glucose and amino acids from the mother, which are necessary for its synthesis in the liver. Therefore, the norm of sugar for pregnant women is lower. The norms were revised not so long ago, since as a result of monitoring 25,000 pregnant women, a twofold increase in complications in the fetus with sugar during pregnancy above 5 mmol / l was revealed.

Why is uncorrected GDM dangerous for mother and child?

– In the short term – the immaturity of the baby’s organs at birth, premature birth, hypoglycemia of newborns. In the long term, maternal nutrition and blood sugar levels affect the formation of prenatal predisposition to obesity, increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases by 50%. If left untreated, gestational diabetes increases the risk of preeclampsia by four times.

What is the peculiarity of the GDM diet and what to do if it does not work? Are many pregnant women afraid that insulin will become addictive and they will not be able to give it up after childbirth?

– The diet depends on the individual characteristics of the woman, but in general, it is important for everyone to remove foods with a high glycemic index, rich in saturated fats from the diet, evenly distribute carbohydrates throughout the day, limiting their intake at breakfast. In the absence of normoglycemia on the background of the diet, insulin preparations are prescribed, since they do not cross the placenta and are the safest during pregnancy. After childbirth, insulin is immediately canceled, no addiction to the drug occurs. It is not insulin that should be feared, but dangerous blood sugar figures for the development of the child.

How to choose a glucometer and when to measure sugar?

– The doctor will help you decide on the model of the glucometer. Sugar control in pregnant women is performed on an empty stomach and an hour after the main meals. If necessary, the endocrinologist will prescribe more frequent monitoring.

Should a childbirth diagnosed with GDM take place in a specialized maternity hospital?

– Often yes, since the medical staff must have experience in delivering such patients and nursing newborns. According to the International Diabetes Federation, every 6th child is born to a mother with gestational diabetes.

What happens to gestational diabetes after childbirth?

– After childbirth, the diet and insulin are canceled if the blood sugar in the venous plasma is below 6.0 mmol / l. After 6–8 weeks, OGTT-75 is performed to rule out diabetes and predisposition to it. GDM usually resolves after childbirth and no further blood sugar monitoring is required.

Is it possible to carry out prophylaxis at the stage of pregnancy planning?

– The main prevention is a commitment to a healthy diet, physical activity for more than 150 minutes a week and weight loss, if there is an excess of it.

For gestational diabetes, the doctor will ask you to keep a food diary, in which you will need to record everything you eat per day and sugar levels after eating. The goal is to keep fasting sugar below 5.1 with the help of a diet, and below 7.0 mmol / l one hour after eating.

Fasting sugar is affected not only by diet, but also by sleep, stress, and physical activity.

How to lower blood sugar: 8 recommendations from doctors

If you really care about your health, it is very important to control your blood sugar

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Keeping track of your blood sugar levels is important even if your levels are usually within the normal range – if they are above the safe level, and even more so if you are diagnosed with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, control of sugar levels is vital . Of course, you need to follow the doctor’s recommendations and take the drugs prescribed by him – but you should also follow these simple recommendations that will help keep your blood sugar levels at a safe level.

Divide carbohydrates into small portions

It is very important to monitor the amount of carbohydrates when you have a blood sugar problem. Remember that the larger the serving, the higher the glucose level will be – and vice versa. Therefore, divide your daily carbohydrate intake into small portions – and eat them with every meal.

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Follow the rule of three

The rule is simple: at every meal you should get all three essential nutrients – carbohydrates, fats and proteins. When you take in different nutrients at the same time, your digestion slows down and you feel full faster and feel fuller for longer. Just remember to choose slow, complex carbohydrates and monounsaturated fats.

Research what foods contain carbohydrates

Fruits, starchy vegetables (such as potatoes, peas, and corn), and milk and yogurt are all rich in carbohydrates. Take this into account when compiling a diet, remember that carbohydrates are not only pasta and bread.

Don’t be afraid of fruits

Although fruits contain carbohydrates, many fruits are not only safe, but also beneficial for blood sugar regulation. But it is important to remember the measure and make sure that there are no more than 15 grams of carbohydrates in one serving of fruit: for example, a small apple, a slice of melon, a cup of berries are quite safe portions.

Eat enough

The worst thing you can do is starve or not eat enough. Yes, it is important for people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes to keep their weight at a safe level, but not eating will not help. On the contrary, a long-term refusal of food can lead to a breakdown and, as a result, “consolation” with dangerous foods.

Eat the right breakfast

A good, hearty breakfast is a very important part of a healthy diet. And experts consider a breakfast consisting of protein and carbohydrates to be the most useful – for example, Greek yogurt, or boiled eggs and a small toast, or oatmeal and a piece of cheese. All these dishes will help to maintain a feeling of satiety for a long time, and this is especially important with disturbed blood sugar levels.