What is calcium phosphate and how is it used in food. What are the potential health benefits of calcium phosphate supplements. Are there any risks associated with consuming calcium phosphate. How does calcium phosphate compare to other calcium sources. What are MCP, DCP, and TCP in relation to calcium phosphate.

Understanding Calcium Phosphate: Composition and Importance

Calcium phosphate is a naturally occurring mineral compound that plays a crucial role in our bodies. It consists of two essential elements: calcium and phosphorus. This compound is a major component of bones and teeth, providing them with strength and structure. But what exactly makes calcium phosphate so important for our health?

Calcium phosphate exists in various forms, with hydroxyapatite (HAP) being the most abundant in our bodies. HAP is the primary structural component of bones and teeth, contributing to their hardness and durability. Beyond skeletal health, calcium and phosphorus have vital roles in muscle function, blood circulation, and nerve signaling.

Key Functions of Calcium Phosphate in the Body

• Bone and tooth formation and maintenance
• Muscle contraction and relaxation
• Blood clotting
• Nerve signal transmission
• DNA and protein synthesis (phosphorus component)

How much calcium and phosphorus do we need daily? The recommended daily intake for calcium is approximately 1,000 milligrams (mg), while for phosphorus, it’s about 1,250 mg. These values may vary depending on age, sex, and individual health conditions.

Calcium Phosphate in Food and Supplements: MCP, DCP, and TCP

Calcium phosphate is not only found naturally in our bodies but also in various food sources and supplements. In the food industry, it’s used in different forms, including Monocalcium Phosphate (MCP), Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP), and Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP). Each of these forms has unique properties and applications.

Monocalcium Phosphate (MCP)

MCP is commonly used as a leavening agent in baked goods. It reacts with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide, which helps dough rise. MCP is also used as a nutrient supplement in some foods.

Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP)

DCP is often used as a dietary supplement and in fortified foods. It’s also a common ingredient in toothpaste due to its mild abrasive properties that help clean teeth.

Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)

TCP, also known as calcium phosphate, is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered products and as a calcium fortifier in various foods. It’s also a popular form of calcium supplement.

Why are these different forms of calcium phosphate used in food production? Each form has specific properties that make it suitable for different applications. For instance, MCP’s acidic nature makes it ideal for leavening, while TCP’s stability makes it an excellent choice for food fortification.

Health Benefits of Calcium Phosphate Supplementation

Calcium phosphate supplements can offer several health benefits, particularly for individuals with deficiencies or certain health conditions. Who might benefit from calcium phosphate supplementation?

• People with hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels)
• Individuals with osteoporosis or at risk of developing it
• Those with hypoparathyroidism
• People with vitamin D deficiency
• Postmenopausal individuals
• People with dietary restrictions (e.g., lactose intolerance or vegan diets)

Can calcium phosphate supplements help with other health conditions? Some research suggests potential benefits beyond bone health. A 2018 literature review indicated that calcium phosphate supplements might help reduce total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. This could potentially contribute to better cardiovascular health and reduced risk of conditions like diabetes and hypertension.

Furthermore, calcium phosphate supplementation may support gut health. However, more research is needed to fully understand these potential benefits and their mechanisms.

Potential Risks and Side Effects of Calcium Phosphate Intake

While calcium phosphate can be beneficial, it’s important to be aware of potential risks associated with excessive intake. What are the possible side effects of calcium phosphate supplementation?

• Gastrointestinal issues (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting)
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness
• Headaches
• Bone and muscle pain
• Kidney problems

Excessive calcium intake can lead to a condition called hypercalcemia, which can cause a range of complications. Healthcare professionals sometimes use the mnemonic “Groans, Bones, Stones, Moans, Thrones, and Psychic Overtones” to remember the symptoms of hypercalcemia:

1. Groans: Gastrointestinal discomfort
2. Bones: Bone pain and increased risk of bone issues
3. Stones: Kidney stones
4. Moans: Fatigue and general malaise
5. Thrones: Increased urination and changes in bowel habits
6. Psychic Overtones: Mental changes like confusion, depression, and memory loss

Is there a link between high calcium phosphate intake and other health risks? Some studies suggest a potential association between high calcium and phosphate intake and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. However, more research is needed to establish definitive connections.

Calcium Phosphate vs Other Calcium Sources: A Comparison

Calcium phosphate is one of several sources of calcium available in supplements and fortified foods. How does it compare to other common calcium sources like calcium carbonate and calcium citrate?

Calcium Carbonate

Calcium carbonate is the most common and least expensive form of calcium supplement. It contains the highest percentage of elemental calcium (40%) and is best absorbed when taken with food.

Calcium Citrate

Calcium citrate contains less elemental calcium (21%) but is more easily absorbed than calcium carbonate. It can be taken with or without food and may be a better option for people with low stomach acid.

Calcium Phosphate

Calcium phosphate (specifically tricalcium phosphate) contains about 38% elemental calcium. It’s well-absorbed and less likely to cause constipation compared to calcium carbonate.

Which form of calcium is best? The answer depends on individual needs and factors such as digestive health, medication use, and personal preference. It’s always best to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most suitable option.

Calcium Phosphate in Non-Food Applications

Beyond its use in food and supplements, calcium phosphate has a wide range of applications in various industries. Where else is calcium phosphate commonly used?

• Dentistry: As a component in toothpaste and dental materials
• Medicine: In bone graft substitutes and as a carrier for drug delivery systems
• Agriculture: As a fertilizer to improve soil quality
• Cosmetics: In some fragrances and personal care products
• Industry: As an anti-caking agent in various powdered products

How does calcium phosphate contribute to these applications? In dentistry, its abrasive properties help clean teeth, while its similarity to bone mineral makes it useful in bone grafts. In agriculture, it provides essential nutrients for plant growth. Its ability to prevent clumping makes it valuable as an anti-caking agent in various products.

Regulatory Status and Safety of Calcium Phosphate in Food

Given its widespread use in food products, it’s natural to wonder about the regulatory status and safety of calcium phosphate. How is calcium phosphate regulated in food products?

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies calcium phosphate as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) when used in accordance with good manufacturing practices. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has also evaluated calcium phosphate and considers it safe for use in food.

Are there any restrictions on calcium phosphate use in food? While it’s considered safe, there are limits on the amount that can be added to foods. These limits vary depending on the specific food product and the jurisdiction. For example, the EU has set maximum levels for phosphates in various food categories to ensure safe consumption.

Future Perspectives: Research and Developments in Calcium Phosphate

As our understanding of nutrition and health evolves, so does research into calcium phosphate and its potential applications. What are some areas of ongoing research related to calcium phosphate?

• Nanotechnology: Calcium phosphate nanoparticles are being explored for targeted drug delivery and bone tissue engineering.
• Biomedical applications: Research is ongoing into the use of calcium phosphate in advanced biomaterials for bone and tooth repair.
• Fortified foods: Scientists are investigating new ways to incorporate calcium phosphate into foods to improve nutritional value without affecting taste or texture.
• Environmental applications: There’s growing interest in using calcium phosphate for wastewater treatment and phosphorus recovery.

How might these developments impact the future use of calcium phosphate? As research progresses, we may see new and innovative applications of calcium phosphate in medicine, food technology, and environmental science. These advancements could lead to improved health outcomes, more effective nutrient fortification strategies, and sustainable solutions for resource recovery.

In conclusion, calcium phosphate plays a vital role in our bodies and has numerous applications in food, medicine, and industry. While it offers significant benefits, particularly for bone health, it’s important to be aware of potential risks associated with excessive intake. As with any dietary supplement or food additive, moderation and consultation with healthcare professionals are key to ensuring safe and beneficial use.

What is it and what are the risks?

Calcium phosphate is a compound that contains both calcium and phosphorus. It is a naturally occurring mineral that is a large component of bones and teeth. The compound has a variety of roles in the body, and some people may benefit from supplementation. However, too much calcium phosphate can also cause some health risks.

Both calcium and phosphorus are minerals that the body requires to perform a range of essential functions. Namely, they both play important roles in keeping bones strong and healthy. Many people get sufficient calcium and phosphorus from their diet. In some cases of deficiency, people may consider supplements. However, they should discuss this with their doctor, as while they can provide health benefits, they may also cause some side effects.

This article discusses the potential benefits and risks of calcium phosphate and whether a person should consider taking them.

Calcium phosphate, also known as tricalcium phosphate, is a type of mineral. It is a compound containing calcium and phosphorus, or phosphoric acid.

It is available as an option for calcium supplements, along with calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. There are also many different types of calcium phosphate. The largest calcium phosphate source in the body exists as hydroxyapatite (HAP), which is an important structural component of bones and teeth.

Calcium is also present in the circulatory system and tissues, while phosphorus is also an important component of DNA and protein. These minerals have essential roles in bone, muscle, blood, and nerve health.

Calcium phosphate also has many uses outside the body, as it is a component in many products, including:

• over-the-counter supplements
• antacids
• toothpaste
• bone graft substitutes
• fragrances
• anti-caking agents
• fertilizers

A person may benefit from calcium phosphate supplementation, particularly if they are experiencing a deficiency in these minerals. The recommended daily intake of calcium is about 1,000 milligrams (mg) and roughly 1,250 mg for phosphorus.

As such, supplementation may be useful for people who have certain health conditions, including:

• Hypocalcemia: A deficiency of calcium in the blood.
• Osteoporosis: This condition develops due to a decrease in bone mineral density and bone mass. It can increase the risk of a bone fracture.
• Hypoparathyroidism: This rare condition results from the body not producing or releasing adequate parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is responsible for maintaining normal levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood.
• Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D helps absorb calcium in the gut. If a person is vitamin D deficient, they may also be calcium deficient.

Supplementation may also be useful for certain people that require additional calcium. This may includepostmenopausal people and those with dietary restrictions. Individuals experiencing menopause may have weaker bones due to a decrease in the production of the hormone estrogen. Additionally, people who are lactose intolerant or avoid dairy products may be at a higher risk of being calcium deficient.

Calcium phosphate supplementation may also help with other conditions. A 2018 literature review notes that supplements could decrease total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration. High levels of these cholesterols may contribute to health conditions, such ascardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. The review also adds that the supplements may help with gut health.

Calcium phosphate supplementation may also carry some risk. Potential side effects can include:

• diarrhea
• nausea and vomiting
• loss of appetite
• weakness
• headaches
• bone and muscle pain
• kidney problems

Disturbances in calcium and phosphate balance can affect many parts of the body. As many people may use calcium phosphate to supplement their calcium intake, they may take too much and develop hypercalcemia. This excessive amount of calcium can result in several complications, which people may refer to as:

• Groans: Hypercalcemia may result in discomfort and cause people to experience painful gastrointestinal symptoms.
• Bones: People may experience bone pain and are at risk of bone issues.
• Stones: Excessive calcium may cause kidney problems, such as kidney stones.
• Moans: This refers to the general feeling of fatigue and malaise people may experience.
• Thrones: This refers to the amount of time people may need to use the restroom due to increased urination and changes to bowel habits.
• Psychic overtones: This describes possible changes to mental state, such as lethargy, confusion, depression, and memory loss.

While more research is necessary, some evidence also notes that high calcium and phosphate intake may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer.

Additionally, calcium supplements may interact with certain medications. This can diminish the effect of the medication and lead to unwanted side effects. These medications may include:

• dolutegravir
• levothyroxine
• lithium
• quinolone antibiotics

As with any supplement, it is highly advisable for a person to discuss it with their doctor. A medical professional will be able to suggest the suitability of calcium supplements and may also provide alternative options. This is particularly important if a person is taking certain medications or at a higher risk of complications, such as kidney stones.

A person should take the calcium phosphate supplement as the packaging or their pharmacist directs. Different types of calcium supplements are available, so people should ensure they take the correct type.

A person typically takes calcium phosphate by mouth and it is available in liquid, chewable tablet, and capsule forms. A person should not exceed the daily dose recommended by the manufacturer and should carefully measure the correct dose. Calcium supplements absorb better when taken in smaller quantities of 500 mg or less. Therefore, people may divide their dose and space it throughout the day

Calcium supplements also absorb better with food. Therefore, a person may consider taking the supplement with a meal. Additionally, vitamin D can help calcium absorb better in the gut. As such, people may want to include dietary sources or a calcium phosphate supplement that already contains vitamin D.

If a person is also taking an iron supplement, it is advisable to take the calcium supplement 2 hours before or 2 hours after to maximize absorption.

People can obtain sufficient amounts of calcium from dietary sources. Foods rich in calcium include:

• dairy products, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese
• fish, such as sardines and salmon
• green leafy vegetables, such as kale, broccoli, and watercress
• calcium-fortified foods, such as cereals, juices, and milk alternatives
• tofu
• nuts and seeds, such as almonds, sesame, and chia

Click here to learn more about calcium-rich vegan foods.

Calcium phosphate is a compound containing calcium and phosphorus. It is naturally present in the body, and some people may take it as a supplement to increase their calcium intake. Both calcium and phosphorus have a wide variety of functions in the body, including aiding in blood clotting, muscle function, bone regeneration, and cell signaling.

Supplements may benefit a person who has a health condition that requires extra calcium, including hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, and vitamin D deficiency. However, it is also possible for a person to experience side effects and complications from having too much calcium. This can include gastrointestinal distress, bone pain, and kidney problems.

As with any supplement, it is advisable for a person to consult their doctor. They can discuss whether supplements are suitable and suggest dietary sources of calcium, such as dairy products, green leafy vegetables, and fortified foods.

Sources of Food Ingredients – Monocalcium phosphate

What is Monocalcium Phosphate? How is it made?

One of many substances added to food, monocalcium phosphate is derived from minerals found in nature ‑ minerals that are vital to our health and well-being.   Monocalcium phosphate has been used in food production for decades and is made by reacting a source of calcium (usually calcium hydroxide) with phosphoric acid.

• Calcium hydroxide, or limewater, is made by mixing calcium oxide with water.
• Food-grade phosphoric acid is made from phosphate rocks, which are mined, refined and purified.  Companies that make phosphoric acid in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere follow strict procedures to ensure purity.

Calcium + Phosphorus = A Strong Combination

While most of us are familiar with calcium, some may not be as familiar with phosphorus.  Phosphorus, which comes from phosphate rock, is an essential nutrient required for growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues.  Like calcium, phosphorus is used by our bodies to help make DNA, strengthen cells and form bone and teeth.  (See WebMD “Bones Need Both Calcium and Phosphorus”).

Functionality: Monocalcium Phosphates Helps Foods Rise to the Occasion

Many people are familiar with the baking powder most of us keep in our kitchens.   Monocalcium phosphate is one of the common ingredients found in baking powder and as it plays a critical role in ensuring the baked goods we enjoy rise when baked.

In baked goods, monocalcium phosphate reacts with baking soda to produces carbon dioxide which helps the dough rise.  The release of carbon dioxide is why you can see air bubbles in many baked goods and is what helps make your favorite bakery treat light, fluffy and delicious.

One of the biggest challenges when making some baked goods is ensuring that the product rises at the right time, which may require releasing carbon dioxide in a very controlled manner. Too early and the muffin might be too dense. Too late and the muffin might crumble.   Manufacturers add monocalcium phosphate to ensure the right amount of carbon dioxide is released at just the right moment for the best results.

The amount of leavening (or rise) needed to make the broad array of baked goods we enjoy varies.  Monocalcium phosphate is particularly useful because it can be used in small amounts in combination with other leavening agents to provide the leavening needed for many different types of dough and baked products.   The next time you take a bite of birthday cake or enjoy a fluffy breakfast pastry, chances are that monocalcium phosphate was responsible for the light, airy texture of those treats.

Keeping Food Safe

Regulatory bodies around the world, including those in the United States, Europe, Asia and South America, have reviewed food grade monocalcium phosphate and have determined that monocalcium phosphate is safe for use in food.  After a review in the 1970s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration determined that monocalcium phosphate was generally recognized as safe or GRAS.  To be determined GRAS, ingredients like monocalcium phosphate must meet the highest bar of safety in the U.S.—general recognition by qualified experts that it is safe for use in food.  Over the decades, monocalcium phosphate has continued to be found safe in the U.S. and around the world for use in foods where it provides a range of important functions in many products we all enjoy.

It’s on the Label

Like all other food additives, GRAS substances and ingredients added to food, monocalcium phosphate must always be listed on the food label if it is used in a food.   Monocalcium phosphate might also be identified on food labels as calcium dihydrogen phosphate, which is a synonym for monocalcium phosphate.  Since this ingredient is generally used at very low levels, with just enough to achieve the intended leavening effect, you may have to look towards the end of the ingredient list to find it in the product.

About the role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
The U.S. FDA and other government agencies will take action against any company that does not disclose that an additive is in its products and may order that the food be removed from store shelves.  Consumers do not have to fear that any ingredient is being secretly added to foods.

Making Food Better Every Day

Monocalcium phosphate is just another example of a safe, ingredient derived from natural sources that helps make the foods we enjoy every day better by producing a better food product.  This in turn, helps reduce food waste that can result from unappealing foods.   As we all seek to eat a balanced, nutrient rich diet, reduce food waste, and occasionally indulge in a sweet treat, monocalcium phosphate continues to be a safe and useful ingredient that makes our foods better.

Calcium phosphate: what is useful and what is harmful

Calcium phosphate is found in large quantities in human bone tissue. It is abundant in milk and other dairy products. At the same time, it can be found on the list of harmful food additives under the number E341 . How is this possible, is it really the same substance?

To complicate matters, the term “calcium phosphate” refers to at least three compounds. There are many names and terms adopted for them. Some names are more often used in chemistry, others in medicine, and others in the food industry. How they are related and how they differ, we will try to understand this article.

Content:

• General
• Varieties and their names
• Benefit
• Harm
• Recommendations for use
• Output

General information

Calcium phosphate is a salt formed by calcium and phosphoric acid . It is a white powder, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water. It is found in human bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite. About 70% of human bones are made up of this substance. Tooth enamel contains 96% hydroxyapatite.

Calcium phosphate is found in milk and some dairy products. Since it is insoluble, it is found in milk as microscopic suspended particles. It is associated with the milk protein casein and is partially included in its composition.

Used in the food industry as an additive E341 . It is used as a baking powder, sealant, acidity regulator. However, this application is based not on the useful properties of the substance, but on technological ones. Water-insoluble powder structure products well.

This substance is obtained synthetically from phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. Another method of obtaining is the treatment of slaked lime with phosphoric acid.

Varieties and their names

Calcium phosphate has three varieties with different chemical formulas and designations:

Chemical formula	Chemical name	Technical names	Designation as food additive	Most commonly used
Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2	Dihydro-phosphate	Dibasic phosphate	E341 and	As fertilizer. As part of biologically active additives (BAA)
CaHPO 4	Hydrophosphate	Disubstituted, dicalcium phosphate	E341 ii	In medicine – toothpastes, dietary supplements. As a fertilizer in agriculture
Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2	phosphate	Trisubstituted, tricalcium phosphate	E341 iii	In animal husbandry as top dressing

All three of these substances are used as food additives. They all look about the same, they are white powders, insoluble in water. In an acidic environment, they, on the contrary, dissolve well, due to which they can be absorbed by humans. After all, the stomach contains hydrochloric acid, which creates high acidity.

Benefits

Calcium Phosphate:

• Good source of calcium needed for bones. It is found in large quantities in milk and dairy products, along with the protein casein, with which it is well absorbed.
• Is a source of phosphorus , which is needed for normal muscle function, is required for protein synthesis and performs many important functions in the body.
• Included in tooth enamel and therefore used in toothpastes. Basically in the form of dicalcium phosphate CaHPO ₄ . This substance is also a mild abrasive, that is, it allows you to gently clean plaque without damaging the enamel. Also in pastes, its close analogues glycerophosphate and hydroxyapatite are used.
• Prevents sticking and clumping of substances in the form of powders, i.e. is baking powder . Therefore, it is used as a food additive in the production of milk powder, cream powder, bakery products.
• Used in the production of processed cheeses as an emulsifier.
• Used as mineral fertilizer in agriculture as a source of phosphorus. In particular, dihydrophosphate with the formula Ca (H ₂ PO ₄ ) ₂ is the main component of such a fertilizer as superphosphate. A fertilizer precipitate consists of hydrophosphate with the formula CaHPO ₄ .
• Included in combined animal feed . Most often as tricalcium phosphate Ca ₃ (PO ₄ ) ₂ .

Harm

Calcium phosphate is found in the body in large quantities, so it does not pose a great danger. At the same time, a table of harmful food additives has been circulated, in which the E341 additive is described as causing indigestion. What is it connected with?

In natural products such as milk, calcium phosphate is found along with other components that are easier to digest. If you consume a lot of products, where it is added artificially, it begins not to be absorbed, but to accumulate and slag the body. In this form, he is capable of:

• Impair the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Cause kidney failure and nephrolithiasis.
• Contribute to the formation of excess cholesterol.

An excess of phosphorus can be formed in the body when eating a large amount of meat products, especially sausages. Calcium phosphate is used as an antioxidant in the production of sausages, often in violation of technology and in too large quantities – to increase the volume and weight of the product.

Additive E341 is present in processed cheeses, margarine, dry mixes based on flour, powdered milk and cream.

In addition, an excess of phosphates occurs with a passion for fast food and convenience foods.

Directions for use

Calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement for calcium and phosphorus deficiency. Recommended for bone fractures, brittle nails. Used for diseases such as osteoporosis. Supplements containing this substance and its analogues are advised to be taken during pregnancy and lactation.

Included in such preparations as phthision , osteogen n and many dietary supplements (for example, Camosten , Arthromil ). The most commonly used is dicalcium phosphate. For the full assimilation of these supplements, you should follow the recommendations:

1. It is better to use on an empty stomach, before meals.
2. Calcium is fully absorbed by the body in combination with vitamin D, so it is better to use preparations that contain this vitamin. If others are used, then vitamin D should be taken separately, 1-2 hours before taking calcium supplements.
3. Contraindications for admission – diseases of the parathyroid glands, urolithiasis, individual intolerance.

Calcium phosphate analogues are hydroxyapatite and glycerophosphate (although they are somewhat more expensive). Also, citrate and carbonate of this metal are used as calcium supplements, which are well absorbed, but do not contain phosphorus. Calcium gluconate, popular as a source of this element, is a poorly absorbed drug.

Conclusion

Calcium phosphate is not harmful when taken with normal food. But products containing it as a dietary supplement E341 should be wary. With frequent use of such products, excesses of this substance in the body can accumulate, which can cause indigestion and lead to kidney stones. In large quantities, phosphate slagging the body.

On the other hand, this substance is useful to take in the form of dietary supplements, especially if there are problems with the bones. It is also recommended for pregnant and lactating women.

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