Cephalexin – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

Continuing Education Activity

Cephalexin is an FDA-approved antibiotic. Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin utilized in the treatment of urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and other bacterial infections. Both streptococci and staphylococci species can cause these infections. This activity reviews the indications, mechanism of action, contraindications, and adverse effects of cephalexin, helping the healthcare team to use it appropriately for patient care.

Objectives:

• Identify the mechanism of action of cephalexin.

• Describe the potential adverse effects of cephalexin.

• Review the toxicity profile of cephalexin.

• Explain interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance cephalexin and improve outcomes.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Indications

Cephalexin is an antibiotic that is effective against most gram-positive cocci. Additionally, cephalexin is effective against gram-negative bacteria, particularly E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.[1] 

• Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of acute and chronic urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, scarlet fever, beta-lactamase-producing staphylococcal infections, and streptococcal septicemia.[1] 

• Cephalexin can also be given before and after surgical operations to decrease the risk of surgical site infections, especially in patients with a cesarean section.[3]

Mechanism of Action

Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin. Cephalexin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, meaning its structure contains a beta-lactam ring. In a bacterial cell, peptidoglycan gives the cell wall mechanical stability. Cephalexin (and other beta-lactam antibiotics) use a beta-lactam ring to inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, which is a critical step in the formation of the bacterial cell wall. Specifically, the beta-lactam binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), resulting in inhibition of the last phase of peptidoglycan synthesis, a transpeptidation reaction required for bacterial peptidoglycan cross-linking. This activity results in the loss of cell viability and eventually leads to bacterial cell autolysis.[4]

Although this mechanism of action inhibits a vital step in maintaining the bacterial cell wall, bacteria can acquire resistance to cephalexin, which can occur through various mechanisms.

• The most common resistance mechanism is a bacterial expression of beta-lactamases, which are enzymes that can degrade beta-lactam antibiotics like cephalexin.

• Additionally, bacteria can obtain resistance to cephalexin by modifying the penicillin-binding proteins, which alter the binding of cephalexin to their target site.

• Also, bacteria can synthesize efflux pumps that pump cephalexin outside the bacterial cell.[4]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Rapid in adults; acid-stable, and can be given without regard to foods.

Time of peak plasma concentration: 1 hour

Distribution: Widely distributed in most body fluids

Plasma Protein binding: 10% to 15%

Metabolism: Cephalosporins like cephalexin do not affect hepatic CYP450 enzymes, which drastically limits the potential for drug-drug interactions when administering cephalexin.[5]

Excretion: The majority (90%) of unchanged drugs is excreted in the urine. It is a characteristic that makes it particularly useful in treating urinary tract infections.

Administration

Cephalexin is administered orally as either 250 mg or 500 mg capsules. These capsules can be given 1 to 4 times daily, usually administered for seven days. Patients often report cephalexin capsules to have an unpleasant taste. The capsule is also notably large, which may be difficult to swallow. Cephalexin should be given on an empty stomach, as it is absorbed better in this environment.[1] Cephalexin is also available as 250 mg or 500 mg tablets. The oral suspension is available in 250 mg/5 ml strength. The oral suspension/liquid should be shaken before administration and kept in a refrigerator between doses. For oral dosage forms (capsules or suspension), the following dose is recommended:[6]

• Adults and children 15 years and older—1000 to 4000 daily in divided doses.

• Children 1 year of age and older—Dosing is weight-based. The usual dose is 25 to 100 mg/kg daily in divided doses.

Specific Patients Population 

• Patient with Hepatic Impairment: There is no dose adjustment guidance in the manufacturer label for patients with hepatic impairment.

• Patient with Renal Impairment: The manufacturer recommends caution during cephalexin therapy in the presence of renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min, with or without dialysis). A dose reduction may be needed based on clinical observation and renal function monitoring. Manufacturer recommendations are listed below. 

  • CrCL ≥ 60 mL/min: No need for“ dose adjustment

  • CrCL 30-59 mL/min: No dose adjustment; maximum daily dose should not exceed 1 gm

  • CrCL 15-29 mL/min:  250 mg every 8 hours or every 12 hours

  • CrCL 5-14 mL/min not yet on dialysis*: 250 mg every 24 hours

  • CrCL 1-4 mL/min not yet on dialysis*: 250 mg every 48 hours or every 60 h

• Pregnant women: It is considered a pregnancy category B medicine. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies performed on pregnant women. Based on animal studies conducted on mice and rats, there had been no observation of fertility impairments or fetus harm.

• Pediatric Patients: The safety and efficacy have been established for cephalexin in pediatric patients. Based on this, it is recommended to use a total daily dose of oral cephalexin capsules calculated based on 25 to 50 mg/kg weight for pediatric patients. It should be given for 7 to 14 days in equally divided doses. The maximum dose is 4 gm daily.

• Breastfeeding Women: The manufacturer recommends caution during cephalexin therapy in nursing mothers as the drug presents in breast milk.[7]

• Geriatric Patients: No dose adjustment is needed based on the safety and efficacy established for geriatric patients. However, this drug is substantially excreted via the kidney, so that adjustment would be recommended for geriatric patients with impaired renal functions.

Adverse Effects

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastritis, nausea, vomiting, erythema multiforme, genital pruritus, vaginitis, vaginal discharge, candidiasis, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, eosinophilia, arthralgia, arthropathy, and arthritis have been reported by manufacturers.[1]

In clinical trials, increased serum alanine aminotransferase, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase, cholestatic jaundice, and interstitial nephritis is reported in patients using cephalexin.

Another aspect of the cephalexin administration to keep in mind is the potential for allergic reactions to the drug. A patient can develop an allergy to cephalexin if they have taken penicillin in the past. This situation occurs when a patient takes penicillin, and the immune system generates IgG and/or IgM antibodies that have the potential to bind to cephalexin once ingested orally. The thinking is that approximately 10% of patients with a penicillin allergy also have cross-reactions to cephalosporin antibiotics, but this claim does not have support from the literature. Retrospective studies have suggested that there is only a 1 to 3% incidence of allergic or immunologic reactions to cephalosporins after administration of penicillin.[8]

Clostridioides difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) and colitis have been reported in patients taking cephalexin. It can occur at the beginning of cephalexin administration up to three months post-treatment. Older and immunocompromised patients are at higher risk of developing CDAD following long-term antibiotic treatments.[9]

Immunogenic Hemolytic anemia has been reported as a rare occurrence, especially in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to other cephalosporins. Other hypersensitivity reactions reported are skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.[10] Cephalexin has very few side effects, but one rare side effect is toxic tendinopathy.[11] 

Drug Interactions

• Metformin: Coadministration of cephalexin with metformin may result in increased plasma concentration and decreased renal clearance of metformin. It is recommended to monitor patients carefully and adjust the dose of metformin when taking cephalexin and metformin concomitantly.

• Probenecid: Coadministration of cephalexin with probenecid is not recommended as these may lead to inhibition of the renal excretion of cephalexin.

Contraindications

Cephalexin and other cephalosporins are contraindicated in patients with a penicillin allergy, as this poses an increased risk of an allergic reaction to cephalexin and other cephalosporins.[8] 

Cephalexin is also contraindicated in patients who have known hypersensitivity to cephalexin or other medications of the cephalosporin class.

Monitoring

Peak serum concentrations of cephalexin are seen approximately one hour after a single dose. The serum half-life is 1 to 2 hours, but this can increase to up to 22 hours in patients with drastically reduced creatinine clearance. Additionally, patients on hemodialysis experience an increased half-life of approximately 4 to 5 hours. Patients should ingest cephalexin on an empty stomach, as food consumption delays the onset of the drug and lowers the peak concentration. Also, consuming food with cephalexin can prolong the time the drug is detectable in the serum.[1] 

Additionally, as cephalexin is excreted by kidneys in unchanged form, patients with renal impairment may have prolonged excretion rates of cephalexin.[1][12] Renal function should be monitored in these patients for dose adjustment.

Monitor blood sugar levels when a patient on metformin is administered cephalexin, as there is an increased risk of hypoglycemia.

Cephalosporin, including cephalexin, might cause prolongation in prothrombin time. Monitor prothrombin time especially in patients with malnutrition, renal or hepatic impairment, using the anticoagulation treatment and antibiotics chronically.

Toxicity

Patients taking cephalexin generally have a relatively low incidence of adverse effects when the drug is administered correctly and safely. Adverse effects associated with toxicity or overdose include soreness of the oral cavity, pruritus of pregnancy, and gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, hematuria.[1] Additionally, the are only a few very rare documented cases of cephalexin inducing a fatal episode of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.[13]

It is recommended to institute general supportive measures in the event of an overdose. However, the beneficial effects of charcoal hemoperfusion, forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis have not been established. Contact local drug poison center for information on the latest protocol to treat cephalexin overdose.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Interprofessional healthcare teams must be aware of the potential for bacterial resistance to cephalexin. Administering cephalexin to a patient with an infection that harbors cephalexin resistance puts them at risk for adverse effects of the drug without curing the infection; this impedes effective management of the infection and increases the potential for bacterial resistance to the drug.

One of the most critical aspects of the cephalexin administration that healthcare teams need to consider is the potential for drug-induced allergic reactions. The most common manifestations of allergic reactions with cephalexin include urticaria and maculopapular exanthema.[13] Nurses should inform patients of possible adverse reactions and ways to address if any adverse reactions precipitate. Pharmacists should perform medication reconciliation to verify the dose and drug-drug interactions.

Other major and potentially deadly complications of cephalexin are Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Although these complications are extremely rare, healthcare professionals need to recognize the symptoms that may present, including an extensive erythematous rash followed by large areas of epidermal sloughing. In Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, the drug reaction can occur as late as one to three weeks after initiation of drug administration. However, this type of drug reaction can happen sooner than one to three weeks, presenting as conjunctivitis or lesions at mucosal membranes. It can also present with flu-like symptoms. These include, but are not limited to, cough, arthralgias, myalgias, and fever and can progress to massive ulcerations on any surface of the body, multisystem organ failure, and ultimately death. The most important way to prevent these progressions and complications is to stop the administration of cephalexin immediately.[13]

If the clinical team works together to understand how to recognize these types of adverse drug reactions to cephalexin, they will be able to intervene better and stop drug administration before significant complications occur. Education on these topics allows for a healthcare environment that optimizes patient safety and care quality. Interprofessional management of cephalexin therapy with an interprofessional team that includes clinicians, mid-level practitioners, nurses, and pharmacists, all operating as a cohesive healthcare administration unit, will drive better patient outcomes. [Level 5]

Review Questions

• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

• Comment on this article.

References

1.

Bailey A, Walker A, Hadley A, James DG. Cephalexin–a new oral antibiotic. Postgrad Med J. 1970 Mar;46(533):157-8. [PMC free article: PMC2466982] [PubMed: 4914633]

2.

Derrick CW, Reilly K. The role of cephalexin in the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections. Postgrad Med J. 1983;59 Suppl 5:43-6. [PubMed: 6364089]

3.

Valent AM, DeArmond C, Houston JM, Reddy S, Masters HR, Gold A, Boldt M, DeFranco E, Evans AT, Warshak CR. Effect of Post-Cesarean Delivery Oral Cephalexin and Metronidazole on Surgical Site Infection Among Obese Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Sep 19;318(11):1026-1034. [PMC free article: PMC5818802] [PubMed: 28975304]

4.

Pandey N, Cascella M. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Sep 26, 2022. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics. [PubMed: 31424895]

5.

Thompson JW, Jacobs RF. Adverse effects of newer cephalosporins. An update. Drug Saf. 1993 Aug;9(2):132-42. [PubMed: 8397890]

6.

Gwee A, Autmizguine J, Curtis N, Duffull SB. Twice- and Thrice-daily Cephalexin Dosing for Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020 Jun;39(6):519-522. [PubMed: 32412727]

7.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Bethesda (MD): Jan 18, 2021. Cephalexin. [PubMed: 30000547]

8.

Pichichero ME. Cephalosporins can be prescribed safely for penicillin-allergic patients. J Fam Pract. 2006 Feb;55(2):106-12. [PubMed: 16451776]

9.

Wilcox MH, Chalmers JD, Nord CE, Freeman J, Bouza E. Role of cephalosporins in the era of Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Jan;72(1):1-18. [PMC free article: PMC5161048] [PubMed: 27659735]

10.

Manoharan A, Kot T. Cephalexin-induced haemolytic anaemia. Med J Aust. 1987 Aug 17;147(4):202. [PubMed: 3657639]

11.

Cohen PR. Cephalexin-associated Achilles Tendonitis: Case Report and Review of Drug-induced Tendinopathy. Cureus. 2018 Dec 27;10(12):e3783. [PMC free article: PMC6433089] [PubMed: 30915263]

12.

Bathini L, Jandoc R, Kuwornu P, McArthur E, Weir MA, Sood MM, Battistella M, Muanda FT, Liu A, Jain AK, Garg AX. Clinical Outcomes of Failing to Dose-Reduce Cephalosporin Antibiotics in Older Adults with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Feb 07;14(2):197-205. [PMC free article: PMC6390923] [PubMed: 30630861]

13.

Hafermann MJ, Barber GR, Dreskin SC, Lindberg GK. Fatal case of cephalexin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2014;2:2050313X14532250. [PMC free article: PMC4857339] [PubMed: 27489646]

Disclosure: Timothy Herman declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Muhammad Hashmi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Cephalexin For UTI: Treatment and More

Cephalexin is a type of antibiotic that is frequently used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs).

It is one of the top 100 most commonly prescribed medications in the US, and can be very effective for many common bacterial infections.

However, cephalexin might not be right for everyone, and it’s important to know about potential side effects, who should and should not take this medication, and how to safely take it if it is prescribed to you as part of a treatment plan.

What is a Urinary Tract Infection?

Urinary tract infections are a common type of bacterial infection.

The urinary system includes the urethra, bladder, and kidneys.

In the case of a UTI, the urethra or bladder may be infected, causing burning with urination, frequency, and other uncomfortable symptoms.

Left untreated, UTIs can allow bacteria to travel to the kidneys and result in a more serious infection known as pyelonephritis.

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UTI Causes

Urinary tract infections occur more frequently in women than men.

Women are 4-8 times more likely to get them because they have shorter urethras and bacteria can more easily reach the bladder.

E. coli is the most common bacteria that causes UTIs, but there are many other types of bacteria that can infect the bladder.

Bacteria commonly live on and within the body.

Infections occur when bacteria gets into places it does not belong. In this case, bacteria from the skin’s surface or the rectum can enter the urethra and multiply in the bladder, causing painful and uncomfortable symptoms.

UTI Symptoms

Urinary tract infections tend to cause a recognizable set of symptoms:

• Pain or burning sensations when you urinate
• Frequent urge to urinate
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Shakiness
• Pressure in your lower abdomen
• Pain in your back or side below the ribs
• Urine that is foul-smelling, looks cloudy, or has a reddish tint

While most people with a UTI will notice these common symptoms, some will not have noticeable symptoms or may not be able to communicate them.

Older people, those who have diabetes, and those with conditions that affect the central nervous system may not be able to feel or report symptoms.

Children can also get UTIs and while they may react to the discomfort, they might not be able to express why.

Unexplained fever, nausea, and/or abdominal pain, especially in younger women, should be discussed with a primary care physician.

UTIs can be diagnosed with a simple urine test, and sometimes the symptoms are so clear that doctors can treat them without requiring an office visit.

If your provider does require a urine sample, you will carefully clean the area of the urethra before urinating into a sterile cup.

The urine will be tested for signs of inflammation that occur in an infection.

The results usually come back within a few minutes.

In some cases, your health care provider may also send your urine to the lab for a urine culture.

A culture can show which exact bacteria is causing the infection, which may be helpful in determining which antibiotic is most effective.

What is Cephalexin?

Cephalexin monohydrate (Keflex) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that may be used to treat urinary tract infections and other types of bacterial illnesses.

It is in the cephalosporin class of antibiotics.

Cephalexin works to address bacterial infection by interrupting bacterial cell wall growth.

This stops bacterial replication and helps get rid of them.

Using Cephalexin to Treat UTIs

Cephalexin is one of several first-line antibiotics prescribed for UTIs.

It can be safe for those with penicillin or amoxicillin allergies.

When To Take

Cephalexin is available in several forms: capsule, tablet, or suspension liquid.

It may be taken with or without food at intervals of 6-12 hours, depending on the dosage.

A typical course of cephalexin lasts for 5-14 days.

Most people start to notice an improvement in UTI symptoms within a day or two.

If you do not start to feel better or begin to feel worse, let your health care provider know right away.

Even if you do feel completely better, do not stop taking your cephalexin before your prescription ends unless your doctor tells you otherwise.

If you do stop too soon, your infection may not completely resolve or may come back, and you may become resistant to antibiotics, leading to more severe and harder to treat infections.

Dosage

Your doctor will prescribe an effective dosage of cephalexin based on your age, the severity and type of infection, and your other medical conditions..

Typical dosing for urinary tract infections include:

• Adults: 1-4g daily, split between 2-4 doses
• Children: 25-50mg per kilogram of body weight daily, split between 2-4 doses

Who Can and Cannot Use Cephalexin

Most antibiotics come with a risk of side effects, and while cephalexin can be safe in both adults and children, certain people should not take it.

For people with certain health conditions or allergies, cephalexin could result in severe adverse events.

It should be avoided or you should consult with your doctor about the risks if you:

• Are allergic to cephalosporin antibiotics
• Have liver or kidney disease
• Have been diagnosed with colitis
• Have a seizure disorder
• Are receiving dialysis

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Urinary tract infections are more common during pregnancy, especially in weeks 6-24 because of changes to the urinary tract, pelvic organs, and immune system.

Complications from UTIs, like kidney infections, are a serious concern in pregnancy. 

Most pregnant people are screened for UTIs at their routine wellness visits.

And anyone who is pregnant and notices burning or other UTI symptoms in between visits should tell their obstetric provider right away.

If a UTI does occur in pregnancy, it can still be treated with antibiotics.

There are some risks, but your doctor or provider will go over the potential risks of different types of antibiotics to help make a safe and effective choice.

Cephalexin is a category B drug for pregnancy, along with prenatal vitamins and acetaminophen.

If there is a clinical need to use it, it is generally considered safe to do so.

However, your doctor will take into consideration other health factors and your personal medical history.

For those who are lactating, cephalexin can pass through breast milk to your infant in small amounts.

Cephalexin is generally considered safe for use while breastfeeding but it is important to discuss any antibiotics with your provider and/or your child’s pediatrician.

Side Effects of Cephalexin

Like other antibiotics, cephalexin can cause some common side effects.

Common Side Effects

Diarrhea is the most common side effect of cephalexin.

Other common side effects include: 

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Indigestion
• Abdominal pain
• Vaginal discharge or itchiness

Serious Side Effects and Allergic Reactions

Cephalexin (Keflex) and others in the same antibiotic class (cefaclor, cefazolin, others) can also cause serious side effects including severe allergic reactions.

If you have trouble breathing, hives or severe rash, or any swelling to your face, throat, or mouth while taking cephalexin, discontinue your medication and call 911 or seek emergency medical care right away.

Cephalexin Drug Interactions

It’s important to keep your medical provider updated on your health history, allergies, and anything you are taking—including supplements, vitamins, herbs, or OTC medicine.

Any of these could interact with other medications, including cephalexin.

Interactions can decrease the effectiveness of the medication, change the way that it absorbs, or increase the risk of side effects.

Cephalexin is known to interact with the following:

• Warfarin and other blood thinners
• Metformin
• Furosemide
• Probenecid

It may interact with other drugs, supplements, or OTC pills.

Be sure to let your prescriber know what you are taking, even if you only take something sporadically.

Alternatives to Cephalexin

If you can’t take cephalexin or it is not the most effective antibiotic for your bacterial infection, there are plenty of alternatives.

The following antibiotics are also commonly used for treating UTIs:

• Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid)
• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
• Doxycycline (Doryx, Morgidox, Avidoxy, others)
• Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate (Augmentin)
• Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
• Fosfomycin (Monurol)

It may also be possible to treat mild urinary tract infections without antibiotics, though most UTIs do need an antibiotic to resolve.

Evidence shows benefits for consuming vitamin C, cranberry extract, and probiotics.

A supplement called D-Mannose and staying very well-hydrated have also been shown to help prevent UTIs, but it’s not as clear if any of these can treat an infection once it has occurred. 

If you do want to try to treat a UTI without antibiotics, you should still speak to your health care provider.

They will be able to tell you signs to look out for or when to call back if your symptoms have not resolved.

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When to See a Doctor

If you have signs of a UTI, you should speak to your doctor.

Even though some urinary tract infections may clear up without treatment, there are serious risks to leaving a bacterial infection untreated.

An untreated UTI can spread to your kidneys or bloodstream leading to a more severe infection that may require IV antibiotics or a hospital stay, and could lead to permanent damage or even death.

UTIs that are caught early can be treated quickly and easily from your home. Most antibiotic treatments for UTIs work within 3-7 days.

How K Health Can Help

Having signs of a UTI but don’t want to go all the way to the doctor’s office?

Did you know that you can get UTI treatment online through K Health?

We have clinicians available 24/7 to get you the care or medication that you need.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take for antibiotics to work on UTIs?

The answer may be different depending on your other health conditions and the severity of your infection, but most UTI symptoms will start to improve after a few days on antibiotics (maybe even sooner). Your full antibiotic course may be anywhere from 3-14 days. It’s important to take your medication exactly as prescribed. Don’t stop early or you may have a recurrence of the infection or develop a drug-resistant bacteria that can be harder to treat in the future.

Can cephalexin also treat kidney infections?

Cephalexin can be used to treat mild pyelonephritis, a kidney infection. More severe kidney infections will require IV antibiotics.

What should I do if I forgot a dose of my antibiotics?

If you miss a dose of your antibiotics, do not double up. Take your missed dose as soon as you remember. If you are closer to when your next dose would be due, skip the missed dose and resume your normal schedule.

K Health articles are all written and reviewed by MDs, PhDs, NPs, or PharmDs and are for informational purposes only. This information does not constitute and should not be relied on for professional medical advice. Always talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits of any treatment.

K Health has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions,
and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references.

• Top 300 drugs of 2019. (2021).
  https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx

• Urinary tract infection. (2021).
  https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/uti.html

• Urinary tract infections. (2016).
  https://medlineplus.gov/urinarytractinfections.html

• Recurrent urinary tract infections management in women. (2013).
  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3749018/

• Diagnosis. (2017).
  https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/bladder-infection-uti-in-adults/diagnosis

• Cephalexin. (2016).
  https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682733.html

• Urinary tract infection in pregnancy. (2021).
  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537047/

Antibiotics for the common cold in adults: 8 side effects

Contents

• 1 8 side effects of antibiotics in the treatment of the common cold in adults: what you need to know?
  • 1.1 How antibiotics work for the common cold
  • 1.2 Side effects when taking antibiotics
  • 1.3 The risk of allergic reactions when using antibiotics for the common cold in adults
  • 1.4 Complications after using antibiotics
    • 1.4.1 Violation of the intestinal microflora
    • 1.4.2 Allergic reactions
    • 1.4.3 Decreased immunity
    • 1.4.4 Wrong choice of antibiotics
    • 1.4.5 Hearing and vision problems
    • 1. 4.6 Development of resistance

    9 0005 1.4.7 Diarrhea

    • 1.4.8 Liver damage
  • 1.5 Risk of superinfection when using antibiotics for the common cold in adults
  • 1.6 Possible digestive problems when taking antibiotics for the common cold in adults
    • 1.6.1 Dysbacteriosis
    • 1.6.2 Lactose indigestion
    • 1.6.3 Irritable bowel syndrome
    • 1.6.4 Food allergic response
    • 1.6.5 Loss of appetite
    • 1.6.6 Red and painful uvula
    • 1.6.7 Others problems
  • 1.7 Potential risk for pregnant and lactating women
  • 1.8 The need to follow the doctor’s recommendations when taking antibiotics for the common cold in adults
  • 1.9 Related videos:
  • 1.10 Question-answer:
    • • 1.10.0.1 How do antibiotics for the common cold affect the body of an adult?
      • 1.10.0.2 Is it possible to treat a runny nose with antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription?
      • 1. 10.0.3 How can antibiotics for the common cold affect the digestive system?
      • 1.10.0.4 How long do you need to take antibiotics for a cold to get the desired effect?
      • 1.10.0.5 What drugs can be used instead of antibiotics in the treatment of the common cold?
      • 1.10.0.6 What is the risk of allergic reactions when taking antibiotics?
      • 1.10.0.7 Which antibiotics can be used for the common cold?
      • 1.10.0.8 What are the features of the use of antibiotics for the common cold in elderly patients?

Learn about 8 side effects adults may experience when taking antibiotics to treat the common cold. Be attentive to your health and avoid unwanted consequences.

Runny nose is one of the most common diseases that adults face. And, despite the fact that it is usually not dangerous, it is one of the most unpleasant. The symptoms of a runny nose are a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing. In many cases, people take antibiotics to get rid of symptoms faster.

However, what are the possible side effects of taking antibiotics for a cold? In this article, we look at 8 potential side effects of antibiotics.

Also note that the misuse of antibiotics can lead to more serious health problems, including a decrease in the effectiveness of antibiotics in the future, as microbes can develop resistance to them.

How antibiotics work for the common cold

Antibiotics for the common cold are prescribed to fight a bacterial infection. They kill bacteria, preventing them from multiplying and spreading in the body.

For a runny nose, antibiotics may be given if symptoms persist for more than a week and a bacterial infection is suspected. However, in most cases, a runny nose is caused by a virus that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Antibiotics for the common cold should be selected according to the type of bacterium and its sensitivity to a particular drug. The wrong choice of antibiotic can lead to the development of bacterial resistance to the drug, making it difficult to treat in the future.

• Taking antibiotics for a cold can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and allergic reactions.
• Before taking antibiotics, you should consult your doctor and strictly follow the recommendations for dosage and duration of treatment.

In general, antibiotics for the common cold are only effective when a bacterial infection is present. Otherwise, the best treatment is symptomatic relief with fluids, rest, and mild pain medication.

Antibiotic side effects

Antibiotics are medicines used to fight infectious diseases. However, they can lead to negative consequences.

1. Allergic reactions. Rash, itching, swelling, redness of the skin and other signs of allergy may occur when taking antibiotics.
2. Diarrhea. Antibiotics can upset the balance of the intestinal microflora, leading to diarrhoea.
3. Dysbacteriosis. When taking antibiotics, beneficial bacteria can also be killed, which leads to dysbacteriosis.
4. Digestive problems. Some antibiotics can cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and other digestive problems.
5. Headache. Some antibiotics can cause headache, dizziness, and other negative sensations.
6. Liver problems. Long-term use of antibiotics may cause liver failure or hepatitis.
7. Kidney problems. Some antibiotics can cause kidney problems or worsen pre-existing conditions.
8. Hearing problems. Some antibiotics may cause temporary or permanent hearing problems.

When taking antibiotics, you must follow the instructions and do not exceed the recommended doses. If any negative sensations appear, you should consult a doctor.

Risk of allergic reactions when using antibiotics for the common cold in adults

When treating the common cold with antibiotics in adults, there is a high risk of allergic reactions. Some people may have hypersensitivity to certain families of antibiotics, which can lead to various drug reactions.

If you have a history of allergic reactions to antibiotics, or if you suspect a hypersensitivity to any drug, it is important to tell your doctor. He may recommend another remedy or precaution to reduce the risk of an allergic reaction.

• If you develop symptoms of an allergic reaction after taking antibiotics for the common cold in adults, you should seek immediate medical attention.
• In rare cases, allergic reactions to antibiotics can be fatal, so they must be taken with extreme caution.

In general, antibiotics are life-saving drugs, but it is important to consider all possible risks when using them. If you have an allergic reaction to antibiotics, you should stop taking them and seek medical help immediately.

Complications after the use of antibiotics

Disorders of the intestinal microflora

When taking antibiotics, the balance of microflora in the intestines can be disturbed, which leads to dysbacteriosis and the appearance of additional health problems.

Allergic reactions

Some patients may experience allergic reactions to antibiotics, including hives, edema, and even anaphylactic shock.

Decreased immunity

Long-term use of antibiotics can reduce immunity, as these drugs kill not only disease-causing, but also beneficial bacteria that play an important role in maintaining the body’s protective functions.

Wrong choice of antibiotics

If the patient is taking the wrong antibiotics, this can lead to the fact that bacteria continue to multiply, making recovery difficult and complicating the disease.

Hearing and vision problems

Some antibiotics can cause vision and hearing problems, including hearing loss due to a decrease in ear function.

Development of resistance

Frequent use of antibiotics may lead to the development of bacterial resistance to these drugs, making future infections more difficult to treat.

Diarrhea

One of the most common side effects is diarrhea, which can be caused by various types of antibiotics, as these drugs change the balance of microflora in the intestines.

Liver damage

Long-term use of certain antibiotics can cause damage to the liver, which can lead to serious health problems.

Risk of superinfection when using antibiotics for the common cold in adults

Superinfection is the occurrence of a new infection in the human body caused by bacteria that are not killed by the antibiotics used to treat the original infection.

The risk of superinfection increases with prolonged use of antibiotics, as well as with misuse, when drugs are chosen incorrectly or the dosage is not respected.

To minimize the risk of superinfection when treating the common cold with antibiotics, you must follow the doctor’s recommendations and follow the dosage and regimen. You can also take probiotics to maintain beneficial microflora and strengthen the immune system.

Possible digestive problems with antibiotics for colds in adults

Dysbacteriosis

Taking antibiotics can disrupt the natural intestinal microflora, causing the appearance of dysbacteriosis – a change in the composition of microorganisms in the intestine. Manifestations of dysbacteriosis can be different – from mild diarrhea to severe violations.

Lactose indigestion

Taking antibiotics can cause temporary lactose intolerance because the gut microflora can interfere with the body’s ability to digest milk sugar. This can manifest as bloating, gas, diarrhea, and other unpleasant stomach conditions.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Taking antibiotics can lead to intestinal irritation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Symptoms of IBS can include bloating, abdominal tenderness, constipation, and diarrhea.

Food Allergy

Antibiotics can cause an allergic response in the body to certain types of food, which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including skin rashes, itchy and red skin, abdominal pain, and nausea.

Decreased appetite

Antibiotics can cause a decrease in appetite in adults, which may cause them to eat less. This can lead to additional health problems as the body may not be getting enough nutrients.

Red and painful tongues

Prolonged use of antibiotics can cause red and painful tongues, which can lead to burning, soreness and discomfort when eating.

Other problems

In addition to the above, other digestive problems may occur, such as heartburn, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. If you find such manifestations, you should consult with a specialist.

Potential risk to pregnant and lactating women

When taking antibiotics during pregnancy and breastfeeding, there may be risks to the health of the mother and child. Many of them can be caused not only by the drug itself, but also by the bacterial flora living in the woman’s body.

Some antibiotics can cross the placenta, which can adversely affect the development of the fetus. In addition, many of them are excreted in breast milk, which is also a potential risk for the baby.

Consultation with a physician and assessment of the benefits and risks of taking antibiotics is essential, especially in early pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Some antibiotics can only be prescribed in an emergency and under strict medical supervision.

In any case, women during pregnancy and lactation are advised to refrain from self-medication and to ensure that the antibiotic prescribed is safe in their particular situation.

The need to follow the doctor’s recommendations when taking antibiotics for a cold in adults

When taking antibiotics, you must follow all the recommendations that the doctor warned the patient about. Violation of the recommendations can lead to unpleasant consequences, such as deterioration in health and the appearance of side effects.

Your doctor can give you various recommendations, such as how much to take, when to take it, how long to take it, as well as tell you about possible side effects and how to prevent them.

It is important to understand that antibiotics are not a universal remedy for the common cold, and their use must be justified. If necessary, the doctor may recommend other drugs that will be more effective in a particular case.

• It should also be remembered that for certain diseases antibiotics cannot be taken in any way.
• If the disease does not improve after one course of antibiotics, it is necessary to visit a doctor for a second consultation and further treatment.
• It is important to follow the dosage and regimen of antibiotics, not missing doses or increasing the dosage without the doctor’s permission.

Using antibiotics correctly and responsibly will help you achieve the best results, prevent negative side effects, and protect your body from developing antibiotic resistance.

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Q&A:

How do antibiotics for a cold affect an adult’s body?

Antibiotics for the common cold can affect the adult body in various ways, for example, by changing the microflora of the mouth and intestines, which can lead to metabolic, digestive and protective functions of the body.

Is it possible to treat a runny nose with antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription?

Treatment of the common cold with antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription is highly undesirable, as this can lead to a number of negative consequences, including the development of allergic reactions, deterioration of the immune system, and an increased risk of antibiotic resistance.

How can antibiotics for a cold affect the digestive system?

Antibiotics for a common cold can affect the intestinal microflora, which can cause digestive and metabolic disorders, as well as lead to dysbacteriosis.

How long do you need to take antibiotics for a cold to get the desired effect?

The duration of taking antibiotics for a cold depends on the individual characteristics of the patient, the form of the disease and the drug chosen. Usually the course of treatment lasts from 5 to 10 days.

What drugs can be used instead of antibiotics in the treatment of the common cold?

Other antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs, herbal preparations and homeopathic remedies can be used instead of antibiotics in the treatment of the common cold. However, the choice of medicine should be made only by a doctor.

What is the risk of allergic reactions when taking antibiotics?

The possibility of allergic reactions when taking antibiotics for a cold is quite high and depends on the individual patient. Therefore, before using the drug, it is necessary to consult a doctor and take an allergy test.

Which antibiotics can be used for a cold?

Antibiotics used in the treatment of the common cold can be different: amoxicillin, amoxiclav, cephalexin, azithromycin, etc. However, the choice of the optimal drug should be made only by a doctor, taking into account the form of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.

What are the features of the use of antibiotics for the common cold in elderly patients?

When using antibiotics for the common cold in elderly patients, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of the body and possible concomitant diseases. In this regard, the choice of drug and dosage should be selected individually after consultation with a specialist.

types and causes of nasal congestion, effective remedies, complications and prevention

A runny nose, or rhinitis, is the most common symptom of colds and flu. Everyone is familiar with its symptoms – nasal congestion and discharge, sneezing. Popular wisdom says: with treatment, a runny nose disappears after 7 days, and if not treated, after a week. So is it worth spending time and money on treatment? The answer is unequivocal – it’s worth it. And why – we tell in the article.

What is rhinitis

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. The disease begins with a feeling of dryness, burning and tickling in the nose, sneezing. After a few hours or a couple of days later, congestion occurs and nasal breathing becomes difficult, the sense of smell decreases, and the voice becomes nasal. Discharge from the nostrils appears: at first liquid, transparent and abundant, which eventually become cloudy, become viscous (it is difficult to leave if you blow your nose with force). Over time, the symptoms subside. Acute rhinitis stops after 1-2 weeks from the moment the first signs appear.

What causes a runny nose

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Main reasons:

● Pathogenic microorganisms. 90% of cases of infectious acute rhinitis are caused by pathogens of acute viral respiratory infections (ARVI): rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial infection. Only in 10% of patients with a runny nose are primarily caused by bacteria – streptococci, staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae.

● Allergens. These are protein compounds harmless to healthy people, to which the immune system of allergy sufferers reacts violently. They are found in plant pollen, food (eggs, nuts, chocolate, fruits and berries), household dust, secretions and epithelial particles of pets. An allergic reaction can be caused by medication.

● Medications. The most common cause of drug-induced rhinitis is local vasoconstrictors, that is, drops that are just designed to treat the common cold. If they are used according to the instructions, they greatly facilitate nasal breathing. But with too frequent instillation, these drugs lead to atrophy of the mucous membrane and the development of chronic rhinitis.

Some drugs affect the neurohormonal regulation of the vessels of the nasal cavity. These are pressure medications, oral and injectable contraceptives.

● Irritants. Substances that irritate mucous membranes. They pollute the air and enter the nose when inhaled. These include perfumed aerosols, washing and cleaning powders, smoke (including tobacco) and industrial dust.

● Anatomical defects. The frequent occurrence of rhinitis has a curvature of the nasal septum, pathological narrowing of the nasal passages.

Any type of rhinitis, not initially associated with an infection, becomes infectious over time – an inflamed, irritated mucous membrane cannot withstand the attack of bacteria and viruses.

Is it worth treating a runny nose

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If a runny nose is not treated or treated incorrectly, complications can develop. First, irreversible changes in the nasal mucosa can occur, and then the runny nose becomes chronic. It can last for years, be complicated by allergies. It is very difficult to cure it completely.

Secondly, passages enter the nasal cavity that connect it with the middle ear, paranasal sinuses. If a person catches a cold, the mucosa swells, the nasal cavity is filled with mucus and the lumen of miniature fistulas quickly closes. All these processes lead to a violation of ventilation and the development of inflammation in the cavities that communicate with the nose. The most annoying of them:

● Viral and bacterial inflammation of the paranasal sinuses – sinusitis.

● Inflammation of the middle ear – otitis media.

● Infections of the lower respiratory tract: tracheitis, laryngitis, bronchitis.

Most adverse effects can be avoided if you start treating a runny nose at the first symptoms.

How to cure a runny nose with SARS at home

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If a runny nose is not accompanied by a significant deterioration in well-being, it can be treated at home. Treatment will reduce the activity of the virus and quickly eliminate the symptoms.

If you have a runny nose, don’t go outside. This will protect you from infecting other people and avoid hypothermia, which can aggravate symptoms and lead to complications. We will tell you which treatments are effective for a cold, and which can be harmful.

● Tablets. The only drugs that have an effect on ARVI pathogens are specific antiviral drugs, of which enisamia iodide has shown itself well.

Enisamia iodide is the active ingredient of the modern antiviral drug Nobasit ^® Forte ⁷ . Enisamia iodide can not only suppress the action of ARVI and influenza viruses, but also reduce the severity of various local symptoms of infection, including runny nose and nasal congestion, due to the anti-inflammatory effect ⁸ . Due to this combined action, patients taking enisamia iodide noted a reduction in the total duration of the disease from 24 to 36 hours ⁸ . For an adult, 1 pack of Nobasit ^® Forte will be enough for a course of treatment with the regimen: 1 tablet 3 times a day for 5-7 days. ⁷

● Drops. To quickly facilitate nasal breathing, local vasoconstrictors are used. They can be used safely for 5-10 days by dripping into the nose 2-3 times a day. More frequent use leads to the opposite effect – atrophic rhinitis.

● Rinsing the nasal cavity with saline solution. A salt solution reduces swelling, a jet of water washes microbes from the surface of the mucous membranes. It is better to use solutions of sea salt – it contains minerals that stop the production of mucus.

● Inhalation. With a runny nose, it is useful to inhale the vapors of essential oils, mineral water and a solution of common or sea salt. They effectively relieve the symptoms of inflammation. It is preferable to be treated with steam at room temperature. To do this, use a nebulizer.

● Thermal procedures: foot baths, dry heating of the nose area with a blue lamp – Minin’s reflector, mustard plasters on the shins, plentiful hot drinks. Heat causes a reflex contraction of the vessels of the nose. Such procedures are effective in the first days of a cold. They should not be used for high fever – this contributes to the rapid spread of infection to surrounding tissues.

Many people treat acute rhinitis with “folk” remedies: they instill aloe juice, honey solution, sea buckthorn oil into the nose. This is mistake. Such substances irritate the mucous membrane and aggravate the runny nose, slow down recovery. Oil solutions and herbal decoctions can only be used in the form of inhalations. If you want to get rid of a runny nose faster, you can’t drip any “home” remedies into your nose.

Self-medication with antibiotics is also unacceptable. At best, they simply will not help with viral rhinitis, at worst, they will show harmful side effects. In addition, it is difficult for people who are fond of unauthorized use of antibiotics for any reason to find an effective drug if they need to fight a dangerous disease. Antibiotics are prescribed by a doctor based on the signs of a bacterial infection, the results of a laboratory analysis.

When to see a doctor

Do not postpone a visit to the doctor (therapist, otorhinolaryngologist) if:

● Along with a runny nose, the general condition worsens: a high temperature lasts for a long time, a headache appears, a feeling of weakness and severe weakness.

● Symptoms do not go away within a week or recur when the patient is on the mend.

● Runny nose was accompanied by symptoms of the spread of infection to the ENT organs and lower respiratory tract: a deep (from the chest) cough, pain in the ears, chest, sinus area, discharge from the ear canal, severe sore throat, difficulty breathing or swallowing.

● If, along with rhinitis, a rash occurs on the skin, this may indicate a highly contagious dangerous infection: measles, rubella, chicken pox.

Prophylaxis

To reduce the risk of a nasal infection, follow a number of rules:

● Get vaccinated against influenza annually unless contraindicated.

● Avoid crowded places during outbreaks of SARS, contact with people with signs of a cold. If you still had to be near a sick person, take an antiviral drug as a prophylaxis.

● Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, use a disinfectant solution during seasonal epidemics of respiratory infections. It is useful to rinse the nose with isotonic saline solution.

● When in crowded places (public transport, shopping centers, etc.), use a protective medical mask correctly.

● Do not overcool: try to dress for the weather, do not sit in a draft.

● Create a healthy microclimate in the house – ventilate the premises, humidify and purify the air. When airing, do not allow a sharp drop in temperature in the apartment.

● Timely treat diseases of ENT organs – chronic tonsillitis, curvature of the nasal septum.

● Support the body’s defenses: eat right, exercise, spend more time outdoors, drink vitamins.

Briefly about the main

● Rhinitis (runny nose) is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, caused mainly by viruses (SARS pathogens). Main symptoms: nasal congestion, mucus discharge from the nostrils, decreased sense of smell.

● It is necessary to treat a runny nose. Even if the treatment does not bring recovery much closer, it will significantly reduce the risk of complications.

● Mild, uncomplicated rhinitis can be treated on its own. To do this, use antiviral drugs, for example, Nobasit ^® Forte, vasoconstrictive nasal drops, saline rinsing, inhalation, nasal and leg warming. Many drugs for rhinitis are sold in pharmacies without a prescription, but in order to avoid side effects, you must carefully study and strictly follow the instructions.

● With a runny nose, oils, plant juices, and other home remedies should not be instilled into the nose – they exacerbate symptoms and slow down recovery. Antibiotics for viral rhinitis are not only useless, but can be harmful. Any antibacterial drugs can be used only as directed by a doctor.

● If a runny nose does not go away for a long time or is accompanied by high fever, severe deterioration of health, deep cough, ear pain, rash on the body, consult a doctor immediately.

¹ Zaitseva O.V. Acute infectious rhinitis in the practice of an internist // Directory of a polyclinic doctor – No. 1, 2010 – https://omnidoctor.ru/library/izdaniya-dlya-vrachey/spravochnik-poliklinicheskogo-vracha/spv2010/spv…

² Volkov A.G., Trofimenko S.L., Zolotova T.V. Acute rhinitis as a manifestation of acute respiratory viral infection: a textbook for students of 4-6 courses – https://rostgmu.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0 %B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%B…

³ Khamzalieva R.B., Turovsky A.B. Treatment of acute rhinitis // BC – 2005 – https://www.rmj.ru/articles/obshchie-stati/Lechenie_ostrogo_rinita/

⁴ Volkov A.