Can liver cirrhosis heal. Cirrhosis: Understanding Liver Scarring, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

06.10.202215.07.2023 by alexxlab

Can cirrhosis be reversed. How is cirrhosis diagnosed. What are the main causes of liver cirrhosis. What are the early signs of liver damage. How can cirrhosis be prevented. Is cirrhosis fatal. Can you live a normal life with cirrhosis.

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Understanding Cirrhosis: A Comprehensive Overview of Liver Scarring

Cirrhosis is a serious liver condition characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue. This progressive disease can have devastating effects on liver function and overall health. As the liver becomes increasingly scarred, its ability to perform vital functions diminishes, potentially leading to liver failure if left untreated.

Is cirrhosis reversible? Unfortunately, the damage caused by cirrhosis cannot be reversed. However, early detection and appropriate treatment can significantly slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life. In severe cases where the liver ceases to function, a liver transplant may be the only viable treatment option.

Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms of Cirrhosis

In its early stages, cirrhosis often presents with few noticeable symptoms, making it challenging to detect without medical intervention. As the condition progresses, however, a range of symptoms may become apparent:

Loss of appetite
Nausea
Itchy skin
Fatigue
Weakness

What are the advanced symptoms of cirrhosis? As liver function continues to decline, more severe symptoms may develop:

Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
Vomiting blood
Dark, tarry stools
Oedema (fluid buildup in the legs)
Ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen)
Confusion or drowsiness

When should you seek medical attention for potential cirrhosis? It’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional if you experience any of the following:

Fever and shivering
Shortness of breath
Vomiting blood
Very dark or black, tarry stools
Periods of confusion or drowsiness

Common Causes of Cirrhosis: Understanding the Risk Factors

Cirrhosis can result from various factors, with some causes being more prevalent than others. In the United Kingdom, the most common causes of cirrhosis include:

Alcohol misuse: Prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption over many years
Hepatitis C infection: Long-term infection with the hepatitis C virus
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A condition characterized by excess fat accumulation in the liver

Are there other factors that can contribute to cirrhosis? While less common, other causes of cirrhosis include:

Hepatitis B infection
Inherited liver diseases (e.g., haemochromatosis)
Autoimmune disorders affecting the liver
Certain medications or toxins

Diagnosing Cirrhosis: The Importance of Early Detection

Given the often asymptomatic nature of early-stage cirrhosis, how is the condition typically diagnosed? Cirrhosis is frequently discovered during routine medical tests or examinations for unrelated conditions. Diagnostic methods may include:

Blood tests to assess liver function
Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI
Liver biopsy to examine liver tissue
Elastography to measure liver stiffness

Why is early diagnosis crucial in managing cirrhosis? Detecting cirrhosis in its early stages allows for prompt intervention, potentially slowing disease progression and preventing complications. Regular check-ups and liver function tests are particularly important for individuals at higher risk of developing cirrhosis.

Treatment Options for Cirrhosis: Managing Symptoms and Slowing Progression

While there is no cure for cirrhosis, various treatment approaches can help manage symptoms and slow the disease’s progression. Treatment strategies may include:

Addressing underlying causes (e.g., antiviral therapy for hepatitis C)
Lifestyle modifications (e.g., abstaining from alcohol, weight loss)
Medications to manage specific symptoms or complications
Nutritional support and dietary changes
Regular monitoring and follow-up care

In cases of advanced cirrhosis where the liver can no longer function adequately, what is the primary treatment option? For end-stage cirrhosis, a liver transplant may be the only viable treatment. This procedure involves replacing the damaged liver with a healthy donor liver, either from a deceased or living donor.

Managing Alcohol-Related Cirrhosis

For individuals with alcohol-related cirrhosis, is abstinence from alcohol necessary? Absolutely. Stopping alcohol consumption is crucial in managing alcohol-related cirrhosis and preventing further liver damage. Various support services are available to help individuals overcome alcohol dependence and maintain sobriety.

Preventing Cirrhosis: Lifestyle Choices and Risk Reduction

Prevention plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of developing cirrhosis. What are some effective strategies for cirrhosis prevention?

Limiting alcohol consumption: Adhere to recommended alcohol intake guidelines
Maintaining a healthy weight: Reduce the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Protecting against viral hepatitis: Practice safe sex and avoid sharing needles
Regular exercise: Promote overall liver health and maintain a healthy body weight
Balanced diet: Consume a variety of nutrients to support liver function

How much alcohol is considered safe to consume? Current UK guidelines recommend not exceeding 14 units of alcohol per week for both men and women. It’s advisable to spread this consumption over three or more days and include alcohol-free days each week.

Vaccination and Prevention of Viral Hepatitis

Can vaccination help prevent cirrhosis caused by viral hepatitis? While there is currently no vaccine available for hepatitis C, a vaccine exists for hepatitis B. Vaccination against hepatitis B can significantly reduce the risk of developing cirrhosis due to this viral infection.

Living with Cirrhosis: Coping Strategies and Quality of Life

Is it possible to lead a normal life with cirrhosis? While cirrhosis is a serious condition, many individuals can maintain a good quality of life with proper management and care. Coping strategies may include:

Adhering to prescribed treatments and medications
Regular medical check-ups and monitoring
Joining support groups or seeking counseling
Making necessary lifestyle adjustments
Managing stress through relaxation techniques

What dietary considerations are important for individuals with cirrhosis? A balanced diet tailored to individual needs is crucial. This may involve:

Limiting sodium intake to manage fluid retention
Consuming adequate protein while avoiding excess
Ensuring sufficient calorie intake to maintain a healthy weight
Avoiding raw or undercooked shellfish to prevent infections

Complications of Cirrhosis: Understanding Potential Risks

As cirrhosis progresses, various complications may arise. What are some common complications associated with advanced cirrhosis?

Portal hypertension: Increased blood pressure in the portal vein
Varices: Enlarged blood vessels that may rupture and bleed
Hepatic encephalopathy: Mental confusion due to toxin buildup
Ascites: Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity
Increased risk of liver cancer

How can these complications be managed? Management strategies may include:

Medications to reduce portal hypertension
Endoscopic procedures to treat varices
Dietary changes and medications for hepatic encephalopathy
Diuretics and paracentesis for ascites management
Regular screening for liver cancer

The Impact of Cirrhosis on Overall Health

Does cirrhosis affect other organs besides the liver? Yes, advanced cirrhosis can have systemic effects on the body, potentially impacting:

Kidney function
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory function
Immune system
Hormonal balance

This underscores the importance of comprehensive care and regular monitoring for individuals with cirrhosis.

Research and Future Directions in Cirrhosis Treatment

What are some promising areas of research in cirrhosis treatment? Ongoing research efforts focus on various aspects of cirrhosis management and potential curative approaches:

Antifibrotic therapies to slow or reverse liver scarring
Stem cell therapies for liver regeneration
Improved antiviral treatments for hepatitis B and C
Novel approaches to treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Advancements in liver transplantation techniques

While these research avenues show promise, it’s important to note that many are still in experimental stages and require further study before becoming widely available treatment options.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cirrhosis Management

How might artificial intelligence contribute to cirrhosis care? AI technologies show potential in various aspects of cirrhosis management:

Early detection and risk assessment
Personalized treatment planning
Monitoring disease progression
Predicting complications and outcomes
Assisting in liver transplant allocation decisions

As AI technologies continue to evolve, they may play an increasingly important role in improving cirrhosis diagnosis, treatment, and overall patient care.

Global Impact of Cirrhosis: A Public Health Perspective

What is the global burden of cirrhosis? Cirrhosis represents a significant public health challenge worldwide, with varying prevalence and causes across different regions:

In developed countries, alcohol misuse and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are major contributors
In developing nations, viral hepatitis remains a significant cause
Global efforts focus on prevention, early detection, and improved access to treatment

How can public health initiatives address the cirrhosis burden? Effective strategies may include:

Implementing alcohol policies and education programs
Expanding hepatitis vaccination and treatment access
Promoting healthy lifestyles to combat obesity and metabolic syndrome
Improving awareness and screening for liver disease
Addressing socioeconomic factors that contribute to liver health disparities

Economic Impact of Cirrhosis

What are the economic implications of cirrhosis? The economic burden of cirrhosis is substantial, encompassing:

Direct medical costs for treatment and management
Indirect costs due to lost productivity
Societal costs related to disability and premature mortality
Financial strain on healthcare systems and insurance providers

This economic impact underscores the importance of prevention and early intervention strategies in managing the global cirrhosis burden.

Support and Resources for Individuals with Cirrhosis

What support is available for people living with cirrhosis? Various resources and support systems can help individuals cope with the challenges of cirrhosis:

Patient education programs
Support groups and online communities
Counseling and mental health services
Nutritional guidance and support
Financial assistance programs for medical expenses

How can family members support a loved one with cirrhosis? Family support plays a crucial role in managing cirrhosis. Family members can:

Encourage adherence to treatment plans
Assist with lifestyle modifications
Provide emotional support
Help monitor symptoms and complications
Accompany patients to medical appointments

The Role of Palliative Care in Advanced Cirrhosis

When should palliative care be considered for cirrhosis patients? Palliative care can be beneficial at various stages of cirrhosis, particularly in advanced cases. It focuses on:

Managing symptoms and improving quality of life
Providing emotional and psychological support
Assisting with decision-making regarding treatment options
Addressing end-of-life care when appropriate

Integrating palliative care into cirrhosis management can significantly enhance patient comfort and overall care quality.

Cirrhosis | NHS inform

See all parts of this guide

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1.
About cirrhosis
2.
Symptoms of cirrhosis
3.
Causes of cirrhosis
4.
Diagnosing cirrhosis
5.
Treating cirrhosis
6.
Preventing cirrhosis

About cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by continuous, long-term liver damage.

Scar tissue replaces healthy tissue in the liver and prevents the liver from working properly.

The damage caused by cirrhosis can’t be reversed and can eventually become so extensive that your liver stops functioning. This is called liver failure.

Cirrhosis can be fatal if the liver fails. However, it usually takes years for the condition to reach this stage and treatment can help slow its progression.

Each year in the UK, around 4,000 people die from cirrhosis and 700 people with the condition need a liver transplant to survive.

Signs and symptoms

There are usually few symptoms in the early stages of cirrhosis. However, as your liver loses its ability to function properly, you’re likely to experience a loss of appetite, nausea and itchy skin.

In the later stages, symptoms can include jaundice, vomiting blood, dark, tarry-looking stools, and a build-up of fluid in the legs (oedema) and abdomen (ascites).

Read more about the symptoms of cirrhosis.

When to see your GP

As cirrhosis doesn’t have many obvious symptoms during the early stages, it’s often picked up during tests for an unrelated illness.

See your GP if you have any of the following symptoms:

fever and shivering
shortness of breath
vomiting blood
very dark or black, tarry stools (faeces)
periods of confusion or drowsiness

What causes cirrhosis?

In the UK, the most common causes of cirrhosis are:

drinking too much alcohol (alcohol misuse) over many years
being infected with the hepatitis C virus for a long time
a condition called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that causes excess fat to build up in the liver

NASH is on the rise in the UK, due to increasing levels of obesity and reduced physical activity. It’s likely that it will overtake alcohol and hepatitis C as the most common cause of cirrhosis.

Less common causes of cirrhosis include hepatitis B infection and inherited liver diseases, such as haemochromatosis.

Read more about the causes of cirrhosis.

Treating cirrhosis

There’s currently no cure for cirrhosis. However, it’s possible to manage the symptoms and any complications, and slow its progression.

Treating underlying conditions that may be the cause, such as using anti-viral medication to treat a hepatitis C infection, can also stop cirrhosis getting worse.

You may be advised to cut down or stop drinking alcohol, or to lose weight if you’re overweight. A wide range of alcohol support services are available.

In its more advanced stages, the scarring caused by cirrhosis can make your liver stop functioning. In this case, a liver transplant is the only treatment option.

Preventing cirrhosis

Not exceeding the recommended limits for alcohol consumption is the best way of preventing alcohol-related cirrhosis.

men and women are advised not to regularly drink more than 14 units a week
spread your drinking over 3 days or more if you drink as much as 14 units a week

Symptoms of cirrhosis

There are usually few symptoms during the early stages of cirrhosis. Noticeable problems tend to develop as the liver becomes more damaged.

In early stage cirrhosis, the liver is able to function properly despite being damaged. As the condition progresses, symptoms tend to develop when functions of the liver are affected.

Symptoms of cirrhosis can include:

tiredness and weakness
loss of appetite
weight loss and muscle wasting
feeling sick (nausea) and vomiting
tenderness or pain around the liver area
tiny red lines (blood capillaries) on the skin above waist level
very itchy skin
yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice)
a tendency to bleed and bruise more easily, such as frequent nosebleeds or bleeding gums
hair loss
fever and shivering attacks
swelling in the legs, ankles and feet due to a build-up of fluid (oedema)
swelling in your abdomen (tummy), due to a build-up of fluid known as ascites (severe cases can make you look heavily pregnant)

You may also notice changes in your personality, problems sleeping (insomnia), memory loss, confusion and difficulty concentrating. This is known as encephalopathy and occurs when toxins affect your brain because your liver is unable to remove them from your body.

Late-stage symptoms

In the later stages of cirrhosis, you may vomit blood or have tarry, black stools. This is because blood can’t flow through the liver properly, which causes an increase in blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the gut to the liver (portal vein).

The increase in blood pressure forces blood through smaller, fragile vessels that line your stomach and gullet (varices). These can burst under high blood pressure, leading to internal bleeding, which is visible in vomit and/or stools.

Over time, the toxins that would normally be removed from the body by a healthy liver can cause multiple organ failure, followed by death.

When to seek medical help

You should see your GP if you have persistent signs and symptoms of cirrhosis.

Seek immediate medical help if you develop the following symptoms, particularly if you’ve been previously diagnosed with cirrhosis:

fever and shivering attacks
shortness of breath
vomiting blood
very dark or black tarry stools
periods of mental confusion or drowsiness

Causes of cirrhosis

There are many different causes of cirrhosis. In the UK, the most common causes are drinking excessive amounts of alcohol and long-term hepatitis C infections.

In some cases, no specific cause is identified.

Alcohol consumption

The liver breaks down toxins (poisons), such as alcohol, but too much alcohol can scar and damage the liver’s cells. Men and women who drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week are considered to be drinking too much.

If you’re a heavy drinker, your chances of developing cirrhosis are increased. However, it’s important to realise that cirrhosis of the liver isn’t just a condition that affects people dependent on alcohol. If you’re a heavy social drinker, you can also develop cirrhosis.

Alcohol-related cirrhosis usually develops after 10 or more years of heavy drinking. For unknown reasons, some people are more susceptible to liver cell damage than others. Women who drink heavily are more susceptible to liver damage than men, partly because of their different body size and build.

Stages of alcoholic liver damage

People who drink excessively and continue to drink heavily develop cirrhosis in 3 separate stages. These are described below.

The first stage of alcohol-related liver disease is known as “fatty liver”, which almost all excessive drinkers develop. It’s a side effect of the liver breaking alcohol down and disappears when you drink less.
The second stage of alcohol-related liver disease is alcoholic hepatitis. Around 20-30% of people who continue to drink heavily develop alcoholic hepatitis. During this stage, the liver becomes inflamed. If alcoholic hepatitis deteriorates into its most extreme form (liver failure) it can lead to death.
About 10% of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis, which is the third stage of alcohol-related liver disease.

This risk of developing cirrhosis, along with the risk of alcoholic hepatitis, is one of the main reasons the government recommends that men and women should not regularly drink more than 14 units a week. If you do drink as much as 14 units a week, it is advised that you spread your drinking over three or more days.

A unit of alcohol is roughly equivalent to half a pint of normal-strength lager or a single measure (25ml) of spirits. A small glass of wine (125ml) is about 1.5 units.

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Left untreated, it can damage the liver over many years, eventually resulting in cirrhosis.

In the UK, hepatitis C is the most common form of hepatitis. The hepatitis C virus is usually transmitted through blood-to-blood contact, most commonly by sharing needles used to inject drugs.

Two other types of hepatitis infection, hepatitis B and D, can also cause cirrhosis.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe liver condition that can lead to cirrhosis. As with alcohol-related liver disease, the early stage of NASH is the build-up of excess fat in the liver. This fat is associated with inflammation and scarring, which could lead to cirrhosis.

NASH can develop in people who are obese, have diabetes, have high levels of fat in the blood (high cholesterol) and high blood pressure. Most people with NASH feel well and aren’t aware they have a problem until cirrhosis occurs and liver function is affected.

NASH is on the rise in the UK due to increasing levels of obesity and reduced physical activity. It’s likely that it will overtake alcohol and hepatitis C as the most common cause of cirrhosis.

Other causes

There are a number of other conditions that can prevent the liver functioning healthily and can lead to cirrhosis. These include:

autoimmune liver disease – the immune system usually makes antibodies to attack bacteria and viruses; however, if you have an autoimmune disease, such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), your immune system will make antibodies that attack healthy organs
some rare, genetic conditions – such as haemochromatosis (a build-up of iron in the liver and other parts of the body) and Wilson’s disease (a build-up of copper in the liver and other parts of the body)
any condition that causes the bile ducts to become blocked – such as cancer of the bile ducts or pancreatic cancer
Budd-Chiari syndrome – caused by blood clots blocking the veins that carry blood from the liver

Less commonly, the use of certain medications, such as amiodarone and methotrexate, can also cause cirrhosis.

Diagnosing cirrhosis

If your GP suspects cirrhosis, they’ll check your medical history and carry out a physical examination to look for signs of chronic liver disease.

If your GP suspects your liver is damaged, you’ll be referred for tests to confirm the diagnosis.

Tests

You may have a number of different tests including those described below.

Blood tests

Blood tests can measure your liver function and the amount of liver damage. A blood test may be used to measure the levels of the liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transferase (AST) in your blood, as these will be raised if you have inflammation of the liver (hepatitis).

Scans

An ultrasound scan, transient elastography scan, computerised tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan may be carried out on your liver. A transient elastography scan is similar to an ultrasound scan carried out during pregnancy (it’s sometimes known as a Fibroscan).

These scans can produce detailed images of your liver or check liver stiffness to identify any scarring.

The Lab Tests Online UK website has more information about ALT and AST measurements.

Liver biopsy

A liver biopsy is where a fine needle is inserted into your body (usually between your ribs) to remove a small sample of liver cells. The sample is sent to a laboratory so it can be examined under a microscope.

The biopsy is usually carried out under local anaesthetic, as a day case or with an overnight stay in hospital. The outcome of the biopsy will confirm a diagnosis of cirrhosis and may provide more information about the cause. However, transient elastography is increasingly being used as an alternative to a biopsy in the diagnosis of cirrhosis.

Endoscopy

An endoscopy is where an endoscope (a thin, long, flexible tube with a light and video camera at the end) is passed down your throat and into your stomach.

Images of your oesophagus (tube from your throat to your stomach) and stomach are transmitted to an external screen where any varices (swollen vessels), which are a sign of cirrhosis, can be seen.

Grading

There are several different grading systems for cirrhosis according to how serious it is. One system is the Child-Pugh score which, based on your examination and laboratory tests, grades cirrhosis from A (relatively mild) to C (severe).

An alternative system called model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) uses the results of a blood test to help identify people who need an urgent liver transplant.

Treating cirrhosis

Cirrhosis can’t be cured, so treatment aims to manage the symptoms and any complications and stop the condition getting worse.

It’s usually not possible to reverse liver damage that’s already occurred, although recent research suggests this may eventually be possible in cases where the underlying cause of the liver damage can be successfully treated.

Treatment is likely to take place at a hospital with a specialist hepatology unit, which treats disorders of the liver, gall bladder and biliary ducts.

Stopping cirrhosis getting worse

Taking medication to treat the underlying cause of the liver damage and making healthy lifestyle changes can help stop cirrhosis getting worse and reduce your risk of developing further health problems.

Medication

The medication you need will depend on the specific cause of the damage to your liver.

For example, if you have viral hepatitis you may be prescribed anti-viral medications. If you have autoimmune hepatitis you may be given steroid medication (corticosteroids) or medication to suppress your immune system (immunosuppressants).

Lifestyle changes

There are a number of things you can do to help yourself stay healthy and reduce your chances of developing further problems if you have cirrhosis, including:

completely avoid alcohol, regardless of the cause of your cirrhosis, as alcohol consumption increases the rate at which the condition progresses
lose weight if you’re overweight or obese
regular exercise to reduce muscle wasting
practise good hygiene to reduce your chances of developing infections
speak to your GP about vaccinations you may need, such as the annual flu vaccine or travel vaccines
speak to your GP or pharmacist if you’re taking over-the-counter or prescription medications, as cirrhosis can affect the way your body processes some medicines

Malnutrition is common in people with cirrhosis, so it’s important to ensure you have a balanced diet to help you get all the nutrients you need.

Avoiding salty foods and not adding salt to foods you eat can help reduce your risk of developing swelling in your legs, feet and abdomen (tummy) caused by a build up of fluid. See tips for a lower salt diet for more information.

The damage to your liver can also mean it’s unable to store glycogen, a carbohydrate that provides short-term energy. When this happens, the body uses its own muscle tissue to provide energy between meals, which leads to muscle wasting and weakness. Therefore, you may need extra calories and protein in your diet.

Healthy snacking between meals can top up your calories and protein. It may also be helpful to eat 3 or 4 small meals a day, rather than 1 or 2 large meals.

Easing symptoms

A number of treatments can ease the symptoms of cirrhosis, including:

a low-sodium (salt) diet or tablets called diuretics to reduce the amount of fluid in your body
tablets to reduce high blood pressure in your portal vein (the main vein that transports blood from the gut to the liver) and prevent or treat any infection
creams to reduce itching

Managing complications of advanced cirrhosis

In cases of advanced cirrhosis, complications caused by the condition may need treatment.

Swollen varices

If you vomit blood or pass blood in your stools, you probably have swollen veins in your oesophagus (the long tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach). These are known as oesophageal varices.

In these cases, urgent medical attention is required. This means seeing your GP or going to the accident and emergency (A&E) department of your nearest hospital immediately.

Certain procedures can help stop the bleeding and reduce the risk of it happening again, such as:

Banding – an endoscopy is carried out (a thin, flexible tube is passed down your throat) and a small band is placed around the base of the varices to help control the bleeding.
Injection glue therapy – following an endoscopy, a type of medical “super glue” is injected into the varices to make the blood clot, which helps to stop the bleeding.
A Sengstaken tube with a balloon on the end – a special tube is passed down your throat into your stomach and the balloon is inflated. This puts pressure on the varices and helps stop the bleeding. You’ll be heavily sedated during the procedure.
A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) – a metal tube called a stent is passed across your liver to join two large veins (the portal vein and hepatic vein). This creates a new route for your blood to flow through, therefore relieving the pressure that causes the varices.

You may also be given a type of medication called a beta-blocker, such as propanolol, to reduce the risk of bleeding or reduce the severity of any bleed that does occur.

Fluid in the tummy and legs

Ascites (a build-up of fluid around your stomach area) and peripheral oedema (fluid around your legs and ankles) are common complications of advanced cirrhosis. They’ll need to be addressed as soon as possible.

You may have 20 to 30 litres of free water in your stomach area (abdomen), which can make it difficult for you to eat and breathe properly. The main treatments for ascites and oedema are restricting sodium (salt) in your diet and taking diuretic tablets, such as spironolactone or furosemide.

If the fluid around your stomach becomes infected, you may need to be treated with antibiotics. Alternatively, antibiotics may be used on a regular basis to prevent infection in people at high risk.

In severe cases of ascites, tubes may be used to drain the fluid from your abdomen. This will usually be repeated every few weeks.

Encephalopathy

People with cirrhosis can sometimes develop problems with their brain function (encephalopathy). This occurs because the liver isn’t clearing toxins properly.

The main treatment for encephalopathy is lactulose syrup. This acts as a laxative (it helps clear the bowels) and helps the body remove the toxins that build up in the body when the liver is failing. In some cases, other laxatives or an enema may be used.

Bleeding

Cirrhosis can affect the liver’s ability to make the blood clot (thicken), leaving you at risk of severe bleeding if you cut yourself. Vitamin K and a blood product called plasma can be given in emergencies to treat episodes of bleeding. You’ll need to apply pressure to any cuts that bleed.

Therefore, you should seek specialist advice before having medical procedures, including any dental work.

Liver transplant

Your liver may stop functioning if it’s severely damaged by scarring. In this situation, a liver transplant is the only option. This is a major procedure that involves removing your diseased liver and replacing it with a healthy donor liver.

However, you’ll probably have to wait a long time for a liver transplant because there are more people waiting for a transplant than there are donors.

The NHSBT Organ Donation website has more information about transplants and joining the Organ Donor Register.

Preventing cirrhosis

You can reduce your chances of developing cirrhosis by limiting your alcohol consumption and protecting yourself from a hepatitis infection.

Limiting your alcohol consumption

Heavy alcohol consumption is one of the most common causes of cirrhosis of the liver. One of the best ways to avoid this is to keep within recommended limits.

men and women are advised not to regularly drink more than 14 units a week
spread your drinking over 3 days or more if you drink as much as 14 units a week

If you have cirrhosis, you should stop drinking alcohol immediately because it speeds up the rate at which the condition progresses, regardless of the cause.

Protect yourself from hepatitis

Cirrhosis can be caused by infectious conditions, such as hepatitis B and C. Hepatitis B and C can be caught through having unprotected sex or by sharing needles to inject drugs.

Using a condom when having sex will help you avoid the risk of getting hepatitis, as will avoiding injecting drugs.

Anyone who’s at risk of getting hepatitis B, such as police officers and social care workers, can be protected by being vaccinated against the condition. However, there’s currently no vaccine for hepatitis C.

People born in areas of the world where hepatitis B and C are widespread, such as parts of South Asia and Africa, need to be screened for hepatitis, as early treatment can help prevent the onset of cirrhosis.

Treatment for cirrhosis – NHS

The treatment for cirrhosis depends on what has caused it. Cirrhosis cannot usually be cured, but there are ways to manage the symptoms and any complications, and stop the condition getting worse.

Lifestyle changes

If you have cirrhosis, there are several lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your chances of further problems and complications. These include:

avoid alcohol
quit smoking
lose weight if you’re overweight or obese
do regular exercise to reduce muscle loss
practise good hygiene to reduce your chance of getting infections
speak to a GP about vaccinations you may need, such as the annual flu vaccine or travel vaccines
speak to a GP or pharmacist if you’re taking over-the-counter or prescription medicines, because cirrhosis can affect the way some medicines work

Dietary changes

Malnutrition is common in people with cirrhosis, so it’s important you eat a healthy, balanced diet to help you get all the nutrients you need.

Cutting down on salt can help reduce the chance of swelling in your legs, feet and tummy caused by a build-up of fluid.

The damage to your liver can mean it’s unable to store glycogen, which is a type of fuel the body needs for energy.

When this happens, your muscle tissue is used for energy between meals, which leads to muscle loss and weakness. This means you may need extra calories and protein in your diet.

Eating healthy snacks between meals, or having 3 or 4 small meals each day, rather than 1 or 2 large meals, may help.

Medicine

The medicine you need will depend on what caused the damage to your liver. For example, if cirrhosis is from long-term viral hepatitis, you may be prescribed antiviral medicine.

You may be offered medicines to ease the symptoms of cirrhosis, such as:

diuretics, which are used in combination with a low-salt diet to reduce the amount of fluid in your body, which helps with swelling (oedema)
medicine to help with high blood pressure in the main vein that takes blood to the liver (portal hypertension)
prescription creams to ease skin itching

Managing complications

If cirrhosis progresses and your liver is no longer able to function (decompensated cirrhosis), you may get complications that need treatment.

Swollen or bleeding veins

When cirrhosis has progressed, it can cause the veins in your food pipe (oesophagus) or stomach to become swollen. These are called oesophageal varices and gastric varices.

An endoscopy is used to diagnose oesophageal and gastric varices.

You may be given a type of medicine called a beta blocker, such as propranolol, to reduce the chance of the varices bleeding, or to help control bleeding.

If you vomit blood, or have blood in your poo, it may be because the varices are bleeding (a variceal haemorrhage). You will need urgent treatment. Go to your nearest A&E department immediately.

There are several treatments used to prevent or stop the bleeding, such as medicines and fitting a band around the veins (endoscopic variceal band ligation).

Find out more about the treatments for oesophageal and gastric varices from The British Liver Trust.

Fluid in the tummy and legs

A build-up of fluid in your tummy area (ascites) or legs and ankles (peripheral oedema) is a common complication when cirrhosis progresses.

The main treatments are cutting out salt from your diet and taking a type of medicine called a diuretic, such as spironolactone or furosemide.

If the fluid in your tummy becomes infected, you may need antibiotics. In severe cases, you may need to have the fluid drained from your tummy area with a tube.

Encephalopathy

Cirrhosis can sometimes cause problems with your brain function (encephalopathy).

Symptoms include confusion, feeling sleepy, and problems concentrating. This happens because the liver is no longer able to clear toxins properly.

The main treatment for encephalopathy is lactulose syrup. This acts as a laxative and helps clear toxins from your body. You may also need to take an antibiotic called rifaximin, to prevent infection.

Bleeding

Cirrhosis can affect your liver’s ability to make your blood clot, which means there’s a chance of severe bleeding if you cut yourself or have an operation or dental work.

You may be given medicines, or a blood product called plasma, to prevent or treat bleeding.

Talk to your doctor about your condition and the risk of bleeding before having an operation, including any dental work.

Liver transplant

If cirrhosis progresses and your liver is severely damaged, a liver transplant may be the only treatment option.

This is a major operation that involves removing your diseased liver and replacing it with a healthy liver from a donor.

You will probably have to wait a long time for a suitable donor liver to become available.

You will not be able to have a liver transplant if cirrhosis was caused by alcohol-related liver disease and you continue to drink alcohol.

Find out more about a liver transplant from the British Liver Trust.

Diabetes

Diabetes may get worse if you have type 2 diabetes and develop cirrhosis.

This is because cirrhosis can increase your resistance to insulin, a hormone produced by the body to control blood sugar levels.

Managing cirrhosis and diabetes can be very challenging. You will need careful monitoring and may need to take several different medicines.

Liver cancer

Having cirrhosis increases the chance of liver cancer, most commonly a type called hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Many symptoms of liver cancer are the same as symptoms of cirrhosis, so regular checks for liver cancer are important.

You should have an ultrasound scan, and may also have blood tests, every 6 months to check for HCC.

Cirrhosis of the liver: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Content

1 Cirrhosis of the liver: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
- 1.1 Cirrhosis of the liver: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
  - 1.1.1 Symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver
  - 1.1.3 Treatment of liver cirrhosis
- 1.2 Liver cirrhosis: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
  - 1.2.1 What is liver cirrhosis?
- 1.3 What are the signs of liver cirrhosis?
- 1. 4 Risk factors for liver cirrhosis
- 1.5 Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis
  - 1.5.1 History
  - 1.5.2 Clinical and laboratory investigations
  - 1.5.3 Instrumental examinations
- 1.6 What are the treatments for liver cirrhosis
- 1.7 Cirrhosis diet plan
  - 1.7.1 What to eat
  - 1.7.2 What to limit or avoid
- 1.8 Preventing cirrhosis
- 1.9 How to prevent the progression of liver cirrhosis
- 1.10 Related videos:
- 1.11 Q&A:
  - - 1.11.0.1 Can cirrhosis of the liver be completely cured?
- 1.12 Life after beating cirrhosis
- 1.13 Can cirrhosis be cured?

We study the symptoms and diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. Find out how to recognize this dangerous disease and what treatments to use.

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic liver disease that develops gradually and can lead to complete damage to the liver, deterioration of quality of life and, ultimately, death. Symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver may manifest differently in each patient, but in the early stages of the disease they are not always noticeable and can take the form of fatigue, pain in the right hypochondrium, heartburn, etc.

However, when the first symptoms of the disease appear, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. Doctors use various methods to diagnose cirrhosis of the liver, such as a physical examination, measurement of enzyme levels in the blood, ultrasound, and so on.

Treatment of cirrhosis of the liver should be started as early as possible to prevent its development and keep the patient healthy. There are various treatments for cirrhosis of the liver, such as lifestyle changes, medications, procedures, and surgeries. When determining the optimal treatment for each patient, doctors consider the stage of the disease and other factors.

Although cirrhosis of the liver is a serious disease that often leads to complications, it is important to remember that early medical attention and proper treatment can prevent its development and allow you to return to a healthy lifestyle.

Cirrhosis of the liver: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Symptoms of cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic disease that leads to a gradual deterioration of liver function. Among the main symptoms of liver cirrhosis are:

An increase in the size of the abdomen and the appearance of the ability to tumour;
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes;
Fatigue and weakness;
Decreased appetite and weight loss;
Abdominal pain and heartburn;
Increased bleeding and bruising.

These symptoms may appear gradually, so early medical attention is very important for the successful treatment of cirrhosis.

Diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver

Diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver may require complex medical examinations. The main research methods used to diagnose liver cirrhosis are:

Blood test for the presence of disease markers;
Ultrasound of the liver and biliary tract;
CT or MRI of the liver and abdomen;
Fibrogastroduodenoscopy;
Liver laparoscopy.

These methods allow you to accurately establish the diagnosis, determine the stage of the disease and determine the possibility of surgery or treatment.

Treatment of liver cirrhosis

Treatment of liver cirrhosis is aimed at maintaining liver function at an optimal level, and at eliminating or alleviating the symptoms of the disease. The optimal way to treat cirrhosis of the liver is determined after diagnosis and evaluation of the patient’s condition. Depending on the degree of development of the disease, the patient may be prescribed conservative treatment or surgery.

Treatment should include changes in diet and diet, treatment of comorbidities, and the use of special medications to protect liver function. If possible, liver transplantation can be performed – this is the only radical way to treat cirrhosis of the liver.

Cirrhosis of the liver: symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

What is cirrhosis of the liver?

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic disease in which liver tissue is gradually destroyed and replaced by scar tissue, which leads to a violation of its functions.

Cirrhosis of the liver increases the risk of developing other diseases such as liver cancer, acute and chronic infections, portal hypertension, encephalopathy and other complications. Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the most common causes of death worldwide.

The causes of liver cirrhosis can be alcohol and drug poisoning, heredity, hepatitis viruses, etc. The presence of the disease can be determined using medical studies such as ultrasound, biopsy and other methods, which allows you to start treatment at an early stage and prevent possible complications .

What are the signs of liver cirrhosis?

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease characterized by impaired functioning of the liver. One of the main signs of cirrhosis is jaundice, which manifests itself externally – it will let you know about itself when the level of bilirubin in the blood reaches noticeable values.

Often the first symptom of liver cirrhosis is pain in the right hypochondrium, which is especially aggravated after eating fatty foods or alcohol. Various disorders of vital organs may also occur, for example, dizziness, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, joint pain.

Cirrhosis of the liver can lead to dysfunction of the digestive system: it becomes difficult for the patient to tolerate fatty, fried, spicy and salty foods, swelling of the legs and abdomen is formed. In some cases, it is possible to increase body temperature to critical values.

Chronic fatigue – with cirrhosis, a person always feels tired, which does not go away even after a long rest.
Discoloration of the skin – with cirrhosis, the skin becomes yellow or brownish-gray. It is also common for skin spots to appear, and nails and bones to become more brittle.
Fainting and dizziness – the brain is often affected by liver cirrhosis, which can lead to confusion, loss of consciousness or falling.

Risk factors for cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis of the liver is a serious disease that can lead to impaired liver function and even death. There are a number of risk factors that can contribute to the onset of cirrhosis of the liver.

Alcohol dependence: Excessive alcohol consumption is one of the most common causes of liver cirrhosis. The more alcohol a person consumes, the greater the risk of cirrhosis.
Viral infections: Viral infections such as hepatitis B, C and D can cause cirrhosis of the liver. They are transmitted through blood or sexual contact.
Fatty liver: Excessive accumulation of fat in the liver can lead to major problems, including cirrhosis. Fatty liver disease occurs with diabetes and overweight.
Autoimmune diseases: Autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis can also lead to liver cirrhosis.

These risk factors are just some of the possible causes of liver cirrhosis. They get worse when combined with other factors such as genetic factors, stress, and certain medications.

Diagnosis of liver cirrhosis

Anamnesis

The first step in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis is the history taking. The doctor asks the patient questions about the presence of symptoms, such as pain in the right side, fatigue, jaundice. It is also worth asking about the patient’s medical history, including past surgeries and liver disease.

Clinical and laboratory tests

When diagnosing cirrhosis of the liver, a doctor performs a physical examination that looks for symptoms associated with liver disease, such as an enlarged liver and spleen, and the presence of varicose veins in the abdomen. It is also necessary to undergo laboratory tests that allow you to determine the biochemical composition of the blood, the content of proteins and other substances that may indicate the presence of cirrhosis of the liver.

Instrumental research

To clarify the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, it is necessary to conduct instrumental studies. These can be various types of scans, such as MRI and CT scans, or analysis of a liver biopsy. These methods allow you to see changes in liver tissue and accurately establish the diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver.

It is important to be diagnosed with liver cirrhosis at an early stage of the disease, as this allows you to start effective and timely treatment and avoid complications.

What are the treatments for liver cirrhosis

Treatment of liver cirrhosis depends on the stage of the disease and the causes of its occurrence.

In the early stages of liver cirrhosis, lifestyle changes may help. It is recommended to stop drinking alcohol and nicotine, to eat a diet rich in proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins, and to undergo regular medical examinations. In some cases, antiviral drugs may be used to treat viral hepatitis.

In more severe cases of liver cirrhosis, medical treatment is necessary. The doctor may prescribe drugs that reduce the load on the liver, promote tissue regeneration and eliminate bile stagnation. In the case of gallstone disease, removal of the gallbladder may be recommended.

In severe cases of liver cirrhosis, a liver transplant may be necessary. Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage cirrhosis and can completely cure the disease. However, transplantation requires the presence of a donor liver and highly qualified surgeons, which can significantly limit the possibilities of treatment.

Diet plan for liver cirrhosis

In liver cirrhosis, the main task of nutrition is to reduce the load on the organ, reduce the accumulation of toxins and maintain a normal body weight. Frequent meals (5-6 times a day) in small portions are recommended.

What to eat

Proteins: lean meat, fish, eggs, low fat dairy products.
Carbohydrates: rice, porridge, wheat, couscous, vegetables, fruit, whole grain bread.
Fats: vegetable oils, nuts, seeds.

What to limit or eliminate

Animal fats: fatty meat, butter.
Sugar and sweets: sugar, sweets, cakes, pastries.
Salt: limit the amount of salt in food.
Alcohol: Completely eliminate alcohol from the diet.

Nutrition for cirrhosis of the liver must be made individually, taking into account the degree of progression of the disease and the patient’s condition. If you’re not sure which diet to choose, talk to your doctor or an experienced dietitian.

Prevention of cirrhosis of the liver

To prevent cirrhosis of the liver, it is necessary to eat right and lead a healthy lifestyle. The first priority is to prevent the development of liver diseases.

It is important to eat more vegetables and fruits rich in potassium, vitamins and antioxidants, which rid the body of toxins and prevent chemical effects on the liver. It is also necessary to limit the consumption of fatty, fried and abundantly salty foods.

Stopping smoking and drinking alcohol, as well as the correct daily routine and sufficient rest, increase immunity, which helps the body cope with stress and diseases, including liver cirrhosis.

In addition, it is important to monitor metabolism and keep blood sugar levels normal. You can go in for sports and physical exercises, which increases the stability of the whole organism and helps to maintain a normal metabolism.
Regular medical examination and treatment of diseases in the initial stages also reduces the risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver. If you have a hereditary predisposition or you suffer from chronic diseases, you should definitely visit a gastroenterologist and a neurologist.
Knowing about liver cirrhosis and its prevention helps to stay healthy. Special programs for the prevention of liver diseases have been developed, which are carried out in medical institutions. Such events provide an opportunity to receive up-to-date information and practical recommendations from professionals.

Remember, in order to prevent the occurrence of cirrhosis of the liver, you need to pay attention to your diet, give up bad habits, exercise regularly, monitor your metabolism and regularly undergo medical examinations.

How to prevent the progression of liver cirrhosis

Proper nutrition. Animal fats, salt, alcohol, heavy and fatty proteins should be monitored. The diet should include more vegetables, fruits, greens, whole grains, plant-based proteins and dairy products.

Smoking cessation. Nicotine enhances liver cell destruction and supports inflammation. Therefore, to slow down the progression of liver cirrhosis, you need to reduce the amount of toxins that enter the body and forget about smoking.

Treatment of the underlying disease. Liver cirrhosis most often occurs in association with other liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis. Correct and timely treatment of the underlying disease is one of the important points in the process of slowing down the progression of liver cirrhosis.

Regular checkup with a doctor. It is important to have regular check-ups and follow-up with a doctor to detect dangerous changes during their initial stage. Early detection of cirrhosis of the liver increases the chances of a full recovery and reduces the risk of possible complications.

Avoid exposure to toxins. It is difficult to avoid exposure to toxic substances in our lives, but steps can be taken to reduce the exposure of the liver to toxins, such as using protective equipment when exposed to chemicals.

Q&A:

Can cirrhosis of the liver be completely cured?

Cirrhosis of the liver is an irreversible disease and cannot be completely cured. However, with timely access to a doctor and compliance with certain rules, it is possible to slow down the progression of the disease and minimize its negative consequences. In some cases, liver transplantation may be recommended, which can improve quality of life and prolong life.

Life after the victory over cirrhosis of the liver

Cirrhosis of the liver is a serious disease that requires decisive and comprehensive treatment. However, even after the development of the disease has been stopped, the patient will have to change his life in order to maintain health and quality of life.

One of the key points after the treatment of liver cirrhosis is nutrition. Patients are advised to follow a diet that excludes fatty, fried, canned, and smoked foods. It is important to include fresh vegetables and fruits, protein foods, cereals on the water, low-fat cheeses and dairy products in the diet.

Physical activity is also an important part of recovery from liver cirrhosis. Of course, it is necessary to consult with specialists and set the optimal load level depending on the state of health and the nature of the disease.

Regular medical examinations are an integral part of the patient’s life after the victory over cirrhosis of the liver. Experts recommend regular consultations with a gastroenterologist, ultrasound and MRI to monitor the condition of the liver and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment.

Despite the significant support of friends and relatives, psychological help may also be needed by the patient after the victory over cirrhosis of the liver. The treatment of this disease can be difficult, and the experiences and stress that arose during the illness can affect the patient’s emotional state. Feel free to contact a specialist.

Having coped with difficulties and not stopping there, the patient, after defeating liver cirrhosis, can continue an active and eventful life.

Can cirrhosis of the liver be cured?

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic disease that develops gradually, leading to irreversible changes in the liver tissue. Unfortunately, at the moment there is no direct method for the treatment of liver cirrhosis, which would guarantee the full restoration of the health of the organ.

However, early detection and comprehensive treatment can stop the development of cirrhosis of the liver, preventing the progression of the disease and preserving the functionality of the liver.

To determine the complex of treatment, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive diagnosis and assess the degree of liver damage. Therapy may include medication, diet, management of complications, and management of causes that cause cirrhosis, such as alcoholism and viral infections.

An important criterion for the success of treatment is the degree of decrease in the activity of the process and the possibility of maintaining the functionality of the liver. After the course of treatment, it is desirable to lead a healthy lifestyle, preventing new damage and complications of the disease.

Regular medical check-ups
Quitting alcohol and nicotine
Proper nutrition and physical activity

Disease activity may decrease to a complete cessation, but this requires patient discipline and medical supervision. Therefore, when confirming the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, at any of its stages, it is necessary to seek help from specialist doctors and strictly follow their recommendations.

Cirrhosis of the liver – symptoms, signs, treatment, causes, nutrition and stages – health articles

Cirrhosis of the liver is a serious chronic disease. According to statistics, in developed countries it is one of the six leading causes of death for people aged 35 to 60 years. In the United States, about 50,000 people die from it every year. In Russia, where the population is half that, the mortality rate from cirrhosis is comparable to American rates.*

This disease is an extensive lesion of the liver, in which the tissues of the organ die and are gradually replaced by fibrous (connective) fibers. In the process of replacement, the structure of the organ changes radically. Violation of the normal structure of the liver leads to the fact that it can no longer perform its functions. This is called liver failure.

Classification

Experts distinguish several varieties of cirrhosis of the liver. For the reasons that led to the development of the disease, the following options can be determined:

Viral – caused, for example, by hepatitis C and various infections of the biliary tract
Toxic – caused by the use of alcohol, certain medicines, food poisons and other substances that have a toxic effect on the body
Congenital – represents the consequences of some diseases that the patient’s parents suffered, for example, hemochromatosis or tyrosinosis
Congestive – its origin is due to circulatory failure
Metabolic-alimentary – develops due to obesity, as well as in severe forms of diabetes mellitus

A group of liver cirrhosis of unclear etiology should be mentioned separately. We are talking about those cases when it is not possible to clearly determine the cause of the disease.

Causes

From the foregoing, it can be seen that the occurrence and development of cirrhosis of the liver is due to many reasons. Most often, people get sick due to alcohol abuse. According to various estimates, this cause accounts for 40-50 to 70-80% of cases.*

The next most common factor influencing the onset and development of cirrhosis is exposure to viruses. In most cases, this is hepatitis C, as well as hepatitis B.

In addition, cirrhosis is caused by:

Diseases of the biliary tract
Miscellaneous intoxications – e.g. chemical or medicinal
Malnutrition – primarily chronic deficiency of vitamins and proteins in the diet

Cirrhosis caused by hereditary diseases is relatively rare. The same can be said about the disease of unclear etiology mentioned above, when it is not possible to determine the causes of its appearance.

Approximately 50% of patients with liver problems are caused by a combination of different factors. For example, doctors often find cirrhosis caused by both heavy drinking and hepatitis B.

The main peak of incidence occurs in the age group over 40 years. Approximately 70-75% of those who suffer from cirrhosis of the liver are men.

First signs and degrees of cirrhosis in adults

The first sign that a person is not all right with the liver is asthenovegetative syndrome. In this case, the patient constantly feels tired, although there is no reason for this. He feels weak, becomes irritable and reacts sharply to completely innocent words or deeds. He often has a headache.

Next, there is a so-called. dyspeptic complex of syndromes. It consists of:

Nausea, which sometimes develops into vomiting
Belching
Alternating diarrhea and constipation
Abdominal pain aggravated by fried, pickled and fatty foods, and by drinking alcohol
Unwillingness to eat, up to complete lack of appetite for a long time
Heaviness in the stomach
Bloating

All of the above may indicate other diseases. Therefore, at this stage, it is far from always possible to clearly diagnose liver cirrhosis. Moreover, in about 20% of people who suffer from it, it is possible to determine the true cause of the problem only after death.

There are three stages of the disease according to severity.

Initial – no symptoms or minimal symptoms
Clinical – the symptoms are pronounced, and the doctor, when examining the patient, observes a typical picture of the disease
Terminal – irreversible changes are detected, leading to death

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis

Approximately 60% of patients with liver cirrhosis symptoms are quite noticeable. The specific picture largely depends on the stage of the disease. But there are signs that are especially common.

The initial stage in most cases is not accompanied by biochemical disorders. But the disease progresses, and in the second stage, the so-called. hemorrhagic syndrome.

The main signs of hemorrhagic syndrome are:

Bleeding gums and nose
In women, uterine bleeding
Hematomas (bruises) on the body, appearing for unknown reasons
Gastric and intestinal bleeding
Ecchymoses are pinpoint subcutaneous hemorrhages that look like a rash

In this case, the patient increasingly feels weak. Irritability is gradually replaced by apathy and indifference, there are violations of memory and attention. Sleep problems are possible: the patient suffers from insomnia at night, and feels sleepy during the day. Over time, coordination of movements is disturbed, the patient experiences problems with writing, his speech becomes less and less legible.

When examining a patient, the doctor can visually detect the following symptoms:

Liver and spleen enlarged
There are dilated veins and spider veins on the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity
Yellow skin, mucous membranes and whites of the eyes

Complications

Cirrhosis of the liver can lead to various complications. This can be, for example, bleeding from varicose veins of the esophagus or pneumonia, peritonitis and other complications caused by infections. Often there are the following negative consequences:

Hepatic coma is a disorder of the functions of the central nervous system, which manifests itself in a sharp decrease in the size of the liver, increasing drowsiness, disorientation, slowing down of thought processes and, ultimately, in the fact that the patient falls into a stupor, and then into a coma
Thrombosis in the portal vein system – thrombi (blood clots) interfere with free blood flow in the liver, resulting in cell death
Hepatorenal syndrome – leads to impaired renal function, especially common in those suffering from acute liver failure or alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver
Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma, a rapidly developing malignant tumor often associated with hepatitis C and hepatitis D

Cirrhosis of the liver itself is a dangerous disease. But if complications occur, the risk of death increases significantly. So, with hepatorenal syndrome, if you do not start treating it on time, death occurs 10-14 days after the development of this complication.

Diagnostics

Experts recommend contacting a general practitioner as soon as you think you have signs of liver cirrhosis. The doctor will refer the patient to laboratory tests. When he has the results of the tests in his hands, he will send the patient to a gastroenterologist or immediately to a doctor specializing in liver diseases – a hepatologist. In some cases, for example, if there are signs of hepatic encephalopathy, you will need to visit a neurologist. Also, when making a diagnosis, the following data are taken into account:

History
Visual inspection
Diagnostic Instrumentation

The main laboratory tests that are carried out with suspicion of cirrhosis of the liver are:

Liver Chemistry Complex – it shows how well the liver is performing its functions and helps to find out if its activity is impaired
Complete blood count – this is done because signs of cirrhosis may be a decrease in the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes, as well as a marked decrease in hemoglobin
Coagulogram – this should be done to find out if there are problems with blood clotting
Fecal occult blood test helps detect hidden bleeding in the stomach and/or intestines
Serological markers of viral hepatitis are used to clarify factors that could lead to the development of the disease
Test for blood alpha-fetoprotein should be done if liver cancer is suspected
The level of creatinine, electrolytes must be established to determine renal failure

Treatment of liver cirrhosis

If a patient is diagnosed with cirrhosis of the liver, treatment can be carried out by different methods. The choice of a specific tactic is largely determined by the stage at which the disease is located and the reasons for which it arose. Also, specialists take into account the individual characteristics of the patient. However, it is impossible to cure already formed cirrhosis. Modern medicine can only cope with the reasons for which it arose.

A radical method of treating cirrhosis is transplantation of the affected organ. It is resorted to if there is an immediate threat to the life of the patient. In all other cases, medical methods are used. As a rule, the patient should adhere to a strict diet, and in case of alcoholic cirrhosis, the intake of alcohol in the body must be eliminated. The choice of drugs depends on what kind of cirrhosis doctors have to deal with. For example:

For viral hepatitis, antivirals are used, in particular pegylated interferons
For biliary cirrhosis associated with insufficiency of bile acids in the intestine, drugs are used to narrow the biliary tract
Autoimmune hepatitis can be helped by drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants)

Nutrition and diet for cirrhosis

Diet in the treatment of cirrhosis is extremely important. Proper nutrition is both an excellent option for preventing the disease, and a way to eliminate the causes that led to its occurrence. If there are no complications, the patient is prescribed a complete high-calorie diet. It necessarily contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. However, everything that irritates the digestive organs must be excluded from the diet. First of all, these are:

Alcohol
Chemical additives
Preservatives

With cirrhosis, you need to stop eating foods that are:

Sharp
Sour
Spicy
Too salty

The diet should be prescribed by a specialist who takes into account:

Patient’s eating habits
Individual food tolerance
He already has diseases of the digestive system

The diet is modified if there are any complications of cirrhosis or other diseases.

To normalize the metabolic processes in the liver cells, the doctor may prescribe a vitamin complex. As for any drugs, they must be used carefully. It is worth drinking only those pills that are prescribed by specialists and for the use of which there are clear and unambiguous indications.

Advantages of the procedure at MEDSI

The treatment of cirrhosis of the liver is an important activity of the MEDSI clinic. We use effective modern techniques to eliminate the causes that influenced the onset of this disease and make the patient’s daily life more comfortable. Our clinic has a team of international doctors. She takes a comprehensive approach to solving each specific problem. Any patient is guaranteed an individual approach: the doctor selects an examination plan based on genetic factors, risk factors, comorbidities, and medications taken.

Communication with doctors begins with the diagnosis. Experienced specialists, who have the necessary laboratory equipment at their disposal, will perform tests and study their results. Fast and accurate diagnosis is ensured by the latest generation of diagnostic equipment: magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, video colonoscopy, etc.