What are the long-term side effects of rheumatic fever. How does rheumatic fever affect the heart. Can rheumatic fever cause problems later in life. What are the most common complications of rheumatic fever. How is rheumatic fever diagnosed and treated. Who is at risk for developing rheumatic fever. How can rheumatic fever be prevented.

Understanding Rheumatic Fever: An Inflammatory Condition

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that, while rare in the United States, remains prevalent in other parts of the world. This condition primarily affects children between the ages of 6 and 16, developing as a complication of untreated streptococcal infections, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Approximately 5% of individuals with untreated strep infections go on to develop rheumatic fever.

The impact of rheumatic fever can be far-reaching, affecting various body systems, including the heart, joints, nervous system, and skin. In more than half of all cases, it leads to serious inflammatory disease of the heart valves. Joint involvement is the second most common consequence of this condition.

Key Facts About Rheumatic Fever

• Primarily affects children aged 6-16
• Develops after untreated streptococcal infections
• Can affect multiple body systems
• Heart valve inflammation is the most common complication
• Joint disease is the second most frequent consequence

Recognizing the Symptoms of Rheumatic Fever

The onset of rheumatic fever typically occurs two to three weeks after a streptococcal infection, which may or may not have been noticeable as a sore throat. The most common symptoms include:

• Sore throat
• Swollen, red tonsils
• Fever
• Headache
• Joint and muscle aches, especially in the knees

Do these symptoms always indicate rheumatic fever? Not necessarily. While these signs are common, the diagnosis of rheumatic fever requires a combination of clinical findings and laboratory tests. It’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis if these symptoms persist, especially following a streptococcal infection.

The Heart of the Matter: Rheumatic Heart Disease

The most serious complication of rheumatic fever is rheumatic heart disease. This condition can manifest in several ways:

• Endocarditis: Inflammation of the membranes lining the heart chambers
• Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart muscle walls
• Pericarditis: Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

Is rheumatic heart disease always present in cases of rheumatic fever? No, but it is a significant concern. Signs of rheumatic carditis may include a newly developed heart murmur, enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly), congestive heart failure, or pericardial friction rubs. The inflammation and subsequent scarring of heart valves can lead to long-term heart function abnormalities.

Neurological and Dermatological Manifestations

Rheumatic fever can affect more than just the heart and joints. When the nervous system is involved, patients may experience Sydenham’s chorea, characterized by abrupt, non-repetitive limb movements and grimaces. These neurological symptoms typically appear within a couple of months after the initial streptococcal infection and may last for several weeks or months.

In cases where the disorder affects connective tissue or the autoimmune system, patients may develop subcutaneous nodules. These are painless, firm, round lumps underneath the skin, often appearing over bones and near joints. While these nodules usually resolve within a month, the associated arthritis may persist for a longer duration.

Less Common but Significant Symptoms

• Erythema marginatum: A characteristic rash
• Moderate fever
• General malaise
• Fatigue, especially when carditis is present

The Enigma of Rheumatic Fever: Understanding Its Cause

While rheumatic fever is clearly linked to Group A streptococcal infections, the exact mechanism causing the disorder remains a subject of ongoing research. Interestingly, while strep throat is highly contagious, rheumatic fever itself is not transmissible from person to person.

Why do some people develop rheumatic fever after a strep infection while others don’t? The answer likely lies in a complex interplay of genetic susceptibility, immune system responses, and environmental factors. Individuals who have experienced rheumatic fever are prone to flare-ups with repeated strep infections, suggesting a predisposition to this inflammatory response.

Who’s at Risk? Understanding the Affected Population

Rheumatic fever primarily affects children between the ages of 6 and 16, though young adults can also develop the condition. In the United States, the incidence of rheumatic fever has steadily declined since the end of World War II, largely due to the widespread use of antibiotics like penicillin and its derivatives.

However, outbreaks linked to particularly virulent strains of streptococcus have occurred, reminding us that this condition remains a concern, especially in areas with limited access to healthcare and antibiotic treatment.

Risk Factors for Rheumatic Fever

• Age: Children and adolescents between 6 and 16 years old
• Geography: Higher risk in developing countries and areas with limited healthcare access
• Previous history: Individuals who have had rheumatic fever are at increased risk for recurrence
• Untreated strep infections: Failure to treat streptococcal infections promptly increases the risk
• Genetic factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to developing rheumatic fever

Long-Term Consequences: The Lasting Impact of Rheumatic Fever

Can rheumatic fever cause problems later in life? Unfortunately, the answer is yes. The long-term effects of rheumatic fever can be significant, particularly when it comes to heart health. The most serious long-term complication is rheumatic heart disease, which can lead to chronic heart valve problems.

Rheumatic heart disease can cause various issues, including:

• Mitral valve stenosis or regurgitation
• Aortic valve stenosis or regurgitation
• Heart failure
• Atrial fibrillation
• Increased risk of endocarditis

These cardiac complications can significantly impact a person’s quality of life and may require ongoing medical management or even surgical intervention in severe cases.

Other Potential Long-Term Effects

While heart-related complications are the most severe, rheumatic fever can have other lasting effects:

• Chronic joint pain or arthritis
• Neurological issues, such as residual effects from Sydenham’s chorea
• Increased susceptibility to recurrent strep infections
• Psychological impact due to chronic health concerns

Diagnosis and Treatment: Managing Rheumatic Fever

How is rheumatic fever diagnosed? The diagnosis of rheumatic fever is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and the Jones Criteria, a set of guidelines used to standardize the diagnosis. These criteria include major and minor manifestations of the disease, along with evidence of a recent streptococcal infection.

Major Jones Criteria

• Carditis
• Polyarthritis
• Chorea
• Erythema marginatum
• Subcutaneous nodules

Minor Jones Criteria

• Fever
• Arthralgia
• Elevated acute phase reactants (ESR, CRP)
• Prolonged PR interval on ECG

What is the treatment approach for rheumatic fever? The treatment of rheumatic fever focuses on eliminating the streptococcal infection, managing symptoms, and preventing recurrence. Key components of treatment include:

1. Antibiotics: To eradicate the streptococcal infection
2. Anti-inflammatory medications: To reduce inflammation and manage symptoms
3. Anticonvulsant medications: In cases of Sydenham’s chorea
4. Bed rest: Particularly important in cases with cardiac involvement
5. Long-term antibiotic prophylaxis: To prevent recurrence

The duration and intensity of treatment can vary depending on the severity of symptoms and the presence of complications. In some cases, particularly those involving heart valve damage, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Prevention: The Key to Reducing Rheumatic Fever Incidence

How can rheumatic fever be prevented? The most effective strategy for preventing rheumatic fever is the prompt diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal infections. This approach includes:

• Seeking medical attention for sore throats, especially in children
• Completing the full course of prescribed antibiotics for strep infections
• Maintaining good hygiene practices to reduce the spread of streptococcal bacteria
• Implementing antibiotic prophylaxis for individuals with a history of rheumatic fever

Is there a vaccine for rheumatic fever? Currently, there is no vaccine available specifically for rheumatic fever. However, research is ongoing to develop a vaccine against Group A streptococcus, which could potentially prevent rheumatic fever by preventing the initial streptococcal infection.

The Role of Public Health Measures

Preventing rheumatic fever also involves broader public health strategies, including:

• Improving access to healthcare in underserved communities
• Educating the public about the importance of treating strep infections
• Implementing school-based programs for early detection and treatment of strep throat
• Conducting surveillance to monitor the incidence of rheumatic fever and identify outbreaks

By combining individual preventive measures with broader public health initiatives, we can work towards reducing the global burden of rheumatic fever and its long-term complications.

Living with Rheumatic Fever: Management and Quality of Life

For individuals who have experienced rheumatic fever, ongoing management is crucial to maintaining a good quality of life and preventing complications. This management typically involves:

• Regular medical check-ups, including cardiac evaluations
• Adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis regimens
• Monitoring for signs of recurrence or complications
• Managing any residual symptoms or long-term effects
• Making lifestyle adjustments as necessary, particularly in cases of heart valve damage

How does living with a history of rheumatic fever impact daily life? The impact can vary widely depending on the severity of the initial episode and any resulting complications. For many, especially those who received prompt treatment and did not develop significant cardiac involvement, the impact may be minimal. However, for others, particularly those with rheumatic heart disease, it may involve ongoing medical management and certain lifestyle modifications.

Psychological and Social Considerations

Living with a chronic condition like rheumatic heart disease can have psychological and social implications. These may include:

• Anxiety about health and potential complications
• Challenges in adhering to long-term medication regimens
• Impact on educational or career choices
• Limitations on physical activities or sports participation
• Need for family and social support

Support groups and counseling can be valuable resources for individuals and families dealing with the long-term effects of rheumatic fever.

Research and Future Directions in Rheumatic Fever Management

While significant progress has been made in understanding and managing rheumatic fever, there are still areas where further research is needed. Current areas of focus include:

• Development of a Group A streptococcus vaccine
• Improved diagnostic tools for early detection of rheumatic fever
• Novel treatments for managing rheumatic heart disease
• Understanding the genetic factors that contribute to rheumatic fever susceptibility
• Exploring new strategies for preventing recurrence

What advancements can we expect in the coming years? While it’s difficult to predict specific breakthroughs, ongoing research offers hope for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options. The development of a successful Group A streptococcus vaccine could potentially revolutionize the prevention of rheumatic fever.

Global Initiatives and Collaborations

Addressing rheumatic fever on a global scale requires collaborative efforts. Several international initiatives are underway, including:

• World Heart Federation’s “25 by 25” goal to reduce premature deaths from rheumatic heart disease
• WHO’s Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry
• RHD Action, a global initiative to reduce the burden of rheumatic heart disease in vulnerable populations

These efforts aim to improve awareness, increase access to prevention and treatment, and support research to reduce the global burden of rheumatic fever and its complications.

Rheumatic Fever – Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

Disease Overview

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that is rare in the United States but common in some other parts of the world. It primarily affects children between the ages of 6 and 16, and develops after an infection with streptococcal bacteria, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. About 5% of those with untreated strep infection will develop rheumatic fever.

Rheumatic fever may affect the heart, joints, nervous system and/or skin. In more than half of all cases, it leads to serious inflammatory disease of the valves of the heart. Joint disease is the second most common consequence of rheumatic fever.

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Synonyms

• Acute Rheumatic Fever
• Inflammatory Rheumatism
• Rheumatic Arthritis

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Signs & Symptoms

The streptococcal infection that precedes rheumatic fever may or may not be noticeable as a sore throat. After a latent period of two or three weeks, the patient may develop symptoms of rheumatic fever. The most common symptoms are: sore throat; swollen, red tonsils; fever; headache; and joint and muscle aches, especially in the knees.

The most serious problem that can be caused by rheumatic fever is rheumatic heart disease. The membranes lining the heart chambers may be inflamed (endocarditis), the muscle walls of the heart may be inflamed (myocarditis), the membrane surrounding the heart may be inflamed (pericarditis), or any combination of these symptoms may occur. A heart murmur not previously present, enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly), congestive heart failure, and pericardial friction rubs or leakage of blood from vessels into heart tissue may be signs of rheumatic carditis. Inflammation and subsequent scarring of heart valves occurs in patients with this disorder, and can lead to heart function abnormalities.

If the disorder affects the nervous system the patient may present with abrupt, non-repetitive limb movements and grimaces (Sydenham’s chorea) that typically become apparent within a couple of months after the initial streptococcal infection. Such symptoms may disappear after a few weeks or months.

If the disorder affects connective tissue or the autoimmune system, painless, firm, round lumps underneath the skin (subcutaneous nodules) may develop over bones and near joints. The nodules rarely last for more than a month. However, the associated arthritis may last for some time.

Heart inflammation (carditis), chorea and arthritis are complications of rheumatic fever that can occur singly or in combination. Subcutaneous nodules and a typical rash (erythema marginatum) are rarely seen without carditis. Moderate fever, a general feeling of discomfort (malaise), and fatigue usually occur, especially when carditis is present.

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Causes

Although rheumatic fever is clearly linked to Group A streptococcal infections (strep throat), the exact mechanism causing the disorder is not well understood. Strep throat is highly contagious, whereas rheumatic fever is not contagious. People who have had rheumatic fever tend to develop flare-ups with repeated strep infections.

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Affected populations

Rheumatic fever usually affects children between the ages of 6 and 16, but may occur among young adults as well. Although outbreaks have steadily declined since the end of World War II in the United States as a result of the use of antibiotics such as penicillin and its derivatives, several outbreaks linked to a particularly virulent strain of streptococcal infection have occurred.

However, throughout this period, this disorder has remained a constant ailment in India, the Middle East and some countries in Africa.

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Diagnosis

The diagnosis of rheumatic fever is made on the basis of a physical examination that finds either the presence of at least two major diagnostic criteria, or the presence of one major and at least two minor diagnostic criteria.

The major diagnostic criteria are:

Heart inflammation detected by shortness of breath and weakness, or by ECG or chest X-ray

Arthritic pain in the major joints, and movement of that pain from one joint to another

Involuntary, transient, jerky movements (chorea)

Broad, pink or faint-red, non-itching patches on the skin

The minor diagnostic criteria are:

Joint pain without inflammation

Fever

Prior RF or evidence of rheumatic heart disease

Abnormal ECG

Positive blood test for inflammation

New heart murmors

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Standard Therapies

Treatment

Treatment is designed to reduce inflammation with anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids. People with positive cultures for strep throat should also be treated with antibiotics.

In addition, low-dose antibiotics, such as penicillin, sulfadiazine, or erythromycin, are taken over a period of time to prevent recurrence.

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Clinical Trials and Studies

Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov. All studies receiving U.S. Government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.

For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:

Tollfree: (800) 411-1222

TTY: (866) 411-1010

Email: [email protected]

For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:

www. centerwatch.com

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References

TEXTBOOKS

Beers MH, Berkow R, eds. The Merck Manual, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 1999:2397-402.

Berkow R, ed. The Merck Manual-Home Edition.2nd ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2003:1565-66.

Frank MM, Austen KF, Claman HN, et al., eds. Samter’s Immunological Diseases. 5th ed. Little Brown and Company, Boston, MA; 1995:823-30.

Kelley WN, Harris ED, Ruddy S, et al. Textbook of Rheumatology. 4th ed. W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, PA; 1993:1209-21.

REVIEW ARTICLES

Mackie SL, Keat A. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis: what is it and how do we know? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43:949-54.

Boudoulas H. Etiology of valvular heart disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2003;1:523-32.

Tani LY, Veasy LG, Minich LL, et al. Rheumatic fever in children younger than 5 years: is the presentation different? Pediatrics. 2003;112:1065-68.

Guilherme L, Kalil J. Rheumatic fever: the T-cell response leading to autoimmune aggression in the heart. Autoimmune Rev. 2002;1:261-66.

Cunningham MW. Autoimmunity and molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of post-streptococcal heart disease. Front Biosci. 2003;8:s533-43.

Bisno AL, Brito MO, Collins CM. Molecular basis of Group A streptococcal virulence. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:191-200.

Stollerman GH. Current issues in the prevention of rheumatic fever. Minerva Med. 2002;93:371-87.

Benoist C, Mathis D. Autoimmunity provoked by infection: how gfood is the case for epitope mimicry. Nat Immunol. 2001;2:797-801.

FROM THE INTERNET

Werner K. Medical Encyclopedia: Rheumatic fever. MedlinePlus. Update Date: 8/11/2003. 3pp.

www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003940.htm

Mayo Clinic Staff. Rheumatic fever. MayoClinic.com. April 16, 2003. 4pp.

www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00250

American Heart Association. Rheumatic Heart Disease / Rheumatic Fever. nd. 2pp.

www.americanheart.com/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4709

Rheumatic Fever. Texas Heart Institute. Updated July 2004. 3pp.

www.tmc.edu/thi/rheufev.html

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Rheumatic fever – Better Health Channel

Summary

Read the full fact sheet

• Rheumatic fever is a disease that can occur following an untreated Streptococcus bacterial infection.
• Without treatment, rheumatic fever can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic heart disease.
• The disease is rare in Australia, except for remote parts of northern Australia, where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, especially children, are at increased risk.

Rheumatic fever is a disease that can occur following an infection caused by the Group A streptococcus bacterium. If untreated, an infection such as ‘strep throat’ may lead to a delayed complication featuring widespread inflammation in other parts of the body, particularly the joints, heart, skin and brain.

Rheumatic fever is classed as an autoimmune disease because the inflammation is probably caused by the immune system’s reaction to the bacteria. While rheumatic fever can develop at any age, children between five and 14 years are at increased risk. Without treatment, the disease can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic heart disease.

Only a small percentage of people who have a streptococcal infection will develop rheumatic fever. The disease is rare in Australia except for remote parts of central and northern Australia where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, especially children, are at increased risk. About 250 to 350 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children out of every 100,000 develop rheumatic fever. This rate is among the highest in the world.

Symptoms of rheumatic fever

Most symptoms resolve with medical treatment. The symptoms of rheumatic fever can include:

• Sudden onset of symptoms
• Fever
• Painful and inflamed joints
• Fatigue
• Skin problems such as a raised rash (erythema marginatum) or lumps under the skin around the affected joints
• Unexplained weight loss
• Nervous system problems, such as involuntary movements and twitches (Sydenham’s chorea, also known as Saint Vitus’ dance)
• Heart problems such as inflammation (carditis), enlarged heart (cardiomegaly), rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) or heart murmur
• Breathlessness
• Chest pain.

Rheumatic heart disease

Usually, rheumatic heart disease develops after recurring or lengthy bouts of rheumatic fever during a person’s childhood. However, it can also develop after a single ‘bout’ of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic heart disease may be a permanent complication of rheumatic fever.

Various structures of the heart can be damaged by inflammation, including the muscle, lining or valves. In some cases, rheumatic heart disease does not cause any symptoms. In other cases, the person may have a range of symptoms, including breathlessness, chest pain and heart palpitations.

Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who have rheumatic fever are not diagnosed or treated. This is why the incidence of rheumatic heart disease is high in Australian Indigenous communities.

Socioeconomic risk factors

Rheumatic fever is a complication of untreated streptococcal infection. Certain living conditions make streptococcal infections more likely. Known risk factors include poverty, overcrowding and limited access to medical care.

It is thought that streptococcal bacteria may also enter the body through skin cuts and abrasions. The high incidence of scabies in remote Australian communities may help to explain why rheumatic fever is prevalent.

Diagnosis of rheumatic fever

There is no specific test available to diagnose rheumatic fever. The range of tests may include:

• Medical history, including evidence of a prior streptococcal infection
• Physical examination
• Throat swabs to test for the presence of Group A streptococcus bacteria
• Blood tests to look for ‘markers’ that suggest inflammation is present
• Electrocardiogram (ECG) to monitor the electrical activity of the heart
• Chest x-rays to look at the heart for signs of enlargement and the lungs for congestion.

Treatment of rheumatic fever

Treatment may include:

• Hospital admission
• Penicillin, usually given as an intramuscular injection
• Course of aspirin
• Corticosteroids (cortisone) if the arthritis is severe or there is carditis (inflammation of the heart)
• Long-term antibiotic treatment, which may include monthly penicillin injections for up to five years – this helps to reduce the risk of rheumatic heart disease
• In the case of rheumatic heart disease, cardiac catheter treatment or surgery may be needed to repair damaged heart valves.

Long-term outlook

With appropriate and prompt medical care, the long-term outlook for a person with rheumatic fever is excellent. However, having rheumatic fever once does not offer immunity against getting it again. It is important that the person seeks prompt medical attention for any future throat infections.

There is currently no vaccine for rheumatic fever, but Australian medical scientists are working to develop a Streptococcus vaccine. A vaccine that prevents streptococcal infections wouldalso be expected to prevent rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.

Where to get help

• Your doctor

Things to remember

• Rheumatic fever is a disease that can occur following an untreated Streptococcus bacterial infection.
• Without treatment, rheumatic fever can lead to serious complications such as rheumatic heart disease.
• The disease is rare in Australia, except for remote parts of northern Australia, where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, especially children, are at increased risk.

• Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. More information here.External Link
• ‘Rheumatic heart disease: all but forgotten in Australia except among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’External Link, Bulletin vol. 16, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
• Diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia. An evidence based review, National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. More information here.External Link
• Diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia. An evidence based review, National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. More information here.External Link

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Treatment of rheumatism: symptoms and treatments

Contents

• 1 How to get rid of rheumatism: effective treatments
  • 1. 1 Rheumatism: causes, symptoms, treatments
    • 1.1.1 Causes and symptoms of rheumatism

    9 0005 1.1.2 Methods of treatment

  • 1.2 Rheumatism: a disease with a complex etiology
  • 1.3 Understanding the symptoms of rheumatism
    • 1.3.1 Painful throbbing in the joints and muscles
    • 1.3.2 Swelling of branches and joints
    • 1.3.3 Back and neck problems
    • 1.3.4 Restriction of movement and morning stiffness
  • 1.4 Stages of development of rheumatism 900 04
  • 1.4.1 First stage
  • 1.4.2 Second stage stage
  • 1.4.3 Third stage
• 1.5 Risk factors for the development of rheumatism
  • 1.5.1 Heredity
  • 1.5.2 Microbial infection
  • 1.5.3 Exposure environment
  • 1.5.4 Bad habits
  • 1.5.5 Age
• 1.6 Diagnosis of rheumatism
  • 1.6.1 Recognition of symptoms
  • 1.6.2 Examination of the patient
  • 1. 6.3 Determination of the degree of development of the disease
• 1.7 Conservative methods treatment of rheumatism
  • 1.7.1 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • 1.7.2 Glucocorticosteroids
  • 1.7.3 Physiotherapy
  • 1.7.4 Diet
• 1.8 Treatment of rheumatism: surgical methods
  • 1.8.1 Joint arthroplasty
  • 1.8.2 Arthroscopy
  • 1.8.3 Osteotomy
• 1.9 Physiotherapeutic methods therapy for rheumatism
• 1.10 Diet for rheumatism
• 1.11 Prevention of rheumatism
• 1.12 Modern technologies in the treatment of rheumatism
• 1.13 Related videos:
• 1.14 Q&A:
  • • 1.14.0.1 What symptoms of rheumatism usually appear?
    • 1.14.0.2 What is the most effective treatment for rheumatism?
    • 1.14.0.3 How can rheumatism be prevented?
    • 1.14.0.4 How long can rheumatism treatment last?
    • 1.14.0.5 What complications can occur with rheumatism?
    • 1. 14.0.6 What factors can contribute to the development of rheumatism?

An article about the treatment of rheumatism: causes, symptoms, methods and drugs to combat the disease. Get helpful tips and advice from doctors and patients to improve your quality of life with rheumatism.

Rheumatism is a group of diseases that can lead to chronic disability. It is seen in most older people, but can also develop in younger people and children. Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile and ankylosing spondylitis are the most common forms of rheumatic diseases.

The scientific approach to the treatment of rheumatism allows us to better understand this group of diseases and to identify new methods of treatment. By combining our knowledge and experience, we offer our readers proven information and reliable advice on the treatment of rheumatism. Together we can overcome this disease and lead a fulfilling life.

Rheumatism: causes, symptoms, treatments

Causes and symptoms of rheumatism

Rheumatism is a disease that affects the connective tissue and can lead to inflammation of the joints and other organs and systems of the body. The main causes of rheumatism are disorders of the immune system, heredity, infectious diseases and other factors. Symptoms of rheumatism can include joint pain, swelling, redness, restricted movement, fatigue, and other symptoms.

Methods of treatment of rheumatism on the scientific and medical portal

Scientific and medical portal provides information on various methods of treating rheumatism. This may include drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, biological drugs, as well as physiotherapy, massage, exercise, diet and other methods. The advantages of the scientific and medical portal include professional information support, an updated database, a clear answer to user questions.

• Drugs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids, biologicals;
• Physiotherapeutic procedures: magnetotherapy, ultrasound therapy, laser treatment;
• Massage and exercise: specially selected exercises, massage, yoga;
• Diet: moderation in nutrition, avoidance of alcohol and dietary recommendations of doctors.

All methods of treating rheumatism have their pros and cons, and the choice of one or another method depends on many factors, including the stage of the disease, the presence of concomitant diseases, the age and general condition of the patient.

Advantages and disadvantages of rheumatism treatments Method of treatment Advantages Disadvantages

Rheumatism: a disease with a complex etiology

Rheumatism is a chronic disease with a complex etiology characterized by connective tissue inflammation and joint damage. In most cases, rheumatism occurs due to a violation of the immune system. In this case, the body begins to “attack” its own connective tissue, which leads to its damage and the development of the disease.

Rheumatism can present with a variety of symptoms, including joint pain, morning stiffness, swelling and redness. In addition, complications such as high blood pressure and heart problems can occur with the disease.

Prophylaxis reduces the risk of developing rheumatism. To do this, it is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right, consult a doctor at the first sign of the disease and observe the daily routine.

Understanding the symptoms of rheumatism

Painful throbbing in the joints and muscles

One of the main symptoms that can be found in patients with rheumatism is painful throbbing in the joints and muscles. Feelings of pain, heaviness, burning and stiffness may worsen with a long stay in one position or after exercise. This symptom can provoke partial or complete numbness in the limbs.

Swelling of the branches and joints

Observation of possible painful swelling in the joints and limbs is another critical aspect in determining a possible disease of rheumatism. The swelling may appear suddenly or be permanent. Basically, it is accompanied by pain and discomfort.

Back and neck problems

Rheumatism can also lead to back or neck problems. Patients may experience pain in the lumbar region, neck, and sciatic nerve. Such pain can adversely affect a person’s quality of life and mobility. Sometimes they appear as symptoms that are not related to the internal organs, but are a key indicator of rheumatic disease.

Movement restriction and morning stiffness

Patients with rheumatism may experience movement restriction in the morning or after a long rest. This symptom, known as morning stiffness, can last from a few minutes to several hours. It often manifests itself with flexion or expansion of various joints, showing the presence of a limitation in mobility and the ability to perform small movements.

Stages of development of rheumatism

First stage

The first stage of rheumatism is manifested by weakness in the muscles and pain in the joints. As a rule, the first joints that become the center of the inflammatory process are the joints of the hands and feet. There is swelling and redness, sometimes the temperature of the inflamed areas rises. At this stage, it is important to start treatment on time to avoid further progression of the disease.

Second stage

The second stage of rheumatism is characterized by more severe pain in the joints, which may be aggravated by movement. During this period, significant limitation of mobility may occur. The edema becomes more noticeable, the temperature of the inflamed areas is higher than in the first stage. This is due to the fact that the body is undergoing changes aimed at combating inflammation.

Third stage

The third stage of rheumatism is the most severe. Pain in the joints becomes unbearable, mobility is severely limited. During this period, joint deformity may occur. Swelling and redness of the inflamed areas are so noticeable that they become visible to the naked eye. Immediate medical attention is needed to reduce pain and slow the progression of the disease.

Risk factors for the development of rheumatism

Heredity

If you have a history of rheumatic diseases in your family, you have an increased risk of getting sick. Heredity affects the susceptibility to the formation of antibodies and inflammatory processes in the body.

Microbial infection

Rheumatism can be caused by an infection such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, rubella, influenza and others. It should be remembered that irrational treatment of an infection can aggravate its consequences and cause a rheumatic process.

Environmental exposure

Cold and damp climates can cause illness in people who are prone to rheumatism. Unfavorable living conditions (hard physical work, prolonged exposure to poorly ventilated areas) exacerbate the disease.

Bad habits

Smoking, alcohol abuse, eating poor quality food and lack of vitamins and minerals in food adversely affect immunity and overall health. As a result, the likelihood of getting rheumatism increases.

Age

The risk of developing rheumatic diseases increases with age. In old age, more severe manifestations of the disease are possible, which require long and complex treatment.

Risk factors for the development of rheumatism Name of the factor Representation

Heredity	Genetic predisposition to the formation of antibodies and inflammatory processes in the body.
Microbial infection	Rheumatism can be caused by infections such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis, influenza and others.
Exposure to the environment	Cold and humid climates, hard physical work and prolonged exposure to poorly ventilated areas exacerbate the disease.
Bad habits	Smoking, alcohol abuse, eating low-quality food negatively affect immunity and health in general.
Age	The risk of getting rheumatic diseases increases with age. In old age, more severe manifestations of the disease are possible, which require long and complex treatment.

Diagnosing rheumatism

Recognizing symptoms

The first step in diagnosing rheumatism is to identify the symptoms of the disease. Rheumatism can manifest itself with various symptoms: painful edematous deviation, redness and severe pain in the joints, increased fatigue, general weakness in the body and fever.

Symptoms of the disease may also vary depending on the degree of development of the rheumatic process and its type: rheumatic arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatic carditis, rheumatic fever, etc. The doctor must conduct a thorough examination of the patient and make sure that the disease is present. In addition to the examination, additional tests may be performed, such as blood tests for anti-CCP, anti-DNA, and anti-Streptolysin-O.

In addition, additional tests, such as x-rays and MRI, may be ordered to determine the degree of damage to the joints and organs caused by the rheumatic process.

Determination of the degree of development of the disease

Determination of the degree of development of rheumatism is a key step in its diagnosis. The main factors that determine the degree of development of the disease are the frequency and intensity of symptoms, as well as the results of additional studies.

Depending on the degree of development of rheumatism, different methods of therapy can be prescribed. In mild cases, non-surgical treatments such as exercise and special diets may be used. In more severe cases, surgery may be needed.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

One of the main groups of drugs used to treat rheumatism are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs have anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Depending on the field of application, NSAIDs can be presented in the form of tablets, capsules, gels, ointments and injections.

Glucocorticosteroids

Glucocorticosteroids are hormonal drugs that can reduce the intensity of inflammatory reactions in the body. They are appointed in cases where a quick and effective result is needed. Glucocorticosteroids can be administered intravenously, into the muscle, and also applied to the skin.

Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy is a treatment for rheumatism that uses physical factors to influence the body. For example, patients with rheumatoid arthritis may be treated with ultraviolet radiation, laser therapy, magnetotherapy, or electrosonopuncture. It is important to note that physiotherapy procedures should be carried out only after consulting a doctor.

• Therapeutic exercise;
• Massage;
• Hydrotherapy.

Diet

An equally important element in the complex treatment of rheumatism is diet. Some foods can increase the inflammatory process and worsen the patient’s condition. These foods include alcohol, red meat, margarine, sugar, soda, and fried foods. However, there are products that can have a positive effect on the condition of a patient with rheumatism. These foods include fish, olive oil, fruits, berries, vegetables, and green teas.

ProductsEffect on rheumatism

Treatment of rheumatism: surgical methods

Joint replacement 9012 7

One of the effective surgical methods for the treatment of rheumatism is joint arthroplasty. This procedure allows you to replace damaged joints and restore the patient’s freedom of movement. There are different types of joint prostheses that can be used depending on the location of the injury and the general condition of the patient.

Arthroscopy

Another method of surgical therapy is arthroscopy. This procedure allows you to examine the inner surface of the joint and perform the necessary operations without open access. Arthroscopy can be effective in treating a variety of conditions, including inflammation, torn ligaments, and cartilage damage.

Osteotomy

Osteotomy may be recommended for patients with joint deformities. This technique involves cutting and redirecting the bone to improve the weight distribution of the leg and reduce stress on the injured joint. Osteotomy can be effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of rheumatism.

Physiotherapeutic methods for the treatment of rheumatism

Physiotherapy is one of the most effective methods for the treatment of rheumatism. It helps to reduce pain and inflammation, increase joint mobility and improve blood circulation in the affected areas.

The main methods of physiotherapy for rheumatism are:

• Ultrasound therapy . This method uses high frequency sound waves to improve blood flow and reduce pain and inflammation in affected areas.
• Electrotherapy . This is a treatment that uses electrical impulses to improve circulation and reduce pain and inflammation.
• Magnetotherapy . This method uses a magnetic field to improve circulation, reduce pain and inflammation.
• Therapeutic gymnastics . Gymnastics helps to strengthen muscles and joints, increase their mobility and reduce pain.
• Massage . Massage helps to relax muscles, reduce pain and improve blood circulation in the affected areas.

Physiotherapeutic methods for the treatment of rheumatism can be very effective, but before using it is necessary to consult a doctor and choose the best course of treatment.

Diet for rheumatism

Rheumatism is a systemic connective tissue disease that can affect not only the joints, but also other organs and systems.

Diet is an important part of the complex treatment of rheumatism. A properly formulated diet can reduce inflammation, improve metabolic processes and strengthen the immune system.

The basic principles of the diet for rheumatism:

• Limiting the intake of animal fats and simple carbohydrates
• Increasing the amount of plant foods, proteins and healthy fats
• Avoiding foods that contribute to the formation of uric acid
• Normalization of water balance 9 0010

Recommended products for rheumatism:

Foods that should be limited or excluded from the diet:

1. Meat, canned food, sausages, smoked meats
2. Dairy products
3. Wheat flour and baked goods
4. Coffee, carbonated drinks, alcohol
5. Canned and salted foods

Following a proper diet for rheumatism can improve the condition of the body and reduce inflammation in the joints. However, before starting a diet, it is recommended to consult a doctor.

Prevention of rheumatism

Rheumatism can be prevented through regular preventive measures. One of the important factors in prevention is proper nutrition. The diet should contain adequate amounts of proteins, vitamins and minerals, especially vitamin D.

Another important aspect of prevention is weight control. Being overweight puts extra stress on your joints and can lead to rheumatism.

It is also important to monitor the state of health, treat infections in a timely manner and lead a healthy lifestyle. Regular medical examinations will help to identify diseases at an early stage and prevent their development.

Modern technologies in the treatment of rheumatism

Despite the fact that rheumatism is a chronic disease, today there are a number of modern technologies for its treatment. One of these technologies is the use of biological drugs that are aimed at eliminating inflammation, as well as slowing down the progression of the disease.

Also for the treatment of rheumatism, immunomodulator therapy is used, which increase immunity and help reduce inflammation in the body. It is important to note that the use of these drugs is carried out only under the supervision of a physician.

Another treatment for rheumatism is the use of physiotherapy. This technology includes the use of ultrasound, laser therapy, electrical stimulation and other methods. Such procedures help reduce pain and inflammation in the joints, as well as improve movement in the affected areas.

An important criterion in choosing a treatment for rheumatism is the degree of progression of the disease and the nature of the symptoms. All treatments should be carried out only under the supervision of a qualified specialist and after an accurate diagnosis has been established.

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Q&A:

What are the symptoms of rheumatic fever?

Usually, rheumatism causes soreness and swelling in the joints, as well as limited movement in them. Headaches, malaise, body aches, and increased fatigue may also appear.

What is the most effective treatment for rheumatism?

Anti-inflammatory and pain medications, as well as physiotherapy and massage, are generally effective treatments for rheumatism. In some cases, surgery may be required.

How can rheumatism be prevented?

To prevent the development of rheumatism, it is necessary to maintain a healthy lifestyle, exercise regularly, eat right and avoid stressful situations. It is also necessary to treat all diseases and infections in a timely manner, especially those that may be associated with rheumatism.

How long can rheumatism treatment last?

Treatment of rheumatism can take a long time, from several weeks to several years. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease, the presence of complications, the effectiveness of therapy and other factors.

What complications can occur with rheumatism?

Complications of rheumatism can be very diverse: from damage to the joints and disruption of their functions to damage to internal organs and body systems. Some complications can lead to disability and even death.

What factors can contribute to the development of rheumatism?

Various factors can lead to the development of rheumatism, including genetic predisposition, diseases and infections, stress, adverse climatic conditions, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption and smoking.

“Gnawing heart valves to shreds”: doctor Golubenko explained why rheumatism is really dangerous

• Health

When your back and knees hurt in the weather, you rub them annoyedly and exclaim “damned rheumatism tortured me”. And you are very much mistaken, because rheumatism is not about pain in the back and legs, but about the kidneys and heart.

May 30, 2022

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Moreover, the occurrence of rheumatism is dangerous not only for older people, but rather young people who often suffer from tonsillitis. Rheumatologists themselves notice that pathology is dangerous not only for the joints, but for the heart and blood vessels, kidneys. A few centuries ago, a doctor from France, Ernest Lasegou, eloquently described this disease – “rheumatism licks the joints and bites the heart.”

Most heart defects that occur in a person during life are formed due to rheumatic attacks. But today they try not to use the term rheumatism itself, clarifying it with more capacious and accurate diagnoses. It can be acute rheumatic fever or chronic rheumatic heart disease.

“Doctor Peter” together with the therapist, endoscopist Lidia Golubenko, figure out how angina and the heart, kidneys and blood vessels are connected, why they suffer and whether it can all be cured.

The root of evil is insidious bacteria

Although the basis of the disease is infectious-allergic and immune inflammation, it does not always occur and not in everyone. A sore throat becomes a provocateur of rheumatism, but not any, but caused by a special bacterium – beta-hemolytic streptococcus. It can cause damage to the kidneys, heart and blood vessels in some people, joints also suffer, more precisely, their cartilaginous parts.

In fact, a kind of allergy to the penetration of streptococcus arises, and your own body suffers. Before the introduction of antibiotics into the practice of doctors, rheumatism hurt up to 10-20% of people who suffered from frequent sore throats. Today, the percentage has dropped to 0.3-2% of all recoveries. Usually these are teenagers and young people, very rarely people over 35-40 years old.

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Connective tissue in the affected area

Usually those organs and tissues suffer, where there are many elements containing connective tissue (that which forms cartilage and veins). Therefore, the lesion can affect the joints, heart valves, vascular walls, kidneys, ligaments, and partly muscle fibers. The insidiousness of the disease is also in the fact that its first signs “crawl out” after 3-4 weeks, when a person already forgets that he had a sore throat.

First symptoms

• redness, swelling and swelling in the knees, elbows, shoulder or hip joints;

• temperature increase;

• headache;

• weakness.

In old age, only the joints in the area of ​​the phalanges of the fingers can be affected. A pink rash appears on the skin, chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations are possible. Children may also have chorea (assuming ridiculous ostentatious postures), handwriting and speech problems.

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The joints are healed, but the heart is not

Among the key features of rheumatism, we note the unstable and “volatile” nature of pain in the joints. That is, at first one joint becomes inflamed, but literally after a few days, even without treatment, it goes away, but another joint is affected. With rheumatism, the joints can recover completely, they do not develop persistent deformities.

The heart and blood vessels are a completely different matter. With them, things are much worse, because rheumatism literally “gnaws” the heart valves, leaving only shreds from them.

As a result, severe heart defects occur with the development of chronic heart failure, in parallel with this, there are also threats of thrombosis throughout the body and embolism (if these blood clots come off and roam throughout the body). It is in order to stop this and prevent dangerous complications that for any sore throat, active treatment is prescribed and after the illness – tests and ECG recording.

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Kidneys at risk

Like the heart, another organ that can be severely affected by rheumatism is the kidneys. Their problem is that the entire kidney is a network of capillaries and connective tissue tubes through which blood is filtered to form urine. Since rheumatism hits the connective tissue, the substance of the kidney becomes inflamed – nephritis is formed. With it, the formation of urine is disturbed, blood appears in it, intoxication is formed due to poisoning by metabolic products.

Kidney damage gradually increases, eventually leading to the development of chronic kidney failure. As a result, a situation may arise in which a person simply cannot do without hemodialysis. And taking into account the fact that one’s own immunity rebels against the kidney tissue and destroys the kidney, the issue of transplantation will be extremely difficult, most likely it will be refused.

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The lungs and stomach may suffer

Recall that rheumatism is a lesion of connective tissue that is attacked by its own immune system, chronic inflammation occurs.