Can viral meningitis occur without a fever. What are the key symptoms to watch for in meningitis cases. How is viral meningitis different from bacterial meningitis. What treatment options are available for viral and bacterial meningitis.

Understanding Meningitis: Types and Causes

Meningitis is a serious medical condition characterized by inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This inflammation can be triggered by various infectious agents, primarily viruses and bacteria. To accurately diagnose the specific type and cause of meningitis, laboratory tests are essential.

There are two main types of meningitis:

• Viral meningitis (also known as aseptic meningitis)
• Bacterial meningitis

Each type has distinct characteristics, causes, and severity levels. Understanding these differences is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Viral Meningitis: The More Common and Less Severe Form

Viral meningitis is the most prevalent type of meningitis. It is generally less severe than its bacterial counterpart and rarely fatal. In Illinois, for instance, an average of 600 cases of aseptic meningitis are reported annually, with peak occurrences in late summer and early autumn.

The majority of viral meningitis cases are caused by enteroviruses, which primarily affect the stomach and small intestine. In some cases, arboviruses transmitted by infected mosquitoes can also lead to viral meningitis, albeit less frequently.

Bacterial Meningitis: A More Severe Form

Bacterial meningitis is often more severe than viral meningitis, particularly in infants and the elderly. Before the widespread use of antibiotics, the fatality rate for bacterial meningitis was alarmingly high at 70 percent or more. Thanks to modern antibiotic treatments, this rate has significantly decreased to 15 percent or less.

Bacterial meningitis is most commonly observed during winter and spring. Three primary bacteria are responsible for the majority of cases:

1. Haemophilus influenzae
2. Neisseria meningitidis
3. Streptococcus pneumoniae

The Impact of Vaccines on Meningitis Prevention

Vaccines have played a crucial role in reducing the incidence of certain types of bacterial meningitis. The most notable example is the dramatic decrease in Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis cases following the introduction of effective vaccines.

Prior to widespread vaccination, Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years old. In Illinois, an average of 230 cases were reported annually. However, between 1985 and 1996, there was a remarkable 82 percent reduction in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis cases. Currently, the average has dropped to about 50 cases per year, with a fatality rate of approximately 5 percent.

This significant decrease is largely attributed to the routine use of Hib vaccines, highlighting the importance of vaccination in preventing severe bacterial infections like meningitis.

Transmission and Spread of Meningitis

Contrary to common belief, meningitis is not highly contagious. However, both viral and bacterial meningitis can be spread through direct contact with respiratory secretions from the nose and throat.

Transmission can occur through various means:

• Sharing glasses, cups, or eating utensils
• Coughing or sneezing directly into another person’s face
• Sharing cigarettes
• Close contact with respiratory secretions

It’s important to note that even healthy individuals without any signs of illness can carry these bacteria in their nose or throat and potentially spread them to others.

In the case of viral meningitis, an additional mode of transmission is through fecal contamination. Infected individuals can shed the virus in their stool, potentially leading to its spread.

Recognizing Meningitis Symptoms: From Mild to Severe

The symptoms of meningitis can vary greatly in severity and presentation. Some patients may experience mild symptoms lasting only a few days, while others may face severe and sudden onset of symptoms.

Mild Symptoms of Meningitis

In some cases, meningitis can produce mild symptoms that may include:

• Headache
• Low-grade fever
• Tiredness lasting two to three days

Severe Symptoms of Meningitis

In more severe cases, symptoms can begin suddenly and may include:

• High fever
• Severe headache
• Stiff neck
• Decreased appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Sensitivity to bright light
• Confusion
• Sleepiness

Meningitis Symptoms in Newborns and Infants

In newborns and infants, the classic symptoms of fever, headache, and stiff neck may not be present or easily recognizable. Instead, parents and caregivers should watch for the following signs:

• Listlessness
• Irritability
• Excessive sleepiness
• Little interest in feeding
• Vomiting

In cases of meningococcal meningitis, a purplish-red rash may also appear, which is a critical symptom to watch for.

Diagnosing Meningitis: The Importance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Testing

Accurate diagnosis of meningitis is crucial for determining the appropriate treatment plan. The primary method for diagnosing meningitis involves testing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

CSF testing can help determine:

• The type of meningitis (viral or bacterial)
• The specific pathogen causing the infection
• The most effective antibiotics for treatment (in cases of bacterial meningitis)

This diagnostic process typically involves a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, to collect a sample of CSF for laboratory analysis. The results of these tests guide healthcare providers in selecting the most appropriate treatment approach.

Treatment Approaches for Viral and Bacterial Meningitis

The treatment for meningitis varies depending on whether it is viral or bacterial in origin. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective management of the condition.

Treatment for Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis, also known as aseptic meningitis, typically requires supportive care rather than specific antiviral medications. Treatment generally focuses on:

• Reducing fever
• Ensuring adequate hydration
• Providing pain relief for symptoms like headaches
• Rest and monitoring of symptoms

In most cases, viral meningitis resolves on its own within 7-10 days, with patients making a full recovery.

Treatment for Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis requires immediate medical attention and is treated with antibiotics. The specific antibiotic regimen depends on the type of bacteria causing the infection. Treatment typically involves:

• Intravenous antibiotics
• Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
• Fluids to prevent dehydration
• Close monitoring in a hospital setting

With appropriate antibiotic treatment, the fatality rate for the most common types of bacterial meningitis can be reduced to approximately 10%.

Meningitis Prevention: Vaccines and Hygiene Practices

Preventing meningitis involves a combination of vaccination and good hygiene practices. While not all types of meningitis are preventable, several key strategies can significantly reduce the risk of infection.

Vaccination

Vaccines are available for several types of bacterial meningitis, including:

• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)
• Meningococcal vaccines

These vaccines have dramatically reduced the incidence of certain types of bacterial meningitis, particularly in children. It’s important to follow the recommended vaccination schedule provided by healthcare professionals.

Hygiene Practices

Good hygiene practices can help prevent the spread of meningitis-causing pathogens:

• Washing hands frequently with soap and water
• Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
• Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
• Avoiding sharing personal items like utensils, toothbrushes, or cigarettes
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle to support a strong immune system

By combining vaccination with good hygiene practices, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of contracting meningitis.

Long-term Effects and Complications of Meningitis

While many people recover fully from meningitis, some may experience long-term effects or complications. The severity and likelihood of these complications often depend on the type of meningitis, how quickly treatment was initiated, and individual factors.

Potential Long-term Effects of Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis, particularly if not treated promptly, can lead to more severe long-term effects, including:

• Hearing loss
• Vision problems
• Memory and concentration issues
• Balance and coordination difficulties
• Seizures
• Learning disabilities
• Brain damage

The risk of these complications underscores the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for bacterial meningitis.

Long-term Effects of Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis typically has a better prognosis, with most people recovering completely. However, some individuals may experience:

• Persistent headaches
• Fatigue
• Memory problems
• Mood changes

These symptoms usually improve over time, but in some cases, they may persist for months after the initial infection.

Understanding the potential long-term effects of meningitis emphasizes the importance of prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment. Regular follow-up care and support can help manage any lingering effects and improve overall quality of life for those who have experienced meningitis.

Meningitis

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by a number of infectious agents including viruses and bacteria. The type of meningitis and its cause can only be determined by conducting laboratory tests.

Viral meningitis (also called aseptic meningitis) is the most common type of meningitis and is less severe than bacterial meningitis. In Illinois, an average of 600 cases of aseptic meningitis is reported annually, with most occurring in late summer and early autumn. The majority of cases of aseptic meningitis are due to viruses called enteroviruses that can infect the stomach and small intestine. A small number of cases are caused by different viruses, which can be transmitted by infected mosquitoes; these are called arboviruses. Fatal cases of viral meningitis are rare and complete recovery is the rule.

Bacterial meningitis is often more severe than aseptic meningitis, particularly in infants and the elderly. Before antibiotics were widely used, 70 percent or more of bacterial meningitis cases were fatal; with antibiotic treatment, the fatality rate has dropped to 15 percent or less. Bacterial meningitis is most common in the winter and spring. Three bacteria cause the majority of cases: Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• Haemophilus meningitis is most frequently caused by Haemophilus influenza type b, also known as Hib. Before effective vaccines became available and widely used, Hib was the most frequent cause of bacterial meningitis in children 5 years of age and younger. In Illinois, an average of 230 cases was reported annually. However, from 1985 to 1996, there was an 82 percent reduction of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. Currently, there is an average of 50 cases per year; the fatality rate is about 5 percent. This large decrease is believed to be due to routine use of Hib vaccines.
• Meningococcal meningitis, caused by Neisseria meningitidis, is primarily a disease of young children, with the incidence of cases declining in those older than 1 year of age. The disease is most common during winter and spring. In some persons, the bacteria can cause a severe blood infection called meningococcemia. Illinois averages 115 cases of meningococcal disease annually; approximately 10 percent are fatal.
• Pneumococcal meningitis, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci), generally affects infants, the elderly and individuals with certain chronic medical conditions. An average of 100 cases occurs in Illinois each year. In general, 5 percent to 10 percent of cases are fatal; however, in persons with significant underlying disease the fatality rate can be 20 percent to 40 percent.

How is it spread?

Meningitis is not highly contagious. Both viral meningitis and bacterial meningitis can be spread through direct contact with nose and throat secretions. Healthy persons, who have no signs of illness, can have these bacteria in their nose or throat and spread them to others. Sharing a glass, cup or eating utensil, coughing or sneezing into the face of another person, or sharing a cigarette are examples of how contact with another person’s respiratory secretions might occur.

Viral meningitis can be transmitted by fecal contamination (in addition to respiratory secretions) when an infected person sheds or excretes virus in his/her stool.

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

Meningitis can produce mild symptoms — such as headache, low-grade fever and tiredness lasting two to three days — in some patients. In other patients, the symptoms can be severe and begin suddenly with fever, headache and stiff neck accompanied by some combination of other symptoms: decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to bright light, confusion and sleepiness.

In newborns and infants, the classic findings of fever, headache and stiff neck may or may not be present. An infant may have no other symptoms than being listless, irritable and sleepy, having little interest in feeding and possibly vomiting. Also, a purplish red rash may appear with meningococcal meningitis.

How is meningitis diagnosed?

Cerebrospinal fluid can be tested to determine the type of meningitis causing the symptoms. Such identification is important in selecting effective antibiotics for treating bacterial meningitis cases.

How is meningitis treated?

Treatment for persons who have viral (or aseptic) meningitis usually consists of reducing fever and making sure they take plenty of liquids. All three forms of bacterial meningitis, however, require the immediate medical attention of a physician and can be treated with a number of antibiotics. Appropriate antibiotic treatment of the most common types of bacterial meningitis should reduce the fatality rate to approximately 10 percent though the fatality rate is higher in infants, the elderly and persons with certain underlying medical conditions.

How is meningitis prevented?

Transmission of viral and bacterial meningitis can be prevented by raising the level of hygiene among persons at risk of infection and among those who might be spreading the disease. Of primary importance is proper hand washing technique: Wet hands with soap and warm water. Rub hands for 10 to 20 seconds, making sure you clean under fingernails. Rinse under warm running water. Dry hands on a clean towel or paper towel. When paper towels are available, use a paper towel to turn off the water faucet and throw the towel away.

Persons should cover their noses and mouths when sneezing or coughing and discard used tissues promptly. Wash hands thoroughly following exposure to respiratory secretions, including handling of soiled tissues and handkerchiefs. Persons should not share straws, cups, glasses, water bottles used during sports or recreation, eating utensils, cigarettes, etc. Eating and drinking utensils should not be shared and should be used by others only after they have been washed. Discouraging persons from kissing an infant, toddler or child on the mouth also can help prevent the spread of illness.

Preventing viral meningitis also requires proper hand washing to remove fecal contamination after toileting, changing diapers, assisting toddlers with toileting and so forth.

For meningococcal meningitis, household contacts and others who have had close personal contact with infected persons are recommended to receive a preventive antibiotic, often rifampin, which kills bacteria living in nose and throat secretions. For contacts to certain cases of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, rifampin also may be recommended. Illness seldom occurs in close contacts to Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Since the recommendations for use of rifampin and other preventive antibiotics vary according to the specific situation, it is best to consult with a physician or local health department for recommendations. Even if rifampin or another preventive antibiotic is taken, close contacts should be observed for any signs of disease and should be promptly evaluated by a physician if symptoms occur.

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices both recommend vaccination against Hib for all infants beginning at 2 months of age.  Neisseria meningitidis can attack persons of any age but it is relatively uncommon in the United States. Meningococcal vaccine is generally recommended only for persons traveling to other countries where epidemics are in progress, for military recruits and, rarely, in other circumstances. A vaccine against the pneumococcus is recommended for certain children and adults with chronic or specified medical conditions and for persons 65 years of age or older.
 

Viral meningitis

What is viral meningitis?

Viral meningitis is an infection of the membranes (linings) that cover the brain and spinal cord.

A variety of viruses can cause meningitis, including those that cause gastroenteritis, measles, mumps, chicken pox and herpes.

Viral meningitis is rarely serious, although symptoms may be severe. People usually recover completely.

How do you get viral meningitis?

You can get viral meningitis by breathing in viral particles that have been sneezed or coughed into the air by another infected person.

You can also become infected by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus, or through contact with faeces (for example, by changing nappies).

Viral meningitis is easily spread from contaminated hands to your mouth, so proper hand washing is very important for prevention.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms include:

• fever
• severe headache
• drowsiness or confusion
• nausea (feeling sick) and vomiting
• neck stiffness
• sensitivity to light.

In babies, symptoms can be more difficult to recognise and may include marked fretfulness or irritability, drowsiness or reluctance to feed.

How do I know I have viral meningitis?

Contact your doctor if you have the above symptoms which do not resolve.

A diagnosis of viral meningitis is based on the history of symptoms, a physical examination and tests to identify the virus. These tests can include throat swabs, blood tests, a faecal (poo) sample and occasionally a lumbar puncture (where a sample of spinal fluid is taken).

While you have the infection

Your doctor will tell you how long you will be infectious, and this will depend on the specific virus that caused the viral meningitis. Your doctor should also tell you how long you should stay away from school or work.

Treatment of viral meningitis

There is no specific medication for viral meningitis. People usually recover completely from viral meningitis

However, you may be admitted to hospital so doctors can rule out other, more serious causes of infection.

How can viral meningitis be prevented?

You can reduce the risk of viral meningitis by following this advice:

• Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. Use a tissue or even the elbow of your arm to stop your hands becoming contaminated.
• Wash your hands before eating, and after the toilet, nappy changing, blowing your nose and after cleaning up body fluid spills.
• Wash your hands thoroughly for at least 15 seconds with warm soapy water. Turn the tap off with a single-use towel.
• Avoid sharing eating and drinking utensils – some viruses may be passed on in saliva.

Is there a vaccine for viral meningitis?

There is no vaccine for viral meningitis. There are vaccines available for other types of bacterial meningitis.

Where to get help

• Find a GP/doctor 
• Search a GP urgent care practice (external site)
• Visit healthdirect (external site) or call 1800 022 222

Remember

• Viral meningitis is an infection of the membranes (linings) that cover the brain and spinal cord.
• Symptoms and infectious periods vary depending on the virus responsible.
• Most people recover from viral meningitis.

Acknowledgements
Public Health

This publication is provided for education and information purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical care. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not imply endorsement and is not intended to replace advice from your healthcare professional. Readers should note that over time currency and completeness of the information may change. All users should seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional for a diagnosis and answers to their medical questions.

See also

• 
  Protect yourself from viruses

Meningitis in adults: danger and insidiousness of symptoms

Contents

• 1 Meningitis in adults: danger lurks at every turn
  • 1.1 Meningitis: a dangerous inflammation of the meninges
    • 1.1.1 What is meningitis?
  • 1.2 How to recognize meningitis in adults?
  • 1.3 Consequences of meningitis in adults
    • 1.3.1 Neurological consequences
    • 1.3.2 Residual meningitis
    • 1.3.3 Fatal consequences
  • 1. 4 Where can you get meningitis?
  • 1.5 How can I protect myself from meningitis?
  • 1.6 Probability of contracting meningitis
  • 1.7 Can meningitis be cured in adults?
  • 1.8 Cost of meningitis treatment: what factors affect costs?
    • 1.8.1 What is meningitis and why is it expensive to treat?
    • 1.8.2 What affects the cost of meningitis treatment?
    • 1.8.3 How much does meningitis treatment cost?
    • 1.8.4 How can the cost of treating meningitis be reduced?
    • 1.8.5 Conclusion:
  • 1.9 Why is it important to see a doctor if meningitis is suspected?
  • 1.10 What is the survival rate for a snakebite?
  • 1.11 Where can I get help if I suspect meningitis?
  • 1.12 Related videos:
  • 1.13 Q&A:
    • • 1.13.0.1 What is meningitis and why is it dangerous?
      • 1.13.0.2 What symptoms may indicate meningitis in adults?
      • 1.13.0.3 How is meningitis diagnosed in adults?
      • 1. 13.0.4 How is meningitis treated in adults?
      • 1.13.0.5 How can you protect yourself from meningitis?
      • 1.13.0.6 What are the consequences of meningitis in adults?

Meningitis is one of the most dangerous and insidious diseases that can occur in adults. In the article, you will learn what symptoms and signs are characteristic of meningitis, how the diagnosis is made and how to treat this disease. Get ready for the real danger and protect yourself from meningitis today.

Meningitis is an inflammatory disease of the brain and its membranes that can lead to serious complications, including damage to the nervous system. Especially dangerous is the course of meningitis in adults, as they may not pay attention to the first symptoms or they may masquerade as other diseases.

The most common symptoms of meningitis in adults include high fever, headache, nausea, convulsions, difficulty breathing and drowsiness. In addition, cold or flu-like symptoms may appear in the early stages of the disease.

If meningitis is suspected in an adult, experts recommend starting immediate treatment to prevent possible complications and save the patient’s life. Treatment of meningitis in adults can be quite complicated and lengthy, so seeing a doctor on time is the key to a quick recovery.

Meningitis: a dangerous inflammation of the meninges

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is a serious inflammation of the meninges that can lead to serious complications and even death. The meninges are layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. They protect the central nervous system from various harmful factors.

Depending on the type of meningitis, symptoms may vary, but common symptoms are headache, fever, constipation, vomiting, and neck stiffness. It is important to note that meningitis is a medical emergency and therapy should begin as early as possible.

The diagnosis of meningitis is often made on the basis of a medical examination, including laboratory tests of blood, CSF, and x-rays. Treatment usually includes antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals if the infection is caused by a fungus. In some cases, hospitalization may be required.

After proper initiation of therapy, many cases of meningitis have a positive prognosis, but in some cases serious complications such as brain damage and impaired heart and lung function are possible.

In general, meningitis is a dangerous disease, but with early diagnosis and proper treatment, most people recover. It is important to remain vigilant for symptoms, especially if you are at risk, and seek immediate medical attention if meningitis is suspected.

How to recognize meningitis in adults?

Meningitis is a dangerous inflammation of the soft membranes of the spinal cord and brain that can lead to serious complications and even death if treated incorrectly or delayed. Therefore, it is very important to be able to recognize the first signs of the disease.

Symptoms of meningitis in adults can vary, but the most common are:

• Headache – usually severe, localized in the forehead and occiput;
• Nausea and vomiting – combined with headache, this may indicate the onset of a serious illness;
• High body temperature – with meningitis, sometimes it is above 38 degrees, and it lasts for a long time;
• Skinnyness – leads to problems with bright light and sound stimuli;
• General malaise and weakness – fatigue, restlessness, lethargy, lack of appetite;
• Convulsions and consciousness – only in severe cases.

If you suspect meningitis, don’t put off seeing your doctor. Treatment should begin as early as possible to avoid serious complications such as loss of hearing, vision, problems with muscle strength and coordination.

Consequences of meningitis in adults

Neurological consequences

Meningitis can cause serious problems with the nervous system, such as:

1. epilepsy because the brain can be damaged during illness
2. hydrocephalus which occurs due to a violation of the outflow of fluid from the brain
3. paralysis which develops due to nerve damage
4. violations coordination of movements associated with damage to the central nervous system

Residual meningitis

Sometimes, after recovery, a person may experience residual effects meningitis, which include:

• increased fatigue and fatigue
• sleep disturbances and insomnia
• headaches and migraines
• impaired memory and concentration

Life-changing consequences

Although meningitis in adults can be successfully treated, in some cases the disease can lead to life-changing consequences . This can happen if the illness results in:

• blood poisoning
• myelitis
• encephalitis
• intracranial purulent lesions

Therefore, it is important to believe in the first symptoms of meningitis, consult a doctor and start treatment on time to avoid serious consequences.

Where can you catch meningitis?

Meningitis is a bacterial or viral inflammation of the brain that can occur in a variety of settings, but the most common sites of infection are:

• Being too close to someone who has meningitis. Viruses and bacteria can be spread from one person to another by coughing or sneezing.
• Staying in places with a high concentration of people. If you often have to attend mass events, especially in winter, then you are at risk of contracting meningitis.
• Violation of hygiene standards. The slightest violation of hand hygiene can lead to infection with meningitis. Therefore, regular hand washing and the use of antiseptics is a necessary step in the prevention of meningitis.
• Visit countries with a high prevalence of meningitis. If you are going to visit a country with a high risk of contracting meningitis, you should be vaccinated.

Knowing the main places where you can catch meningitis helps you take preventive measures in time and avoid unpleasant consequences.

How to protect yourself from meningitis?

Meningitis is a dangerous disease that can lead to irreparable consequences. However, you can reduce your risk of infection by following a few simple guidelines:

• Avoid contact with infected people. Do not share utensils, beds, toothbrushes, or other personal hygiene items.
• Keep your hands clean. Wash your hands with soap and use hand sanitizer. This is especially important after visiting public places, being in a hospital, or coming into contact with a sick person.
• Get vaccinated. There is a meningitis vaccine that can protect you and your children from this dangerous disease. Mandatory vaccination is the vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae.
• Strengthen your immune system. A healthy lifestyle is the key to a strong immune system. Exercise regularly, eat right, give up bad habits.

Remember that meningitis is not easy to catch if you practice good personal hygiene. However, if you notice symptoms of this disease in yourself, contact a specialist as soon as possible.

Probability of contracting meningitis

Meningitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease of the CSF system, which can lead to serious complications and even death of the patient.

What is the probability of contracting meningitis? It depends on many factors, such as age, immunity, environmental conditions, etc.

People with weakened or stressed immune systems are especially at risk. Also, the likelihood of contracting meningitis increases during epidemics, when even healthy people who have been in contact with the causative agent of the disease can be sick.

• In general, the prescribed preventive measures should be observed in order not to expose yourself to the risk of contracting meningitis.
• If you notice the first symptoms of a disease, do not delay visiting a doctor in order to receive appropriate treatment in time and prevent possible complications.

Can meningitis be cured in adults?

Meningitis is a serious disease of the vascular system of the brain and spinal cord, which can lead to serious consequences and even death if not treated on time. Medicine today has quite effective methods of treating meningitis, which can save the patient’s life and limit the possible complications of the disease, but treatment usually requires an integrated approach and an immediate response from medical professionals.

No one can give an exact answer to the question of whether meningitis in adults can be cured. Much depends on the type of meningitis, its stage, and how quickly treatment was started. This is a long-term, sometimes severe, but treatable disease. If treatment is started immediately after the onset of the first symptoms, the chances of recovery increase.

There are several treatments for meningitis, depending on the type and severity of the disease. Treatment usually includes antibiotics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. If necessary, specific therapy in the form of the use of glucocorticosteroids can also be carried out. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be required. All of this therapy is designed to destroy the pathogen that causes meningitis and prevent it from reappearing in the body.

It is important to remember that meningitis should be identified and treated as soon as possible. If you notice the first symptoms of meningitis in yourself or someone close to you, see your doctor immediately, even if they do not seem too serious to you. Remember that health is the most valuable thing we have in life, and that it cannot be valued in money.

Meningitis treatment costs: what factors affect costs?

What is meningitis and why is it expensive to treat?

Meningitis is a dangerous inflammatory disease of the brain and spinal cord. Treatment of meningitis can last for weeks or even months, all the while patients need constant monitoring and medical care. Meningitis is usually treated in a hospital where patients receive drip infusions and other medical procedures.

What affects the cost of meningitis treatment?

The cost of treating meningitis can vary greatly depending on many factors. Among them: the type of meningitis (viral, bacterial, fungal), the severity of the disease, the age and condition of the patient, the region of treatment, the medications and procedures used.

How much does meningitis treatment cost?

Treatment for meningitis can cost several thousand dollars a day. In the US, for example, the cost of treating meningitis can range from $20,000 to $100,000 for the entire course of treatment. In different countries and regions, this figure may vary upward or downward.

How can the cost of meningitis treatment be reduced?

The cost of treating meningitis can be reduced by being treated in a general ward instead of an individual one, by using cheaper medicines, and by reducing the time spent in the hospital. However, you should not save on health – the treatment of meningitis should be complete and effective in order to prevent possible complications and consequences of the disease.

Output:

The treatment of meningitis requires significant expenses for medical procedures and drugs. However, it is possible to optimize the cost of treatment without compromising the quality of medical care, which is important for patients and their relatives.

Why is it important to see a doctor if meningitis is suspected?

Meningitis is a serious disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and can lead to complications, including death, if not treated promptly.

The symptoms of meningitis can come on very quickly and can get worse if not treated immediately. Typical symptoms are headache, convulsions, fever, vomiting, nausea, burning eyes, and difficulty seeing light.

The danger of meningitis lies in its ability to spread rapidly. The bacteria that causes meningitis can travel from the brain to other organs and cause them to become inflamed. This can lead to sepsis or blood poisoning, which is often fatal.

Therefore, if you suspect that you have meningitis you should contact your doctor immediately. Diagnosis and treatment of meningitis require special knowledge and skills, and without the help of an experienced specialist, it is impossible to guarantee a full and quick recovery.

Remember that early intervention can save lives and prevent complications associated with meningitis.

What is the survival rate for a snakebite?

Bites from venomous snakes can cause serious consequences, including death. Survival prognosis depends on several factors, including the type of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the time since the bite.

The amount of venom administered also affects survival prognosis. A large amount of poison can cause a quick reaction of the body and lead to serious intoxication. The less poison introduced, the easier the treatment will be and the higher the chance of recovery.

The site of the bite is also important. Bites on the arms or legs can cut off blood flow and be more serious than bites on more distant parts of the body. The time elapsed since the bite also plays a role in prognosis. The sooner the victim receives medical attention, the greater the chance of saving a life.

In addition, age, health status, and other factors may affect the prognosis of survival from a snakebite. Therefore, it is very important to seek medical attention immediately after a snakebite in order to increase the chances of recovery.

Where can I get help if I suspect meningitis?

If meningitis is suspected, seek immediate medical attention. First of all, you can contact the clinic at the place of residence, where they will conduct an initial examination and give recommendations for further treatment.

If the symptoms of meningitis appear at night, or for other reasons it is impossible to contact your doctor, you should call an ambulance. Ambulance doctors will be able to provide first aid and take the patient to the hospital.

It is important to remember that the earlier meningitis is diagnosed, the more effective treatment is. Do not ignore the symptoms of the disease and seek help in time – this can save your life.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What is meningitis and why is it dangerous?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. It is dangerous because it can lead to disorders of the nervous system, paralysis, convulsive seizures, and in severe cases even death.

What symptoms may indicate meningitis in adults?

The main symptoms of meningitis are: high fever, chills, severe headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, poor coordination, neck and back muscle stiffness. Already the presence of several of these signs requires a visit to the doctor.

How is meningitis diagnosed in adults?

Diagnosis of meningitis is carried out using the study of Liquor – a special fluid that is taken during spinal cord puncture. Neuroeducational techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are also used.

How is meningitis treated in adults?

Treatment of meningitis in adults is aimed at suppressing the inflammatory process, fighting infection and symptomatic therapy. The cause of the disease determines the drugs used. You can use antibiotics, analgesics, anticonvulsants, steroids, and other medications.

How can you protect yourself from meningitis?

The main prevention of meningitis is vaccination. It is also worth avoiding contact with sick people, observe hand hygiene and strengthen immunity. It is important to monitor your general health and not delay a visit to the doctor when symptoms of the disease appear.

What are the consequences of meningitis in adults?

The consequences of meningitis can vary and depend on the severity of the disease. These can be neurological disorders, paralysis, hearing and vision loss, headaches, poor memory, etc. Some effects may last a lifetime.

Viral meningitis. What is Viral Meningitis?

IMPORTANT
The information in this section should not be used for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. In case of pain or other exacerbation of the disease, only the attending physician should prescribe diagnostic tests. For diagnosis and proper treatment, you should contact your doctor.

Viral meningitis is a lesion of the meninges of the brain, proceeding according to the type of serous inflammatory process and caused by a viral infection. Like meningitis of other etiologies, viral meningitis is manifested by headache, nausea, repeated vomiting, and the presence of meningeal symptoms. Its distinguishing features are an acute onset, a mild degree of impaired consciousness, a short course and a favorable outcome. Viral meningitis is diagnosed on the basis of clinical data, the results of the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid and its PCR study. Treatment of patients with viral meningitis consists of symptomatic therapy (antipyretics, analgesics), antiviral therapy is performed according to indications.

ICD-10

A87 Viral meningitis

• Causes
• Symptoms of viral meningitis
• Diagnostics
• Treatment of viral meningitis
• Forecast
• Prices for treatment

General

Viral meningitis is an inflammation of the lining of the brain (meningitis) caused by viruses. Unlike purulent meningitis caused by bacterial flora, viral meningitis is accompanied by a serous inflammatory process. Serous inflammation is characterized by the formation of serous effusion, which impregnates the membranes of the brain, leading to their thickening. Swelling of the meninges in viral meningitis causes a violation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid and leads to an increase in intracranial pressure. However, the serous type of inflammation is not accompanied by mass exudation of neutrophils and the death of cellular elements, so viral meningitis has a more favorable course than bacterial one.

Viral meningitis

Causes

Viral meningitis is an infectious disease. Its causative agents can be various viruses that enter the meninges by the hematogenous, lymphogenous or perineural route. Depending on the type of virus, viral meningitis can occur through contact or airborne infection. Once in the body, viruses penetrate into the subarachnoid space and infect the arachnoid and pia mater. The spread of viruses into the substance of the brain with the development of encephalitis is observed in extremely rare cases.

In 75-80% of cases, viral meningitis is caused by enterovirus infection (Coxsackie and ECHO viruses). Less commonly, the cause of viral meningitis is the mumps virus, Epstein-Barr virus (the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis), arenaviruses, cytomegalovirus, herpes infection, adenoviruses. HIV infection can also lead to the development of viral meningitis. However, more often with it, only changes in the cerebrospinal fluid are noted, and viral meningitis has an asymptomatic course. Viral meningitis has a seasonal incidence depending on the type of pathogen. Most cases of the disease occur in the summer, the mumps virus is characterized by a peak incidence in winter and spring.

Symptoms of viral meningitis

Typically, the incubation period for viral meningitis is 2 to 4 days. It is characterized by an acute onset with a rise in body temperature to high numbers, general malaise and intoxication syndrome. Muscle pain, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain may occur. The patient may complain of runny nose, sore throat and/or cough. In infants, tension or bulging of the fontanel is observed. With viral meningitis, mild impairment of consciousness is often noted: drowsiness or stupor. In some cases, on the contrary, anxiety and arousal of the patient are possible. In the event of more severe disorders of consciousness (stupor, coma), it is necessary to re-examine the patient and revise the diagnosis.

Viral meningitis is accompanied by a pronounced meningeal syndrome, which can manifest itself from the first day of the disease or manifest on the second day. It is characterized by a constant excruciating headache, poorly relieved by taking analgesics, repeated vomiting, increased skin sensitivity (hyperesthesia) and painful perception of external stimuli (noise, harsh sounds, bright light, etc.). The position of the patient in bed is characteristic: lying on his side, head thrown back, knees brought to the stomach, hands pressed to the chest.

When examining a patient with viral meningitis, there is excessive tension (rigidity) of the extensor group of neck muscles, which makes it difficult to bring the chin to the chest; positive meningeal symptoms. Brudzinsky’s symptoms: upper – with passive flexion of the head, involuntary flexion of the legs occurs; lower – extension of the leg bent at a right angle leads to flexion of the second leg. Kernig’s symptom – difficulty in passive extension of the leg bent at a right angle. In infants, Lesage’s symptom (suspension symptom) is indicative: if the child is raised, holding under the armpits, then bending of the legs and pulling them to the stomach is observed.

Viral meningitis has a relatively short course. Already on the 3-5th day, the body temperature drops to normal numbers, although in some cases a second wave of fever is observed. The entire period of the disease lasts from 7 to 14 days, on average about 10 days.

Diagnostics

The neurologist can suspect viral meningitis due to the characteristic complaints of the patient, the acute onset of the disease, and the presence of meningeal symptoms. To establish the viral nature of inflammation of the meninges, a lumbar puncture is performed with a study of cerebrospinal fluid, PCR studies and isolation of the pathogen.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in viral meningitis shows a slight increase in protein, normal glucose and leukocytosis. In the first 1-2 days, viral meningitis may be accompanied by neutrophilic leukocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid, which is more typical for bacterial inflammation. However, the absence of a pathogen on microscopy of differently colored smears of cerebrospinal fluid testifies in favor of a viral etiology of the disease. To confirm it, it is necessary to re-examine the CSF after 12 hours, in which, in the case of viral meningitis, a decrease in the number of neutrophils and an increase in the number of lymphocytes are observed.

The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid allows to differentiate viral meningitis from other types of inflammation of the meninges. So, with leptospirosis and tuberculous etiology of meningitis, as well as with its tumor character, lymphocytosis observed in the cerebrospinal fluid is combined with a decrease in glucose levels.

Isolation of the virus is a very difficult task, since it is contained in a small amount in the cerebrospinal fluid, and in other sources (blood, urine, feces, a swab from the nasopharynx) it can be carried or after an infection without the development of viral meningitis. Therefore, the main modern method for diagnosing the pathogen in viral meningitis is the PCR study of cerebrospinal fluid. Serological tests for the diagnosis of viral meningitis are indicative only if their results are compared at the onset of the disease and after 2-3 weeks. Due to the long duration of such a diagnosis, it can only be retrospective.

Patients with viral meningitis additionally undergo a clinical blood test, liver biochemical tests, determination of the electrolyte composition of the blood, the content of glucose, creatinine, lipase and amylase in it. With an atypical course of viral meningitis and doubts in its diagnosis, it is possible to perform electromyography, EEG, MRI and CT of the brain.

Treatment of viral meningitis

With respect to viral meningitis, symptomatic therapy is carried out in most cases. The patient is recommended rest, bed rest, being in a darkened room. Analgesics are prescribed to relieve headaches. But often it decreases significantly after a decrease in intracranial pressure as a result of a diagnostic lumbar puncture. Body temperature above 38°C is an indication for taking antipyretic drugs (paracetamol, ibuprofen, etc.).

Specific and non-specific antiviral therapy for viral meningitis is needed in immunocompromised patients and in infants. In such cases, intravenous immunoglobulin is administered. If viral meningitis is caused by the herpes virus or the Epstein-Barr virus, then acyclovir may be used.

Forecast

In adults, viral meningitis in most cases ends in complete recovery.