What are the causes of water retention? How do you identify the symptoms of fluid retention? What are the most effective treatments for water retention? Discover the answers to these crucial questions and more in this comprehensive article.

Exploring the Causes of Water Retention

Water or fluid retention, also known as edema, occurs when the body is unable to maintain healthy fluid levels. This condition can arise due to a variety of factors, including issues with the circulatory system, kidneys, lymphatic system, and hormonal imbalances. Let’s delve into the key causes of water retention:

Capillary Damage

Capillaries, the tiny blood vessels responsible for managing fluid balance in the body, can sustain damage from certain medications, such as those used to treat high blood pressure. This damage can lead to changes in pressure within the capillaries and cause the capillary walls to become too permeable, allowing excess fluid to enter the surrounding tissues and result in swelling and water retention.

Congestive Heart Failure

When the heart’s pumping action becomes less effective, it can alter the blood pressure within the vessels, leading to fluid buildup. This can result in swelling in the legs, feet, and ankles, as well as fluid accumulation in the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and a persistent cough.

Lymphatic System Impairment

The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance by transporting lymph fluid throughout the body. If this system is disrupted, for example, due to cancer, infections, or blockages, fluid can accumulate in the tissues, causing swelling in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, ankles, legs, and feet.

Kidney Dysfunction

The kidneys are responsible for filtering the blood and removing waste, fluids, and other substances. If the kidneys do not function properly, they may be unable to remove excess fluids, leading to fluid retention, particularly in the lower limbs, hands, or face.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the body naturally holds more water than usual, leading to swelling in the lower limbs, especially during hot weather or after prolonged standing. Hormonal changes and the added weight of the growing fetus can also contribute to this condition. While this is not usually a cause for concern, sudden or severe swelling may be a sign of a serious condition called pre-eclampsia, which requires immediate medical attention.

Physical Inactivity

People with mobility issues or a sedentary lifestyle can develop edema in the lower legs. This is due to the weakening of the calf muscle pump, which plays a crucial role in fluid circulation. Elevating the feet, wearing compression stockings, and performing ankle exercises can help alleviate this type of water retention.

Obesity

Individuals with obesity may experience swelling due to the extra weight they carry. Obesity also increases the risk of other conditions that can contribute to water retention, such as high blood pressure, kidney disease, and heart disease.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Water Retention

The primary symptoms of water retention include:

• Swelling in various body parts, such as the legs, feet, ankles, hands, and face
• Discomfort or heaviness in the affected areas
• Increased clothing or shoe size
• Pitting edema, where pressing on the swollen area leaves a temporary indent
• Difficulty moving or reduced range of motion in the affected limbs

If the water retention is caused by a more serious underlying condition, such as congestive heart failure or pre-eclampsia, additional symptoms may include:

• Shortness of breath
• Persistent cough
• Headaches
• Vomiting
• Pain under the ribs
• Vision problems

Effective Treatments for Water Retention

The treatment for water retention depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, simple lifestyle changes may be sufficient, while in others, medical intervention may be necessary. Some effective treatments for water retention include:

Dietary Changes

Reducing salt intake, increasing potassium-rich foods, and limiting processed carbohydrates can help the body better manage fluid levels and alleviate water retention.

Exercise and Movement

Regular physical activity, such as walking, swimming, or performing leg exercises, can help improve circulation and stimulate the lymphatic system, reducing fluid buildup.

Compression Garments

Wearing compression stockings or sleeves can help improve blood and lymph flow, preventing fluid from accumulating in the affected areas.

Diuretic Medications

In some cases, healthcare providers may prescribe diuretic medications, also known as “water pills,” to help the body eliminate excess fluids through urine.

Treating Underlying Conditions

If the water retention is caused by a more serious underlying condition, such as congestive heart failure or kidney disease, treating the underlying issue is crucial for managing the fluid imbalance.

Preventing Water Retention

In addition to the treatments mentioned, there are several steps you can take to help prevent water retention:

• Maintain a healthy weight and avoid obesity
• Engage in regular physical activity to improve circulation
• Limit salt and processed foods in your diet
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water
• Elevate your legs when possible to promote fluid drainage
• Manage any underlying health conditions that may contribute to water retention

When to Seek Medical Attention

If you experience persistent or severe water retention, it’s essential to seek medical attention. Some signs that warrant immediate medical care include:

• Sudden or rapid onset of swelling
• Swelling accompanied by shortness of breath, chest pain, or other concerning symptoms
• Swelling that does not respond to lifestyle changes or over-the-counter remedies
• Swelling during pregnancy, especially if accompanied by headaches, vomiting, or vision changes

Your healthcare provider can perform a thorough evaluation, identify the underlying cause, and develop an appropriate treatment plan to help you manage your water retention effectively.

Conclusion

Water retention is a common condition that can arise from a variety of causes, ranging from capillary damage and heart issues to kidney problems and pregnancy. By understanding the potential causes, recognizing the symptoms, and implementing effective treatments, you can take proactive steps to manage water retention and maintain optimal fluid balance in your body. Remember to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe swelling, as this may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical care.

Water retention (fluid retention): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

Water or fluid retention occurs when the body is unable to maintain fluid levels. Kidney or cardiovascular disease, for instance, may cause the body to retain fluid. The main symptoms are swelling and discomfort.

The circulatory system, the kidneys, the lymphatic system, hormonal factors, and other bodily systems help maintain healthy fluid levels. If a problem arises with one or more of these systems, however, fluid retention — otherwise known as edema — can occur.

Edema can affect any area of the body. It happens for a variety of reasons.

This article will look at some causes and symptoms of water retention, as well as how to treat it.

The human body uses a complex system to regulate its water levels. Hormonal factors, the cardiovascular system, the urinary system, the liver, and the kidneys all play a role. If there is a problem with any of these parts, the body may be unable to expel fluid as it should.

Capillary damage

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with a key role in managing fluid balance in the body. Some medications, such as those for high blood pressure, can cause damage to the capillaries.

Capillaries deliver fluid to surrounding tissues. This fluid, called interstitial fluid, supplies nutrients and oxygen to cells. After delivering the nutrients, the fluid returns to the capillaries.

If the capillaries sustain damage, edema can occur. Possible problems include changes in pressure inside the capillaries and the capillary walls becoming too leaky.

If these problems occur, too much liquid can leave the capillaries and enter the spaces between cells. If the capillaries cannot reabsorb the fluid, it will stay in the tissues, causing swelling and water retention.

Some people experience this type of edema because they have a rare condition known as systemic leaky capillary syndrome.

Congestive heart failure

The pumping action of the heart helps maintain normal pressure within the blood vessels. If a person’s heart stops working effectively, their blood pressure will change. Fluid retention can arise from this.

There may be swelling in the legs, feet, and ankles, as well as fluid in the lungs, which can result in long-term cough or breathing difficulties.

Eventually, congestive heart failure can lead to breathing problems and stress on the heart. It can therefore be life threatening.

The lymphatic system

The lymphatic system carries lymph through the body. Lymph is a fluid that contains white blood cells. It helps the immune system defend the body against infection. As the lymphatic system delivers and reabsorbs lymphatic fluid, it also helps the body maintain fluid balance.

If a problem prevents the lymphatic system from working properly, fluid can build up around the tissues. This can cause swelling in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, ankles, legs, and feet.

Cancer, infections, and blockages can all cause problems with this system.

Learn more about all forms of cancer in our dedicated hub.

The kidneys

The kidneys filter the blood and help maintain fluid levels in the body.

Waste, fluids, and other substances pass into tiny tubules in the kidneys, which act as a filter. The bloodstream reabsorbs anything the body can reuse and removes the waste in the urine.

If the kidneys do not work properly, they cannot remove waste material, including fluids and sodium. The fluid will therefore stay in the body.

People with chronic kidney disease, for example, may notice swelling in the lower limbs, hands, or face.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the body holds more water than usual, leading to swelling in the lower limbs — especially during hot weather or after standing for a long time.

Hormonal changes and carrying extra weight in the abdomen can also contribute. This is not usually dangerous, and it mostly resolves after delivery.

If the swelling suddenly becomes more severe, however, it may be a sign of pre-eclampsia. This is a type of high blood pressure that can harm both the mother and the fetus.

Anyone who experiences headaches, vomiting, pain under the ribs, vision problems, along with increased swelling during pregnancy, should seek immediate medical attention.

Physical inactivity

People with mobility problems or a sedentary lifestyle can develop edema in the lower legs. Underuse can cause the calf muscle pump to lose strength.

It may help to:

• keep the feet raised
• wear compression stockings
• practice exercises, such as raising and lowering the feet or rotating the ankles

Obesity

People with obesity may experience swelling due to the extra weight they carry. Obesity also increases the risk of high blood pressure, kidney disease, and heart disease, all of which can result in edema.

Obesity also increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other health issues.

Malnutrition

Albumin is a protein that helps the human body manage fluids. When a person has a severe protein deficiency, it may be harder for the body to move interstitial fluid back into the capillaries.

When a person is severely malnourished, they may develop kwashiorkor. Symptoms include a loss of muscle mass and an enlarged abdomen. This is due to fluid retention in the bodily tissues.

What is malnutrition, and who is at risk? Learn more here.

Infections and allergies

The immune system’s role is to defend the body from disease and infection. When the immune system detects an unwanted invader, such as bacteria or an allergen, it will mount an attack. Inflammation is part of this process.

When inflammation occurs, the body releases histamine. Histamine causes the gaps between the cells of the capillary walls to widen. It does this to allow infection-fighting white blood cells to reach the site of inflammation.

However, it can also allow fluid to leak from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues. The swelling that results from this is usually short-term.

People with long-term inflammation may experience water retention.

Medications

Some medications can also lead to water retention.

These include:

• calcium channel blockers
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• gabapentin
• some hormonal therapies, including some birth control pills
• prednisone, which is a corticosteroid
• some diabetes medications

Anyone concerned about swelling while using medication should speak to their doctor. They may be able to change the dosage or suggest an alternative.

Edema can develop when a person uses birth control pills. What other adverse effects can arise? Find out here.

Hormonal conditions

A hormonal imbalance can lead to fluid retention in the following ways:

• Menstruation: Changes in hormonal balance can result in fluid buildup before menstruation. A person may experience bloating and breast tenderness as a result.
• Thyroid problems: The thyroid gland releases hormones that play a role in managing fluid levels. People with conditions that affect the thyroid gland may therefore experience water retention.
• Cushing’s syndrome: This condition causes the adrenal gland to produce too much steroid hormone, leading to leg swelling.

Dependent edema occurs when fluid pools in the lower part of the body. Learn more here.

The symptoms of fluid retention will depend on the area it affects. Common areas include the lower legs, the hands, the abdomen, and the chest.

In the limbs, feet, and hands, symptoms include:

• swelling
• changes in skin color
• shiny or puffy skin
• areas of skin that remain indented when pushed in with a finger, known as pitting edema
• aches and tenderness in the limbs
• stiffness in the joints
• weight gain

Fluid retention can also affect the following areas:

The brain

Fluid retention in the brain is known as cerebral edema. This can cause symptoms including vomiting, blurred vision, headache, and difficulty with balance. This can be life threatening.

The lungs

Excess fluid in the lungs, or pulmonary edema, can indicate a serious problem with the heart or respiratory system. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, a cough, chest pain, and weakness, which can affect the lungs’ ability to supply oxygen to the body.

Many cases of edema will resolve without treatment. If there is an underlying condition, a doctor will focus on treating that.

Diuretics are one treatment option. They can help the kidneys remove fluid from the body. These are usually short-term options, however, as they can cause side effects such as dehydration, increased water retention, and kidney damage.

Some causes of fluid retention need medical treatment, but home remedies may help relieve the symptoms. The sections below discuss some of these in more detail.

Herbal remedies

Some herbs are natural diuretics. Some people believe that the extract of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) may help reduce the amount of water the body retains in a day.

However, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health notes that as a food, dandelion is “generally considered safe,” although there is no scientific evidence to show that it has any medicinal use or that it is safe as a treatment. Some people may also have an allergy to it.

A person should speak to a doctor before using this or other herbal remedy. Diuretics may not be safe for people with low blood pressure or taking other medications that affect fluid and electrolyte balance.

Elevation

If a person has edema in their lower limbs, it may help to:

• sit with the legs raised above the heart several times each day
• sleep with the affected limb on a pillow to raise it above the level of the heart
• have a massage, in which someone strokes the affected area firmly but gently toward the heart

Clothing

People with edema may wish to wear loose clothing, as it will be more comfortable and allow fluid to circulate.

Use support stockings to increase circulation in the lower limbs.

One method of managing water retention is through dietary changes.

For example, studies show that sodium consumption can increase water retention. Limiting salt content in the diet can help to keep sodium levels in a healthful range, decreasing water retention.

Other research has found magnesium supplements can reduce many premenstrual symptoms, including water retention and bloating.

To reduce or prevent water retention, try:

• managing weight
• getting regular exercise
• wearing support stockings, if edema affects the lower limbs
• avoiding sitting or standing still for too long
• taking breaks to walk around during long journeys
• avoiding extreme temperatures, such as hot baths, showers, and saunas

Although it is not always possible to prevent fluid retention, following a healthful diet and getting plenty of exercise can help reduce the risk.

Water retention, also known as edema and fluid retention, is a buildup of fluid in the body. This can occur in cavities, tissues, and the circulatory system.

The primary symptom of water retention is swelling. Most cases of water retention resolve without medical intervention and maintaining a healthful diet and lifestyle balance can often prevent the condition.

Water retention (fluid retention): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

Water or fluid retention occurs when the body is unable to maintain fluid levels. Kidney or cardiovascular disease, for instance, may cause the body to retain fluid. The main symptoms are swelling and discomfort.

The circulatory system, the kidneys, the lymphatic system, hormonal factors, and other bodily systems help maintain healthy fluid levels. If a problem arises with one or more of these systems, however, fluid retention — otherwise known as edema — can occur.

Edema can affect any area of the body. It happens for a variety of reasons.

This article will look at some causes and symptoms of water retention, as well as how to treat it.

The human body uses a complex system to regulate its water levels. Hormonal factors, the cardiovascular system, the urinary system, the liver, and the kidneys all play a role. If there is a problem with any of these parts, the body may be unable to expel fluid as it should.

Capillary damage

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with a key role in managing fluid balance in the body. Some medications, such as those for high blood pressure, can cause damage to the capillaries.

Capillaries deliver fluid to surrounding tissues. This fluid, called interstitial fluid, supplies nutrients and oxygen to cells. After delivering the nutrients, the fluid returns to the capillaries.

If the capillaries sustain damage, edema can occur. Possible problems include changes in pressure inside the capillaries and the capillary walls becoming too leaky.

If these problems occur, too much liquid can leave the capillaries and enter the spaces between cells. If the capillaries cannot reabsorb the fluid, it will stay in the tissues, causing swelling and water retention.

Some people experience this type of edema because they have a rare condition known as systemic leaky capillary syndrome.

Congestive heart failure

The pumping action of the heart helps maintain normal pressure within the blood vessels. If a person’s heart stops working effectively, their blood pressure will change. Fluid retention can arise from this.

There may be swelling in the legs, feet, and ankles, as well as fluid in the lungs, which can result in long-term cough or breathing difficulties.

Eventually, congestive heart failure can lead to breathing problems and stress on the heart. It can therefore be life threatening.

The lymphatic system

The lymphatic system carries lymph through the body. Lymph is a fluid that contains white blood cells. It helps the immune system defend the body against infection. As the lymphatic system delivers and reabsorbs lymphatic fluid, it also helps the body maintain fluid balance.

If a problem prevents the lymphatic system from working properly, fluid can build up around the tissues. This can cause swelling in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, ankles, legs, and feet.

Cancer, infections, and blockages can all cause problems with this system.

Learn more about all forms of cancer in our dedicated hub.

The kidneys

The kidneys filter the blood and help maintain fluid levels in the body.

Waste, fluids, and other substances pass into tiny tubules in the kidneys, which act as a filter. The bloodstream reabsorbs anything the body can reuse and removes the waste in the urine.

If the kidneys do not work properly, they cannot remove waste material, including fluids and sodium. The fluid will therefore stay in the body.

People with chronic kidney disease, for example, may notice swelling in the lower limbs, hands, or face.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the body holds more water than usual, leading to swelling in the lower limbs — especially during hot weather or after standing for a long time.

Hormonal changes and carrying extra weight in the abdomen can also contribute. This is not usually dangerous, and it mostly resolves after delivery.

If the swelling suddenly becomes more severe, however, it may be a sign of pre-eclampsia. This is a type of high blood pressure that can harm both the mother and the fetus.

Anyone who experiences headaches, vomiting, pain under the ribs, vision problems, along with increased swelling during pregnancy, should seek immediate medical attention.

Physical inactivity

People with mobility problems or a sedentary lifestyle can develop edema in the lower legs. Underuse can cause the calf muscle pump to lose strength.

It may help to:

• keep the feet raised
• wear compression stockings
• practice exercises, such as raising and lowering the feet or rotating the ankles

Obesity

People with obesity may experience swelling due to the extra weight they carry. Obesity also increases the risk of high blood pressure, kidney disease, and heart disease, all of which can result in edema.

Obesity also increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and other health issues.

Malnutrition

Albumin is a protein that helps the human body manage fluids. When a person has a severe protein deficiency, it may be harder for the body to move interstitial fluid back into the capillaries.

When a person is severely malnourished, they may develop kwashiorkor. Symptoms include a loss of muscle mass and an enlarged abdomen. This is due to fluid retention in the bodily tissues.

What is malnutrition, and who is at risk? Learn more here.

Infections and allergies

The immune system’s role is to defend the body from disease and infection. When the immune system detects an unwanted invader, such as bacteria or an allergen, it will mount an attack. Inflammation is part of this process.

When inflammation occurs, the body releases histamine. Histamine causes the gaps between the cells of the capillary walls to widen. It does this to allow infection-fighting white blood cells to reach the site of inflammation.

However, it can also allow fluid to leak from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues. The swelling that results from this is usually short-term.

People with long-term inflammation may experience water retention.

Medications

Some medications can also lead to water retention.

These include:

• calcium channel blockers
• nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• gabapentin
• some hormonal therapies, including some birth control pills
• prednisone, which is a corticosteroid
• some diabetes medications

Anyone concerned about swelling while using medication should speak to their doctor. They may be able to change the dosage or suggest an alternative.

Edema can develop when a person uses birth control pills. What other adverse effects can arise? Find out here.

Hormonal conditions

A hormonal imbalance can lead to fluid retention in the following ways:

• Menstruation: Changes in hormonal balance can result in fluid buildup before menstruation. A person may experience bloating and breast tenderness as a result.
• Thyroid problems: The thyroid gland releases hormones that play a role in managing fluid levels. People with conditions that affect the thyroid gland may therefore experience water retention.
• Cushing’s syndrome: This condition causes the adrenal gland to produce too much steroid hormone, leading to leg swelling.

Dependent edema occurs when fluid pools in the lower part of the body. Learn more here.

The symptoms of fluid retention will depend on the area it affects. Common areas include the lower legs, the hands, the abdomen, and the chest.

In the limbs, feet, and hands, symptoms include:

• swelling
• changes in skin color
• shiny or puffy skin
• areas of skin that remain indented when pushed in with a finger, known as pitting edema
• aches and tenderness in the limbs
• stiffness in the joints
• weight gain

Fluid retention can also affect the following areas:

The brain

Fluid retention in the brain is known as cerebral edema. This can cause symptoms including vomiting, blurred vision, headache, and difficulty with balance. This can be life threatening.

The lungs

Excess fluid in the lungs, or pulmonary edema, can indicate a serious problem with the heart or respiratory system. Symptoms include difficulty breathing, a cough, chest pain, and weakness, which can affect the lungs’ ability to supply oxygen to the body.

Many cases of edema will resolve without treatment. If there is an underlying condition, a doctor will focus on treating that.

Diuretics are one treatment option. They can help the kidneys remove fluid from the body. These are usually short-term options, however, as they can cause side effects such as dehydration, increased water retention, and kidney damage.

Some causes of fluid retention need medical treatment, but home remedies may help relieve the symptoms. The sections below discuss some of these in more detail.

Herbal remedies

Some herbs are natural diuretics. Some people believe that the extract of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) may help reduce the amount of water the body retains in a day.

However, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health notes that as a food, dandelion is “generally considered safe,” although there is no scientific evidence to show that it has any medicinal use or that it is safe as a treatment. Some people may also have an allergy to it.

A person should speak to a doctor before using this or other herbal remedy. Diuretics may not be safe for people with low blood pressure or taking other medications that affect fluid and electrolyte balance.

Elevation

If a person has edema in their lower limbs, it may help to:

• sit with the legs raised above the heart several times each day
• sleep with the affected limb on a pillow to raise it above the level of the heart
• have a massage, in which someone strokes the affected area firmly but gently toward the heart

Clothing

People with edema may wish to wear loose clothing, as it will be more comfortable and allow fluid to circulate.

Use support stockings to increase circulation in the lower limbs.

One method of managing water retention is through dietary changes.

For example, studies show that sodium consumption can increase water retention. Limiting salt content in the diet can help to keep sodium levels in a healthful range, decreasing water retention.

Other research has found magnesium supplements can reduce many premenstrual symptoms, including water retention and bloating.

To reduce or prevent water retention, try:

• managing weight
• getting regular exercise
• wearing support stockings, if edema affects the lower limbs
• avoiding sitting or standing still for too long
• taking breaks to walk around during long journeys
• avoiding extreme temperatures, such as hot baths, showers, and saunas

Although it is not always possible to prevent fluid retention, following a healthful diet and getting plenty of exercise can help reduce the risk.

Water retention, also known as edema and fluid retention, is a buildup of fluid in the body. This can occur in cavities, tissues, and the circulatory system.

The primary symptom of water retention is swelling. Most cases of water retention resolve without medical intervention and maintaining a healthful diet and lifestyle balance can often prevent the condition.

OFS.1.5.3.0012.15 Determination of the water absorption coefficient and consumption coefficient of medicinal plant raw materials – Pharmacopoeia.rf

Contents

The water absorption coefficient is an indicator that determines the amount of water in milliliters retained by 1 g of medicinal plant material after it is squeezed out in a perforated glass of the infunder apparatus. The water absorption coefficient is used for calculations when obtaining water extracts from medicinal plant materials.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

GENERAL PHARMACOPIES

Determination of the coefficient 9001 2 OFS. 1.5.3.0012.15

water absorption

and consumption coefficient

of medicinal plant raw materials Introduced for the first time

Water absorption coefficient – an indicator that determines the amount of water in milliliters retained by 1 g of medicinal plant material after it is squeezed out in a perforated cup of the infunder apparatus. The water absorption coefficient is used for calculations when obtaining water extracts from medicinal plant materials.

To determine the coefficient of water absorption, a sample of whole or crushed medicinal plant materials weighing 10.0 g is poured with purified water and an aqueous extract is prepared in accordance with the General Pharmacopoeia Monograph “Infusions and decoctions”. After manufacturing, the resulting aqueous extract is filtered, the remaining raw material is squeezed out in a perforated infunder glass, and the volume of the obtained aqueous extract is measured.
Water absorption coefficient ( K _vp ) is calculated using the following formula:

where

V ₁ is the volume of water extract to be obtained, ml;

V ₂ – the volume of water extraction, which was obtained after pressing the raw material, ml;

a – a sample of medicinal plant material taken for the preparation of water extract, g.

The water absorption coefficient is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the results of 3 parallel determinations.

Table 1 shows the values ​​of water absorption coefficients for certain types of medicinal plant materials.

Table 1 – Water absorption coefficients of some types of medicinal plant raw materials

Type of raw materials	Coefficient	Type of raw material	Coefficient
Valerian rhizomes with roots	2. 9	Coltsfoot leaves	3.0
		Peppermint leaves	2.4
Adonis grass	2.8	Plantain leaves	2.5
Knotweed (serpentine) rhizome	2.0	Wormwood herb	2.1
Oak bark	2.0	Motherwort herb	2.0
Oregano herb	2.0	Chamomile flowers	3.4
St. John’s wort herb	1.6	Senna leaves	1.8
Viburnum bark	2.0	Licorice roots	1.7
Nettle leaves	1.8	Sweetweed grass	2.2
Burnet rhizomes and roots	1.7	Bearberry leaves	1.4
Buckthorn bark	1.6	Sage leaves	3.3
Potentilla rhizomes	1. 4	Rosehip fruit	1.1

If there is no water absorption coefficient for medicinal plant materials, use the following conventional values:

– for roots and rhizomes – 1.5 ml/g;

– for bark, buds, grass and flowers – 2.0 ml / g;

– for seeds – 3.0 ml / g.

Water volume ( V _kwp ), required for the manufacture of water extract, taking into account the water absorption coefficient ( K _vp ), is calculated by the following formula:

V _kvp = V + m K _vp ,

where 9003 2 V – volume of water extract to be obtained, ml;

m is the mass of medicinal plant material required for the preparation of an aqueous extract, g;

K _vp – coefficient of water absorption of this medicinal plant material.

For medicinal plant materials containing mucus, in particular, marshmallow roots, the consumption coefficient is determined ( K _p ). The consumption coefficient shows how many times the mass of raw materials and the volume of purified water should be increased in order to obtain the required volume (ml) of water extraction. This indicator characterizes the quality of medicinal plant raw materials containing mucus, and allows you to control the processes of its harvesting and drying.

Consumption coefficients for the manufacture of an aqueous extract of marshmallow roots at various ratios of raw materials and extractant are given in table 2.

Table 2 – Consumption coefficients for the manufacture of an aqueous extract of marshmallow roots at various ratios of raw materials and extractant Consumption ratio of marshmallow roots, K _р 1 : 100 1.05 1 : 50 1. 10 1 : 30 1.15 1 : 25 1.20 1 : 20 1.30

For aqueous extraction of marshmallow roots with a concentration of more than 5% (1:20), the consumption coefficient ( K _p ) is calculated by the formula:

9 0002 where

m is the amount of marshmallow root (g) required to produce 100 ml of aqueous extract of the required concentration;

4.6 is a constant value showing that 1 g of marshmallow root retains 4.6 ml of water extract.

Download in PDF GPM.1.5.3.0012.15 Determination of the water absorption coefficient and consumption coefficient of medicinal plant raw materials

Why proper watering is so important

All life on earth simply needs water. Plants – for photosynthesis, transport of nutrients and assimilates, cooling.

Sufficient air must be kept in the root zone to provide the roots with oxygen. Therefore, good drainage is necessary in the greenhouse. Many vegetable growers start their journey with traditional soil greenhouses, sometimes the soil is enriched with peat, wood chips, husks and other loosening materials. Classical drainage in small and farm greenhouses is far from always satisfied, but you can at least use soil planning with the formation of a drainage ditch around the perimeter of the greenhouse to remove excess moisture. To correctly determine the maximum doses of irrigation on the ground, laboratory methods measure the current soil moisture as a percentage of its weight, soil density (its optimal values ​​are from 0.6-0.8 g/cm³ on low-density soils to 0.8-1.0 g/cm³ on medium-dense soils).

The main indicator for irrigation is the determination of the maximum field capacity, that is, the maximum amount of capillary-suspended water that the soil can hold after all the gravitational water has drained.

Usually this measurement is made by pouring the pads using a 60 x 60 x 30 cm tin frame. A frame is placed in the middle of the work platform, deepening it 20 cm into the ground. The site inside the frame is filled with water until completely saturated, then the surface of the site is covered with a film and left for a day. After that, a sample is taken to determine moisture throughout the depth of the soil (at least 6 repetitions to determine the average value).

Similarly, the rate of water filtration through the ground can be determined after the measuring area is saturated with water and flooded 5 cm above the ground level. After the water supply is stopped, the rate of continuous water absorption is measured with a stopwatch.

All these measurements are necessary to determine the maximum single and daily doses of irrigation, since if its dose exceeds the amount of moisture retained by the soil, waterlogging will occur with a lack of air and rapid death of the roots, and then the plants themselves.

To make it easier to provide plants with plenty of water on hot days, it is useful to do fractional waterings (from 3-4 to 8-10 on mature fruit-bearing plants). Overflows are especially dangerous when planting seedlings in the winter, when “vegetable enthusiasts” manage to bring the soil to full saturation with the appearance of a water mirror on the surface, as a result, mass death of the roots occurs, the plants fall ill, the cucumber sheds ovaries, and the tomato loses flowering brushes.

Watering strategy on rockwool and nutrient mats

It is much easier to control the watering strategy in low-volume crop conditions on rockwool, peat mixtures or coco mats. As a rule, weight control is crucial for irrigation here, when one or more mats in the greenhouse are placed on a board or a rigid tray on a large postal scale. After recording the mat and cutting drainage holes in it, after 2-3 hours, a control weighing is performed to determine HB – the maximum amount of capillary-weighted water retained substrate mat . With further cultivation of plants, the moisture content is calculated as a percentage of HB. Usually, weighing 1-2 mats per 1 ha of greenhouse is used, the scales are placed in the middle of the row. If possible, they are slightly deepened so that the control mat is on the same level with the rest. The current moisture of the mat is calculated as a percentage of the maximum moisture capacity, minus the weight of the board and the dry mat.

Proper watering on seedling cubes

In a similar way, after complete feeding, several seedling cubes are weighed (usually they are marked with flags with a number), an average value of 6-10 measurements is calculated to determine the level of feeding and the need for watering. So, the approximate weight of a standard cucumber cube is 50 g, after washing it weighs about 600 g, that is, its 100% moisture content is equal to 550 g of retained water. The first watering of seedlings, as a rule, occurs when the moisture content of the cube is reduced to 75%, later it is desirable to carry out watering when the moisture content of the cube is reduced to 60-65% for the active development of the roots. It is desirable that at the time of planting the plants in a permanent place, the humidity of the cubes should be kept at a minimum level – about 60% HB, which will make it easier for them to transfer transportation and planting.

After planting the cucumber seedlings on the mats, the humidity level is maintained at a maximum, watering for several days can be carried out to actively soak the root growth zone from the cubes directly into the mats

It is usually recommended to do abundant watering (300-400 ml) after planting, then do not water, but in practice often in the first 2-3 days after planting the so-called culling with the replacement of weakened, broken plants with healthy ones. With the complete absence of irrigation, the rooting of these “replacement” is greatly inhibited. In addition, in mineral wool, after cutting through the mats, a rapid increase in the pH of the solution occurs, so additional watering of 200-300 ml in the afternoon helps maintain optimal conditions for humidity and pH under the cube and accelerates root development. Further, watering is limited to 50-70 ml per plant in order to avoid overdrying the cube and not creating drainage. If the irrigation system is old or does not provide a uniform water supply, you can water every other day at 100-120 ml to equalize the moisture content of the mats throughout the greenhouse. In winter, it is also necessary to take into account the possible uneven heating of the greenhouse. There is a need for additional irrigation of the so-called hot zones.

Later, many mineral wool manufacturers recommend no watering at all until the humidity drops from 80 to 50-60%, for about 2-3 weeks. Again, it is necessary to focus on the condition of the plants and the weather: if in winter, after cloudy weather, the level of solar illumination suddenly rises sharply, this can lead to overheating of the plants, especially in greenhouses without shading and ventilation. Additional watering will help to partially cope with stress – 120-150 ml 2-3 times in strong sun, carried out at noon. In addition, many vegetable growers use Previkur (0.1%) during this period to further stimulate root development. Pouring it on dry mats can cause burns on the leaves. To avoid this, on the eve of the gravy, you can make additional watering of the plants by 100-120 ml.

The humidity level of mats of 50-60% should be adhered to only if the greenhouse is sufficiently modern, provided with air humidification systems, shading, etc.

In the absence of such a level of microclimate control, one can get into a zone of discomfort for plants when, after stress from a lack of moisture, irreversible wilting, burns and crop loss due to dropping ovaries begin. For not very experienced vegetable growers and for old greenhouses, the bar of the minimum moisture content of the mat before fruiting at 70-72% looks optimal.

When cucumber plants begin fruiting, the humidity is increased to 75-80%

Morning watering during this period should quickly nourish the mat, renew the nutrient solution from ballast salts, supply oxygen to the roots, which is easier to achieve with 2-3 waterings in high doses (150-200 ml) taking into account the expected weather. After the 3rd watering, drainage should begin, the volume of which is controlled by collecting drainage from the control mat into a bucket or using drainage meters. In the morning, the amount of drainage is usually 5-10%, per day the drainage rate varies from 5-10% in winter (February – early March) and reaches 30-40% in May-June. Irrigation in the daytime is most often carried out taking into account the level of light, while on a sunny day, up to 3 l of water / m² is supplied per 1000 J / cm².

The water demand on cloudy days is not less than 25% of the level on a sunny day

At the same time, it is required to actively monitor the change in the humidity of the mats during the day. Night loss in active, strong plants is 5-10%. With low nighttime moisture loss, finish watering earlier in the evening or reduce daily doses from 120 to 80-100 ml per plant per watering. In general, the average recommendation for starting watering is 2 hours after sunrise and ending 2 hours before sunset.

These recommendations are good for the cultivation of winter-spring cucumber. When planting a summer cucumber on hot sunny days, it is sometimes technically impossible to provide plants with watering during the daytime, then many vegetable growers practice a more extended watering time, starting before dawn and ending at sunset. At the same time, the moisture level of the mats is maintained 5-10% higher than in winter. When the moisture level of the mats drops to 60% in the hot season, you can apply after the daily watering cycle an additional 1-2 nightly waterings after sunset. The dose is selected individually, according to the greenhouse situation .

Using scales, you can determine the need for plants in water

If the moisture content of the mat drops sharply during the day, it means that the irrigation rate, taking into account drainage, lags behind the water consumption of plants, in this case it is better to increase the water supply from 11:00 to 14:00. At the same time, there should be sufficient drainage so that the EC of the mat does not increase, especially on days with increased radiation.

Irrigation feature for tomato

After the plants are removed from the seedling section, they are not immediately planted on mats or in the ground, but left on a film until the first or second bunch blooms in order to avoid the development of plants according to the vegetative type (fatting) and loss of yield. Watering the seedlings at this moment is controlled by the level of illumination and daytime temperatures in the greenhouse, the growth and development of the seedlings themselves, and the heating of the heating rolls. It is important to avoid overdrying the plants, but also not to overwater them. Weighing the cubes at this stage of development does not give accurate indicators, since the plants themselves acquire significant weight.

Another peculiarity of the tomato is the long period of cultivation in the extended culture, when in the hottest months it is necessary to maintain a balance between the vegetative and generative development of plants in order not to cause inhibition of the apex regrowth and to maintain uniform fruiting.

In autumn, after pinching off the tops of the tomato, it is necessary to follow a generative strategy with more rare and fairly abundant watering in conditions of decreasing illumination of plants and shorter days.