Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Men: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

Written by Markham Heid

• The Two Types of Urinary Tract Infection
• UTI Symptoms
• Diagnosing a UTI
• Treatment for a UTI
• UTI Causes and Risk Factors
• UTI Complications
• Preventing a UTI
• More

Your urinary tract includes the parts of your body that make urine and carry it out of your body.

For men, these parts include your kidneys and bladder, as well as your ureters and urethra. Ureters are the twin tubes that carry urine from your kidneys to your bladder. Your urethra is the single tube that carries urine from your bladder past your prostate and to the tip of your penis.

If unhealthy bacteria build up anywhere in your urinary tract, this can cause an infection. And while urinary tract infections (UTIs) are much more common in women, men can also get them.

Doctors usually refer to UTIs as either “upper tract” or “lower tract. ” An upper-tract infection is one that happens in the ureters or kidneys. A lower-tract infection is one that happens in the bladder, prostate, or urethra.

Depending on the location of your UTI, you may have one or more of these symptoms:

• Frequent bathroom trips
• Feeling like you have to pee all the time
• Pain, burning, or discomfort while peeing or just after
• Pain or tenderness below your stomach
• Wetting the bed
• Cloudy or smelly urine
• Blood in your urine
• Fever
• Nausea
• Pain in the sides or upper back

Some men don’t have any symptoms at all.

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms. They will also ask about your sexual history because sex can raise your risk for a UTI.

Urine tests can confirm whether you have a UTI. If your doctor thinks the problem might be related to your prostate, you may get a prostate exam. Rarely, you may also need to get an X-ray or ultrasound so your doctor can get a better look at your urinary tract.

Doctors usually treat UTIs with antibiotics you take by mouth. Your doctor will probably choose an antibiotic based on the likely source (such as your bladder) and the bacteria that most commonly cause your UTI. You’ll probably start taking those antibiotics before you get the results of your urine test. (Your doctor may change the prescription if the test shows that the bacteria causing your UTI aren’t targeted by your first antibiotic.)

If you have a lower urinary tract infection, you’ll probably only need antibiotics for a week or less. If you have an upper-tract infection, you may need to take antibiotics for up to 2 weeks.

In rare and severe cases, you may need to take antibiotics by IV in a hospital.

The most common cause of a UTI in the urethra is a sexually transmitted disease. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are two STDs that can cause a UTI. STDs are also the most common cause of UTIs in younger men.

Prostate problems can also cause UTIs. An enlarged prostate (BPH) is common in older men and can block the flow of urine. This can increase the odds that bacteria will build up and cause a UTI.

Prostatitis, which is an infection of the prostate, shares many of the same symptoms as UTIs.

Diabetes and other medical issues that affect your immune system can also make you more likely to get a UTI.

If untreated, a lower urinary tract infection can spread up to your kidneys. Doctors can usually treat kidney infections. In rare cases, an untreated kidney infection can lead to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. A kidney infection can be serious, because it could cause sepsis (an infection in the bloodstream). If that happens and you feel very sick, you may need to be treated in a hospital.

You can’t prevent all UTIs, but you can help make them less likely. Wearing a condom during sex can protect you from STDs, which can lower your risk for a UTI. Treating prostate problems can also lower your risks.

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Can Men Get UTIs?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the organs of your body that are meant to funnel urine out of your system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections are bacterial and start in the bladder, but they also can originate from the kidney, urethra or elsewhere.

Although women more routinely get UTIs, men can get them too. Women have a shorter urethra, which is the tube that connects the bladder to the outside world. Because of the shorter urethra, women are at a higher risk for bacteria from the outside to enter the urinary system. The risk goes up after menopause when the lining of the vagina wall loses some ability to keep bacteria away.

Men have longer urethras, so they have more protection against urinary infections. But when men get a UTI, it should be taken seriously. In men, there often is an underlying cause to the infection, beyond just the length of their urethras.

Men’s Risk of UTIs 

Older men tend to get more UTIs than younger men. I usually see men get recurrent infections when they do not properly empty their bladder because of an enlarged prostate. Men may not empty their bladder for other reasons such as nerve damage from stroke, diabetes or trauma to the spine.  

Men also can get infections that start from their prostate or even their testicles that travel up into the bladder  — or the opposite can happen when an infection goes from the bladder to the other body parts. Infections also can happen if kidney stones block the flow of urine. 

Younger men also may develop urinary infections because of sexually transmitted diseases. Or a recent procedure done in the urinary system may lead to an infection. There are many causes for why a guy may get a UTI. None should be ignored, and we as urologists take all of them seriously. 

Symptoms of a UTI in Men

• Burning with urination
• Urinating more frequently
• Urgent need to urinate
• Incontinence
• Foul-smelling urine
• Blood in the urine
• Fevers
• Chills
• Pain in the abdomen near the bladder

Diagnosing and Treating UTIs

UTIs can be diagnosed by your primary care doctor—you don’t have to see a specialist initially. To diagnose a UTI, your doctor will send a sample of your urine to a lab for a urine culture where the urine is processed and evaluated for bacteria. The culture also can tell us what bug you have and what antibiotics can be used to help treat the infection. A urine analysis, which can be done quickly in our office, can suggest an infection, however, the best test is an actual culture. 

Most UTIs are treated with oral antibiotics. However, there are superbugs that may be resistant to what we can give you by mouth, and those would require using stronger antibiotics through an IV. Most treatments last 5 to 7 days, but can be longer. 

A quick internet search will give you home remedies for treating a UTI, but I don’t recommend this. Untreated infections can spread to the rest of your body and put your life at risk. 

Preventing UTIs

The best way to avoid UTIs is first making sure there is nothing anatomical that needs to be corrected, such as an enlarged prostate, kidney stones, blockages, et cetera. Other considerations include:

• Proper hygiene for men with uncircumcised penises should include retracting the foreskin and cleaning under the foreskin and the glans properly. 
• Making sure you don’t hold your urine too long. 
• Cranberry supplements have been shown to help prevent infections. 
• Staying hydrated by drinking enough fluids/water during the day. 

If you think you have a UTI, get treatment ASAP. Your future self will thank you. 

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Runny nose with copious discharge from the nose due to external irritants

20% of the world’s people have a runny nose from time to time. This is a disease that overcomes a person under the influence of external factors on the mucous membrane. The main irritants are dust, allergens (plant pollen, pieces of pet hair), including air temperature. Initially, the disease seems harmless, but a doctor’s consultation is necessary. The doctor identifies the type of irritant that causes mucous discharge from the nose. Based on his findings, the specialist prescribes the correct treatment.

If the treatment is delayed or delayed, tissue edema passes to the organ of hearing. From such a process, the patient progresses pain in the auricles. The person begins to complain of hearing loss. As a result, the patient requires additional therapy to cope with problems with the auditory system.

Runny nose in children due to allergens is often confused with the common cold. Therefore, proper therapy is not carried out. At the age of 7 years, the child’s immunity is imperfect. In this case, in addition to allergenic rhinitis, an infectious one appears, which greatly worsens the condition of a small patient.

What types of rhinitis occur in life?

Doctors classify runny nose into 2 types. Depending on the type of disease, the appropriate treatment is selected. The irritant is determined on the basis of an immunological test carried out by a specialist:

1. Allergic seasonal disease. This is the most common form of the disease. It is characterized by profuse, clear discharge from the nose. This phenomenon occurs every year at a certain period. Usually seasonal allergies are observed in people with intolerance to the pollen of certain plants.
2. Stable allergic rhinitis. With a stable effect of allergens on a person, his nose begins to flow throughout the year. In addition, the disease is accompanied by stable irritation of the eyes: redness, tearing appear.

A person can independently identify the type of illness in himself. It all depends on the characteristics, duration of the disease process.

Stages of the disease

Runny nose, which appears due to the regular influence of irritating factors on the nasal mucosa, is usually divided into several stages. They are the same for people of all ages, including children. The problem is solved more easily in the first two phases of its development. If seasonal allergic rhinitis is observed, the disease does not progress, and there is no change in the state of the mucosa.

Disease stages:

1. Vasotic. The patient has transparent snot. At the same time, it periodically stuffs up the nose, which quickly passes, literally in a few minutes, in rare cases – within 2 hours. Moreover, in this situation, the use of vasoconstrictor drops is not required.
2. Vasodilation. At this stage of the development of the disease, the patient constantly flows from the nose, and in large volumes. Periodic congestion is observed, which itself is not eliminated. It disappears over time only as a result of the use of special preparations.
3. Swelling of the mucous membrane of a chronic nature. This stage is characterized by reversible changes in the mucosa. The patient has profuse discharge. At the same time, the mucus is not just watery, but more often opaque, thick with a whitish tint. There is also persistent nasal congestion. To eliminate it, it is necessary to apply appropriate nasal drops. However, they do not completely cope with the problem, but give a temporary effect.
4. Mucosal hyperplasia. At the fourth stage of the disease, a person is concerned not only with the stable secretion of mucus. The disease is accompanied by a change in the mucosa, its spread. It requires surgical intervention, which is aimed at removing the overgrown nasal mucosa.

In the process of consultation, examination of the patient, the doctor determines the stage of allergic rhinitis before carrying out other diagnostic measures.

Differences between a runny nose and a cold depending on external irritants

It happens that people confuse a runny nose and catarrhal rhinitis. Therefore, they are treated incorrectly and as a result they feel worse. If it is difficult to independently identify the cause of a profuse nose leak, an ENT consultation is needed. He will determine what this condition is connected with, prescribe the appropriate therapy aimed at effective treatment in a particular situation.

Runny nose caused by an irritant can be distinguished from catarrhal rhinitis by the following features:

1. Surprise factor. A person is not tormented by headaches, there is no general malaise.
2. Frequent burning, itching. This condition is felt in the back of the nasal passages.
3. Spasmodic sneezing. It is weak, but long-lasting.
4. Puffiness of the eyelids.
5. Discharge of a large volume of mucus (clear, sometimes white) similar to water.

During a cold, the discharge is thick and yellow. Having such signs of the disease, you need to contact an allergist. You can’t waste time and wait until the ailment passes on its own and does not appear again. Without therapy, mucous discharge will not stop on its own. On the contrary, they will reappear when exposed to an irritant.

Runny nose due to temperature conditions

An allergic reaction in humans can also be caused by air temperature. If it is excessively hot or dry, then abundant mucus from the sinuses may appear. Along with this, itching and rashes on the skin can be observed.

People with cold intolerance have a profuse nasal flow. This is observed with sharp temperature changes. For example, when you have to go outside from a warm room in winter, and vice versa – after a long stay on a frosty day, you need to go into a warm house.

An allergic reaction to cold is associated with the characteristics of the organism. During a change in air temperature, a person actively produces cryoglobulin protein. Thereby

Hot, dry air can also cause snot. In this case, the mucous membrane dries up. To moisturize it, the body starts its own mechanism – it increases the amount of mucous mass.

there is a large secretion of mucus.

With allergies, there is an excessive amount of leakage from the sinuses. This leads to the fact that nasal congestion occurs and mucus is secreted from it. This condition causes anxiety, discomfort in a person.

These allergies are treatable, but more severe than colds caused by irritants such as plant pollen, dust, or animal hair. This is due to the fact that it is impossible to remove the effect of the allergen on the mucous membranes. Periodically profuse discharge from the nose will be repeated.

Preventive measures

In order to avoid an exacerbation of an allergic reaction, it is worth carrying out prophylaxis of the disease. So it will be less likely to remind you of itself, and when an allergy appears, it can be easier to eliminate. Basic preventive measures:

1. Regular wet cleaning of the apartment or house.
2. Frequent change of bed linen – at least once a week.
3. Quit regular or infrequent smoking.
4. Application of an additional filtering window mesh.

After an accurate diagnosis, determination of the allergen acting on the body, in order to prevent deterioration of the condition, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for life. In this way, contact with the allergen can be significantly reduced.

Factors that increase the risk of copious sinus discharge

Lifestyle largely affects a person’s health. The appearance of a runny nose can be caused by the following factors:

• work at an industrial enterprise, where a person inhales a lot of harmful fumes;
• stable stay in a room with dry, hot air;
• regular use of air fresheners;
• by the consistent use of hairspray, spraying which sprays chemicals into the nasopharynx.

Requires treatment with:

• antihistamines;
• vasoconstrictor drugs for nasal instillation;
• hormonal medicines;
• solutions for washing the sinuses.

Therapy is carried out by qualified, experienced professionals. The characteristics of the patient are taken into account, while safe medicines are used. For general strengthening of the body, plant-based formulations are used, which help restore a normal reaction to external stimuli.

Author

Sadrtdinov Alik Gadelyanovich

otorhinolaryngologist (ENT)

Candidate of Medical Sciences

Experience 26 years

+7 (495) 032-15-21

Endless runny nose – allergic rhinitis

In cases where cold symptoms – inflammation of the nasal cavity and runny nose – do not go away for a long time, occur in certain circumstances or at a particular time of the year, allergic rhinitis cannot be excluded. Read about the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, its diagnosis and treatment in the article by Premium Medical allergist Lasma Lapini for the online magazine ārsts.lv!

Over the course of a lifetime, each of us suffers from upper respiratory tract infections, which are characterized by a stuffy or runny nose, sneezing, lethargy and decreased ability to work. A runny nose, as a rule, lasts 7-10 days, and then the symptoms of a viral infection go away, and the state of health improves, and we forget about the discomfort associated with the disease. But what if the symptoms of nasal inflammation are long-lasting, recur every year at about the same time, do not go away at all, or are they provoked by contact with animals or being in a dusty room?

What is allergic rhinitis?

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammation of the nose and sinuses that is caused by allergens. Its distribution in the population, depending on the geographical region, ranges from 10% to 40%. This disease is not a figment of human imagination, but an overactive response of Th3 lymphocytes resulting from changes in the functioning of the immune system, which in turn causes increased production of allergen-specific immunoglobulins E. In essence, this means that inflammatory cells no longer recognize a specific antigen (allergen), and perceive it as a stranger to the body, therefore, an inflammatory reaction occurs in order to get rid of it. In allergic rhinitis, the allergen activates immune cells – B-lymphocytes, they initiate enhanced allergen-specific synthesis, which, by binding to the surface receptors of granulocytes (mast cells, basophilic leukocytes), re-associates with a specific allergen, causes the activation and degranulation of these cells, release biologically active substances and inflammation (type I, or immunoglobulin E-mediated allergic reactions). This causes the development of symptoms characteristic of the early phase of allergic rhinitis – rhinorrhea (nasal discharge), sneezing and itching in the nose. Not only biologically active substances are released from granulocytes, but also various inflammatory mediators that activate other inflammatory cells – eosonophilic and neutrophilic leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes. They migrate to the site of inflammation, where they release their inflammatory mediators, as a result, the inflammatory reaction is further enhanced and lengthened, so the symptoms remain even after contact with the allergen has ceased. This is called the late phase of the allergic reaction, and it is this that plays the biggest role in the development of nasal congestion and hyperreactivity.

Allergic rhinitis is a multifactorial disease, the development of which is associated with many different factors, for example, heredity, increased air pollution, altered microbiome of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, skin and urogenital tract, hormonal status, intake of certain medications, harmful occupational factors. However, of all of the above, the most important provoking factors are air pollution (industrial and transport) and cigarette smoke (active and passive smoking), which directly harms the cilia of the respiratory tract mucosa, lowering the barrier function of the mucosa and facilitating the release of inflammatory mediators important for the development of allergies.

What are the symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

The illness presents with one or more symptoms, including stuffy nose, nasal discharge (rhinorrhea), nasal itching and sneezing. Sometimes eye symptoms may also be added – redness, itching in the eyes, watery eyes. These symptoms may be episodic or persistent. Episodic allergic rhinitis is characterized by “runny nose” – watery discharge from the nose, irritation and/or itching in the nose, difficult breathing through the nose and a circadian rhythm – the symptoms increase during the day and weaken at night. In the case of persistent allergic rhinitis, patients often complain of difficult breathing through the nose (stuffy nose), which interferes throughout the day and at night. In children, blue circles under the eyes can be observed, breathing through a half-open mouth, unconscious repeated movements of the forearm from the bottom up to facilitate breathing through the nose.

If the disease is left untreated, it can cause secondary diseases of the nose and sinuses, inflammation of the middle ear, inflammation of the deep airways and cough, diseases of the vocal cords. This is due to the constant inflammation of the mucosa and the loss of the natural protective barrier, which opens the gate for other microorganisms – viruses, bacteria, fungi. Also, allergic rhinitis leads to an increased risk of asthma and eosinophilic esophagitis.

Allergic rhinitis can significantly affect the quality of life, as it can impair sleep, concentration ability, and behavioral changes. Children may experience lower academic performance, difficulties with deepening into what is happening in the classroom. In adults, the disease can affect the quality of work, mood, lead to a decrease in libido, in some cases even to depressive disorders.

In the long term, three paths of the disease are possible:

1. symptoms can be isolated only in the nose and sinuses, over time they change or completely disappear;
2. the disease begins as an isolated acute coryza, but over time asthma is added to it;
3. the disease begins simultaneously with asthma (in some cases, asthma occurs even before allergic rhinitis).

Allergens most commonly associated with allergic rhinitis

Most often, the disease is caused by bioallergens, for example, house dust mites, pollen (in spring – alder, birch, hazel, dandelions, oak, etc.), in summer – grasses (timothy, hedgehog, bluegrass, in late summer – wormwood), protein domestic animals – (cats, dogs, guinea pigs, hamsters, horses, birds, etc. – epithelium, wool, feces, sweat, saliva), mold fungus, cockroaches, rodents.

Food-induced allergic rhinitis is more common in young children. However, adults can also experience the aforementioned symptoms from individual foods and as a cross-reaction to homologous (similar) allergen proteins. This means that people who are allergic to pollen may have a cross-allergy to certain foods (fruits, vegetables, nuts or spices), for example, if they are allergic to birch pollen, it is not uncommon to have a cross-allergy to apples. However, it should be said that more often these cross-reactions cause oral allergy syndrome, which manifests itself in irritation of the oral cavity or a raw sensation in the mouth, swelling of the lips and / or tongue.

Sometimes allergic rhinitis is caused by occupational allergens such as flour, wood and wood dust, plastics, varnishes and paints, oils and latex.

What tests should be done to detect allergic rhinitis?

The diagnosis is confirmed on the basis of the characteristic clinical presentation of the disease as well as the results of allergy tests. Usually this is a skin puncture test or the determination of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in the blood. a small puncture of the upper layer of the skin is made. The test results are evaluated after 15 minutes, and it is considered positive if a papule (blister) is observed that is 3 mm larger than in a negative test, and the results obtained confirm the patient’s complaints.

If the results of skin tests are ambiguous or for some reason cannot be performed, for example, the patient took antihistamines before the test (for allergies – these should be stopped, if possible, at least seven days before the visit to the allergist) , skin tests give a negative result or the results obtained do not match the patient’s complaints, a solution of a specific allergen is not available, then serological diagnostics can be performed – to establish the level of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E in the blood. This test is also evaluated by the doctor, taking into account the information provided by the patient about the course of the disease.

In recent years, molecular diagnostics of allergens has been increasingly used. This test establishes the concentration of allergen-specific immunoglobulins E in relation to specific allergen molecules, which is important information in the planning of immunotherapy, and also helps to assess cross-reactions in polysensitized patients (80-85% of patients are sensitized to several allergens) and determine the main allergen that causes illness.

Nasal eosinophilic leukocyte test is performed when the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is in doubt or skin or serological tests are inconclusive. Material for research (mucus) is obtained using a cotton swab, which is inserted deep into the nasal cavity, and placed on a glass slide, which is sent to the laboratory. In the laboratory, the doctor, using light microscopy, after staining the material, looks to see if there are cells characteristic of allergic inflammation (eosonophilic leukocytes) in the sample.

Nasal provocation is used when a skin test or serological test is questionable or negative in a patient with a well-founded suspicion of a particular allergen, and also to objectively assess the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy. During the test, the allergen to be tested is injected into the nasal cavity, usually in the form of an aerosol. The development of clinical symptoms and changes in nasal airflow (rhinomanometry) are then assessed. This is so far the only method that allows diagnosing local allergic rhinitis, which is very important, since approximately 47% of patients with acute rhinitis are diagnosed with non-allergic rhinitis.

In similar cases, a conjunctival provocation test is performed, where a suspicious allergen is dripped onto the conjunctiva, and then the doctor assesses whether the characteristic signs of allergic inflammation occur.

In turn, a non-specific bronchial reactivity test is performed in patients with suspected asthma. This is a breath test that shows the increased sensitivity of the bronchi to the irritant used in the test (metacholine), which is expressed in a pathological decrease in air flow in the respiratory tract – this is determined by the spirography method.

If the case is ambiguous and there are suspicions that the complaints are related to some other disease, the allergist can refer the patient to other specialists, such as an otolaryngologist, pulmonologist or gastroenterologist.

How is allergic rhinitis treated?

The treatment of allergic rhinitis, like other allergic diseases, is based on the elimination of the “guilty” allergen, which in essence means the elimination of contact with the allergen that causes the disease. If possible, you should try to reduce the concentration of the allergen in the environment, so the allergist will give precise instructions on how to avoid contact with the pathogen.

It is very important to rinse the nose with saline solutions, such as isotonic saline solutions purchased at the pharmacy, as during the rinse the nasal mucosa is freed from allergens. It is also important to moisturize the nasal mucosa, for which there are special aerosols, which can now be bought in Latvian pharmacies.

Depending on the severity of the disease, the doctor may apply drug therapy to eliminate disturbing symptoms. These can be various antihistamines in the form of tablets, nasal drops or sprays, drugs that relieve nasal congestion, anti-inflammatory drugs such as intranasal corticosteroid solutions, cromones or antileukotrienes taken orally.

Allergen-specific immunotherapy is increasingly used these days. Through this therapy, it is possible to influence the functioning of the immune system and induce immune tolerance to disease-causing allergens.

There are two types of allergen-specific immunotherapy – subcutaneous and sublingual. Both methods use specific vaccines containing one or more allergens, administered according to a specific schedule with a gradual increase in dose. With subcutaneous immunotherapy, the allergen is injected under the skin in the same way as vaccination against infectious diseases is done. In sublingual immunotherapy, the allergen is injected under the tongue in the form of drops, aerosol, or tablets. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is selected and administered by an allergist, it lasts 3-5 years. Despite its duration, clients willingly choose this type of therapy, as within a few months it can significantly reduce allergy symptoms, as well as the need for other anti-allergy medications. It is important that the therapy prevents the progression of the allergic disease, the onset of asthma and sensitization to other allergens.

If changes in the nasal mucosa, such as hyperplasia or polyposis, have occurred due to allergic inflammation, sometimes surgery may be required when excess tissue is removed during surgery.

How to reduce the risk of allergic rhinitis?

In the case of allergic diseases, a distinction is made between primary and secondary prevention.

Primary prevention should be taken already during the planning and expectation period. The most important measure is to stop smoking (active and passive) and the use (inhalation) of other nicotine-containing products. It has been scientifically proven that mothers who smoked during pregnancy give birth to children with much worse lung function. These children in the first year of life are slightly more likely to get respiratory tract infections, which are characterized by a cough with wheezing.

Sometimes during pregnancy, the question arises in women whether the risk of developing allergic diseases will decrease if they follow a hypoallergenic diet. In answering this question, it should be emphasized that studies have not shown that following a hypoallergenic diet protects a child from sensitization to allergens. Rather, following such a diet will harm the pregnant woman and the child. What expectant mothers can additionally do is take care of a balanced diet during pregnancy, the optimal level of vitamin D, the use of fish oil, as research has proven its contribution to reducing the risk of allergic diseases. New mothers are advised to breastfeed their babies and to start complementary foods in a timely manner (from four months).

Given that the digestive tract is one of the most important organs of the immune system, it is recommended to improve the intestinal microflora by taking probiotics to prevent allergic diseases.

For many years, patients have been advised to avoid inhaling allergens, such as those associated with cats and dogs, but recent evidence suggests that early exposure to pets is more likely to prevent allergies than avoid them altogether. However, if the allergy has already developed, it is better not to keep the animals indoors, and also try to reduce the number of dust mites in the environment, because the disease can progress from this.

Secondary prevention is to delay the progression of an existing allergic disease. In essence, this is the avoidance of the allergen or measures to reduce the concentration of the allergen in the premises, as well as appropriate pharmacotherapy. However, the best results in the prevention of allergic rhinitis and asthma are given by allergen-specific immunotherapy with allergy vaccinations, if necessary combined with drug therapy.

E-RECORD

Lasma Lapina
Trichologist

Internist who diagnoses and treats various diseases of the hair and scalp. The specialist advises on issues related to hair loss, as well as problems with the scalp (itching, crusting, scales, dandruff).

L. Lapiņa graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Riga University. Stradynia in 2012, after which she acquired new knowledge and skills in conducting medical manipulations and examinations in Germany.