What are the main symptoms of scalp eczema. How is scalp eczema different from psoriasis. What causes seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp. Which medications are most effective for treating scalp eczema. How can you prevent scalp eczema flare-ups.

Understanding Scalp Eczema: An Overview of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Scalp eczema, also known as seborrheic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the scalp. This common skin disorder causes discomfort and embarrassment for many individuals. Let’s delve into the details of this condition to gain a comprehensive understanding.

Key Characteristics of Scalp Eczema

Scalp eczema manifests through distinctive skin patches on the head. These patches may exhibit the following characteristics:

• Red and scaly appearance
• Flaky texture
• Greasy or waxy feel
• Intense itching or burning sensation
• Oozing or “weeping” lesions
• Potential discharge from the ear canal if the condition extends beyond the scalp
• Changes in skin pigmentation after healing

Distinguishing Scalp Eczema from Other Skin Conditions

How does scalp eczema differ from other skin conditions? Several skin disorders may present symptoms similar to scalp eczema, including psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and folliculitis. It’s crucial to differentiate between these conditions for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Scalp Eczema vs. Psoriasis

Psoriasis and scalp eczema are often confused due to their similar symptoms. However, there are key differences:

• Psoriasis typically produces whiter scales compared to scalp eczema
• Psoriatic skin patches are more sensitive and prone to bleeding when scratched
• In some cases, scalp eczema and psoriasis can coexist

The Root Causes of Scalp Eczema

What triggers seborrheic dermatitis on the scalp? Scalp eczema is a chronic inflammatory condition resulting from the overproduction of sebum, the natural oils secreted by sebaceous glands in the scalp. It’s important to note that this condition is not contagious.

The Malassezia Connection

Research has revealed a strong association between seborrheic dermatitis and yeast of the genus Malassezia. These microorganisms are naturally present on the skin but often overgrow in individuals with scalp eczema. While the exact mechanism is not fully understood, scientists believe that a nonspecific immune reaction may be responsible for the symptoms.

Beyond the Scalp: Other Affected Areas

Due to its connection with sebaceous glands, seborrheic dermatitis can also appear in other oily areas of the body, including:

• Face (eyebrows, eyelids, and central region)
• Ears
• Upper chest
• Upper back
• Armpits
• Genitals

Effective Treatments for Scalp Eczema

While there is no cure for scalp eczema or seborrheic dermatitis, various medications can help reduce and prevent symptoms. What are the most effective treatments for scalp eczema?

Over-the-Counter Solutions

Medicated, over-the-counter dandruff shampoos are often the first line of defense against scalp eczema. These products contain chemical ingredients that can alleviate inflammation and eliminate flaky, scaly skin when used two to three times a week. Look for shampoos containing:

• Salicylic acid
• Coal tar
• Zinc
• Resorcinol
• Ketoconazole
• Selenium sulfide

Topical creams, ointments, or sprays containing these ingredients can also be applied directly to the affected areas to calm irritation and stop flaking.

Prescription-Strength Treatments

For severe cases of scalp eczema, healthcare providers may prescribe products containing stronger doses of the aforementioned ingredients or medications with additional active components, such as:

• Corticosteroids
• Ciclopirox
• Sulfacetamide sodium
• Tacrolimus topical (Protopic)
• Pimecrolimus topical (Elidel)

Preventing Scalp Eczema Flare-Ups: Practical Tips

How can you reduce the frequency and severity of scalp eczema flare-ups? While seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic condition, several strategies can help manage symptoms and prevent exacerbations:

1. Identify and avoid potential irritants and allergens
2. Maintain proper scalp hygiene without over-drying
3. Use only a small amount of gentle shampoo and lukewarm water
4. Implement effective stress management techniques
5. Shampoo after heavy sweating, as perspiration can trigger flare-ups
6. Consider sun exposure, which may improve symptoms for some individuals
7. Be vigilant for early signs of flare-ups and initiate treatment promptly

The Psychological Impact of Scalp Eczema

How does scalp eczema affect an individual’s quality of life? Beyond the physical discomfort, scalp eczema can have significant psychological repercussions. The visible nature of the condition, particularly when it affects the face and scalp, can lead to self-consciousness and reduced self-esteem.

Coping Strategies for Emotional Well-being

To address the emotional challenges associated with scalp eczema, consider the following approaches:

• Seek support from friends, family, or support groups
• Practice self-care and stress-reduction techniques
• Consult a mental health professional if needed
• Educate yourself and others about the condition to reduce stigma
• Focus on overall health and well-being, not just the skin condition

Emerging Research and Future Treatments

What new developments are on the horizon for scalp eczema treatment? Ongoing research into the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis is paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches. Some promising areas of investigation include:

Microbiome-based Therapies

Scientists are exploring the potential of manipulating the skin microbiome to restore balance and reduce inflammation. This approach may involve the use of probiotics or targeted antimicrobial treatments.

Immunomodulatory Agents

New immunomodulatory drugs are being developed to target the specific immune pathways involved in seborrheic dermatitis, potentially offering more effective and targeted treatment options.

Nanotechnology-based Delivery Systems

Researchers are investigating advanced drug delivery systems using nanotechnology to improve the efficacy and reduce side effects of existing treatments.

Living with Scalp Eczema: A Holistic Approach

How can individuals with scalp eczema achieve optimal management of their condition? A comprehensive strategy that addresses both physical symptoms and emotional well-being is essential for living well with scalp eczema.

Key Components of Effective Management

• Consistent adherence to prescribed treatments
• Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers
• Adoption of a healthy lifestyle, including balanced nutrition and regular exercise
• Stress management techniques, such as meditation or yoga
• Careful selection of hair care products and cosmetics
• Patience and persistence in finding the most effective treatment combination

By taking a proactive and informed approach to scalp eczema management, individuals can minimize the impact of this chronic condition on their daily lives and maintain healthy, comfortable skin.

What Is Scalp Eczema? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More

Scalp Eczema (Seborrheic Dermatitis) Symptoms

The symptom of scalp eczema is skin patches that occur on your head. They may be:

• Red and scaly
• Flaky
• Greasy or waxy
• Very itchy or feel like it’s burning
• Oozing or have “weeping” lesions
• Causing a discharge from the ear if eczema continues from the scalp into the ear canal
• Causing changes in skin color after healing (2,3)

Other skin conditions — such as psoriasis, allergic contact dermatitis (inflammation caused by an allergic reaction to a certain substance), atopic dermatitis (which often occurs in those with asthma or seasonal allergies), and folliculitis — may cause symptoms similar to those of scalp eczema. (4) People commonly confuse psoriasis and scalp eczema — but know that psoriasis usually has a whiter scale compared with scalp eczema, and psoriasis leads to sensitive skin patches that easily bleed when scratched. In some cases, scalp eczema and psoriasis can happen together. (5)

What Causes Scalp Eczema?

Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the overproduction of sebum, the natural oils secreted by sebaceous glands in the scalp. It is not contagious.

Because seborrheic dermatitis is a condition related to the sebaceous glands, it can also appear in other oily areas of the skin, including the face (eyebrows, eyelids, and center of the face), ears, upper chest, upper back, armpits, and genitals. (3)

There is a strong association between seborrheic dermatitis and yeast of the genus Malassezia, which are normally present in the skin but often overgrown in people with the skin condition.

Scientists don’t fully understand the exact connection between the yeast and eczema symptoms, but research suggests that a nonspecific immune reaction may be to blame. That is, some interaction between Malassezia, their metabolites (substances produced during metabolism), and skin and immune cells results in an inflammatory reaction. (4,6)

Importantly, once someone becomes sensitized to Malassezia, the yeast will always cause an immune reaction. (7)

The Top Medications for Treating Eczema on Your Scalp

There is no cure for scalp eczema or seborrheic dermatitis, but medications can help reduce and prevent symptoms.

For example, you can usually treat irritation and an itchy scalp with a medicated, over-the-counter dandruff shampoo.

The chemical ingredients in these shampoos can help ease the inflammation and get rid of flaky, scaly skin when used two or three times a week. Look for these items:

• salicylic acid
• coal tar
• zinc
• resorcinol (Resinol)
• ketoconazole (Nizoral)
• selenium sulfide

Topical creams, ointments, or sprays made from these ingredients can also be applied to help calm the irritation and stop the flaking.

If you have severe scalp eczema, your doctor may prescribe products containing stronger doses of the aforementioned medicines or medicines containing other ingredients, such as corticosteroids, ciclopirox, sulfacetamide sodium, tacrolimus topical (Protopic), or pimecrolimus topical (Elidel). (2,9)

How to Help Prevent Scalp Eczema Flare-Ups

The severity of seborrheic dermatitis may be lessened by controlling risk factors and triggers, and taking care of the skin.

To manage scalp eczema and help prevent flare-ups, do your best to follow these recommendations:

• Avoid exposure to any suspected irritants and allergens.
• Clean your scalp thoroughly, but avoid drying it out by using only a quarter-sized dollop of a gentle shampoo and warm, never hot, water.
• Manage stress well.
• Shampoo your hair after sweating heavily, such as after a workout, since perspiration can be a trigger.

More on Understanding Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

Why Eczema Isn’t a Contagious Skin Disease

Scalp eczema often responds to treatment, but it also often returns. For some people, exposure to the sun may improve symptoms.

Be on the lookout for signs of a flare-up and start treatment right away. (2,8,9)

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causes and treatment in St. Petersburg

The author of the article: Skosareva Marina Yuryevna

Chief doctor of the clinic. Dermatovenereologist, cosmetologist, physiotherapist, trichologist, health and public health specialist

Social network profile: Instagram

Time to read: 12 min

Publication date: 05/11/22

Effective treatments for eczema

Cryotherapy

NeoGen procedure

Plasma therapy

One of the most common skin diseases is eczema. It is an inflammation, accompanied by redness, itching and the appearance of tiny bubbles with liquid. It is the latter that explains the name of the disease: such bubbles resemble the boiling of water, from the Greek eczeo means “boil”.

According to statistics, eczema affects up to 2% of the world’s population. And in the practice of dermatologists, such a pathology occurs in almost 40% of all skin diseases. Most often, patients turn to the problem of the appearance of foci of inflammation on the arms, legs, body and head. Rashes go through several stages of development, over time from simple redness developing into weeping erosion and severe peeling. Against the background of such a pathology, secondary purulent infections often develop. If left untreated, visible cosmetic defects remain on the skin that do not disappear with time.

Let’s figure out why eczema occurs, how to suspect its development and how such a pathology is treated.

Causes of disease

Until now, doctors cannot unequivocally answer the question about the causes of eczema in adults and children. Most experts agree that the disease develops as a result of a complex effect of endogenous factors (for example, genetic predisposition) and exogenous factors (professional, etc.). Simply put, external factors most often include various allergens that affect the body constantly or for a long time. To internal, endogenous – genetic predisposition. It has been proven that if there is a person with eczema in the family, the risk of disease in relatives increases significantly. If one of the parents (mainly the mother) is ill, the risk of eczema in a child is approximately 40%, if both parents are ill, it is almost 60%

The most common triggers for eczema are:

• chronic allergies;
• disruption of the endocrine system;
• psychoemotional triggers.

Also, additional factors are isolated that can weaken the body’s immunity and thereby provoke the development of eczema. This is:

• chronic inflammatory processes;
• secondary immunodeficiencies;
• diseases of the digestive system;
• foci of chronic infection in the body.

Among the possible causes of eczema are called psychosomatics: we are talking about constant stress, various disorders of the autonomic system, anxiety and depression. Patients often show functional changes in the activity of the central nervous system, the predominance of the activity of unconditioned reflexes over the activity of conditioned ones, as well as an imbalance between the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Types of eczema

Specialists distinguish the following types of pathology:

• True, or idiopathic. The patient has symmetrical foci of inflammation and pigmentation, symptoms appear on open areas of the skin. Over time, erosion develops, on which exudate accumulates. As it heals, skin peeling occurs.
• Microbial. This form of pathology develops against the background of traumatic injuries, fungal, viral and bacterial infections. Infiltrate often accumulates under the skin. Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene provokes an accelerated spread of lesions throughout the body.
• Seborrheic. This pathology is characterized by damage to areas of the skin on the scalp. The affected areas have typical redness, peeling and itching. In some cases, the course of the disease is complicated by swelling and weeping cracks.
• Professional. It occurs due to the constant contact of the patient with various allergens: dust, chemicals, cleaning products, etc. Very often, small vesicles appear on various parts of the body.
• Weeping. At the beginning of such a disease, pink spots of various shapes and sizes appear on the skin, swelling and the formation of subcutaneous exudate are also observed. Then the cortical stage and exfoliation begin. The main feature is the presence of a rash at all stages of the disease.
• Dyshidrotic. This pathology affects the sweat glands of the feet and hands, is characterized by the formation of serous vesicles and seasonal exacerbation. As a rule, there are pronounced vesicles with a dense shell. There is severe itching and peeling.
• Allergic. It occurs as a result of hypersensitivity of the body to external and internal stimuli. Accompanied by rashes, itching and dry skin. In place of the opening bubbles, large crusts form, sometimes the process is accompanied by a burning sensation.

Disease stages

If we talk about the features of the course of the disease, then usually there are three stages of its development:

• Acute. It is characterized by the appearance of vesicles on edematous skin, punctate erosions with weeping, serous crusts, etc. The rashes are multiple.
• Subacute. This stage is characterized by erythema, redness, and scaling.
• Chronic. It is characterized by infiltration and increased “skin pattern”, the appearance of pigmentation.

Symptoms of eczema

Depending on the cause of the disease and the location of the inflammation, the symptoms can vary significantly. The most common manifestations of skin eczema in patients are:

• At the erythematous stage, red inflammatory spots appear, which gradually merge with each other.
• At the papular stage – bright red nodules with clear boundaries are formed.
• At the vesicular stage – vesicles appear with transparent contents.
• At the stage of wetting – the bubbles open, point erosions are formed with the release of exudate.
• At the cortical stage, grayish-gray crusts are found, under which the skin heals.
• At the stage of peeling – the removal of crusts and scales from the surface of the skin.

Symptoms of the disease go away with the elimination of provoking factors. However, the healed area of ​​the skin has an uneven color and dense texture.

What other symptoms may indicate the development of eczema:

• Scaly layer on the border of the scalp. Develops with seborrheic eczema. At the initial stage, it manifests itself as single yellowish nodules that grow rapidly. In the future, a scaly layer is formed along the border of the hair.
• Round eruptions on the arms. Appear in almost 80% of cases of eczema. At the initial stage, they have a rounded shape, but over time they lose it.
• Eruptions with sharp edges. Most often found on the legs. They can be seen with varicose veins, the rashes have a rounded shape and pronounced borders.
• Symmetrical eruptions on the body. Are located on all body, often are shelled. At the initial stages, they look typical – they are vesicles with liquid, later areas of thickened skin with severe peeling appear.
• Callous eruptions on the palms. Such formations, especially in places atypical for corns, also indicate eczema. Bubbles form, but due to the dense skin, they may not open.
• Vesicles in the axillary region with a hair in the center. A rash with a hair in the center is a sign of sycosis – damage to the hair follicles. As a rule, such rashes are accompanied by itching and redness.
• Bumps on the face and hands. Such formations do not have wetting and crusts, often appear on the face.
• Itching redness on the arms and legs. Indicate true or microbial eczema. Accompanied by multiple vesicles.
• Suppuration around wounds. With the development of microbial pathology, purulent crusts and hyperemia of the skin appear.

In its signs, eczema is often similar to atopic dermatitis. However, it should be understood that pathologies have significant differences. Dermatitis, as a rule, occurs in childhood, while eczema is found in adults and even elderly patients. Another difference is that the first pathology is most often localized on the elbow and knee bends, neck and face, while eczema can be located on any area, but more often on the hands and shins. Dermatitis occurs suddenly and often also disappears. Eczema occurs regularly and is often the immediate result of exposure to a particular allergen.

Diagnosis of eczema

The diagnosis is made on the basis of examination and questioning of the patient. In some cases, additional studies may be prescribed to differentiate eczema from other skin diseases. With true eczema, the clinical picture of the disease is typical. In other cases, the symptoms may be similar to atopic dermatitis, toxidermia and allergic contact dermatitis.

The diagnostic process may include:

• general blood analysis;
• tissue scraping for examination under a microscope;
• allergy tests to identify the source of the allergy;
• histological examination of tissues.

Treatment is prescribed only after confirming the diagnosis and determining the existing type of pathology.

Features of treatment

A key task in the treatment of eczema is to identify and minimize provoking factors. In addition, systemic or local therapy is prescribed, as well as various physiotherapy procedures:

• Systemic therapy. It is based on taking antihistamines, which can prevent an acute allergic reaction. Sedatives, glucocorticosteroids and a number of hormonal drugs are also used.
• local therapy. May include the use of retinol ointment, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agents. Therapy is selected taking into account the identified form of eczema and the causes of its occurrence. For example, a virus or fungal infection may need to be treated.
• Physiotherapy. As a rule, it includes ozone therapy, magnetotherapy and laser therapy. In difficult cases, it is possible to treat foci of eczema with the help of cryotherapy. Often prescribed therapeutic and mud baths, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, etc.

Preventive measures

Diet and lifestyle play an important role in preventing the development of new exacerbations. The diet should exclude any foods that can provoke allergic reactions. Typically this is:

• red berries;
• citrus;
• Fish and seafood;
• chocolate;
• dairy products.

Patients are also advised to avoid alcohol and smoking.

Personal hygiene is also important. With the development of eczema of the feet, legs, hands and face, it is recommended to refuse flavored soaps. Water-based creams can be used to moisturize the skin.

And most importantly, improper treatment of skin diseases can provoke eczema. So, you should not self-medicate. If any rashes and redness appear, do not postpone a visit to a dermatologist, because this can be the key to a quick and successful recovery.

If you are faced with symptoms of eczema and do not know how to get rid of such an ailment, then the dermatologists of our KallistoMed clinic are ready to help in this matter. We will be waiting for you at the reception – sign up using the website or by phone!

Information sources

1. Federal clinical guidelines for the management of patients with eczema. – M.: 2013.
2. Olisova O.Yu., Belousova T.A., Kail-Goryachkina M.V. Strategy and tactics of treatment of patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases of the skin. Dermatology. – 2017; No. 1. – pp. 42–47.

Eczema, its types and causes. Treatment of eczema

Ongoing

Eczema is a polymorphic relapsing skin disease. It can be acute or chronic in form. This disease is characterized by the appearance of bubbles of various shapes and sizes, skin irritation, peeling, itching. Eczema can occur in a person of any age and accounts for about 40 percent of all skin diseases.

What can cause eczema?

Eczema can appear on any area of ​​the human body, however, most often it affects the skin of the face, neck, décolleté, elbows, wrists and ankles. Symptoms of eczema: dry skin, with peeling on the surface, cracks and crusts.

There are many causes of eczema, the disease can develop due to internal and external factors. Among external factors:

• physical damage: cuts, injuries,
• chemical damage: allergies to various chemicals, bacterial allergies.

Among internal factors:

• metabolic disorders,
• allergies, hormonal problems,
• diseases of the nervous system and internal organs,
• genetic predisposition.

Varieties of eczema

Specialists distinguish several types of eczema, divided depending on the cause and localization.

• idiopathic or true eczema. This is an inflammatory disease characterized by multiple variegated rashes, most often on the palms and soles of the feet. Bubbles open with the formation of weeping areas, crusts and scales, itching begins. As new blisters continue to appear, the lesion grows in size, trapping skin on other parts of the body.
• with microbial eczema, the skin of the legs, the back of the hands and the scalp are usually affected. The causative agent of the disease is a yeast pyococcal fungus, a person develops greenish-yellow rashes, serous-purulent crusts and erosion. With an exacerbation, bleeding of the affected areas may appear and itching intensifies.
• with occupational eczema, exposed areas of the body are affected by chemical reagents, it occurs in people working in industries, if they have allergic dermatitis.
• children may experience childhood eczema associated with heredity or exacerbation of diathesis. The disease is localized on the face, on the scalp, gradually spreading and increasing in size. Abundant red rashes, peeling appear on the child’s skin, he is worried about burning, itching.
• with seborrheic eczema, the skin on the head, chest, in the interscapular region is affected. This type of eczema is characterized by yellowish-pink rashes, an abundance of yellowish layered crusts, scales.

The disease is long-term, it can subside or worsen without any obvious reasons.

Diagnosis and treatment of eczema in the clinic “Doctor”

During the initial consultation, our specialist dermatologist carefully collects an anamnesis. The doctor will help to deal with the possible causes of the disease, conducts differential diagnostics (scrapings, samples, etc.). Effective treatment of the disease requires the elimination of irritants that led to its appearance.