Electrolytes in Cells: Essential Ions for Life Functions and Homeostasis

04.07.202302.07.2023 by alexxlab

What are electrolytes and their role in the body. How do sodium, potassium, and calcium contribute to cellular functions. What are the consequences of electrolyte imbalances. How are electrolyte levels regulated in the human body.

Содержание

The Vital Role of Electrolytes in Cellular Function

Electrolytes are fundamental to life’s basic processes, playing crucial roles in maintaining electrical neutrality within cells and enabling the generation and conduction of action potentials in nerves and muscles. These charged particles, which include sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonates, are obtained from our diet and fluids. Their presence and balance are essential for numerous bodily functions, and any significant imbalance can lead to severe health complications.

Key Functions of Electrolytes

Maintaining cellular electrical neutrality
Generating and conducting action potentials
Regulating fluid balance
Facilitating muscle contractions
Enabling nerve signal transmission
Supporting blood clotting processes
Assisting in hormone secretion

Why are electrolyte imbalances dangerous? When electrolyte levels become too high or too low, they can disrupt normal bodily functions and potentially lead to life-threatening complications. This is because electrolytes are involved in so many critical processes throughout the body, from maintaining proper hydration to ensuring normal heart rhythm.

Sodium: The Extracellular Powerhouse

Sodium stands out as a primary extracellular cation, playing a pivotal role in maintaining extracellular fluid volume and regulating cellular membrane potential. This electrolyte is central to active transport processes across cell membranes, working in tandem with potassium.

Sodium Regulation in the Body

How does the body maintain sodium balance? The kidneys are the primary regulators of sodium levels in the body. The process involves:

Reabsorption in the proximal tubule (majority of sodium reabsorption occurs here)
Further reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule
Sodium transport via sodium-chloride symporters, controlled by aldosterone

What happens when sodium levels are imbalanced? Sodium imbalances can manifest as hyponatremia or hypernatremia, both of which can have significant health impacts.

Hyponatremia: When Sodium Levels Drop

Hyponatremia occurs when serum sodium levels fall below 135 mmol/L. This condition is the most common among electrolyte disorders and can present with various neurological symptoms:

Headaches
Confusion
Nausea
Delirium

Hypernatremia: Elevated Sodium Levels

Conversely, hypernatremia is diagnosed when serum sodium levels exceed 145 mmol/L. Symptoms of this condition may include:

Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
Difficulty sleeping
Restlessness

Why is rapid sodium correction dangerous? Quick correction of sodium imbalances can lead to severe complications such as cerebral edema and osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). Factors like chronic alcohol misuse and malnutrition can increase the risk of developing ODS during sodium correction.

Potassium: The Intracellular Ion

Unlike sodium, potassium is predominantly an intracellular ion. Its balance with sodium is crucial for cellular function and is primarily maintained by the sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) pump.

Potassium Regulation in the Kidneys

How do the kidneys manage potassium levels? The process involves several steps:

Filtration at the glomerulus
Reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule and thick ascending loop of Henle
Secretion in the distal convoluted tubule

Aldosterone plays a significant role in increasing potassium secretion. Additionally, potassium channels and potassium-chloride cotransporters at the apical tubular membrane contribute to potassium secretion.

Consequences of Potassium Imbalance

Why are potassium imbalances particularly dangerous for the heart? Potassium derangements can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, potentially causing life-threatening situations.

Hypokalemia: Low Potassium Levels

Hypokalemia is diagnosed when serum potassium levels fall below 3.6 mmol/L. Symptoms may include:

Weakness
Fatigue
Muscle twitching

In severe cases, hypokalemic paralysis can occur, presenting as generalized body weakness. This condition can be either familial or sporadic.

Hyperkalemia: Elevated Potassium Levels

Hyperkalemia occurs when serum potassium levels exceed 5.5 mmol/L. This condition can result in:

Arrhythmias
Muscle cramps
Muscle weakness
Rhabdomyolysis
Myoglobinuria

Calcium: The Multifunctional Mineral

Calcium plays diverse and crucial roles in the body, contributing to numerous physiological processes. Its functions extend far beyond just bone health, impacting various systems throughout the body.

Key Roles of Calcium in the Body

What are the primary functions of calcium in human physiology? Calcium is involved in:

Skeletal mineralization
Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse transmission
Blood clotting
Hormone secretion

Calcium Absorption and Regulation

How does the body obtain and regulate calcium levels? The primary source of calcium is dietary intake. Once consumed, calcium absorption primarily occurs in the intestine. This process is largely controlled by the hormonally active form of vitamin D, known as 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3.

Unlike potassium, calcium is predominantly an extracellular cation. Its levels in the body are tightly regulated to ensure optimal functioning of the various systems it influences.

Electrolyte Interactions and Systemic Effects

While individual electrolytes have specific roles, their interactions and combined effects on the body are equally important to understand. The balance between different electrolytes can significantly impact overall health and bodily functions.

Electrolyte Balance and Acid-Base Homeostasis

How do electrolytes contribute to acid-base balance? Electrolytes, particularly bicarbonate, play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s pH balance. This is essential for proper enzyme function, protein structure, and overall cellular health.

The kidneys and lungs work in tandem to regulate acid-base balance, with electrolytes serving as key players in this process. For instance, the renal system can excrete or retain hydrogen ions and bicarbonate to adjust pH levels as needed.

Electrolyte Imbalances and Systemic Complications

Why can electrolyte imbalances lead to widespread health issues? Because electrolytes are involved in so many bodily processes, their imbalances can have far-reaching effects. Some potential complications include:

Cardiovascular problems (arrhythmias, blood pressure changes)
Neurological symptoms (confusion, seizures)
Muscular dysfunction (weakness, cramping)
Fluid imbalances (edema, dehydration)
Metabolic disturbances

Diagnosing and Treating Electrolyte Imbalances

Given the critical nature of electrolyte balance, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of imbalances are essential for maintaining health and preventing complications.

Diagnostic Approaches

How are electrolyte imbalances diagnosed? The primary method for assessing electrolyte levels is through blood tests. These typically include:

Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
Specific electrolyte tests

In some cases, urine tests may also be used to evaluate electrolyte excretion and kidney function.

Treatment Strategies

What are the common approaches to treating electrolyte imbalances? Treatment strategies vary depending on the specific electrolyte affected and the severity of the imbalance. General approaches include:

Oral supplementation for mild imbalances
Intravenous (IV) electrolyte solutions for more severe cases
Addressing underlying causes (e.g., medications, hormonal imbalances)
Dietary modifications
In some cases, dialysis for severe imbalances or kidney dysfunction

It’s crucial to note that treatment must be carefully managed, especially in cases of severe imbalances, to avoid complications from rapid corrections.

Electrolytes in Special Populations and Conditions

Certain populations and medical conditions require special consideration when it comes to electrolyte management. Understanding these unique circumstances is crucial for healthcare providers and patients alike.

Electrolyte Management in Athletes

Why do athletes need to pay special attention to their electrolyte balance? Athletes, especially those engaging in endurance sports or exercising in hot conditions, lose significant amounts of electrolytes through sweat. This loss can lead to:

Decreased performance
Muscle cramps
Heat-related illnesses
In severe cases, life-threatening conditions like hyponatremia

Proper hydration strategies, including electrolyte replacement, are crucial for maintaining performance and health in athletic populations.

Electrolyte Imbalances in Chronic Diseases

How do chronic diseases affect electrolyte balance? Several chronic conditions can impact electrolyte levels and their regulation:

Kidney disease: Impairs the body’s ability to regulate electrolytes, often leading to imbalances in potassium, sodium, and calcium.
Heart failure: Can cause sodium and water retention, leading to edema and electrolyte imbalances.
Diabetes: Can affect electrolyte balance through various mechanisms, including increased urination and metabolic changes.
Endocrine disorders: Conditions affecting hormones like aldosterone can significantly impact electrolyte regulation.

Management of these conditions often requires careful monitoring of electrolyte levels and appropriate interventions to maintain balance.

Electrolytes in Pediatric and Geriatric Populations

Why do children and older adults require special consideration in electrolyte management? These populations are more vulnerable to electrolyte imbalances due to several factors:

Pediatric Considerations:

Higher body water content
Immature regulatory systems
Increased susceptibility to dehydration

Geriatric Considerations:

Decreased thirst sensation
Reduced kidney function
Increased use of medications that can affect electrolyte balance

Healthcare providers must be particularly vigilant in monitoring and managing electrolyte levels in these age groups to prevent complications.

Electrolytes – PubMed

Book

Isha Shrimanker¹, Sandeep Bhattarai¹

In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.

2023 Apr 23.

Affiliations

Affiliation

¹ UPMC Pinnacle

PMID:
31082167
Bookshelf ID:
NBK541123

Free Books & Documents

Book

Isha Shrimanker et al.

Free Books & Documents

In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.

2023 Apr 23.

Authors

Isha Shrimanker¹, Sandeep Bhattarai¹

Affiliation

¹ UPMC Pinnacle

PMID:
31082167
Bookshelf ID:
NBK541123

Excerpt

Electrolytes are essential for basic life functioning, such as maintaining electrical neutrality in cells and generating and conducting action potentials in the nerves and muscles. Significant electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonates. Electrolytes come from our food and fluids.

These electrolytes can be imbalanced, leading to high or low levels. High or low levels of electrolytes disrupt normal bodily functions and can lead to life-threatening complications. This article reviews the basic physiology of electrolytes and their abnormalities, and the consequences of electrolyte imbalance.

Sodium

Sodium, an osmotically active cation, is one of the essential electrolytes in the extracellular fluid. It is responsible for maintaining the extracellular fluid volume and regulating the membrane potential of cells. Sodium is exchanged along with potassium across cell membranes as part of active transport.

Sodium regulation occurs in the kidneys. The proximal tubule is where the majority of sodium reabsorption takes place. In the distal convoluted tubule, sodium undergoes reabsorption. Sodium transport occurs via sodium-chloride symporters, controlled by the hormone aldosterone.

Among the electrolyte disorders, hyponatremia is the most frequent. Hyponatremia is diagnosed when the serum sodium level is less than 135 mmol/L. Hyponatremia has neurological manifestations. Patients may present with headaches, confusion, nausea, and delirium. Hypernatremia occurs when serum sodium levels are greater than 145 mmol/L. Symptoms of hypernatremia include tachypnea, sleeping difficulty, and restlessness. Rapid sodium corrections can have severe consequences like cerebral edema and osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). Other factors like chronic alcohol misuse disorder and malnutrition also play a role in the development of ODS.

Potassium

Potassium is mainly an intracellular ion. The sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump is primarily responsible for regulating the homeostasis between sodium and potassium, which pumps out sodium in exchange for potassium, which moves into the cells. In the kidneys, the filtration of potassium takes place at the glomerulus. Potassium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule and thick ascending loop of Henle. Potassium secretion occurs at the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases potassium secretion. Potassium channels and potassium-chloride cotransporters at the apical tubular membrane also secrete potassium.

Potassium derangements may result in cardiac arrhythmias. Hypokalemia occurs when serum potassium levels are under 3.6 mmol/L. The features of hypokalemia include weakness, fatigue, and muscle twitching. Hypokalemic paralysis is generalized body weakness that can be either familial or sporadic. Hyperkalemia occurs when the serum potassium levels are above 5.5 mmol/L, which can result in arrhythmias. Muscle cramps, muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, and myoglobinuria may be presenting signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia.

Calcium

Calcium has a significant physiological role in the body. It is involved in skeletal mineralization, contraction of muscles, the transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting, and secretion of hormones. The diet is the predominant source of calcium. Calcium is a predominately extracellular cation. Calcium absorption in the intestine is primarily controlled by the hormonally active form of vitamin D, which is 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3. Parathyroid hormone also regulates calcium secretion in the distal tubule of the kidneys. Calcitonin acts on bone cells to increase the calcium levels in the blood.

Hypocalcemia diagnosis requires checking the serum albumin level to correct for total calcium. Hypocalcemia is diagnosed when the corrected serum total calcium levels are less than 8.8 mg/dL, as in vitamin D deficiency or hypoparathyroidism. Checking serum calcium levels is a recommended test in post-thyroidectomy patients. Hypercalcemia is when corrected serum total calcium levels exceed 10.7 mg/dL, as seen with primary hyperparathyroidism. Humoral hypercalcemia presents in malignancy, primarily due to PTHrP secretion.

Bicarbonate

The acid-base status of the blood drives bicarbonate levels. The kidneys predominantly regulate bicarbonate concentration and maintain the acid-base balance. Kidneys reabsorb the filtered bicarbonate and generate new bicarbonate by net acid excretion, which occurs by the excretion of titrable acid and ammonia. Diarrhea usually results in bicarbonate loss, causing an imbalance in acid-base regulation. Many kidney-related disorders can result in imbalanced bicarbonate metabolism leading to excess bicarbonate in the body.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an intracellular cation. Magnesium is mainly involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) metabolism, proper functioning of muscles, neurological functioning, and neurotransmitter release. When muscles contract, calcium re-uptake by the calcium-activated ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is brought about by magnesium. Hypomagnesemia occurs when the serum magnesium levels are less than 1.46 mg/dL. Alcohol use disorder, gastrointestinal conditions, and excessive renal losses may result in hypomagnesemia. It commonly presents with ventricular arrhythmias, which include torsades de pointes. Hypomagnesemia may also result from the use of certain medications, such as omeprazole.

Chloride

Chloride is an anion found predominantly in the extracellular fluid. The kidneys predominantly regulate serum chloride levels. Most chloride, filtered by the glomerulus, is reabsorbed by both proximal and distal tubules (majorly by proximal tubule) by both active and passive transport.

Hyperchloremia can occur due to gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss. Hypochloremia presents in gastrointestinal losses like vomiting or excess water gain like congestive heart failure.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus is an extracellular fluid cation. Eighty-five percent of the total body phosphorus is in the bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite; the soft tissues contain the remaining 15%. Phosphate plays a crucial role in metabolic pathways. It is a component of many metabolic intermediates and, most importantly, of ATP and nucleotides. Vitamin D3, PTH, and calcitonin regulate phosphate simultaneously with calcium. The kidneys are the primary avenue of phosphorus excretion.

Phosphate imbalance is most commonly due to one of three processes: impaired dietary intake, gastrointestinal disorders, and deranged renal excretion.

Conflict of interest statement

Sections

Introduction
Specimen Collection
Procedures
Indications
Potential Diagnosis
Normal and Critical Findings
Interfering Factors
Complications
Patient Safety and Education
Clinical Significance
Review Questions
References

References

1. Ferrannini E. Sodium-Glucose Co-transporters and Their Inhibition: Clinical Physiology. Cell Metab. 2017 Jul 05;26(1):27-38.
  –
  PubMed
1. Palmer LG, Schnermann J. Integrated control of Na transport along the nephron. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Apr 07;10(4):676-87.
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  PMC
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  PubMed
1. Buffington MA, Abreo K. Hyponatremia: A Review. J Intensive Care Med. 2016 May;31(4):223-36.
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  PubMed
1. Ambati R, Kho LK, Prentice D, Thompson A. Osmotic demyelination syndrome: novel risk factors and proposed pathophysiology. Intern Med J. 2022 Jun 19;
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  PubMed
1. Gumz ML, Rabinowitz L, Wingo CS. An Integrated View of Potassium Homeostasis. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 02;373(1):60-72.
  –
  PMC
  –
  PubMed

Publication types

Electrolytes – Physiopedia

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Original Editor – Lucinda hampton

Top Contributors – Lucinda hampton, Joseph Ayotunde Aderonmu and Kim Jackson

1 Introduction
2 Function
3 Complications
4 Indication for Analysis
5 Main Electrolytes
6 Electrolyte Imbalances
7 References

An electrolyte is any of various ions, such as sodium, potassium, or chloride, required by cells to regulate the electric charge and flow of water molecules across the cell membrane. ^[1] They are largely minerals with electric charges that are dissolved in blood, cellular fluid or extracellular fluid and help to maintain nerve, muscle, acid-base balance and water balance in the body. ^[2]

Electrolytes are essential for basic life functioning, such as^[2]^[3]:

Maintaining electrical neutrality in cells
Generating and conducting action potentials in the nerves and muscles.
Essential for keeping your nervous system and muscles functioning.
Ensuring that your body’s internal environment is optimal by keeping you hydrated and helping regulate your internal pH.
Sodium, potassium, and chloride are the significant electrolytes along with magnesium, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonates.

Electrolytes come from our food and fluids.

These electrolytes can have an imbalance, leading to either high or low levels. High or low levels of electrolytes disrupt normal bodily functions and can lead to even life-threatening complications. ^[4]
Most people meet their electrolyte needs through a balanced diet, though imbalance may occur if you’re dehydrated due to illness or excess heat.^[5]

The term electrolyte means that this ion is electrically-charged and moves to either a negative (cathode) or positive (anode) electrode:

Cations are positively charged
Anions are negatively charged^[5]

Electrolytes are important because they are what your cells (especially nerve, heart, muscle) use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses (nerve impulses, muscle contractions) across themselves and to other cells. Your kidneys work to keep the electrolyte concentrations in your blood constant despite changes in your body.

Eg. When you exercise heavily, you lose electrolytes in your sweat, particularly sodium and potassium. These electrolytes must be replaced to keep the electrolyte concentrations of your body fluids constant^[5].

Both hyponatremia and hypernatremia, as well as hypomagnesemia, can lead to neurological consequences such as seizure disorders.
Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia, as well as hypocalcemia, are more responsible for arrhythmias.
Bicarbonate imbalance can lead to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis^[4].

Indications to order serum electrolyte panel are numerous. Some of which include^[4]^[6]:

As a part of routine blood investigations
For in-patients and ICU patients, the monitoring of serum electrolytes often occurs daily or more frequently as they can be affected by the medications, fluid therapy, diet changes, and illnesses.
Any illness that can cause electrolyte derangement eg.malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiac disorders, kidney dysfunction, endocrine disorders, circulatory disorders, lung disorders, acid-base imbalance
Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest
Use of diuretics or any medications that can interfere with fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

Sodium, Potassium. Chloride, Bicarbonate, Calcium and Phosphates are regarded as main electrolytes whose role aid in nerve excitability, body fluid buffering and transport of materials between the different body compartments.^[3]

Sodium (Na+)
- An osmotically active anion, is one of the most important electrolytes in the extracellular fluid. It is responsible for maintaining the extracellular fluid volume, and also for regulation of the membrane potential of cells. Sodium is exchanged along with potassium across cell membranes as part of active transport.
Among the electrolyte disorders, hyponatremia is the most frequent.

Potassium (K+)

Mainly an intracellular ion. The sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase pump has the primary responsibility for regulating the homeostasis between sodium and potassium, which pumps out sodium in exchange for potassium, which moves into the cells.
Potassium disorders are related to cardiac arrhythmias.

Calcium (Ca2+)

Has a significant physiological role in the body.
Involved in skeletal mineralization, contraction of muscles, the transmission of nerve impulse, blood clotting, and secretion of hormones.
The diet is the predominant source of calcium. It is mostly present in the extracellular fluid.
See also Hypercalcemia

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

The acid-base status of the blood drives bicarbonate levels.
The kidneys predominantly regulate bicarbonate concentration and are responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance.
Diarrhea usually results in loss of bicarbonate, thus causing an imbalance in acid-base regulation.

Magnesium (Mg2+)

Magnesium is an intracellular cation.
Magnesium is mainly involved in ATP metabolism, contraction and relaxation of muscles, proper neurological functioning, and neurotransmitter release.
When muscle contracts, calcium re-uptake by the calcium-activated ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is brought about by magnesium.
See also Hypomagnesemia

Chloride (Cl 1-)

An anion found predominantly in the extracellular fluid.
The kidneys predominantly regulate serum chloride levels.

Phosphorus (P)

An extracellular fluid cation.
Eighty-five percent of the total body phosphorus is in the bones and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite; the soft tissues contain the remaining 15%.
Phosphate plays a crucial role in metabolic pathways.
It is a component of many metabolic intermediates and, most importantly of adenosine triphosphate(ATPs) and nucleotides^[4].

Electrolyte and Ion Reference Values^[3]
Name	Chemical Symbol	Plasma	CSF	Urine
Sodium	Na⁺	\|136.00–146.00 (mM)	138.00–150.00 (mM)	40.00–220.00 (mM)
Potassium	K⁺	3. 50–5.00 (mM)	0.35–3.5 (mM)	25.00–125.00 (mM)
Chloride	Cl^–	98.00–107.00 (mM)	118.00–132.00 (mM)	110.00–250.00 (mM)
Bicarbonate	HCO₃^–	22.00–29.00 (mM)
Calcium	Ca²⁺	2.15–2.55		Up to 7.49 (mmol/day)
Phosphate	HPO₄^–	0.81–1.45		12.90–42.00 (mmol/day)

The most common electrolyte imbalances are in sodium and potassium. Electrolyte imbalances are referred to with the prefixes “hypo” (low) and “hyper” (high), combined with the scientific name of the electrolyte.

Hyponatremia (low sodium)

The most common electrolyte imbalance, is a symptom of kidney disease.
Caused by eg. other disorders, some medications or when a person drinks too much water without consuming enough salt (especially during hot weather, when more sweating occurs).
The first symptoms are headache, fatigue, weakness and nausea.
More severe cases can result in confusion, seizure, coma and death.
Low sodium is treated by giving sodium and water intravenously.

Hypernatremia (high sodium)

Can be caused by excessive fluid loss, diabetes, diarrhea, excessive vomiting and some medications.
Thirst is typically the first symptom, and many of the other symptoms are the same as low sodium.
Older hospitalized patients are particularly susceptible to hypernatremia.
Treatment involves slowly replenishing water loss, usually over 48 hours, through drinking or intravenous administration.

Hypokalemia (low potassium)

Is most commonly caused by some diuretics (medicines that help rid the body of excess sodium and water).
Other causes include diarrhea, dietary deficiency and excessive sweating.
Symptoms include irregular heartbeat, muscle pain, general discomfort or irritability, weakness and paralysis.
Treatment can include potassium supplements, foods rich in potassium, or intravenous potassium and water.
People who experience hypokalemia because of a diuretic may be given another type of diuretic that doesn’t have potassium loss as a side effect.

Hyperkalemia (high potassium)

Much more serious than hypokalemia.
Usually caused by kidney failure or medications that reduce the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys.
High potassium can cause dangerous changes in the heart’s function eg Heart Failure.
Other symptoms include tingling in the extremities, weakness and numbness.
Treatment includes drugs that cause the body to eliminate potassium. In the case of severe or worsening hyperkalemia, treatment must be started ^[7]immediately.

↑ Wordnik Electrolyte Available from: https://www.wordnik.com/words/electrolyte (last accessed 16.11.2020)
↑ ^2.0^2.1 Lewis JL. Overview of Electrolytes. MSD Manuals. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-balance/overview-of-electrolytes Accessed on: 18th December, 2021.
↑ ^3.0^3.1^3.2 Electrolyte Balance. Anatomy and Physiology. Oregon State University. Available at: https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/26-3-electrolyte-balance/ Accessed on 18th December, 2021
↑ ^4.0^4.1^4.2^4.3 Shrimanker I, Bhattarai S. Electrolytes. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Jan 20. StatPearls Publishing.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541123/ (last accessed 14.11.2020)
↑ ^5.0^5.1^5.2 Howstuffworks Electrolytes Available from:https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/question565.htm (last accessed 14.11.2020)
↑ Electrolyte Test. National Health Service.2018. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/electrolyte-test/ Accessed on: 18th December, 2021
↑ How stuff works Electrolytes 101 Available from:https://health. howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/electrolyte.htm (last accessed 14.11.2020)

Lemonade Electrolytes

WHAT IS DR. BERG’S LEMONAD ELECTROLYTES?

Dr. Berg’s Electrolyte Powder supports body hydration, muscle health and high energy levels. Potassium is added to the formula, an ingredient that is often overlooked and essential for maximum effectiveness. This amazing combination literally energizes the cells for both cellular function and full body workouts. And all this without the sweet stuff that slows you down.

Form: powder

Serving Size: 1 scoop (approx. 010 Suggested Use: stir one scoop powder in 450 ml of cold water.

COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL LEMONADE ELECTROLYTES AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Ingredients Amount Per Serving % DV

Calcium (from Calcium Lactate) 75 mg 6%
Magnesium (from magnesium citrate) 120 mg 29%
Chlorides (from Pink Himalayan Salt) 60 mg <2%
Sodium (from pink Himalayan salt) 40 mg <2%
Potassium (from potassium citrate) 1000 mg 21%
Micronutrient Complex 100 mg **

*Based on a 2000 kcal diet.
** Daily value not determined.

Other Ingredients:

Non-GMO Citric Acid, Natural Lemon Flavor, Malic Acid, Organic Stevia

LEMONAD ELECTROLYTE KEY FACTS

Energizes for life and sports. 13 times more electrolytes than sports drinks.
Electrolytes provide cells with energy and maintain water balance.
Potassium helps distribute energy throughout the body.
NO maltodextrin, sugar or other carbohydrates that lead to fat accumulation.
More refreshing taste of than energy drinks. Amazing notes of sweetness thanks to stevia.
Great for the whole family. Give your children nutrition and preparation for sports.

HEALTH BENEFITS

Dr. Berg Electrolyte Powder supports your body to maintain a constant level of energy.
Feel empowered. Electrolytes supply the body with energy. 1000 mg of potassium energizes the mind, cells and muscles.
Eliminate the real cause of fatigue. Healthy energy levels can be affected by electrolytes and minerals. This electrolyte powder helps the body to function normally.
Take your athletic performance to the next level. Electrolyte Powder will keep you going for your next workout at the gym.
No sugar or other carbohydrates. Free from maltodextrin, sugar, and other carbohydrates, this electrolyte powder is perfectly compatible with the keto diet. You’ll be ready for every workout without having to break your keto diet.
Quick response. Potassium improves electrical conduction in muscles and nerves, which improves your reflexes and reactions.

POTASSIUM: THE SECRET INGREDIENT FOR ENERGY

Have you ever felt tired and weak? Or maybe you are struggling with fatigue, lack of energy, constipation or absent-mindedness?

What many don’t know is that potassium deficiency can slow down the entire body. Electricity (and this is both energy and signals that travel along the nerves between the brain and organs) can stop flowing normally through the body. The worst thing is that people don’t know how important potassium is.

When you lack potassium, you may experience symptoms such as:

Weakness
Fatigue
Anxiety
Constipation
Desire for something sweet

If you are experiencing any of these, you may be low on potassium. This is a little-known problem, from which no one is immune.

We need a huge amount of potassium: 4700-6000 mg per day. This is the highest daily requirement of any nutrient.

To get as much potassium from vegetables, you need to eat a large bowl of greens per day (1.5-2 liters).

It is unrealistic to expect this from everyone, because many do not even eat fruit every day. And stress, sugar, caffeine, excess salt, alcohol – all this only exacerbates potassium deficiency.

Electrolyte powder is a very logical choice. You can replenish potassium, compensate for the lack of vegetables, or simply maintain the energy level needed for training.

It’s a convenient, easy, and most importantly delicious way to keep your energy levels up every day. One serving will give you 1,000 mg of potassium – that’s 13 TIMES MORE than regular sports drinks.

“This electrolyte powder is great for a healthy lifestyle. I just don’t have the words to express my admiration for Dr. Berg’s products. It is impossible to find anything that matches this product in terms of quality.”

WHY ARE REGULAR SPORTS DRINKS UNLIKELY ENERGIZING?

Drinks from popular brands like GATORADE and POWERADE have been touted to you as a magic potion that will make you lean, fit and full of energy. The truth is that they will make you GAIN, TIRED and feel DEHYDRATION (it’s hard to believe at first, but when you find out how many hundreds of millions they spend on advertising, it’s not so surprising . ..)

These drinks can slow down your progress, because they are full of sugar and maltodextrin.

This “healthy” GATORADE contains 36 grams of sugar. That’s nine teaspoons! Sugar will make you feel tired, because the body can process it easily, but then the energy level will drop sharply.

Popular energy drinks also DO NOT ENOUGH potassium, which is extremely important. What is the point of sending all these electrolytes into the body, if it cannot even assimilate them and deliver them to the necessary tissues?

These energy drinks are simply unhealthy. They can cause fatigue, reduce concentration, and even make you fuller, that is, everything that you see in TV commercials is just the opposite. Electrolyte powder from Dr. Berg is designed just to maintain health. Start right away with what’s good, give your body the nutrients it needs to stay strong, healthy and hydrated.

Here’s what makes Dr. Berg’s products different:

NO SUGAR OR OTHER CARBOHYDRATES. We understand perfectly well: sometimes you go to the gym, have to miss lunch because of a meeting, or today is just a hot summer day. And so you or someone close to you takes out a bottle of sports drink to recharge. But by God, it would be better if you drank plain water. These drinks fill you with sugar, which prevents you from losing weight, does not allow you to fully follow the keto diet, and simply causes a breakdown. As part of the drug from Dr. Berg, there is no such rubbish – only something that will energize you.
NO MALTODEXTRIN. What is this maltodextrin anyway? It is a food additive, a thickener. When you’re thirsty, you need it the least. Its glycemic index is higher than that of sugar, that is, it is even more harmful. Dr. Berg’s formula will give your body only the nutrients it needs to maintain energy without disrupting ketosis or blood sugar levels. It has no added sugar, carbohydrates or maltodextrin. Only electrolytes with natural raspberry and lemon flavors and with stevia.
13 TIMES MORE POTASSIUM THAN REGULAR SPORTS DRINKS. Dr. Berg’s Electrolyte Powder has more potassium and electrolytes than many similar products. You will not experience symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, constipation, sugar cravings, and bedtime anxiety. Replenish your potassium stores without having to eat huge amounts of vegetables every day.
YOUR CHILDREN DONT WANT TO EAT VEGETABLES. If you yourself do not want to eat the right amount of vegetables, then you definitely will not force your children. But they also need potassium. Instead of greens and orange juice, just give them this drink in the morning. They will love its taste. Problem solved.
NO FILLERS, COLOR OR LOW-QUALITY INGREDIENTS. No need to worry about food colorings and other chemicals that are so abundant in other brand products. Our product contains only electrolytes with a slight addition of natural raspberry and lemon flavors. This is a pure product that you can trust.

GREAT CHOICE TO ENERGIZE YOUR ENTIRE FAMILY

If you and your family want to be well nourished and not thirsty, Dr. Berg’s Electrolyte Powder is the logical choice. It is easy to prepare, favorable in terms of price-quality ratio, pleasant to the taste and healthy, while it DOES NOT CONTAIN sugar and other carbohydrates.

Dr. Berg’s Lemonade Electrolytes is right for you if you:

Are experiencing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, cravings for sweets and other symptoms of potassium deficiency.
Want to increase your energy levels and performance in training, sports, work or leisure.
Want to lose less fluid and electrolytes while avoiding sugar and harmful artificial ingredients.
Having difficulty eating enough vegetables but wanting to provide optimal nutrition.
You want to support your child’s health, but you know for sure: he won’t eat vegetables.

FAQ

How do I take this supplement?
Dissolve one scoop (approx. 6.3 g) of electrolyte powder in 450 ml of water daily. Children – half to a full scoop per day.

When is the best time to take it?
Morning or afternoon.

Is this compatible with the keto diet?
Yes, of course. This product contains no sugar or other carbohydrates. It goes great with keto. In fact, I recommend drinking these electrolytes daily to get the right nutrients and be as healthy as possible while on a keto diet.

How long does one can last?
One can contains 50 servings of electrolyte powder.

How should I store this product?
Refrigeration is not necessary. But close the lid tightly so that moisture does not get inside.

TsNIL KrasGMU

Clinical and laboratory diagnostics offers more than 450 research methods to help you take care of your health.

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+7 (391) 291-85-33, 228-09-14

Krasnoyarsk, st. Partizana Zheleznyaka, 1 “z” 1st floor

COVID-19

Reception by appointment from 14:00 daily

cost 1600 rub