What are the causes of lymphorrhea. How can you effectively manage fluid oozing from skin. What are the best treatment options for lymphorrhea. How does lymphorrhea differ from other skin conditions.

What is Lymphorrhea and Its Underlying Causes?

Lymphorrhea, often referred to as “fluid oozing from skin,” is a condition characterized by the leakage of lymphatic fluid through the skin’s surface. This phenomenon can be distressing for those experiencing it and requires proper understanding for effective management.

The primary cause of lymphorrhea is a dysfunction in the lymphatic system, which is responsible for fluid balance and immune function in the body. When this system is compromised, excess fluid can accumulate in tissues and eventually seep through the skin.

Common Causes of Lymphorrhea:

• Lymphedema: A chronic condition causing swelling due to lymph fluid buildup
• Venous insufficiency: Poor blood circulation in veins leading to fluid retention
• Surgical complications: Damage to lymph vessels during medical procedures
• Infections: Cellulitis or other skin infections can disrupt lymph flow
• Trauma: Injury to lymph vessels or nodes

Understanding the root cause of lymphorrhea is crucial for developing an effective treatment plan. Healthcare professionals typically conduct a thorough examination and may use imaging techniques to identify the underlying issue.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Lymphorrhea

Identifying lymphorrhea early can lead to more effective management and prevent potential complications. The symptoms of this condition can vary in severity and may include:

• Clear or slightly yellow fluid seeping from the skin
• Swelling in the affected area
• Skin changes, such as thickening or hardening
• Increased risk of skin infections
• Discomfort or tightness in the affected limb

Is lymphorrhea always visible? While fluid oozing from the skin is the hallmark symptom, some cases may present with subtle signs. Patients might notice dampness in clothing or bedding before visible fluid leakage occurs. It’s essential to be vigilant and consult a healthcare provider if any unusual skin changes or persistent dampness are observed.

Differential Diagnosis: Distinguishing Lymphorrhea from Other Conditions

Accurately diagnosing lymphorrhea is crucial for appropriate treatment. However, several other conditions can present with similar symptoms, making differential diagnosis essential.

Conditions That May Mimic Lymphorrhea:

1. Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis): Can cause weeping skin, but typically accompanied by redness and itching
2. Cellulitis: A bacterial skin infection that can cause swelling and discharge
3. Venous Stasis Dermatitis: Related to poor circulation, causing skin changes and potential fluid leakage
4. Hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating that may be mistaken for lymph fluid
5. Wound Drainage: Post-surgical or injury-related fluid discharge

How can healthcare providers differentiate lymphorrhea from these conditions? A combination of clinical examination, patient history, and sometimes laboratory analysis of the fluid can help make an accurate diagnosis. In some cases, imaging studies like lymphoscintigraphy may be necessary to visualize the lymphatic system and confirm lymphorrhea.

Treatment Approaches for Managing Lymphorrhea

Managing lymphorrhea requires a multifaceted approach, often combining various treatment modalities to address both the symptoms and underlying causes.

Conservative Management Techniques:

• Compression Therapy: Using specialized garments to reduce swelling and fluid accumulation
• Manual Lymphatic Drainage: Gentle massage techniques to stimulate lymph flow
• Skin Care: Meticulous hygiene and moisturizing to maintain skin integrity
• Elevation: Positioning affected limbs above heart level to promote fluid drainage

Medical Interventions:

• Diuretics: Medications to reduce fluid retention, used cautiously under medical supervision
• Antibiotics: Prescribed if secondary infections are present or as prophylaxis
• Wound Care: Specialized dressings to manage fluid leakage and protect the skin

Surgical Options:

• Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis: Microsurgery to create new pathways for lymph drainage
• Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer: Transplanting healthy lymph nodes to improve drainage
• Liposuction: Removing excess fat and fibrotic tissue in chronic lymphedema

Which treatment approach is most effective for lymphorrhea? The efficacy of treatment varies depending on the underlying cause and individual patient factors. A personalized treatment plan, developed in consultation with healthcare professionals, typically yields the best results. Many patients find that a combination of conservative management techniques and medical interventions provides significant relief.

The Role of Compression Therapy in Lymphorrhea Management

Compression therapy stands out as a cornerstone in the management of lymphorrhea. This non-invasive approach involves the use of specially designed garments or bandages to apply pressure to affected areas, promoting lymph fluid movement and reducing swelling.

Benefits of Compression Therapy:

• Reduces fluid accumulation in tissues
• Improves lymph flow and circulation
• Prevents further swelling and fluid leakage
• Supports skin integrity and reduces risk of infection
• Can be used in conjunction with other treatments

How should compression garments be used for optimal results? Proper fitting and consistent use are crucial. Patients should wear compression garments during waking hours and, in some cases, specialized nighttime compression may be recommended. It’s important to work with a trained fitter to ensure the correct pressure and fit, as ill-fitting garments can be ineffective or even harmful.

Types of Compression Garments:

1. Compression Stockings: For lower limb lymphorrhea
2. Compression Sleeves: Used for upper limb involvement
3. Compression Gloves or Gauntlets: For hand and finger swelling
4. Custom-made Garments: For difficult-to-fit areas or severe cases
5. Adjustable Wrap Systems: Allow for easy application and pressure adjustment

Regular reassessment and garment replacement are essential, as compression garments can lose elasticity over time. Patients should be educated on proper care and maintenance of their compression wear to ensure ongoing effectiveness.

Lifestyle Modifications and Self-Care Strategies for Lymphorrhea Patients

While medical interventions play a crucial role in managing lymphorrhea, lifestyle modifications and self-care practices can significantly impact the condition’s progression and symptom management.

Key Lifestyle Recommendations:

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: Excess weight can exacerbate lymph fluid accumulation
• Stay Active: Regular, gentle exercise promotes lymph flow
• Elevate Affected Limbs: When resting, position limbs above heart level
• Avoid Tight Clothing or Jewelry: These can restrict lymph flow
• Protect Skin from Cuts and Burns: Minimize infection risk
• Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration supports overall lymphatic function

How can patients incorporate these changes into their daily routine? Start with small, manageable adjustments and gradually build new habits. For example, set reminders to elevate limbs several times a day or schedule short walking sessions. Consulting with a lymphedema therapist can provide personalized recommendations tailored to individual needs and lifestyle.

Self-Care Techniques:

1. Skin Hygiene: Gentle cleansing and moisturizing to maintain skin health
2. Self-Massage: Learn proper techniques for manual lymphatic drainage
3. Compression Management: Proper application and care of compression garments
4. Monitoring: Regular self-checks for changes in swelling or skin condition
5. Stress Management: Practices like meditation or yoga to reduce stress-related inflammation

Empowering patients with knowledge and skills for self-care can greatly improve their quality of life and the effectiveness of their overall treatment plan.

Nutritional Considerations for Supporting Lymphatic Health

While diet alone cannot cure lymphorrhea, proper nutrition can play a supportive role in managing the condition and promoting overall lymphatic health. A well-balanced diet can help reduce inflammation, support immune function, and maintain healthy body weight – all factors that can impact lymphorrhea management.

Beneficial Nutrients and Food Choices:

• Antioxidants: Found in colorful fruits and vegetables, help combat inflammation
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Present in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, support cardiovascular health
• Lean Proteins: Essential for tissue repair and maintaining muscle mass
• Fiber: Aids in maintaining a healthy weight and supports digestive health
• Vitamins C and E: Support skin health and immune function

Can certain foods worsen lymphorrhea symptoms? While individual responses may vary, some patients report that high-sodium foods, alcohol, and processed foods may exacerbate swelling. It’s advisable to keep a food diary to identify any personal triggers.

Hydration and Lymphatic Function:

Proper hydration is crucial for lymphatic health. The lymphatic system relies on adequate fluid intake to function optimally. However, the relationship between fluid intake and lymphorrhea is complex.

• Aim for balanced hydration based on individual needs and medical advice
• Water is generally the best choice for hydration
• Some patients may benefit from electrolyte-balanced drinks, especially in hot weather or during exercise
• Avoid excessive fluid intake, as this can sometimes worsen swelling in affected areas

Working with a registered dietitian who specializes in lymphatic disorders can provide personalized nutritional guidance to support overall health and lymphorrhea management.

Emerging Therapies and Research in Lymphorrhea Treatment

The field of lymphology is continually evolving, with ongoing research aimed at improving our understanding and treatment of conditions like lymphorrhea. Several promising therapies and areas of investigation are on the horizon.

Innovative Treatment Approaches:

1. Stem Cell Therapy: Potential to regenerate damaged lymphatic vessels
2. Gene Therapy: Targeting genetic factors involved in lymphatic development
3. Pharmacological Interventions: New drugs to stimulate lymphangiogenesis or reduce inflammation
4. Advanced Imaging Techniques: Improved diagnosis and treatment planning
5. Bioengineered Lymphatic Vessels: Creating artificial pathways for lymph drainage

How close are these therapies to becoming widely available? Many of these approaches are still in experimental stages, with some undergoing clinical trials. While promising, it may be several years before they become standard treatment options. Patients interested in participating in clinical trials should discuss this possibility with their healthcare providers.

Current Research Focus Areas:

• Molecular mechanisms of lymphatic vessel formation and function
• Genetic factors influencing susceptibility to lymphatic disorders
• Role of inflammation in lymphorrhea development
• Optimization of existing treatments like compression therapy
• Development of targeted therapies for specific types of lymphatic disorders

The future of lymphorrhea treatment looks promising, with potential for more effective and personalized approaches. As research progresses, patients and healthcare providers should stay informed about new developments that may impact treatment options.

Psychological Impact and Support for Lymphorrhea Patients

Living with lymphorrhea can have significant psychological effects on patients. The visible nature of the condition, along with its impact on daily activities, can lead to emotional distress, social anxiety, and reduced quality of life. Addressing these psychological aspects is crucial for comprehensive care.

Common Psychological Challenges:

• Body Image Issues: Due to swelling and visible fluid leakage
• Social Isolation: Fear of embarrassment or judgment
• Depression and Anxiety: Related to chronic condition management
• Frustration: With treatment regimens and lifestyle limitations
• Loss of Self-Esteem: Impact on personal and professional life

How can healthcare providers address the psychological needs of lymphorrhea patients? A holistic approach that includes mental health support is essential. This may involve referrals to psychologists or counselors specializing in chronic illness, as well as incorporating mental health screening into routine care.

Support Strategies:

1. Patient Education: Empowering patients with knowledge about their condition
2. Support Groups: Connecting with others facing similar challenges
3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Addressing negative thought patterns and coping strategies
4. Mindfulness Practices: Techniques to manage stress and improve body awareness
5. Family Involvement: Educating and involving family members in care and support

Encouraging open communication about emotional struggles and normalizing these experiences can help patients feel more supported and engaged in their treatment journey. Healthcare providers should be prepared to offer resources and referrals for psychological support as part of comprehensive lymphorrhea management.

Eczema (atopic dermatitis) – Better Health Channel

About eczema

Atopic dermatitis (commonly known as eczema) is an inherited, chronic inflammatory skin condition that usually appears in early childhood. Patches of skin become red, scaly and itchy. Sometimes, tiny blisters containing clear fluid can form and the affected areas of skin can weep. Weeping is a sign that the dermatitis has become infected, usually with the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (‘golden staph’). Eczema is not contagious.

Eczema can vary in severity and symptoms may flare up or subside from day to day. If your eczema becomes worse, disrupts sleep or becomes infected, see your doctor.

Using moisturisers and cortisone-based ointments can help ease the symptoms. It is also important to avoid skin irritants, such as soap, hot water and synthetic fabrics.

Children with eczema have a higher risk of developing food allergies, asthma and hay fever later in childhood.

Causes of eczema

Eczema is caused by a person’s inability to repair damage to the skin barrier. This is due to a mutation in the gene called filaggrin. Filaggrin is important for formation of the skin barrier. Normally, every cell in the skin has two copies of the filaggrin gene. However, people who are susceptible to eczema only have one copy of this gene.

Although you only need only one copy of the gene to form a normal skin barrier, two copies are important for skin barrier repair. If a person’s skin is exposed to irritants and their skin barrier is affected, a person with only one copy of the gene may find that their ability to repair the skin barrier is limited.

Once the skin barrier is disrupted, moisture leaves the skin and the skin will become dry and scaly. Environmental allergens (irritants from the person’s surrounds) can also enter the skin and activate the immune system, producing inflammation that makes the skin red and itchy.

You are more likely to get eczema if your family has a history of eczema or allergic conditions, including hay fever and asthma. In most cases, eczema is not caused or aggravated by diet. If you feel a food is to blame, see your doctor or a dietitian for proper allergy testing and dietary advice.

While eczema causes stress, and stress may increase the energy with which you scratch, stress does not in itself cause eczema.

Triggers of eczema

Some things make eczema more likely to appear. These include:

• contact with irritants in the environment
• heat, which can aggravate the itch and make affected people more likely to scratch
• allergic reaction to particular foods – this is rare. Food allergy appears as redness and swelling around the lips within minutes of eating the offending food.

Symptoms of eczema

The physical effects of eczema can include:

• skin dryness
• red and scaly areas on the front of the elbows and the back of the knees
• watery fluid weeping from affected skin
• itchiness
• lesions (sores) that may become infected by bacteria or viruses.

Managing eczema

Most people with eczema find that their symptoms are made worse by common aspects of daily living, such as hot weather, frequent showering, soap, ducted central heating and overheating in bed at night. There are things you can do that may help you to better manage your eczema and reduce the frequency of flare-ups. Always see your doctor or dermatologist for further information and advice.

Eczema coping tips – good hygiene

Skin affected by eczema is more vulnerable to a range of infections, including impetigo, cold sores and warts. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus may cause a secondary infection of impetigo, and possibly contribute to the symptoms of eczema.

Suggestions for washing include:

• Take lukewarm baths or showers, and avoid really hot showers.
• Don’t use ordinary soap, as the ingredients may aggravate your eczema. Wash your body with warm water alone. For armpits and groin, use soap-free products, such as sorbolene cream.
• Bath oils can help to moisturise your skin while bathing.
• When towelling dry, pat rather than rub your skin.

Eczema coping tips – reducing skin irritation

People with eczema have sensitive skin. Irritants such as heat or detergents can easily trigger a bout of eczema.

Suggestions for reducing skin irritation include:

• Avoid overheating your skin. Wear several layers of clothing that you can remove, as required, instead of one heavy layer. Don’t put too many blankets on your bed and avoid doonas.
• Don’t use perfumed bubble bath or bath products labelled ‘medicated’.
• Wear soft, smooth materials next to your skin, preferably 100% cotton. Avoid scratchy materials, such as pure wool, polyester or acrylic. You could try a cotton and synthetic mix material – this is fine for some people with eczema. Remove labels from clothing.
• Always wear protective gloves when using any type of chemical or detergent. You may want to wear cotton gloves inside rubber or PVC gloves.
• Avoid chlorinated pools. If you have to swim in a chlorinated pool, moisturise your skin well when you get out.

Eczema coping tips – beauty products

Suggestions for using beauty products include:

• Remember that even hypoallergenic cosmetics can irritate your skin. Whenever possible, keep your face free of make-up.
• Avoid perfumes, fragranced skin lotions and strongly scented shampoos.
• When using a new cosmetic, try testing it first on a small, inconspicuous area of skin such as your forearm. If you experience a reaction, don’t use the product again.

Eczema coping tips – allergies

In some cases, eczema may be an allergic reaction to environmental triggers. Some people with resistant eczema may find it helpful to have allergy testing (for example, prick testing for common environmental allergens such as house-dust mites, moulds and grass pollens).

Eczema coping tips – avoid changes in temperature

Abrupt temperature and humidity changes can sometimes irritate the skin – for example, going in and out of air-conditioned buildings on hot days or heated buildings on cold days.

Hard physical activity or exercise that makes you sweat heavily can also trigger the itch of eczema.

Suggestions include:

• In winter, don’t overheat your house. Dress warmly when going outdoors and remove the extra layers as soon as you return.
• In summer, don’t over cool your house. Air conditioners can dry out the air and irritate your skin.
• Avoid hard physical activity in hot weather. For example, do your gardening first thing in the morning, or in the evening when the sun is lower in the sky.

Eczema coping tips – diet

In most cases, eczema isn’t caused or made worse by diet. If you notice that your eczema seems to get worse after eating a particular food, you may be an exception to this. See your doctor or dietitian for proper allergy testing and dietary advice.

Never self-diagnose or you risk depriving yourself of enjoyable and nutritious foods for no good reason. Unnecessarily avoiding certain foods (such as dairy products) can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

General tips for coping with eczema

Other tips to manage your eczema include:

• Keep your fingernails short – longer nails are more likely to injure your skin when you scratch.
• If the water in your area is ‘hard’ (full of minerals) or alkaline, consider installing a water-softening device.
• Swim in the sea in warm weather whenever you can – seawater is known to reduce the symptoms of eczema.
• Use sun exposure for limited periods – for example, when swimming at the beach. This can help relieve eczema symptoms. But be aware that ultraviolet radiation is a risk factor for skin cancer and premature ageing of the skin. Also, if sun exposure causes overheating, this can also aggravate eczema.

Treatments for eczema

Treatment options for eczema include:

• moisturisers (emollients)
• anti-inflammatory ointments – either topical corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory ointments such as pimecrolimus
• coal tar – to reduce the itch
• dietary changes – seek professional advice before changing your diet
• ultraviolet radiation therapy (phototherapy)
• oral medication (tablets).

Emollients (moisturisers) for treating eczema

Emollient creams add moisture to the skin. Apply moisturisers each day to clean, dry skin. It is especially important to moisturise after showering and bathing, and when living or working in an air-conditioned or heated environment. You may need to try several different brands until you find the emollient that works best for you. Ask your doctor, dermatologist or pharmacist for advice.

Anti-inflammatory ointments for treating eczema

Eczema responds well to anti-inflammatory creams. Topical steroids (corticosteroids) come in various strengths and are available by prescription from your doctor. Generally, it is better to use the lowest strength that works adequately.

Using high-strength topical steroids for extended periods, especially on delicate areas like the face, can cause side effects, including thinning of the skin. It is best to apply the cream to reddened areas after bathing, but make sure the skin is thoroughly dry.

In severe cases of eczema, a short course of oral corticosteroids may be necessary. This must be done under careful medical supervision because symptoms may become worse once you have finished taking the tablets.

Pimecrolimus cream is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory cream that can help reduce flare-ups of eczema if applied at the first signs of eczema.

Coal tar for treating eczema

Applying coal tar to affected areas is another way to reduce the itch from eczema. Coal tar has a strong smell and tends to stain any fabric it touches. It can also irritate some people’s skin. Only use it under supervision of a doctor who is experienced in managing eczema.

Ultraviolet radiation therapy (phototherapy) for eczema

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation can help reduce the symptoms of chronic eczema. Exposure under medical supervision can be carefully monitored with the use of specially designed ‘cabinets’ – the person stands naked in the cabinet and fluorescent tubes emit ultraviolet radiation.

A person with stubborn eczema may need up to 30 sessions. The risks of unsupervised ultraviolet radiation therapy can be the same as for sunbathing – faster ageing of the skin and greater risk of skin cancer.

Oral anti-inflammatory medication

Most people affected by eczema can manage the condition with creams and ointments alone. While oral medication can help people whose eczema is resistant to treatment, their side effects can include high blood pressure, increased susceptibility to all types of infections, and mood and behavioural changes.

Because of these risks, and the need for close and regular monitoring, oral anti-inflammatory treatment is only considered in severe cases of eczema that are difficult to control with other therapies.

Emerging treatment

New treatments are currently being developed for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. One group is called biologic therapy. Dupilumab is the first of these biologic therapies to be approved by the Commonwealth Government Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) and is undergoing clinical trials in Australia and overseas for the management of severe eczema. This treatment is generally administered by an injection into the fat tissue once a fortnight. Other biologics being investigated in clinical trials include Tralukinumab and Lebrikizumab.

A second class of agents showing promise in early clinical trials are Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors. JAK inhibitors are tablets taken once or twice daily. Agents under investigation include Baricitinib, Udapicitinib and Abroocitinib.

Importance of eczema treatment

There is growing evidence that allergens introduced into the body through the skin can lead to the later development of food allergy, asthma and hay fever. Aggressively treating eczema in children and taking steps to restore normal skin barrier function may lower the risk of future development of these conditions.

Complications of eczema

An intact skin surface is our best defence against skin infections. This is why a person with eczema is prone to bacterial and viral infections, including:

• Staphylococcus aureus – causes impetigo. This thrives on skin affected by eczema. Infection causes inflamed blisters that pop, weep and form crusts. Treatments include antiseptic creams and antibiotic tablets
• herpes simplex virus – cold sores. This can easily spread over wide areas. See your doctor for early treatment
• warts – small, raised lumps caused by viral infections. Warts often clear up by themselves, but this can take up to 12 months.

Where to get help

• Your GP (doctor)
• Dermatologist
• Pharmacist
• Maternal and child health nurse
• Eczema Association of AustralasiaExternal Link Inc. Tel. 1300 300 182 or (07) 3206 3633
• Australasian College of DermatologistsExternal Link

Infection and lymphoedema | Coping with cancer

An infection can make the swelling (lymphoedema) worse. 

See your doctor straight away if you think you have an infection. Early treatment is important to treat the infection and stop it from getting worse.

Tips to help lower your risk of infection and injury

These tips can help to reduce your risk of infection or injury:

• Protect your hands from cuts and scratches when you’re doing household jobs such as washing up, gardening or DIY.
• With arm lymphoedema, wear oven gloves and long sleeves to avoid burns when getting things in and out of the oven.
• Wash and dry your feet thoroughly, including between your toes – if you have had fungal infections before, you might need to use athlete’s foot powder to prevent another one.
• Be careful to avoid scratches when handling pets – clean the area straight away if they scratch you.
• Be careful when removing body hair. Using an electric razor or hair removal cream may help avoid injuring the skin (do test the cream first on another part of your body). You can also ask your specialist nurse if you are not sure what to use.
• Wear well fitting shoes and avoid going barefoot if you have lymphoedema of the leg – this lowers your risk of blisters or injuring your feet.
• Be careful when cutting your nails, and use nail clippers – if it’s difficult to cut your toenails, see a chiropodist regularly.
• Look out for any thickening of the skin, changes in colour, and any blisters or spots – contact your lymphoedema specialist if you have these.

Signs of infection

It is important to know the first signs of infection so that you can get treatment as soon as possible. The first signs of infection are:

• a high temperature
• flu-like symptoms (such as aching limbs and tiredness)
• generally feeling unwell
• reddening of the skin – this might start in one area and get larger, include the whole limb or cause red lines
• swelling
• warmth or heat around the affected area
• pain

People with lymphoedema are at risk of developing an infection called cellulitis. Or an acute inflammatory episode (AIE).

Cellulitis is an infection of the deep layers of the skin. This type of infection can cause damage to the lymphatic vessels. You can become very unwell with cellulitis and will need antibiotic treatment.

See your doctor straight away if you think you have an infection. Early treatment helps to stop an infection and can stop your lymphoedema from getting worse.
Go to your local Accident and Emergency department if you have an infection over a weekend. Don’t wear your compression garments until you’ve had treatment for the infection.

Treating infection

Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. You might need to have them into your bloodstream (intravenously) at first. Once the infection is under control, you can take them as tablets or capsules. It is important that you take the full course of your antibiotics. 

The most commonly used antibiotics are flucloxacillin or amoxicillin. Your doctor may prescribe erythromycin or clarithromycin if you are allergic to penicillin.  

You might need to take a low dose of antibiotics each day if you have several infections within a short time. This is to prevent further infections. You may need to take them for up to 2 years.

The British Lymphology Society (BLS) has a consensus document that gives advice to doctors. It guides them on the use of antibiotics for people with lymphoedema. You can take this with you to your doctor. 

Leaking fluid

Sometimes lymph fluid can leak from the surface of the skin. This is called lymphorrhoea (pronounced lim-for-ree-a). The fluid is straw coloured.

It can happen if you scratch the skin when it is swollen. It can also happen if you hurt the area when the skin has become scaly. Sometimes lymphorrhoea occurs when the area has become swollen quickly.

Tell your doctor or nurse straight away if you have fluid leaking from your skin. They can treat it with dressings, skin care, and bandaging.

Coping with lymphoedema

Most people have a mix of feelings when they find they have lymphoedema. After treatment, people are often glad that they have got through it. But it can also feel very unfair to have to cope with a treatment side effect. You might have a range of feelings including fear, sadness, anxiety, and depression.  

We have information to help support you to cope with cancer and cancer treatments. 

• Cellulitis of the lower limbs: incidence, diagnosis and management

  L Atkin

  Wounds UK, 2016. Volume 12, Issue 2

• All-Ireland Lymphoedema Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Assessment and Management of Lymphoedema, 2022 

• Guidelines on the Management of Cellulitis in Lymphoedema

  The British Lymphology Society and the Lymphoedema Support Network, 2022

Last reviewed: 

21 Apr 2023

Next review due: 

21 Apr 2026

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Lymphostasis: symptoms, causes, treatment, diagnosis

Surgeon

Bokhyan

Tigran Surenovich

Experience 38 years

Surgeon of the highest category, MD, member of the International Association of Surgeons, Gastroenterologists and Oncologists

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Lymph flow is no less important for the body than the work of the circulatory system. Therefore, any violations in the structure of the lymphatic system immediately make themselves felt by noticeable external signs. Among them is lymphostasis, or lymphedema, associated with a violation of the outflow of lymph from the internal organs or limbs. The result is a noticeable swelling with darkening of the skin at the site of stagnation of the lymphatic fluid, which can only be dealt with by contacting a qualified specialist. Today, about 10 million people suffer from lymphostasis, mostly women, in whom the stagnation of lymph in the body is associated with physiological and hormonal causes.

Types of lymphostasis

Depending on the cause of the development of lymphedema, there are:

• primary or congenital form;
• secondary or acquired form of the disease.

Congenital pathology develops against the background of violations of the formation of the lymphatic system during fetal development. In rare cases, a hereditary factor can affect the lymphatic flow. Cases of primary lymphostasis account for about 6% of the total number of patients with this disease.

The acquired form of lymphedema occurs under the influence of adverse external factors. The first symptoms often make themselves felt in childhood and adolescence, later they intensify during pregnancy and lactation, which is due to hormonal changes in the body during puberty and gestation. Perhaps a sharp progression of lymphostasis after pregnancy or severe injury.

Reasons

In most cases, the development of lymphoma is caused by the presence of the following diseases in a patient:

• infectious diseases causing inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue;
• chronic venous insufficiency syndrome with thrombophlebitis and varicose veins;
• damage to the lymph nodes and narrowing of the pathways;
• injuries and burns affecting the subcutaneous layer of cells;
• oncological diseases treated with radiation therapy;
• soft tissue neoplasms;
• penetration and development of parasites in the structure of the lymphatic system;
• diseases of the heart and kidneys that caused persistent tissue edema.

The impact of one or more of these factors, combined with the anatomical features of the patient’s body, leads to a violation of the conductive and contractile function of the lymphatic vessels. They lose the ability to circulate lymph throughout the body, which causes congestion. This condition is especially dangerous for the lower extremities, where the lymphatic fluid enters in large quantities under the influence of its own gravity, but is not able to rise up through the contracting vessels.

With prolonged stagnation of lymph, proteins, mucopolysaccharides and other organic substances are released from it. They impregnate the walls of blood vessels and disrupt their natural structure. Connective tissue grows rapidly inside the conducting pathways, narrowing the lumen and making it impossible for the lymph to move inside the body.

Symptoms

The first sign of the disease is severe swelling that rises from the toes along the ankle joint to the lower leg and thigh. For this reason:

• the limb loses its natural shape and becomes like a column;
• the skin is stretched, delivering unpleasant pain to the patient;
• joints become less mobile;
• the pattern of veins disappears on the extremities, the skin noticeably roughens and darkens, and its structure becomes similar to an orange peel.

Signs of lymphostasis at different stages of the disease

Depending on the severity of the symptoms, the following stages of the disease are distinguished:

• at the first stage, edema occurs only under the influence of external adverse factors: prolonged sitting or standing, increased water intake, heat, etc. More often, edematous phenomena appear in the late afternoon;
• The second stage of lymphedema is said to occur when edema occurs more often, and the patient begins to feel severe pain and heaviness in the legs. When pressed on the skin, a noticeable dent remains, which gradually levels out. The patient’s body weight increases due to edema, and the skin noticeably coarsens, losing its natural elasticity;
• at the third stage, the joints of the limb are immobilized, it loses its natural shape, signs of trophic ulcers appear on the skin, which can lead to sepsis and the gradual development of tissue necrosis.

Complications

Left unchecked and untreated, lymphedema can cause:

• hyperkeratosis;
• skin fistulas;
• cellulitis of tissues;
• erysipelas, etc.

With a long course of the disease, signs of lymphangiosarcoma may appear.

Diagnostics

To make an accurate diagnosis to a vascular surgeon allows:

• analysis of patient complaints;
• visual inspection and palpation of a limb or area of ​​edema on the body;
• lymphography using a special dye to clarify the conductivity and general condition of the lymphatic vessels;
• duplex scanning of blood vessels;
• computed and magnetic resonance imaging.

Treatment

Conservative treatment of impaired lymph flow is effective only in the early stages, when soft tissues have not yet received irreversible damage. Simultaneously with taking medications, the patient is recommended:

• wear compression stockings;
• exercise therapy;
• review the diet in favor of dietary meals for weight loss;
• take a course of lymphatic drainage massage;
• drink drugs with a diuretic effect, phleboprotectors, compounds to improve the circulation of fluids in the body, and vitamin C;
• follow a diet for lymphedema;
• sign up for physiotherapy treatments.

FAQ

How to treat lymphedema?

Elimination of the symptoms of lymphostasis is possible only with a combination of conservative treatment and physiotherapy methods. The course of drugs includes compositions of symptomatic action and agents that affect the general condition of the body. A quick recovery is facilitated by diet, physical activity, a course of massage and wearing compression products that prevent swelling.

Which doctor treats lymphedema?

Diagnosis, treatment of lymphostasis and monitoring of patients is the competence of phlebologists and vascular surgeons. It is these specialists who conduct the initial reception of patients and prescribe diagnostic measures to clarify the diagnosis. If the disease is provoked by a more serious pathology of the internal organs, specialized specialists are involved in monitoring the patient: cardiologists, oncologists, infectious disease specialists, etc.

How to determine the cause of lymphedema?

An exact answer to the question of the cause of the development of the disease can only be given on the basis of the results of complex diagnostics. More often, the problem is hidden in the underlying disease, the course of which has disrupted the outflow of lymph by mechanical pinching of the vessels or the growth of neighboring tissues. Less commonly, the pathology is affected by a hormonal factor, in 5-6% of cases – by heredity.

Dry skin of the whole body: causes and effective treatment

Contents

• 1 Very dry skin of the whole body: causes and effective treatments
  • 1.1 Dry skin: causes and treatment
  • 1.2 What is dry skin and how to identify it?
  • 1.3 Factors that cause dry skin on the body
  • 1.4 How to influence dry skin from the inside?
  • 1.5 Wet skin problems: what is it?
  • 1.6 How do I keep my skin moisturized at home?
  • 1.7 Specialized products for dry skin care
    • 1.7.1 Natural oils
    • 1.7.2 Plant extracts
    • 1.7.3 Moisturizing gels and creams
    • 1.7.4 Cleansers
  • 1.8 How to choose the right one dry skin care product?
  • 1.9 How often should I use dry skin care products?
  • 1.10 What should I do if my dry skin does not go away?
  • 1.11 How can dry skin be prevented?
  • 1. 12 Preventive measures for healthy skin
  • 1.13 Related videos:
  • 1.14 Q&A:
    • • 1.14.0.1 What causes dry skin on the whole body?
      • 1.14.0.2 What are the possible symptoms of dry skin?
      • 1.14.0.3 What measures can be taken at home to deal with dry skin?
      • 1.14.0.4 When should I see a doctor if I have dry skin symptoms?
      • 1.14.0.5 Which type of cosmetic is best for dry skin care?
      • 1.14.0.6 Can medical procedures help with dry skin problems?

Find out what causes very dry skin on the whole body and how to treat it. Get expert insights and advice on how to take care of your skin to relieve symptoms anytime, anytime of the year.

Dry skin is a painful and uncomfortable condition for many people and is the cause of many skin problems. This condition can affect all areas of the skin on the body, including the face, arms, legs, and body. Dry skin can be caused by a variety of factors, such as frequent use of soap, exposure to hard water, exposure to cold winds, or living in dry climates.

In addition, dry skin can be associated with many lifestyle factors, such as tanning beds or alcohol abuse and smoking. It is important to understand that effective treatment of dry skin is possible only if the true cause of your particular problem is established.

In this article, we are going to share with you some of the most effective ways to treat dry skin. We cover everything from using the right skincare products to homemade masks and products.

Dry skin: causes and treatment

Dry skin is a common condition that can cause discomfort and lead to various problems such as flaking, itching, irritation and even cracking. The causes of dry skin can be many and can include external factors such as cold, wind, sun and frequent exposure to hot pools or showers, as well as internal factors such as genetic factors, age, skin diseases, allergies, certain medications, etc.

Treatment of dry skin begins with the elimination of the causes that cause this condition. This may include applying moisturizing creams and lotions, reducing time spent in hot water, avoiding strong soaps, and using mild cleansers such as baby soap. In addition, products such as anti-inflammatory creams can help reduce irritation and itching, and special nourishing oils and masks can increase skin hydration levels.

• Avoid excessively hot showers and baths
• Use moisturizing creams and lotions;
• Avoid strong soaps and detergents;
• Stay hydrated and drink enough water;
• Eat a variety of foods that contain enough vitamins and minerals;

What is dry skin and how is it defined?

Dry skin is skin that has not retained sufficient levels of moisture and essential oils. It is often flaky, sensitive, and prone to irritation. Itching, redness and small cracks can also occur on dry skin.

Also, dry skin can be identified by external signs, such as the appearance of peeling, small cracks, redness and itching. If you have these symptoms, then you most likely have dry skin.

Factors that cause dryness of the skin of the body

Dryness of the skin of the whole body can be caused by many factors. Some of them are related to our lifestyle and habits, while others are related to the physiological characteristics of each organism. For example, dry skin can be:

• Seasonal: In winter, the skin becomes dry due to low humidity and temperature changes.
• Everyday: Dry skin can be caused by frequent exposure of the skin to a variety of harsh agents such as soaps, bright color developer, home cleaning chemicals, and more.
• Habits: dry skin may be due to excessive consumption of stimulants such as coffee or alcohol, as they can dry out the skin.
• Diseases: Some diseases, such as dermatitis or eczema, can cause dry skin in certain areas of the body.

In order to properly treat dry skin, it is important to determine its cause in order to get rid of dryness forever.

How to treat dry skin from the inside?

Dry skin of the whole body is not a simple problem, its causes can be different. However, one way to solve the problem can be a balanced diet.

For dry skin to become healthier, the body needs vitamins, minerals and fatty acids. One vitamin that can help is B2, which is found in green vegetables, eggs, fish, and durum wheat pasta. Vitamin E, which gives elasticity to the skin, can be obtained from avocados, nuts and green peas.

• Minerals also play an important role in improving skin condition. Magnesium, calcium and zinc help reduce inflammation and renew skin cells. Magnesium can be increased by eating avocados, dark chocolate, and pumpkin seeds. Calcium is found in broccoli, hard cheeses and green vegetables. And zinc can be obtained from beef, chicken and beans.
• Fatty acids are needed by the body to create collagen, which gives skin elasticity. Omega-3 acids can be obtained from fish, nuts, and flaxseed oil. Omega-6 acids are found in oils, corn oil and nuts.

Proper nutrition is only one of the ways to combat dry skin, but it turned out to be very important. Choose the right foods to get all the vitamins, minerals and fatty acids you need for healthy skin. Remember to drink enough water and take care of dry skin outside with moisturizers and other products.

Wet skin problems: what is it?

Moist skin problems is a condition characterized by excessive release of moisture from the skin. This can occur both on individual areas of the skin, and on the whole body as a whole. These problems can be caused by a variety of factors, including moisture imbalances in the body, skin conditions, and exposure to environmental factors.

External factors such as low air humidity, high temperatures and excessive sweating can also lead to moist skin problems. In such cases, the use of special skin care products is recommended to help reduce excess moisture and improve skin condition.

• What are wet skin problems?
• What diseases can cause moist skin problems?
• What external factors can lead to moist skin problems?

How to keep skin hydrated at home?

To keep your skin moisturized at home, follow these simple guidelines:

1. Drink plenty of water. Fluid helps keep skin hydrated, so it’s important to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day.
2. Use body moisturizers. Creams and lotions containing moisturizing ingredients (glycerin, urea, hyaluronic acid, etc.) help keep skin hydrated throughout the day.
3. Take vitamins and minerals. Certain vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin E and zinc, help maintain healthy skin and hydration.
4. Avoid hot water and improper shower and bath products. Hot water and alkaline soaps can dry out the skin, so use warm water and mild shower and bath gels.
5. Use humidifiers. In winter, humidifiers can be used to help reduce dry skin all over the body.

Table: Composition of body moisturizer Component Content

By following these recommendations, you can maintain moisturizing the skin at home and reduce dryness and flaking all over the body.

Specialized care products for dry skin

One of the main problems with dry skin is the lack of natural lipids. Therefore, for the care of such skin, products aimed at moisturizing and nourishing are used.

Natural oils

Vegetable oils are one of the best products for dry skin care. They retain moisture, improve amino acid balance and promote skin cell regeneration. These oils include olive, jojoba, and nut and seed oils.

Plant extracts

Plant extracts help to restore the natural hydrolipid mantle of the skin, accelerate metabolic processes and restore cells. Extracts of chamomile, aloe, calendula, lavender and other ingredients improve not only the condition of the skin, but also its overall tone.

Moisturizing gels and creams

Moisturizing creams and gels for dry skin are not only soft textures that are easily absorbed, but also formulas that include special ingredients – for example, hyaluronic acid, which is the basis of the natural moisture-retaining gelemider in the skin.

Cleansers

When caring for dry skin, use cleansers that gently cleanse the skin. Such products contain lipid complexes that not only remove impurities, but also retain moisture in the skin cells. In addition, gentle cleansing of the skin helps it retain moisture and maintain its natural pH balance.

How to choose the right product for dry skin care?

Dry skin means that your skin does not produce enough natural oils to retain moisture within its cells. This can lead to cracked, flaky and irritated skin.

You also need to pay attention to the presence of glycerin, urea or hyaluronic acid in the product – these ingredients not only moisturize the skin, but also help retain moisture.

If your skin is prone to allergies, you should choose products that are free of fragrances, dyes and other ingredients that can cause irritation.

Finally, it is worth remembering that the choice of skin care product is an individual matter. The same product may work for one person and not for another. So it’s important to try and experiment to find the product that works best to lock in moisture and give your skin the hydration it needs.

How often should I use dry skin care products?

In order to effectively combat the problem of dry skin, it is necessary to take care of it regularly. How many times a week you should use skin care products depends on the condition of your skin and the specific product.

If the skin is very dry, it is advisable to use moisturizing creams or oils daily. If the skin is not so severely dehydrated, it is enough to use moisturizing products 2-3 times a week.

It is also important to consider the specific product and its instructions for use. Some creams and oils may be used daily, while for others it may be too frequent. The instructions for use will help you determine how often and how much to use a particular product.

• In addition to daily skin care, it is recommended to deeply moisturize the skin once a week. To do this, you can use masks, serums or patches.
• If you notice that a moisturizing product is not working as expected, try changing the brand or formulation of the product.

Remember that proper skin care can help not only fight dryness, but also prevent future dryness.

What if my dry skin doesn’t go away?

If you have dry skin that does not go away for a long time, you should seek the help of a beautician or dermatologist. They will conduct a complete examination of your skin, determine its type and condition, and prescribe an individual treatment.

In addition, in order to prevent aggravation of dry skin, it is worth paying attention to the following points:

• Drink enough water to stay hydrated;
• Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun and use protective cream in winter;
• Take vitamins and minerals for healthy skin regularly;
• Use moisturizing and nourishing creams for your skin type;
• Avoid strong soaps or shower gels, use milder ones;
• Limit the amount of alcohol and nicotine that damage the skin.

If you follow all these recommendations and your dry skin persists, it could be a sign of something more serious. In any case, it will be useful to consult with a specialist.

How can dry skin be prevented?

Dry skin can occur for a variety of reasons, but there are a few things you can do to help prevent this problem:

• Drink more fluids: Increasing your water intake will help hydrate your skin from the inside out.
• Proper nutrition: Eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts and greens. They will help the skin become healthier and more hydrated.
• Avoid hot water: Hot showers or baths can remove natural oils from the skin. It is necessary to use warm and small amounts of soap to preserve the natural protection of the skin.
• Moisturizing the skin: Using lotions and creams on a daily basis can help keep skin hydrated and prevent dryness.
• Avoid leather handling: Contact with clean and harsh chemicals such as dish sponges and chemical cleaners can remove natural oils from leather.

Following these simple steps can help you identify the causes of dry skin and prevent future dryness. However, if the skin still remains dry and irritated, a dermatologist should be consulted for advice and treatment.

Preventive measures for healthy skin

Maintaining healthy skin throughout the body starts with proper nutrition. Including fruits and vegetables in your diet, as well as drinking enough water, will help keep your body hydrated and reduce dry skin.

The clothes we wear also play an important role in maintaining healthy skin. Wear soft, natural fabrics that won’t irritate or dry out your skin.

• Proper skin care includes regular skin care of the entire body, using gentle products that do not irritate or dry out the skin.
• Sun protection – Applying a high SPF cream will protect your skin from dryness and sunburn.
• Reducing stress and exercising will help reduce skin inflammation and increase moisture.

Ultimately, maintaining healthy skin depends on proper self-care, both inside and out. Avoid irritants and follow simple yet effective steps to keep your skin healthy.

Related videos:

Q&A:

What causes dry skin of the whole body?

Dry skin can be caused by both external and internal factors. This may be a lack of moisture, frequent washing with water, prolonged exposure to the sun, cold winter air, certain medications. Internal causes: hormonal disorders, thyroid disease, food intolerance, allergies, smoking, lack of beneficial vitamins and minerals in the body.

What are the possible symptoms of dry skin?

Symptoms of dry skin all over the body may include: flaking and drying of the skin, itching, redness, cracks, the appearance of fine wrinkles, a feeling of tightness of the skin, pain on movement.

What steps can be taken at home to deal with dry skin?

At home, you can use humidifiers, leave the bath or shower for no more than 15 minutes, apply moisturizing lotions, protect the skin from contact with direct sunlight, avoid hot water when washing. You can also drink enough water and eat whole foods high in fatty acids.

When should I see a doctor if I have dry skin symptoms?

Seek medical attention if symptoms persist for several weeks and there is no change in the skin despite care and use of various moisturizers. It is also necessary to consult a specialist if the symptoms of dry skin occur after the start of taking a new drug or possible allergens, if there are swelling, rashes, bleeding of the skin.

Which type of cosmetic is best for dry skin?

When choosing cosmetics for dry skin care, attention should be paid to the composition, which should be rich in oils, vitamins and moisturizing ingredients. These can be macadamia, shea, avocado and other natural ingredients, urea, glycerin, hyaluronic acid, and more.