Health Benefits of the Coca Leaf

Coca is illegal outside of the Andes – but if you’re planning a trip to this part of the world, discover the amazing heath benefits known by locals for millennia | © REUTERS / Alamy Stock Photo

When most people hear the word “coca”, they associate it with cocaine. But this medicinal plant has been used by indigenous South Americans in traditional Andean medicine for thousands of years before it was ever extracted into a recreational drug. When chewed or consumed in tea, the coca leaf provides an impressive number of health benefits – here are eight.

Coca leaves are only legal in the Andes | © REUTERS / Alamy Stock Photo

This is the number one reason coca has become such an intricate part of Andean culture. Before industrialization, working long days of extremely hard labor was the norm, and coca’s consistent energy boost allowed workers to go harder and work for longer. These days, it is a favorite among miners and bus drivers for its long-lasting energy kick without the spike and crash effect of caffeine.

Chewing coca supposedly makes hunger pangs go away. It’s common among underprivileged workers of South America who often don’t have the time or the money to eat three good meals a day; coca lets them get on with the job without being constantly distracted by an empty stomach. It can also be used as a dietary aid to discourage overeating.

The coca leaf is said to have helped the Incas lug those huge stones all the way to Machu Picchu | © Robert Wyatt / Alamy Stock Photo

Consuming coca leaves creates a numbing effect on pain and discomfort. While it’s not an extremely powerful analgesic, it does provide enough relief to allow laborers to continue their arduous work. The coca leaf is said to have been instrumental in assisting the Incas lug those huge stones all the way to Machu Picchu.

The coca leaf is fantastic at reducing the unwanted symptoms of altitude sickness, which include nausea, breathlessness, insomnia, loss of appetite, fatigue and headaches. Since this natural cure has been used for so long by the local population, it is widely known, and even hotels in high-altitude Andean cities often supply it to their guests.

The coca leaf has a variety of beneficial nutritional properties. It’s got plenty of essential minerals (calcium, magnesium and phosphorus), stacks of vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C and E) and important nutrients such as fiber and protein. Daily coca consumption is the perfect natural alternative to taking dietary supplements.

Coca tea can help with an upset stomach | © Rubens Alarcon / Alamy Stock Photo

A hot cup of coca tea is a great way to relieve the pain and nausea that comes with an upset stomach. This is handy while traveling through the Andes, where food hygiene may not be up to the same standards as at home. While it does provide noticeable relief, it’s still important to keep well hydrated and seek medical attention if problems persist.

The antioxidants in coca can give the immune system a boost | © Cavan Images / Alamy Stock Photo

When fighting anything from a case of the sniffles to full-blown influenza, doctors, grandmothers and everyone in between typically suggest a hot cup of tea. Instead of grabbing the standard green or peppermint teas, try tea made from coca leaves. The antioxidants can give the immune system a boost and stimulate alertness. It also goes without saying that staying hydrated is essential during flu recovery; just try to limit your coca tea cups to one or two per day.

We’ve already mentioned appetite suppression and nutritional properties as benefits of the coca leaf, but, when combined, they create an additional benefit: the possible prevention or control of diabetes. The vitamins and minerals in the coca leaf can help regulate blood sugar and enhance metabolism, potentially lowering the risk of diabetes. Irresponsible snacking can be problematic for those with diabetes, but chewing a coca leaf can help curb these cravings, ultimately preventing the potential for increased blood glucose levels.

Nick Dauk contributed additional reporting to this article.

Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions

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Bedford JA, Lovell DK, Turner CE, et al. The anorexic and actometric effects of cocaine and two coca extracts. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980;13:403-8.. View abstract.

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Favier R, Caceres E, Sempore B, et al. Fluid regulatory hormone response to exercise after coca-induced body fluid shifts. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:376-82.. View abstract.

Galarza Guzman M, Penaloza Imana R, Echalar Afcha L, et al. Effects of coca chewing on glucose tolerance test. Medicina (B Aires) 1997;57(3):261-4. View abstract.

Heesch CM, Wilhelm CR, Ristich J, et al. Cocaine activates platelets and increases the formation of circulating platelet containing microaggregates in humans. Heart 2000;83:688-95. View abstract.

Jackson GF, Saady JJ, Poklis A. Urinary excretion of benzoylecgonine following ingestion of Health Inca Tea. Forensic Sci Int 1991;49:57-64.. View abstract.

Mazor SS, Mycyk MB, Willis BK, et al. Coca tea consumption causes positive urine cocaine assay. Eur J Emerg Med 2006;13(6):340-1. View abstract.

McEvoy AW, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG. Intracerebral haemorrhage in young adults: the emerging importance of drug misuse. BMJ 2000;320:1322-4. View abstract.

Mendelson J, Tolliver B, Delucchi K, Berger P. Capsaicin increases the lethality of cocaine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;65:(abstract PII-27).

Potter SM, Zelazo PR, Stack DM, Papageorgiou AN. Adverse effects of fetal cocaine exposure on neonatal auditory information processing. Pediatrics 2000;105:E40.. View abstract.

Roldan CA, Aliabadi D, Crawford MH. Prevalence of heart disease in asymptomatic chronic cocaine users. Cardiology 2001;95:25-30.. View abstract.

Rome LA, Lippmann ML, Dalsey WC, et al. Prevalence of cocaine use and its impact on asthma exacerbation in an urban population. Chest 2000;117:1324-9. View abstract.

Sauvain M, Rerat C, Moretti C, et al. A study of the chemical composition of Erythroxylum coca var. coca leaves collected in two ecological regions of Bolivia. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;56:179-91.. View abstract.

Spielvogel H, Rodriguez A, Sempore B, et al. Body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular adjustments during submaximal exercise: influence of chewing coca leaves. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;75(5):400-6. View abstract.

Turner M, McCrory P, Johnston A. Time for tea, anyone? Br J Sports Med 2005;39(10):e37. View abstract.

Vitzthum VJ, von Dornum M, Ellison PT. Brief communication: effect of coca-leaf chewing on salivary progesterone assays. Am J Phys Anthropol 1993;92(4):539-44. View abstract.

Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews

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Bedford, J. A., Turner, C. E., and elSohly, H. N. Comparative lethality of coca and cocaine. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1982;17(5):1087-1088. View abstract.

Bedford, J. A., Turner, C. E., and elSohly, H. N. Local anesthetic effects of cocaine and several extracts of the coca leaf (E. coca). Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 1984;20(5):819-821. View abstract.

Bieri, S., Ilias, Y., Bicchi, C., Veuthey, J. L., and Christen, P. Focused microwave-assisted extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the selective analysis of cocaine from coca leaves. J Chromatogr.A 4-21-2006;1112(1-2):127-132. View abstract.

Borghelli, R. F., Stirparo, M. A., Andrade, J. H., Centofanti, M. H., and Barros, R. E. [Lesions of the oral mucosa caused by the use of coca leaves (Erythroxyloncoca) in 20 year old men in the Province of Jujuy (Argentina)]. Rev.Asoc.Odontol.Argent 1973;61(7):250-254. View abstract.

Borghelli, R. F., Stirparo, M., Andrade, J., Barros, R., Centofanti, M., and de Estevez, O. T. Leukoedema in addicts to coca leaves in Humahuaca, Argentina. Community Dent.Oral Epidemiol. 1975;3(1):40-43. View abstract.

Calatayud, J. and Gonzalez, A. History of the development and evolution of local anesthesia since the coca leaf. Anesthesiology 2003;98(6):1503-1508. View abstract.

Cartmell, L. W., Aufderhide, A., and Weems, C. Cocaine metabolites in pre-Columbian mummy hair. J Okla.State Med Assoc. 1991;84(1):11-12. View abstract.

Casale, J. F. and Moore, J. M. Detection and determination of pseudococaine in coca leaves and illicit cocaine samples. J Forensic Sci 1994;39(6):1537-1543. View abstract.

Dagnino, J. Coca leaf and local anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2004;100(5):1322. View abstract.

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Favier, R., Caceres, E., Koubi, H., Sempore, B., Sauvain, M., and Spielvogel, H. Effects of coca chewing on hormonal and metabolic responses during prolonged submaximal exercise. J.Appl.Physiol 1996;80(2):650-655. View abstract.

Galarza, Guzman M., Penaloza, Imana R., Echalar, Afcha L., Aguilar, Valerio M., Spielvogel, H., and Sauvain, M. [Effects of coca chewing on the glucose tolerance test]. Medicina (B Aires) 1997;57(3):261-264. View abstract.

Grzybowski, A. [The history of cocaine in medicine and its importance to the discovery of the different forms of anaesthesia]. Klin.Oczna 2007;109(1-3):101-105. View abstract.

Grzybowski, A. Cocaine and the eye: a historical overview. Ophthalmologica 2008;222(5):296-301. View abstract.

Hanna, J. M. Further studies on the effects of coca chewing on exercise. Hum.Biol. 1971;43(2):200-209. View abstract.

Hanna, J. M. The effects of coca chewing on exercise in the Quechua of Peru. Hum.Biol. 1970;42(1):1-11. View abstract.

Harland, E. C., Murphy, J. C., Elsohly, H., Greubel, D., Turner, C. E., and Watson, E. S. Biological effects of nonalkaloid-containing fractions of Erythroxylon coca. J Pharm Sci 1982;71(6):677-679. View abstract.

Homstedt, B., Lindgren, J. E., Rivier, L., and Plowman, T. Cocaine in blood of coca chewers. J.Ethnopharmacol. 1979;1(1):69-78. View abstract.

Hurtado-Gumucio, J. Coca leaf chewing as therapy for cocaine maintenance. Ann.Med.Interne (Paris) 2000;151 Suppl B:B44-B48. View abstract.

Jenkins, A. J., Llosa, T., Montoya, I., and Cone, E. J. Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea. Forensic Sci.Int. 2-9-1996;77(3):179-189. View abstract.

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Mazor, S. S., Mycyk, M. B., Wills, B. K., Brace, L. D., Gussow, L., and Erickson, T. Coca tea consumption causes positive urine cocaine assay. Eur.J Emerg.Med 2006;13(6):340-341. View abstract.

Middleton, R. M. and Kirkpatrick, M. B. Clinical use of cocaine. A review of the risks and benefits. Drug Saf 1993;9(3):212-217. View abstract.

Novak, M., Salemink, C. A., and Khan, I. Biological activity of the alkaloids of Erythroxylum coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense. J Ethnopharmacol. 1984;10(3):261-274. View abstract.

Prance, G. The poisons and narcotics of the Amazonian Indians. J R.Coll.Physicians Lond 1999;33(4):368-376. View abstract.

Reisner, L. Biologic poisons for pain. Curr.Pain Headache Rep. 2004;8(6):427-434. View abstract.

Rivera, M. A., Aufderheide, A. C., Cartmell, L. W., Torres, C. M., and Langsjoen, O. Antiquity of coca-leaf chewing in the south central Andes: a 3,000 year archaeological record of coca-leaf chewing from northern Chile. J Psychoactive Drugs 2005;37(4):455-458. View abstract.

Sharkey, J., Ritz, M. C., Schenden, J. A., Hanson, R. C., and Kuhar, M. J. Cocaine inhibits muscarinic cholinergic receptors in heart and brain. J Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 1988;246(3):1048-1052. View abstract.

Siegel, R. K. New patterns of cocaine use: changing doses and routes. NIDA Res.Monogr 1985;61:204-220. View abstract.

Spielvogel, H., Caceres, E., Koubi, H., Sempore, B., Sauvain, M., and Favier, R. Effects of coca chewing on metabolic and hormonal changes during graded incremental exercise to maximum. J.Appl.Physiol 1996;80(2):643-649. View abstract.

Springfield, A. C., Cartmell, L. W., Aufderheide, A. C., Buikstra, J., and Ho, J. Cocaine and metabolites in the hair of ancient Peruvian coca leaf chewers. Forensic Sci.Int. 1993;63(1-3):269-275. View abstract.

Weil, A. T. Coca leaf as a therapeutic agent. Am.J.Drug Alcohol Abuse 1978;5(1):75-86. View abstract.

Weil, A. T. The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine. J.Ethnopharmacol. 1981;3(2-3):367-376. View abstract.

Alexandrakis G, Tse DT, Rosa RH Jr, Johnson TE. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and orbital cellulitis associated with chronic intranasal cocaine abuse. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1617-22. View abstract.

Bedford JA, Lovell DK, Turner CE, et al. The anorexic and actometric effects of cocaine and two coca extracts. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1980;13:403-8.. View abstract.

Bedford JA, Nail GL, et al. Comparative stimulus properties of two fractions of the coca leaf (E. coca). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981;15:907-9.. View abstract.

Bolla KI, Funderburk FR, Cadet JL. Differential effects of cocaine and cocaine alcohol on neurocognitive performance. Neurology 2000;54:2285-92. View abstract.

Buck AA, Sasaki TT, Hewitt JJ, Macrae AA. Coca chewing and health. An epidemiologic study among residents of a Peruvian village. Am J Epidemiol 1968;88:159-77.. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 — Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Engelke BF, Gentner WA. Determination of cocaine in “Mate de Coca” herbal tea. J Pharm Sci 1991;80:96.. View abstract.

Favier R, Caceres E, Guillon L, et al. Coca chewing for exercise: hormonal and metabolic responses of nonhabitual chewers. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:1901-7.. View abstract.

Favier R, Caceres E, Sempore B, et al. Fluid regulatory hormone response to exercise after coca-induced body fluid shifts. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:376-82.. View abstract.

Galarza Guzman M, Penaloza Imana R, Echalar Afcha L, et al. Effects of coca chewing on glucose tolerance test. Medicina (B Aires) 1997;57(3):261-4. View abstract.

Heesch CM, Wilhelm CR, Ristich J, et al. Cocaine activates platelets and increases the formation of circulating platelet containing microaggregates in humans. Heart 2000;83:688-95. View abstract.

Jackson GF, Saady JJ, Poklis A. Urinary excretion of benzoylecgonine following ingestion of Health Inca Tea. Forensic Sci Int 1991;49:57-64.. View abstract.

Mazor SS, Mycyk MB, Willis BK, et al. Coca tea consumption causes positive urine cocaine assay. Eur J Emerg Med 2006;13(6):340-1. View abstract.

McEvoy AW, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG. Intracerebral haemorrhage in young adults: the emerging importance of drug misuse. BMJ 2000;320:1322-4. View abstract.

Mendelson J, Tolliver B, Delucchi K, Berger P. Capsaicin increases the lethality of cocaine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;65:(abstract PII-27).

Potter SM, Zelazo PR, Stack DM, Papageorgiou AN. Adverse effects of fetal cocaine exposure on neonatal auditory information processing. Pediatrics 2000;105:E40.. View abstract.

Roldan CA, Aliabadi D, Crawford MH. Prevalence of heart disease in asymptomatic chronic cocaine users. Cardiology 2001;95:25-30.. View abstract.

Rome LA, Lippmann ML, Dalsey WC, et al. Prevalence of cocaine use and its impact on asthma exacerbation in an urban population. Chest 2000;117:1324-9. View abstract.

Sauvain M, Rerat C, Moretti C, et al. A study of the chemical composition of Erythroxylum coca var. coca leaves collected in two ecological regions of Bolivia. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;56:179-91.. View abstract.

Spielvogel H, Rodriguez A, Sempore B, et al. Body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular adjustments during submaximal exercise: influence of chewing coca leaves. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;75(5):400-6. View abstract.

Turner M, McCrory P, Johnston A. Time for tea, anyone? Br J Sports Med 2005;39(10):e37. View abstract.

Vitzthum VJ, von Dornum M, Ellison PT. Brief communication: effect of coca-leaf chewing on salivary progesterone assays. Am J Phys Anthropol 1993;92(4):539-44. View abstract.

7 Amazing Benefits of Coca Tea

Coca tea has a number of potential health benefits, which may include relieving constipation, aid in weight loss, stimulating the immune system, increasing energy, preventing altitude sickness, boosting attention, protecting the heart, and regulating diabetes.

There are also some side effects of this tea, especially when it is consumed in excess, and these include migraines, irritability, elevated heart rate, and high blood pressure. There are also certain groups of people who should never consume coca, due to the presence of cocaine, one of the active ingredients in coca tea.

What is Coca Tea?

A cup of freshly brewed coca leaves tea Photo Credit: Shutterstock

Coca tea has been heavily used by indigenous people in South America for thousands of years and is made by steeping the fresh leaves of the coca plant in boiling water. This allows the powerful phytonutrients, as well as trace amounts of active ingredients like cocaine, to infuse into the water. In many parts of South America, this tea is known as mate de coca, and the greenish-yellow color is reminiscent of green tea. Since the alkaloids found in coca tea are the base of cocaine, a powerful drug that is illegal in many countries, it is not always easy to access coca tea, unless it has been decocainized. The many benefits of coca tea are mainly the result of phytonutrients, as well as vitamin C, vitamin E, and B-family vitamins. ^[1]

Benefits of Coca Tea

Coca tea should be used by people who experience altitude sickness, indigestion, fatigue, hyperactivity, frequent colds and infections, obesity, constipation, indigestion, diabetes and those with high cholesterol.

May Boost Your Energy

Thanks to the stimulant properties of this powerful tea, it can give an excellent energy boost at any time of day. This can help people overcome fatigue, particularly if they suffer from sleep disorders, and if you space out cups throughout the day, it can significantly elevate your performance and behavior. ^[2]

May Aid in Weight Loss

There is a slight appetite-suppressing quality to this tea, which is good news for people who are trying to lose weight. Furthermore, the B-family vitamins found in coca tea can help stimulate the metabolism, which increases passive fat-burning, so you will be less tempted to overeat, and also burn more calories throughout the day! ^[3]

May Improve Gastrointestinal Health

Coca tea is well known to soothe the stomach, and many people simply chew on the leaves to settle indigestion and relieve cramping or bloating. However, the same effects can be achieved by drinking this tea. More specifically, this tea can help prevent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea when consumed regularly. ^[4]

May Aid in Managing Diabetes

The collection of nutrients in coca tea, such as vitamin A, iron, and calcium, are known to be excellent for regulating blood sugar levels, helping to prevent this condition in those who regularly drink the tea. However, one of the side effects of coca tea is also complications involved in diabetic patients, so before adding coca tea to your health regimen, speak to your doctor. ^[5]

May Help Improve Immune System

Some of the vitamins found in coca tea are able to give the immune system a much-needed boost. Vitamin C alone can stimulate the production of white blood cells and act as an antioxidant to counter the negative effects of free radicals and prevent infections throughout the body.

May Soothe Altitude Sickness

One of the classic uses of coca tea is to counter the symptoms of altitude sickness. In the Andes mountains, where a great deal of coca tea is consumed, being high in the mountains is a part of life. However, nausea, vomiting, and lightheadedness are common symptoms of living in the clouds. Coca tea can help soothe those symptoms and normalize the body to high altitudes. ^[6]

May Help Alleviate Drug Addiction

In recent decades, coca tea has been used to alleviate symptoms of addiction. By giving the body small amounts of cocaine, it can help to wean the body off the substance and is praised as an effective means of breaking cocaine addiction in many different people. Again, due to the illegality of both cocaine and coca leaves in many nations, this particular health benefit is understandably complicated. ^[7]

How to Make Coca Tea?

You can make your own coca tea if coca leaves are legal in your country and easily accessible. Most preparations call for using whole leaves, as plenty of the active ingredients will infuse the tea without crushing or cutting the leaves. Due to the stimulant and potentially addicting qualities of coca tea, 1-2 cups per day is the recommended limit. Although people in South America often drink this tea throughout the day, this can result in a number of negative side effects. In most parts of the world where coca leaves are legal, you will need to buy dried coca leaves, but fresh leaves are always best for a powerful brew.

• 1 tsp coca leaves (2 teaspoons for a stronger tea)
• 1 cup of water (filtered)
• 1 tsp of organic honey (if desired)

• To make coca tea, bring a cup of water to a boil, and then reduce the heat and allow it to simmer.

• Add the coca leaves to the hot water (target temperature – 195 degrees F).

• Allow the mixture to brew for 4-5 minutes; the longer it steeps, the stronger the tea.

• Strain the mixture into a cup, separating out the leaves.  Add honey, if desired, and enjoy the soothing infusion!

There will be some sediment at the bottom of the cup; for the full effect of this tea, drink it all the way to the bottom! Coca tea is rich in natural alkaloids and it would be best if you could consume it on an empty stomach, between meals or before and after a light meal. Avoid boiling it as that would affect its alkaloid content and eventually the flavor of the tea. Additionally, do not add milk to this tea and avoid consuming it with other milk products like cheese or yogurt.

Side Effects of Coca Tea

There are a number of serious side effects to coca tea, including many effects from the stimulant compounds in these leaves. People with certain health conditions should also avoid using this tea.

• Irritability – When this stimulant tea is drunk in excess, it can result in irritability and excitability, primarily due to the concentration of cocaine, which is a very powerful stimulant drug. However, when taken in moderation, this tea does little more than a strong cup of coffee. ^[10]
• Headaches – Similar to a caffeine crash, the powerful stimulant properties in coca tea can result in a headache shortly after consuming the tea, or once the effects begin to wear off. Again, this is seen more often when the tea is consumed in excess (e.g., more than 2-3 cups per day).
• Heart Health – Occasionally, people have reported irregular heartbeats and palpitations when drinking coca tea, as the stimulant compounds can put a strain on the cardiovascular system. People with high blood pressure or heart disease should not use this tea.
• Pregnancy – Under no circumstances should this tea be consumed while pregnant, as it is directly linked with the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Furthermore, it has also been linked to miscarriages in South American populations. Breastfeeding mothers should also not drink coca tea, as the volatile compounds can be passed to infants, which can be very dangerous.
•  Addiction – If you drink coca tea in large amounts, it is possible to become “addicted” to it. While a chemical process is required to extract cocaine in high concentrations from the same leaves, drinking this tea every day can result in minor withdrawal symptoms after you stop using the drug.

What Are the Benefits of Coca Tea?

Dried Coca leaves, and a cup of mate tea.

Coca tea, also known as mate de coca, is a type of herbal tea that is made using the dry, raw leaves of the coca plant soaked in hot water so that the phytonutrients are extracted from the leaf. The coca plant is native to South America, particularly the Andes mountain range. The potential benefits of coca tea may include weight loss and energy production, and it has been used to boost immunity and to ease indigestion and altitude sickness.

Weight Loss

Coca tea contains alkaloids that may help promote weight loss. Certain alkaloids, such as the ones found in coca plants, may increase lipolysis, or the mobilization and breakdown of fatty acids for energy in your body, according to Louise Tenney, author of “Today’s Herbal Health.” Mobilizing fat stores from adipose tissue, or fat cells, to your muscles for energy boosts your metabolism and preserves muscle glycogen, increasing your body’s natural fat-burning capability. When consumed on a regular basis, coca tea may promote the reduction of body fat with few side effects.

Energy

The leaves of the coca plant contain compounds that provide a stimulatory effect on your body, similar to caffeine, that can boost energy and mental focus, notes Tenney. Coca tea contains a compound called inulin, a type of naturally occurring polysaccharide produced in some plants that provides a stimulatory effect. The stimulatory effect of coca tea is similar to coffee, but it works through different cellular mechanisms due to the lack of caffeine in the leaves of the coca plant.

Immune System

Coca tea contains high concentrations of vitamins that may have antioxidant properties. Vitamins A, B-2, B-6, C and E are all present in coca leaves, which may all help to boost the function of your immune system, increasing your body’s ability to destroy potentially toxic compounds in your bloodstream. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the antioxidant properties of vitamins C and E may help reduce the risk of developing several types of cardiovascular disease.

Digestion and Altitude Sickness

According to “The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements, and Herbs,” coca tea has been used in South America for centuries to reduce gastrointestinal distress associated with indigestion and altitude sickness. Drinking coca tea and chewing on coca leaves may alleviate symptoms of altitude sickness, including nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea and vomiting. This effect may be due to the presence of various alkaloids as well as several B vitamins, which may help improve blood flow and oxygen uptake at high altitudes.

6 Potential Health Benefits Of Coca Leaf Tea

Coca tea (mate de coca) has been used by the indigenous people of South America for centuries. The tea is said to possess compounds, such as inulin, phytonutrients, and alkaloids, that offer several health benefits. The tea is also rich in vitamins A, C, E, B2, and B6 and has antioxidant properties.

Coca tea intake may help promote weight loss, boost energy, improve immune health, and alleviate altitude sickness. In this article, we will discuss the benefits, preparation, and side effects of coca tea. Read on.

What Are The Health Benefits Of Coca Leaf Tea?

1. May Promote Weight Loss

Mice studies state that coca tea may have a beneficial effect on weight loss (1). Alkaloids found in the tea may have the ability to promote weight loss. These compounds may play a role in increasing lipolysis (breakdown of fatty acids in the body for energy).

The intake of coca tea suppresses appetite (2). This also may contribute to weight loss. Anecdotal evidence suggests that drinking the tea regularly may increase the body’s natural ability to burn fat.

2. May Boost Energy

Some theories suggest that individuals often use coca tea for its purported stimulant properties (3). The leaves contain carbohydrates, calories, minerals, and vitamins that offer energy to the user (3). This tea’s stimulatory effect is similar to coffee. But coca leaves lack caffeine – their tea could be ideal for those intolerant to caffeine.

3. May Boost The Immune System

Coca tea leaves contain various minerals and vitamins (3). These may play a role in boosting your immune system. Though direct research is lacking, the rich nutrients in the tea may help in this regard.

4. May Alleviate Altitude Sickness

Coca tea has been used to relieve the various symptoms of altitude sickness for centuries. A study conducted by the SUNY Upstate Medical University found that consumption of coca leaf products may decrease high altitude sickness (4).

Another study conducted on 136 travelers found that the intake of coca tea reduces altitude sickness (2). Coca tea may help in improving the oxygen uptake and blood flow at high altitudes.

5. May Reduce Diabetes Risk

Coca leaves have a therapeutic potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (5). They contain nutrients, such as vitamin A, calcium, iron, and riboflavin, that help in regulating blood glucose levels in your body (6). This, in turn, enhances metabolism and may lower the risk of diabetes.

6. May Relieve Indigestion

The presence of alkaloids and vitamins in coca tea make it an effective remedy for indigestion. It has been used to treat stomach pain, nausea, bloating, and vomiting for centuries (7). It is commonly used in South America as an effective natural treatment for many problems that are associated with indigestion.

If you want to learn how to make coca tea, we’ve got you covered. In the following section, we have discussed the recipe.

How To Make Coca Leaf Tea

Ingredients

• 1 cup of water
• 1 teaspoon of coca leaves
• 1 teaspoon of honey (or sugar)

Procedure

1. Bring a cup of water to a boil. Reduce heat and allow it to simmer.
2. Add coca leaves to the hot water (195^o F).
3. Allow the mixture to brew for 4-5 minutes; the longer it steeps, the stronger the tea.
4. Strain the mixture into a cup, separating the leaves.
5. Add honey or sugar if desired.

Coca tea could be simple to make. It contains no caffeine, which could be an added benefit to those sensitive to caffeine. However, the tea may also have certain side effects.

Side Effects of Coca Leaf Tea

Decocainized coca tea, or the tea made of leaves without the cocaine, is safe for most people when taken in normal amounts (8). Excess consumption of coca tea may lead to irritability, headaches, and some issues during pregnancy.

Excess consumption of this stimulant beverage can result in irritability due to the concentration of cocaine, which is a very powerful stimulant drug (9). However, when taken in moderation, coca tea does little more than a strong cup of coffee.

The little cocaine in coca tea may strain the cardiovascular system (10). Hence, patients with heart disease should avoid coca tea.

• May Cause Problems During Pregnancy

Cocaine present in coca leaves may cause preterm birth, low birth weight,  and certain birth defects (11). Hence, pregnant women should avoid the intake of coca tea. It may also cause Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) (12). Breastfeeding mothers should also stay away from coca tea as it may have adverse effects on infants.

Coca is nature’s addictive plant (13). If you consume coca tea in excess, it is possible you may get addicted. While a chemical process is required to extract cocaine in high concentrations from the same leaves, drinking this tea every day may result in addiction.

The cocaine present in coca leaves, even in trace amounts, may make asthma worse (14). People who have asthma should avoid the consumption of coca tea.

Conclusion

Coca tea is rich in several vitamins, minerals, and certain alkaloids that offer benefits. The antioxidant properties of nutrients available in coca tea may help in treating certain ailments excess body weight, altitude sickness, diabetes, and constipation.

However, excess consumption of this herbal tea may cause some adverse effects, like irritability, miscarriage, and heart issues. Hence, it is important to keep these in mind before deciding to consume this beverage and consult a doctor in case of any emergencies.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much coca tea can I drink?

You can have 3 to 4 cups of coca tea per day.

How long does coca tea stay in your urine?

Ccoca tea with detectable concentrations of cocaine metabolites can stay in your urine for at least 20 hours (8).

Sources

Articles on StyleCraze are backed by verified information from peer-reviewed and academic research papers, reputed organizations, research institutions, and medical associations to ensure accuracy and relevance. Check out our editorial policy for further details.

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• Bauer, Irmgard. “Travel medicine, coca and cocaine: demystifying and rehabilitating Erythroxylum – a comprehensive review.” Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines vol. 5 20. 26 Nov. 2019.
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• Biondich, Amy Sue, and Jeremy David Joslin. “Coca: The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition.” Emergency medicine international vol. 2016 (2016): 4048764.
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• Biondich AS, Joslin JD. Coca: High Altitude Remedy of the Ancient Incas. Wilderness Environ Med. 2015;26(4):567–571.
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• Altiındağ, Ebru, and Betul Baykan. “Discover the world’s research.” Turk J Neurol 23 (2017): 88-89.
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• Penny, Mary E., et al. “Can coca leaves contribute to improving the nutritional status of the Andean population?.” Food and nutrition bulletin 30.3 (2009): 205-216.
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• Jenkins, A J et al. “Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea.” Forensic science international vol. 77,3 (1996): 179-89.
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• Taba, Pille, Andrew John Lees, and Katrin Sikk. The Neuropsychiatric Complications of Stimulant Abuse. Academic Press, 2015.
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• Aoki, Yasuhiro. “Sudden infant death syndrome in infants of cocaine using mothers.” Journal of clinical forensic medicine 1.2 (1994): 87-91.
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• Rome LA, Lippmann ML, Dalsey WC, Taggart P, Pomerantz S. Prevalence of cocaine use and its impact on asthma exacerbation in an urban population. Chest. 2000;117(5):1324–1329.
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The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition

Coca leaf products are an integral part of the lives of the Andean peoples from both a cultural and traditional medicine perspective. Coca is also the whole plant from which cocaine is derived. Coca products are thought to be a panacea for health troubles in regions of South America. This review will examine the toxicology of whole coca and will also look at medicinal applications of this plant, past, present, and future.

1. Introduction

Coca is an indigenous plant of South America with numerous alkaloid components, the most well-known one of which is the psychoactive component, cocaine. Its leaves have been a staple in the Andean lifestyle for thousands of years. Strong interest in coca use has existed in the anthropological world for decades. Areas of study have not only attempted to understand traditional use during the Incan empire and coca’s role in folk medicine, but also focused on factors that influence the ability of this native tradition to continue in the face of increasingly strict regulations of coca production. Efforts have been made to understand the long-term Andean use of coca, with subsequent research examining the scientific basis behind local beliefs. This review will examine the history of coca production, its toxicity profile, and its varied uses throughout the centuries. It is important to note that although coca continues to be valuable to native Andean people for religious and cultural reasons, travelers to these regions need to be aware that there is a paucity of medical data supporting the safe use of coca. The astute toxicologist should maintain an understanding of the cultural pressures experienced by contemporary travelers.

2. Coca Species

The Aymara people are an indigenous population of the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America. “Khoka” is an Aymara word that means “the tree.” This is the origin for our modern usage of “coca” [1]. The coca shrub is indigenous to South America, Mexico, Indonesia, and the West Indies. It is one of the oldest cultivated plants of South America [2]. Cultivated coca plants belong to two distinct species of the genus Erythroxylum (family Erythroxylaceae): Erythroxylum coca Lam. and Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron [3]. There are two varieties to be found within each of the cultivated species of coca. E. coca Lam. var. coca is also known as “Bolivian” or “Huanuco” coca. This is the best-known variety and continues to be widely cultivated throughout the Andean region for both legal uses and the illegal production of cocaine [2]. Other varieties are found in smaller areas and are mainly cultivated for coca chewing or other traditional uses by local peoples [4].

Cocaine is the principal alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of coca. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Dr. Albert Nieman from leaves of cultivated cocaine [5]. It is also the most studied and discussed alkaloid in the scientific literature. E. coca var. coca, the most widely cultivated variety, has been found to contain approximately 0.6% cocaine in its dried leaves [6]. However, there are a number of other biologically active alkaloids that have been studied. The four cultivated Erythroxylum varieties contain eighteen alkaloids, belonging to the tropanes, pyrrolidines, and pyridines [2].

An extensive review by Novák et al. details the previously studied biological activity of several of the alkaloids found in coca. Compounds reviewed include cinnamoylcocaine, benzoylecgonine, methylecgonine, pseudotropine, benzoyltropine, tropacocaine, α– and β-truxilline, hygrine, and cuscohygrine. All compounds were found to be considerably less toxic than cocaine with a lack of the euphoric effects that cocaine is known to have. The reader is referred to the articles by Jenkins et al. and Rivier for identification and quantitation of the alkaloids found in whole coca [7, 8]. However, in agreement with Novák et al. conclusion, the overall effect gained from using whole coca products may be in fact from the sum total of all plant constituents, rather than just cocaine alone. In addition, coca leaves include calories, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins which could also lend a source of energy and nutrients to its user.

3. Toxicity and Other Medical Concerns

The bulk of toxicology research is based on the pure isolate, cocaine, from coca leaves; therefore the extrapolation to the toxicity of whole coca is somewhat limited. However, of the studied biologically active alkaloids in coca, cocaine is the limiting factor in reaching a toxic dose. The physiologic effects of other alkaloids are considerably less than that of cocaine [2]. A toxicity study performed on rats found that the alkaloids benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester did not produce toxic manifestations when infused at rates that were found to be toxic for cocaine [9]. In fact, 30- and 60-fold higher doses of these alkaloids were necessary to produce any neurobehavioral changes, which ultimately proved to be mild. Benzoylecgonine did not prove to be lethal even when given in doses greater than 100 times that of cocaine [9].

In comparison to modern usage of cocaine isolates, the amount of the drug used by native peoples was and remains quite low with an estimated 60 grams of coca leaf chewed per day [1]. A coca leaf typically contains between 0.1 and 0.9% cocaine [10]. Another study that examined over 3,000 coca users found that mine workers, typically the largest consumers of coca products, chew roughly 13 ounces (368.5 grams) per week which is a similar consumption rate to previously referenced studies [11]. This would mean that an average user would extract approximately 3.9 net grams of the alkaloids contained in coca per week. This would give a maximal total dosage of roughly 200–300 mg per a 24-hour period. The actual dosage is likely much less as the user will not absorb 100% of the alkaloid. The amount of cocaine to be found in coca tea products has also been assessed. Depending on the origin of the tea bags (Bolivia versus Peru), after exhaustive extraction, an average of 4.86–5.11 mg of cocaine was found per tea bag [8]. An investigation conducted in Bolivia found that after chewing 30 g of coca leaves, whole blood cocaine levels reach around 98 ng [12].

In contrast, there is a large difference in what an average cocaine user is exposed to in modern times. A “line” of cocaine bought on the street contains an estimated 20–50 mg of cocaine hydrochloride [13]. Modern users may administer cocaine through several routes: insufflation, intravenous injection, smoking, ingestion, or mucosal application. The half-life of cocaine is 0.7–1.5 hours [14, 15]. Cocaine is rapidly cleared from the plasma but can be detected in the brain, ocular fluid, and liver for 8 hours after initial usage [16]. Following single doses of cocaine, plasma concentrations typically average 200,000–400,000 ng or 4890 ng in whole blood [17, 18]. The whole blood concentration of cocaine is almost 50 times greater after using the pure isolate in comparison to chewing whole coca. Plasma half-life and blood concentrations are both known to be dose dependent.

The estimated minimum lethal dose of cocaine is 1.2 g [19]. However, there have been case studies where individuals have died from as little as 30 mg applied to mucous membranes, and there are also addicts who may tolerate up to 5 g daily [20, 21]. The LD50 of cocaine or the dose determined to be lethal in 50% of the test population has been found to be 95.1 mg/kg in mice. For whole coca, the LD50 is considered to be 3450 mg/kg [22]. In rats, the accepted LD100 is 100 mg/kg [22]. Extrapolating these numbers to humans is not entirely generalizable; however if this data is applied to the standard 70 kg human, it can be seen that these would be very large amounts of coca.

The pharmacology of cocaine is complex with several organ systems affected simultaneously by the drug. Systems affected by acute and chronic use of cocaine include psychological, neurological, renal, cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, obstetrical, and otolaryngological ones. As mentioned in the toxicology data, medical and physiologic effects in the literature concentrate on the pure isolate cocaine. As outlined above, coca is quite different from cocaine, including common dosages and safety profiles. Local use patterns of coca are also quite different from that of individuals using the purer isolate, cocaine. Because of this, it is thought that cocaine studies have limited generalizability to coca. It is interesting to note that coca tea ingestion has resulted in a positive urine assay for cocaine metabolite [23]. It is worth noting that there is no evidence in the literature to support habitual whole coca use causing addiction or withdrawal physiology in contrast to that of cocaine users.

Cocaine serum concentrations are determined by the following: (1) dose; (2) route of administration; (3) binding to plasma proteins; and (4) rate of metabolism [13]. Most pharmacologic effects of cocaine are neuroexcitatory in nature, with resultant agitation, combativeness, hyperactivity, and seizures [24]. Cocaine is sought out for its euphoric effects, but it can also cause agitation, anxiety, panic, and psychosis [25]. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke are known consequences of cocaine use [16]. Because of the potent vasoconstrictive effects on vascular smooth muscle, cocaine leads to widespread vascular dysfunction. This vasoconstriction and its anesthetic properties are the mechanisms behind the widespread effects of cocaine on multiorgan systems. In addition to vasoconstrictive effects, cocaine is also an inhibitor of tPA. This is the mechanism for accelerated atherosclerosis in users [16]. Cocaine also acts as a sodium channel blocker which can result in dysrhythmias [16]. Physiologic consequences of cocaine in a medical context are well described in the literature.

4. Historical Background

The antiquity of coca use is well established through archaeological studies in South and Central America. Analysis of mummified human remains from Northern Chile indicates the use of coca as early as 1000 BC [26]. These records establish that the use of coca has been ongoing for over 3,000 years in the native peoples of the Andes.

Under Incan rule, coca was used for numerous purposes, including ritual, social, and physiological uses [27]. In 1532, a Spanish expedition conquered the Inca. The Spanish conquerors then attempt to eradicate the use of coca in the native cultures [28]. However, after the elimination of coca proved unsuccessful, the Spanish then decided to exploit coca growth. Subsequently, coca use became more widespread throughout the former Incan empire, and the custom of giving agricultural workers a ration of coca leaves along with their daily wage began [28, 29]. Coca use continues to be a daily staple in the life of many Andean workers.

Interest in coca was prompted in the nineteenth century in Europe and the United States as discussed in an article by Dr. Weil [30]. Mantegazza spent years practicing medicine in Peru. Based on his experience with the local peoples, he became convinced of the widespread benefits of coca including reduction of fatigue, improvements to one’s mood, and even the increase of sexual vigor [31]. Editorials on coca made their way into the British Medical Journal [32], and even writings of Sigmund Freud reflected the belief that whole coca could be a psychological cure-all [33]. The interest in whole coca quickly diminished after the isolation of cocaine. The bulk of research has been conducted on the cocaine isolate rather than the fourteen other alkaloids known to be contained in the coca plant [34]. This has led to a paucity of scientific knowledge of whole coca along with any potential medicinal effects that it may have.

5. Use in Contemporary Medicine

The Euro-American enthusiasm for coca quickly cooled in the early twentieth century with the increasing concerns of the addictive properties and poor side effect profiles witnessed with the use of cocaine [29]. Coca importation has since been banned in the United States.

5.1. Gastrointestinal Symptom Treatment

The South American Indians continue to rely on coca as a medicinal remedy in addition to its general usages for stimulant and social purposes [35]. One of the more traditional roles that coca plays in Andean life is for the relief of gastrointestinal upset. Coca leaf tea is taken to combat stomach pain, intestinal spasm, nausea, indigestion, and even constipation and diarrhea [30]. It is essentially viewed as a comprehensive remedy that restores balance to the digestive system. Coca is masticated or held in the mouth for relief of painful oral sores and also to aid in the healing of oral lesions [30]. Similarly, this plant is used for toothaches as well.

5.2. Environmental Stress Treatment

One of the usages of coca that continues to intrigue the medical community is as a remedy for dealing with the stresses of life at high altitude [36]. Given the strong belief in the inherent energizing effects of coca, this could explain the benefit of using this leaf in the high stress environment of high altitude. Coca is also believed to possess properties that help the user withstand hypoxia, cold, and hunger. A series of experiments in the 1970s aimed to test the hypothesis of whether coca chewing was associated with the feeling of warmth. Hanna and Little found that hand and foot temperatures were lowered in Andean people who used coca [37, 38]. Although the thermal difference between control and experimental subjects was not great, this small difference could be advantageous in decreasing the amount of heat loss in extreme environments.

5.3. Hunger Treatment

Coca chewing is thought to decrease the feeling of hunger in Andean peoples. Further investigation of this phenomenon has discovered that coca has effects on glucose homeostasis. Chewing coca leaves has been found to elevate blood glucose above the fasting level [39]. This finding led Bolton to believe that coca has a fundamental metabolic function for those Indians with difficulties in glucose homeostasis. This finding of elevated glucose after coca chewing also lends scientific credibility to the native belief that coca staves off hunger pains [40].

5.4. Altitude Illness Treatment

As the drive to understand coca’s place in Andean culture increased, there was a flurry of work to pin down the mechanism in which the benefits of taking coca existed. Specific to the realm of high altitude medicine, coca chewers report less head pain and dizziness associated with working at high altitudes [41, 42]. Fuchs et al. used available ethnographic and physiologic data to propose a working hypothesis of how coca chewing was aiding individuals who lived and worked in high altitude settings [43]. Through collation of data, it was shown that the percentage of native peoples using coca increases with altitude. This generalization extends to other cultural groups and the female gender, which typically do not exhibit the high acceptance and use of coca as Quechua or other high altitude cultural groups.

Although previous work had shown that physiological adaptations to cold may be enhanced by coca use [37, 38], Fuchs et al. noted that the frequency of coca use does not necessarily correlate with climate. Mineworkers use coca extensively, and yet this is an environment not solely defined by frigid temperatures or high altitude [44]. An interesting new hypothesis was that coca’s beneficial properties may lie in the mitigation of effects of hypoxia. Polycythemia is a standard response to the sustained hypoxia of high altitude environments [45]. However, controversy now exists as to whether this beneficial physiologic change can become a maladaptation when taken to the extreme. A detrimental effect of polycythemia is increased blood viscosity, thought to be the mechanism in chronic mountain sickness. Ultimately, Fuchs et al. proposed that the alkaloids present in whole leaf coca pharmacologically inhibit the stimulation of excessive red blood cell production caused by hypoxia. The decreased polycythemic stress decreases the symptoms of mountain sickness and alters the mechanisms by which the body adjusts to the high altitude environment [43].

The belief in coca as an uplifting agent for those individuals working in a high altitude environment is not without its naysayers. Many have argued that it is merely a “spurious correlation” between coca chewing and high altitude [46]. Other theories propose that coca use is thought to be a function of how “Indian” a given society is or that it is used for its general stimulant properties rather than as a specific treatment for symptoms related to high altitude [46]. It remains to be seen if any consensus will be arrived at in the anthropological quest to integrate traditional patterns of coca consumption within a biological or physiological framework.

6. Conclusions

Anthropologists continue to examine patterns of coca use among natives to the Andean regions of South America in order to assist in the preservation of this ancient practice. Possession of coca is illegal in many countries due to one of its products, cocaine. International treatises have called for the destruction of all coca farming. Barring Bolivia and Peru, coca is now banned, even for indigenous use. Despite this ongoing controversy, some practitioners who span the cultural and medical divide have proposed the use of coca for contemporary ailments. Due to consumer demand for more natural forms of treatment, folk medicine may be considered in modern pharmacologic contexts. Possible uses could include gastrointestinal conditions, fast-acting antidepressant, treatment for acute mountain sickness, as an energizer for persons involved in physical labor, and symptomatic treatment of toothache and oral lesions [30]. Because the known toxicity and pharmacologic profiles almost exclusively pertain to the pure isolate of cocaine, and not whole coca, controlled trials would need to be undertaken prior to any recommendation for coca in a medical context.

Although most of the theories produced by these scientists are based on observational and not experimental data, merit is to be given for attempting to understand a custom that has been ongoing for thousands of years. The pursuit of continued research from a physiologic or medical perspective will add to the respect of cultural traditions by trying them to give them a venue in which to thrive in our modern world.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

90,000 Coca leaves benefit and harm. Coca bush

The coca plant is traditionally grown in the mountain villages of the Andes. The development of culture requires an optimal location, favorable climatic conditions and sufficient altitude. Several wild varieties are known in the Amazon. As an experiment and for other botanical purposes, the culture was grown in the last century in Ceylon, India and West Africa.

The coca plant prefers shaded areas.

For reproduction of coca seeds are sown from December to the end of January. Seedlings are carefully protected from direct sunlight. Fortified plants over 50 cm long dive into a prepared substrate. Coca leaves grown on dry soil are of particular value. The landing site should be on a hill. They prefer the slopes of valleys and hills.

The culture also responds well to the high humidity and humid climatic conditions of the tropical climate.One of the brightest representatives of the plant, the Amazonian coca is capable of producing more alkaloids in high humidity conditions.

Procurement and collection of coca

Plants of different age categories are selected to harvest the leaves. The optimal age for coca is two to fifty years old. After the aging of the shrub, the leaves lose their properties.

It is believed that only fresh plucked leaves are of particular value. Foliage with the first signs of drying is also chosen – after the characteristic twisting of the vegetative organs with a tube.

Freshly harvested coca leaves are of particular value.

Depending on the region and climatic conditions, the crop can be harvested two or three times a year. The first collection is held in mid-March. The harvesting is carried out after a long period of precipitation. Rains tend to weaken the concentration of alkaloids in foliage. The spring harvest is considered to be the most effective.

Leaves ripe at the end of June are suitable for further collection. In late October or early November, a potential third crop can be obtained under favorable conditions.

The semi-dried state of coca leaves provides natural exposure to direct sunlight. The collected green leaves are placed in a thin layer on a prepared wool or straw cloth. After sufficient drying, the leaves are packed in fabric bags. Store in rooms with adequate air circulation and low humidity levels.

The process of collecting coca can be seen in the plot:

Breeding experiments

In the 19th century, botanists declared that it was impossible to grow coca outside of its natural habitat.After attempts to adapt the plant in other latitudes, a significant decrease in alkaloids was proved.

Breeders later found that the reason for the failure was not related to low altitudes. A sharp drop in atmospheric pressure had a significant impact on the koku.

Crossed crops can be grown in various climatic conditions.

Botanists have successfully crossed mountain plant species with coca grown in the valleys. The cultivated crops were able to produce a crop with a high level of alkaloids.The resulting coca can be grown under ground pressure at low altitudes.

Dutch and British scientists have been looking for suitable sites for coca cultivation for a long time. The experiment involved new, previously untouched lands. In South America, the cultivation of a plant as a medical raw material subsequently became one of the most developing industries. The turnover of coca cultivation and the production of cocaine increased significantly each year.

In 1930, Japan took over the territory of the Dutch Empire.Until the end of World War II, the country was one of the three world producers of cocaine. In 1980, there was a massive sale of the drug cocaine from the category of stimulants in the United States. Despite the importance of using the substance in the manufacture of pharmacological preparations, the free cultivation of the plant was banned.

All crossed coca varieties are suitable for cultivation in most countries. The coca bush is highly resistant. The optimal temperature regime for growing crops is in the range from + 10 to + 30 degrees.

Difficulties in breeding coca

Freshly harvested seeds are used to propagate coca. The seed, even after a short storage period, loses its germination property. The ideal combination of beneficial properties for cultivation is found in vermiculite. The substrate promotes group seed germination.

A fresh crop of rudiments is used for growing coca.

Seeds are planted in holes about three centimeters deep. For seedlings, the humidity level is maintained in the range from + 55 to + 60%.For coca, diffuse lighting is created. Under favorable conditions, the first shoots hatch after 20 days.

Promotes the rapid development of good soil drainage. The plant responds well to additional feeding. For coca, special organic mixtures are also used.

The culture is highly resistant to various diseases and insects. The mealybug is especially dangerous for coca. A sharp change in temperature and air humidity can halt the growth of a culture.Excessive watering or dry substrate also affects the condition of the plant.

A young plant can be damaged by normal touch. It is not recommended to peel or trim sensitive coca.

For collecting seeds, grown specimens aged from three to five years are used. The plant resembles a tea bush in structure. The culture is distinguished by its increased exactingness. Even a slight frost can ruin the coca.

Products made from the coca plant.

Despite technological progress, plant care continues to be hard, manual work. The crop is often planted illegally in areas protected from patrolling aircraft and the hot sun. For growing coca, darkened areas of tall stands are used.

The coca bush can grow to about three meters in height. Young seedlings are weeded regularly. Taking into account the peculiarities of care, specialists are hired for cultivation – small farmers.

Tradition or Cover?

Connoisseurs of the coca plant argue that coca leaves are not related to narcotic substances.The vegetative organs of the bush were used for chewing by the ancient Indians.

The foliage contains the alkaloid cocaine. The component is able to reduce fatigue, add vigor and a little intoxication. The plant also relieves hunger.

Coca leaf tea.

Even a slight excess of the drug dosage can cause death. For poisoning with coca leaves, you need to eat more than one kilogram of green mass.

During the Inca Empire, coca was given to soldiers during difficult campaigns.The plant was also used by priests and nobles on holidays. For the general population, culture was an unaffordable luxury.

The Spanish government prohibited the use of coca by the indigenous population. The plant was massively used in pagan rituals. Enterprising Europeans actively cultivated coca for further export.

Koku was mixed with alcohol. The resulting mixture was used as an exclusive strong drink. Coca leaves were also used dried for smoking and added to food.

Modern Uses of Coca

The plant has special properties of local anesthesia. Culture molecules actively interact with the neurons of the central nervous system. Coca helps numb areas of the body.

Preparations help to cope with headaches, apathy and fear of heights. Coca-based drinks are used in combination with drugs in the treatment of malaria and asthma.

Leaf extract is a part of the famous Coca-Cola drink. The leaves are also prized for their tonic effect.The culture is added to elixirs, alcohol, cream and soap.

The coca bush is an interesting oval plant with small flowers that are arranged in small groups on short woody stems. The corolla of the flower includes five dainty white or yellow petals. In addition, there are heart-shaped anthers, and the gynoecium consists of three small leaf leaves. Heterostyle flowers, when ripe, turn into bright red berries. The alternate short-petiolized leaves are rather thin, they are always glabrous and have a solid edge.

For medicinal use, you should collect fresh shoots of the leaves of this shrub. If the leaves break easily when bent, then they are ripe. As a rule, the first bountiful harvest occurs in the month of March. The second harvest can be expected at the beginning of July, and the last third at the end of October. The collected casting plants must be laid out in a thin layer on a rough woolen cloth and thoroughly dried in the open sun. Then it is advisable to store them in a dark place that is protected from moisture.

This evergreen shrub grows up to five meters. The fruit of the coca bush is a common oval drupe. The length of a single-seeded fruit does not exceed 2 cm. Tropical America is considered the birthplace of the plant. Today it is widely cultivated in India, Africa, America and Java.

Useful properties of coca bush

The main active ingredients of coca bush are cocaine alkaloids. They are found in fresh leaves in an amount of approximately 0.2%.Other alkaloids are methylecgoin cinnamate, truxillin, benzylecgoin, tropacocaine, ecgoin, hydroxytropacocaine, dihydroxcogigrin, hygrin, and cuscogigrin. It should be noted that some non-psychoactive alkaloids are still used as the main additive to the famous Coca-Cola drink. In addition to alkaloids, the plant is very rich in all kinds of trace elements and vitamins.

It has been proven that with prolonged chewing, an ordinary leaf of a coca bush perfectly quenches thirst, suppresses hunger, relieves fatigue, as it is a natural stimulant.When applied topically, preparations based on this shrub paralyze the endings of the nerves, which causes a significant dulling of the senses of touch and pain. It is excellent at stimulating the central nervous system when absorbed into the bloodstream.

Coca bush is capable of causing a state of euphoria, due to its unique properties of suppressing sensitivity to any unpleasant sensations. It should be mentioned that with a sufficiently long-term use, addiction may appear, which quickly develops into cocaine dependence.

Coca bush use

For the use of coca bush, the main value is the effect of local anesthesia. The plant molecules easily interact with important neurons of the main peripheral nervous system, due to which the neurons are excited, and a certain part of the body is numb. However, cocaine affects the central nervous system in a slightly different way. It was this herb that became the first local anesthetic that made a huge leap forward in modern surgery.

Today, various derivatives of drugs from the coca bush are often used. But in operations on the face, it is cocaine that is used, since it perfectly narrows the blood vessels. Thanks to this, bleeding is significantly reduced and pain is reduced. Other synthetic anesthetic agents have absolutely nothing to do with cocaine alkaloids. In traditional medicinal use, the main properties are the stimulant qualities of the coca bush formulations.

These drugs are designed to reduce hunger and thirst, as well as relieve fatigue. Eating the leaves is effective in combating severe headaches, altitude phobia, migraines and apathy. Concentrated drinks made from fresh coca leaves help fight the side effects of asthma, malaria, and respiratory problems. To prevent serious digestive problems, it is recommended that you regularly take remedies from the leaves of the wonderful coca bush.

This herb will help improve overall health and also promote longevity.In the form of pain relievers, cocaine is prescribed not only to relieve headaches but is also effective in treating rheumatism and arthritis. During various surgical interventions or during childbirth, cocaine alkaloids constrict blood vessels. The plant has been proven to have excellent anti-hemorrhagic properties, stabilizing blood flow and stopping bleeding in a minimal amount of time.

Previously used coca bush seeds to quickly stop nosebleeds.

The miraculous cocaine extract of the leaves of the plant is used to prepare the famous Coca-Cola soft drink in the United States. Cocaine in this case is used to enhance the taste and as a tremendous tonic element. Moreover, bush leaves are often included in many tonic and energy drinks. In addition, the leaves of the plant are used in the production of elixirs, alcohol, as well as creams and soaps for gentle care of sensitive skin.

To prepare a tincture from a coca bush, you will need 10 grams of leaves and a bush per 100 ml of 70% alcohol. The product must be infused for at least 30 days, after which it is recommended to strain it carefully. The tincture can be taken diluted with water, 1-5 ml. It is indicated for pain relief and persistent vomiting. To obtain the extract from the plant, fresh leaves should be infused in 96% alcohol for about 20 days. The proportion of raw materials and alcohol is taken at the rate of 1: 1. After insisting, the extract is filtered and taken in no more than 2 ml diluted with a small amount of water.

Coca bush cultivation

For planting in the soil, you should take only fresh coca bush seeds. When dried and stored for a long time, the seeds lose their germination. The best substrate today is vermiculite. This ideal sprouting medium is the main factor behind the rapid emergence of sprouts. Seeds are planted to a depth of no more than three cm. The presented plant does not like high humidity. When replanting sprouts, the root system must be kept together with a lump of earth.

If all conditions are met, the first coca bush sprouts can appear in about three weeks. After the emergence of the very sprouts of the shrub, a special fluorescent device must be placed above them, since the plant requires a lot of light to grow quickly. Additional light sources never hurt. When the vermiculite is completely dry, watering the seeds is very important. Air humidity and drainage should be good. A dangerous fungus can appear due to high humidity.

For additional fertilization of the coca bush, you can use special organic mixtures.For watering plants, experts advise choosing melt or rainwater. The coca bush is very resistant to various mites and insects, but it is afraid of such malicious pests as mealy worms. It should be noted that old leaves on mature specimens should be removed regularly. Growth can be negatively affected by sudden changes in temperature or humidity, intense watering or drought.

Young coca bush is extremely sensitive, therefore it is not recommended to touch it often.When regenerating in the second year of life, do not be afraid if the plant begins to shed its leaves. The optimum plant age for seed production is considered to be from three to five years. Maintaining a constant temperature allows such an extraordinary plant to fully develop and grow.

Coca bush contraindications

The main contraindications to the use of coca bush are afebrile seizures in history, progressive diseases of the nervous system, various allergic reactions to yeast, as well as silt reactions and complications to the administration of vaccines.

Bolivian peasants who grow coca have delighted their customers with a new product for the New Year’s table: sweet New Year’s rolls using coca have gone on sale in this South American country. “Extra energy” is added to the usual ingredients for making buns, namely coca leaf fibers, which contain a number of alkaloids.

According to the Chilean edition of La Segunda, five thousand unusual bakery products have already been produced, and their further release is planned.

The price of one such New Year’s treat is about four dollars. Before the New Year, the sale of coca buns will only take place in the department of Cochabamba
, but in 2012 the sales geography will expand, and the rolls will be available throughout Bolivia.

Producers – Bolivia’s Coca Plant – claim that in its natural form, without being processed into cocaine, coca is not addictive, and the flour obtained from the leaf of the plant contains calcium, iron and numerous vitamins.

Now the company also produces trial batches of other products using coca – refreshing and energy drinks, caramel, liqueurs, pain relievers. “Our goal is to prove to everyone that coca can also be used for the production of useful products,” the factory representatives say.

Bolivia’s coca plant is a project initiated by the country’s president, Evo Morales, who strongly supports the development of the industry of growing coca for traditional consumption.The Bolivian authorities say that the coca leaves themselves are not a drug and are part of the Andean culture.

Morales himself is known for his firm stance on the need to legalize coca as a plant.

Morales, an Aymara Indian, grew coca in his youth. The Inal-Mama leaf (the ritual name by which the plant is known among the Aymara people) has been used by them for centuries to fight hunger, fatigue and altitude sickness. They also use it for ritual purposes and to treat malaria, ulcers and asthma.Later, Evo Morales became the general secretary of the Cocaleros Peasant Movement and did not leave this post even after his election as President of Bolivia.

Repeatedly at international meetings, he defiantly chewed coca leaves, including at the UN conference on drugs. Morales even organized a special celebration called National Coca Chewing Day. (L.T .: I see, this Evo is still fun!).

Evo Morales decided to refuse Bolivia from compliance with the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs due to the fact that, in accordance with the convention, since 1961, the coca leaf has been included in the list of narcotic substances and is considered prohibited.

Bolivia, which is one of the world leaders in coca production, along with Colombia and Peru, in the late 1980s passed a law limiting the land used for coca to 12 thousand hectares. In Bolivia, they are called “traditional coca plantations”.

Currently, the ruling party in Bolivia “Movement to Socialism” (Movimiento al Socialismo) proposes to expand the area of ​​legal coca plantations in this country almost doubled – from 12 thousand to 20 thousand hectares, according to the local newspaper Pagina Siete.

As a staunch supporter of the revival of the “traditional coca culture”, Evo Morales also advocates an active fight against drug trafficking.
In confirmation of this, he came up with a proposal to legislate the permission to shoot down planes carrying cocaine.
“We need a norm that would allow us to shoot down the planes of drug dealers in case they refuse to land, and we know for sure that there are drugs or substances on board for their production,” the head of state said.According to Morales, this norm should be adopted by the parliament.

________________________________________ ______________________________________

For general development:

Source: http://www.flowersweb.info/catalog/detail.php?PID=555&GID=65

Coca is an evergreen shrub that can grow up to 5 m in height. In 1859, Albert Niemann of the University of Göttingen first isolated the main alkaloid from coca, which he called cocaine.

Coca is the main raw material for the production of cocaine, but the peoples of the Andean countries do not consider its leaves in their natural form to be a drug. They have used the leaves for thousands of years in traditional medicine, as well as as a dietary supplement and in religious ceremonies. A number of products are made from coca leaves, including tea, flour, wine and beer.

The Andes traditionally carry a pouch called a chuspa or huallqui, which contains a day’s portion of coca leaves, along with a small amount of ilucta or lipta (Quechua llipt “a) powder, quicklime or quinoa ash.A small amount of the powder is chewed along with the coca leaves; this softens their astringent aroma and aids in alkaloid extraction. The names of the powder vary from country to country. In Peru, it is commonly called lipta (Quechua llipt “a) and lejia (Spanish lejia). Many of these substances have a salty flavor, but there are exceptions. In the La Paz region, Bolivia, a substance known as lejia dulce is used (sweet click), which is made from quinoa ash mixed with anise and sugarcane to form a soft black mass with a sweet taste and a pleasant licorice aroma.In some places, a baking soda called bico is used. bico.

The practice of chewing coca leaves was essential for survival in difficult mountain conditions. Coca leaves contain many nutrients, in addition to mood-altering alkaloids. Rich in protein and vitamins, coca bushes grow in places where other food sources are scarce. Coca has also been used to suppress drowsiness and headaches associated with low blood pressure in the mountains. Coca was so mundane and centered in the center of the worldview of the Andean peoples that distance was often measured in units called cocada (Spanish.cocada) or aku? li (Quechua akulli) and meant the number of mouthfuls of coca leaves that could be chewed from one point to another. Kokada has also been used to measure time, meaning the time it takes to chew on a mouthful of coca leaves before losing its flavor and effect.

Coca was considered a sacred plant and was used in the religious ceremonies of the Andean peoples, both in the pre-Inca era and in the Inca Empire. Throughout their religious ceremonies, the Indians used coca smoke as a sacrifice to the Sun.Coca is still used for religious purposes as huaca (quechua wak “a,” object of worship “) among the peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, northern Argentina and Chile. Coca leaves are also used for divination.

Currently, chewing leaves Coca is especially prevalent in the mountains of Bolivia, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is part of the national culture. Coca is a powerful symbol of local cultural and religious identity. Coca leaves are sold in bags at local markets and street stalls.

Coca tea (Spanish Mate de coca), made from coca leaves. The commercial production of tea from coca leaves has become widespread, such teas are freely sold in all shopping centers and in stores in the Andean countries. The consumption of coca tea is common in South American countries. Coca tea is also used for medicinal purposes, as well as for religious rituals by the peoples of the Andes. On the Inca Trail (the tourist road to Machu Picchu), guides and tourists drink coca tea to relieve altitude sickness.When officials visit La Paz, it is customary to treat guests to coca tea. According to news agencies, Princess Anne and Pope John Paul II also drank coca tea.

Coca is used for the manufacture of cosmetics and in the food industry. The Coca-Cola Company purchases 115 tonnes of coca leaves from Peru and 105 tonnes from Bolivia annually for use as a flavoring component of Coca-Cola. In the pharmaceutical industry, coca is used in the production of anesthetic drugs.

Everything is relative in our world. Therefore, none of the existing plants on earth can be called absolutely harmful. You will be surprised, but even the coca plant has its own beneficial properties. It is still used in medicine today. However, this does not mean at all that it can be consumed. After all, the cocaine contained in this plant is highly addictive and poses a serious danger to life. Today we will talk about the beneficial and harmful properties of this bush, and also tell you what to do if it is poisoned.

Medical use of the coca plant

Coca leaves are known all over the world for the cocaine alkaloid it contains. It is considered a potent narcotic substance that negatively affects the psyche and is highly addictive.

Don’t try to grow cocaine at home. This is a criminal offense for which you can get an impressive sentence.

Despite the huge list of negative properties, the coca bush has found its use in medicine.Let’s see what effect this plant has on the body.

Beneficial effects of coca on the body:

1. Despite the fact that coca leaves contain a lot of narcotic alkaloids, one of which is cocaine, this plant is rich in useful microelements and vitamins.
2. Previously, coca leaves were used in folk medicine for the preparation of various drugs for diseases.
3. Cocaine is still used as a local anesthetic for oral and eye surgery.
4. Plastic eye surgery is also rarely done without the use of a coca leaf pain reliever. This drug, in addition to anesthesia, is capable of vasoconstriction.
5. Coca leaves are a powerful energy drink. It improves performance and mood. It also reduces hunger and thirst.
6. Coca leaf extract is a part of some preparations for bronchial asthma.
7. Also, this remedy copes well with gastrointestinal ailments.

Coca leaves cannot be called unambiguously harmful.When used correctly, they can only bring benefit.

Addiction and cocaine bush

The ancient Incas lived from the earliest times the seeds and leaves of coca. This plant acted as a natural energetic and perfectly lifted the mood. This product is much milder than pure cocaine.

Despite the fact that the use of coca leaves is called chewing, in fact, this term is not entirely accurate. In fact, coca greens are placed in the oral cavity and there they soften and dissolve, due to this, alkaloids are slowly absorbed into the palate.

The cultivation of coca leaves has been practiced by African tribes for a very long time. There, this plant has not so much medical as religious significance. In addition, the tribes that consume it often experience nutritional deficiencies, and coca leaves help defeat hunger and thirst. In addition, chewing like this guarantees an energy boost and an uplifting mood.

Coca leaves for chewing in different ways:

1. The Indians chewed coca leaves mixed with lime.To do this, they took greens and cleaned it of the veins, then rolled it into a ball and placed it under the sky. Next, a stick dipped in lime was placed in the mouth.
2. Growing coca in the Andes is half the battle. You need to prepare a special catalyst for it. For this, the plants are fired in a special pot until they turn into a fine powder. It is moistened with corn beer, schnapps, or lemon juice and formed into pyramids, after which it is dried in the sun. When the mixture hardens, it breaks into pieces, which are chewed along with the coca leaves.
3. Coca leaves can be chewed with a variety of flavors. For example, fried pea leaves and marigolds are used in Peru.

The coca plant is very popular in African countries. It is rich in narcotic substances, so it can lift your mood and stimulate the efficiency of the brain. However, don’t think it’s helpful.

Dangerous effect on the organism of coca leaves

Coca leaves are used for medicinal purposes.They anesthetize the face and have a beneficial effect on brain activity. In addition, they cheer up and are a natural energetic. However, at the same time, they have a lot of side effects.

You know that Stephen King and Sigmund Freud used cocaine. However, soon they felt all the consequences of such a hobby, and “got off” this drug, which was not easy to do.

A plant like coca is very dangerous to health.Despite all of its medicinal properties, this tree has dire side effects.

Harmful properties of coca:

1. The main side effect of cocaine is rapidly addictive. In this case, psychological attachment arises faster than physical one.
2. Severe “breakdowns” appear only after a few doses of cocaine. However, they are present in a lighter form and with normal chewing of the leaves.
3. Over time, previous doses of cocaine do not have the desired effect.They have to be increased. In the case of coca leaves, they have to live constantly.
4. Sniffing cocaine destroys the nasal septum. First, bleeding wounds appear on it, then holes, and in the end, both nostrils are connected, due to the death of this very septum.
5. Soon, without the support of the coca leaves, the person begins to experience depression. Psychoses appear. Many commit suicide.
6. Heart attack and stroke are two other side effects of eating coca leaf products.These alkaloids have a negative effect on the condition of the heart, blood vessels and brain.
7. Cocaine overdose is often fatal. However, this effect is difficult to achieve with coca leaves.

Cocaine addiction is being treated. However, for this, a person needs to make a great effort on himself. After all, the main rule of curing coke addiction is to give up cocaine. Also, the patient can be prescribed drugs that relieve the intensity of the “waste” and a visit to a psychologist.

What to do in case of poisoning by leaves and seeds of coca

Coca grows in African countries. However, it is brought to us as well. In addition, there are “craftsmen” who grow this plant at home.

Unfortunately, there are not so few cocaine addicts. Such hobby often leads to overdoses, and as a result, death. Therefore, you need to know what to do in case of cocaine poisoning.

What to do in case of cocaine poisoning:

1. First of all, the stomach is washed with a 1% solution of carbolene.However, this method is only effective when chewing the leaves.
2. A few drops of nitroglycerin are also injected inside. Warming drinks are used.
3. Cardiac massage may be needed. This is in case of his stopping.
4. For severe psychosis, drugs used to treat schizophrenia are prescribed.

Of course, if you see that a person has an overdose of any drug, then you must immediately call an ambulance. Self-medication can only do harm.

For centuries, the indigenous peoples of the Andes in South America have consumed coca leaves, a plant containing vital nutrients and vitamins, numerous alkaloids, including cocaine alkaloids.Coca leaf consumption is especially common in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. The cultivation and consumption of coca in these countries is as much an integral part of the national culture as wine in France, beer in Germany, tequila in Mexico. This plant is an important symbol of the cultural and religious identity of the indigenous peoples of the Andes in South America.

The centuries-old tradition of consuming coca leaves has absolutely nothing to do with cocaine. The consumption of coca leaves suppresses the feeling of hunger, thirst, fatigue, induces a burst of energy, improves digestion and physical endurance.Coca bush leaves contain many vitamins and minerals, help relieve pain, serve as a natural food supplement, have important medicinal properties, such as fighting altitude sickness, and therefore are especially useful for people living high in the mountains. There is no better way to acclimate to the thin air of highland Bolivia than coca leaves.

How to chew coca leaves

Traditionally, coca leaves are either chewed or drunk as tea (mate de coca).The word “chew” is a popular term, but the leaves are not actually chewed the way a cow chews grass or a human chews gum. They are simply placed under the cheek and held for an hour. The petiole is first removed, because they are rigid in structure, they cause discomfort and can injure the mucous membrane.
Saliva begins to envelop the leaves, they significantly decrease in size and roll into a small lump, which is not chewed, but held by the cheek. But the alkaloids contained in the leaves are not absorbed in this form.To do this, it is necessary to add alkaline substances to the leaves, only then the alkaloids of cocaine will begin to activate and be absorbed into the blood through the mucous membrane of the mouth and stomach. The most common alkaline substance in La Paz is lejía dulce, made from quinoa ashes, mixed with anise and cane sugar. Use regular baking soda to keep things simple. Alkali softens the tart taste of leaves and activates alkaloids.

A few minutes after the addition of the alkaline agent, the numbing effect of the mucous membrane begins to be felt.This means that the cleaved alkaloids of cocaine began to enter the bloodstream through the buccal mucosa; part of the secreted juice is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract.

The maximum effect of chewing coca leaves lasts about 60 minutes, then the numbness in the mouth disappears, which means that the alkaloids contained in the leaves have already been absorbed. To resume the effect, you need to use a new batch of leaves.

Coca leaf tea

While coca leaf chewing is only common among the indigenous population, coca leaf tea (mate de coca) is common in all walks of life in Bolivia and other countries in the Andean region.Greenish yellow in color, it has a mild, slightly tart flavor similar to green tea. Coca leaves are sold packaged in tea bags at most grocery stores in Bolivia, and tourist service establishments also offer coca leaf teas. It is widely believed that drinking this tea is beneficial for health, mood and activity. Tea is often recommended for tourists to prevent altitude sickness, reduce fatigue and increase physical activity.However, the effect of drinking tea from coca leaves is significantly less than that of chewing.

Coca leaves – healthy product

The coca bush is a well-known plant in the world due to its content of the alkaloid cocaine. However, coca leaves are not cocaine, just as grapes are not wine. Chewing on coca leaves is the same “drug use” as eating poppy seed pies. The content of coca alkaloids in coca bush leaves is very low, somewhere between 0.25% and 0.77%.Therefore, the traditional chewing or tea drinking of coca leaves does not cause a state of excessive euphoria or high, that is, it does not cause a state of drug intoxication – what people feel after using cocaine.

A cup of tea made from one gram of coca leaves (typical contents of a tea bag) contains approximately 4.2 mg of coca alkaloids. By comparison, the dose of cocaine is 20 to 30 milligrams. Due to the presence of these alkaloids, coca leaves are a mild stimulant, and its consumption can be compared to the consumption of coffee or tea.Coca leaves do not pose a danger of addiction, and do not cause dangerous consequences of addiction. You will feel a slight increase in energy that lasts for an hour, that’s all.

Interesting facts

Bolivia is the third largest coca producer in the world after Colombia and Peru.

The cultivation and sale of coca leaves accounts for 2% of Bolivia’s GDP.

Useful articles about Bolivia

Interesting Places of Bolivia

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90,000 Scientists have explained the mechanism of action of cocaine on the nervous system

Cocaine doesn’t just increase dopamine levels in the brain, as previously thought.It disinhibits dopamine neurons by acting on them through other neurons – with gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Cocaine causes euphoria, increased energy, increased mental alertness and physical endurance, decreased need for sleep and food.

With prolonged use, cocaine provokes insomnia, tremors, depression, psychosis, stroke, angina pectoris, and gives rise to suicidal intentions.

The “positive” effect of the drug is due to the fact that it increases the concentration of dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter produced in the neurons of the brain that induces feelings of pleasure. It is an important part of the brain’s “reward system”, motivating it to carry out processes such as learning and remembering information.The level of dopamine rises during the positive, according to the person, experience: pleasant bodily sensations, delicious food, and also taking drugs.

Previously it was thought that cocaine blocks the dopamine reuptake mechanism, increasing its concentration in the synaptic space. As a result, increases synaptic plasticity – the main mechanism through which the phenomenon of memory and learning is realized.

This is the reason for the stimulating mental and physical activity of the effect of the drug.

However, the principle of the effect of cocaine on dopamine neurons remained unclear. The mechanism of its action was described by a group of scientists led by Christina Bocklisch from University of Geneva .The results of the researchers’ work can be found in the journal Science .

Scientists conducted a series of experiments on mice. For five days, the rodents received a dose of cocaine at the rate of 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. 24 hours after the last injection, the animals were euthanized and their brains were examined.

As the group of Christina Bocklish found out, the concentration of dopamine does increase after injections of cocaine, but the assumption that the drug affects dopamine neurons directly has not been confirmed.

However, the researchers realized another fact: cocaine affects neurons that secrete gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ), weakening their inhibitory effect on dopamine neurons.

GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.It plays a significant role in controlling fear and anxiety, reduces the effects of stress, has a calming effect on the brain, and improves concentration. Excessive amounts of GABA can cause excessive relaxation (to the point where the brain is unable to adequately respond to external stimuli). Lack, on the contrary, lead to neuroses, epilepsy, psychosis, depression.

Under the influence of cocaine, GABA loses its main function – the role of a “brake” for excitatory neurotransmitters, which include dopamine.As a result, the concentration of the latter increases.

According to the researchers, the discovery of Christina Bocklisch can help in the treatment of cocaine addiction and in alleviating the condition after drug withdrawal.

90,000 Coca leaves are a narcotic raw material. Harm and benefits of coca leaves

COCA LEAVES – MILLENNIUM RECIPES …

Debunking
delusions

Coca grows in the highlands of the Andes, in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador.It is an evergreen shrub with small whitish flowers and red drupes.
From one bush (whose height can reach five meters!) Per year, you can shoot
four harvests over several decades.

There are more than two hundred types of coca in the modern world. Now she’s growing
in Africa, India, Sri Lanka and Java.

People have been using the leaves of this shrub for several millennia. Chewed
pieces of coca were discovered by archaeologists near ancient Peruvian settlements,
built 2500 years before the new era, before the great
the cities of Rome and Athens… In Colombia found statues, whose age exceeds
3.5 thousand years. Their cheeks are swollen from chewing coca. On wonderful clay
dishes that served as a kind of writing for the Peruvian culture of Mochica
(200 BC – 600 AD) depicts the rituals performed by chewing
koku by priests, as well as the necessary supplies – a bag of leaves
coca, gourd bottles, lime sticks.

One of the oldest legends tells that coca was once
was a beautiful girl living in heaven.She was conquered by the gods for adultery,
turning into a bush.

It is no coincidence that the Incas idolized coca, respectfully calling it “mama-coca”.
The use of coca was considered a special privilege of the nobility, military leaders,
priests, mentors. It was received by warriors on campaigns and royal messengers who
carried stocks of coca in small pouches (chuspa) strapped to the belt.
Later chronicles tell about the incredible fact that the messengers,
chewing coca leaves could run 250 km per day! Coca drowned out the feeling
hunger and thirst, relieved fatigue for a while and did not let you freeze in the cold
mountain climate (especially at night).

The Incas had no special money and the cook served as one of the most expensive
equivalents. Coca has also been used as an effective pain reliever
(as used as anesthesia isolated from coca cocaine at the beginning of the 20th century
one of the founders of modern surgery, William Halstead). That’s why
the leaves were given to the leaders of the conquered tribes – as a sign of recognition of their loyalty.
It was one of the first known “cocaine business” …

Chewing
coca leaves were used in all important ceremonies – weddings, funerals,
dedications.There was even a special ceremony for divination on the leaves.
coca. The Incas believed that chewing coca promoted communication with the gods and acceptance
more correct decisions (and in this they were right). Coca “feeds the hungry,
gives freshness to those who have exhausted their strength, helps the unfortunate to forget their
grief … “. Chewing coca leaves can be called one of the oldest
chewing gum on the planet – after all, the predecessors of modern chewing gum
appeared only at the end of the 19th century ….

The Spaniards, who conquered the great empire of the Incas, also appreciated the coca – many
the conquistadors themselves began to chew it.Even the Catholic Church, at first
burning with indignation against “eating the devil’s mixture”, introduced,
like the Incas in their time, Coca has its own monopoly.

Working in mines and plantations, half-starved Indians constantly
chewed coca. Garcilaso de la Vega, baptized
a descendant of the Inca nobility – “Coca was and remains the main wealth
Peru … It is so highly valued by the Indians due to its many medicinal properties “…

In Europe and the USA until the middle of the 19th century, coca was treated as another
Indian fiction, “the next fairy tales of distant periphery.”AND
only when chemists and other scientists got down to business, it became clear that
the Indians were right.

Coca leaves have been scientifically proven to be anorexic
– suppress appetite. Chewing coca leaves (usually crushed
coca leaves mixed with lime) causes an uplift in mood, people
become more talkative and sociable.

At the same time – objectively – physical endurance and strength (especially
impressive results for running and swimming).Resistance increases
body and memory – koku is still used by students during sessions
and women before childbirth. To stay awake, they drink mate de coca, which gives the tired
new powers.

After studying the properties of coca in Europe, the cocaine boom began (cocaine itself
isolated chemically later) – chemist Angelo Mariani began to produce
wine, the main component of which was a tincture of cocaine leaves.
And then in 1886 the famous “Coca-Cola” appeared “on the basis of coca”.
Until 1901, “Coca-Cola” was officially considered a medicinal drink,
and it naturally included coca… Later the drink was dispensed
as cool (in order to pay less taxes), they removed all
a hint of banned cocaine, leaving coca leaf extract. So into secret
the composition of “Coca-Cola” still includes this tonic component …

Research
proved that chewing coca leaves does not lead to drug addiction,
and coca serves as a kind of tonic of plant origin,
much more harmless than many modern medicines.

Koku is still chewed not only in Latin America, but now on its
numerous new homelands. And recently in Peru they launched the production of “cocamelo”.
This bag of brown lollipops costs one dollar and is already on sale
in the USA.

“Kokamelo” will help you get rid of stress and cause more
than a smile “- this is how the leaf-based sweets are advertised
coca. They are considered absolutely harmless, and can replace for a man
– a cigarette, and for a woman (especially eager to lose weight!) – a piece of high-calorie
cake.All properties of “Cocamelo” are confirmed in laboratories.

So the knowledge, legends and traditions of the ancient Incas became reality on the 21st
century, helping people.

In the distant Andes, the Indians still grow coca bushes. They
have been their only source of food for centuries – after all, coca
one of the hardiest plants on the planet, much less whimsical,
than rice or potatoes …

1. Coca seeds should be planted in the soil as soon as they ripen, that is, they fall from the bush.If the coca seeds dry up, they immediately die, so there is no point in planting dried seeds in the ground. The only way to store them for growing later is to store the seeds in a moist (not wet) habitat, and always in a cool place. But such manipulations with coca seeds can be carried out only within 4 weeks after their ripening, since they can quickly deteriorate and rot (see preservation of coca bush seeds). In the case of storing coca seeds, you need to be prepared for their germination process.Therefore, it is necessary to carefully monitor the changes that occur to the seeds. This will help prevent decay or premature germination. Under no circumstances should seeds be stored in a dry place, even if the room is humid.

2. Vermiculite is the best substrate / medium for the germination of coca sprout. The necessary items for the germination of coca

Vermiculite

are small plastic pots, 5 cm in diameter, with holes in the bottom.Seeds should be planted no deeper than 2-3 cm. Germination pots should be suspended so that excess water does not accumulate at the bottom of the pot. The coca plant, regardless of whether it is a seedling or an adult plant, does not like excessive moisture. Sprouting coca seeds in small pots will help to cause minimal damage to the plant’s root system during transplantation. If the coca seeds were planted correctly, in the appropriate soil and adhering to the rules of caring for the plant, then the coca sprout will appear in 2-3 weeks.

3. Most people do not have large-scale growing areas coca bush
, especially for creating greenhouses. In fact, coca seeds germinate in any warm place, even if the indoor humidity is not ideal for the plant. The best place to place your coca seed pots is in a terrarium with a layer of coarse gravel on the bottom. To create additional moisture, the terrarium can be covered with a layer of glass, but in this case, it should be regularly ventilated.Any terrarium of this type will be functional, and will create a good environment for the germination of coca seeds. After the coca sprouts appear, a fluorescent fixture should be placed over the terrarium, with two 40W lamps. During this period of plant growth, the most important problem is etiolation (too little light for the plant). Therefore, the lamps placed above the terrarium will create additional light for the plant, and will ensure good and fast growth.

4. If the vermiculite is completely dry, water the coca seeds.Once a day is probably too often to water a coca plant, unless the indoor humidity is too low. However, if the drainage is good and there are many holes in the bottom of the pot, excess water will drain away without the plant suffering from excess moisture. If the coca plant has too much moisture, there is a real risk of fungal growth. Since the fungus is the main problem for the plant, in the case of too humid habitat.

Coca bush

Coca bush (lat.Erythroxylum coca), from the Quechua word “kuka” – a type of shrub plant from the cocaine family. Homeland – the northwest of South America, but the plant is now artificially cultivated also in Africa, India and on about. Java. Coca plays an essential role in the cultural traditions of the Andean population. In the last century, coca has become widely known as the raw material for the manufacture of cocaine, a drug from the class of stimulants.

The coca bush looks like a blackthorn. Plant height 2 × 3 m. The branches are straight, the leaves are thin, green, oval in shape, tapering at the tip.Coca flowers are small, arranged in small groups on short stems,
corolla composed of five yellow-white petals, heart-shaped anthers, pistil
consists of three carpels, united to form a tripartite chamber
ovary. The flowers ripen into red berries. There are 12 varieties of Erythroxylum coca. Two, E. coca var. and E. coca var. ipadu are almost indistinguishable; E. novogranatense var.novogranatense and E. novogranatense var. truxillense belong to the same species, but are morphologically distinguishable.

The pharmacologically active component of coca is the alkaloid cocaine, contained in an amount of ~ 0.2% in fresh leaves. In addition to cocaine, coca leaf contains many other alkaloids, including methylecgoine cinnamate, benzylecgoin, truxillin, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgoin, couscogigrin, dihydroxcogigrin, nicotine, and hygrin. Some of these non-psychoactive alkaloids are still used as a supplement to Coca-Cola. Coca is also rich in vitamins and minerals. When chewed, the coca leaf acts as a stimulant, suppressing hunger, thirst, and fatigue.Some anesthetics, such as novocaine, are derived from coca. The LD50 of dry coca leaves is 3450 mg / kg, however this figure is based on the cocaine content of 31.4 mg / kg.

The coca shrub is traditionally grown at the foot of the Andes or in the highlands, depending on the variety grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been used as a stimulant by the indigenous people of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. In the mountains, when the oxygen content is low, the consumption of coca helps to stay active.Coca also has religious and symbolic significance. In the United States, despite the legal manufacture and use of cocaine for medical purposes, unrestricted cultivation of coca has been prohibited since the 1980s due to mass distribution in the illegal market.

Good fresh dried leaf specimens are flattened, have a strong tea-like aroma, gradually grow numb when chewing, and taste pungent and pleasant. Old leaves acquire a specific smell, brown color and not pungent enough to taste.

Seeds are planted from December to January separately from young shoots in a place protected from the sun. At a height of 40-60 cm, the seedlings are transplanted into carefully weeded soil. Coca blooms best in hot, humid areas, in open areas; in the rainforest. The best leaves are grown in hilly, dry areas. Only fresh leaf shoots are harvested. Leaves ripe for assembly break when bent. The first and most plentiful harvest is in March, after the rainy season; the second – at the end of June, the third in October or November.The harvested leaves ((matu) are laid out in a thin layer on a coarse woolen cloth to dry in the sun. The dried leaves are stored in bags, protected from moisture.

In the Andes, local people have been using coca leaves for thousands of years. They traditionally carry a pouch called chuspa or huallqui, which contains a day’s serving of coca leaves, along with a little ilucta or lipta (Quechua llipt “a) powder, quicklime or quinoa ash. A small amount of the powder is chewed with the coca leaves; this is softens their astringent aroma and promotes alkaloid extraction.The names of the powder vary from country to country. In Peru, it is commonly called lipta (Quechua llipt “a) and lejia (Spanish lejia). Many of these substances have a salty flavor, but there are exceptions. In the La Paz region, Bolivia, a substance known as lejia dulce is used (sweet click), which is made from quinoa ash mixed with anise and sugarcane to form a soft black mass with a sweet taste and a pleasant licorice aroma.bico.

The practice of chewing coca leaves was essential for survival in difficult mountain conditions. Coca leaves contain many nutrients, in addition to mood-altering alkaloids. Rich in protein and vitamins, coca bushes grow in places where other food sources are scarce. Coca has also been used to suppress drowsiness and headaches associated with low blood pressure in the mountains. Coca was so mundane and centered in the center of the worldview of the Andean peoples that distance was often measured in units called cocada (Spanish.cocada) or aku? li (Quechua akulli) and meant the number of mouthfuls of coca leaves that could be chewed from one point to another. Kokada has also been used to measure time, meaning the time it takes to chew on a mouthful of coca leaves before losing its flavor and effect.

Coca bush (lat. Erythroxylum coca), from the word in the Quechua language “kuka” – a type of shrub plant from the cocaine family. Homeland – the northwest of South America, but the plant is now artificially cultivated also in Africa, India and on about.Java. Coca plays an essential role in the cultural traditions of the Andean population. In the last century, coca has become widely known as the raw material for the manufacture of cocaine, a drug from the class of stimulants.

The coca bush looks like a blackthorn. Plant height 2-3 m. The branches are straight, the leaves are thin, green, oval in shape, tapering at the tip.

Coca flowers are small, located in small groups on short stems, the corolla is composed of five yellow-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, the pistil consists of three carpels, united to form a tripartite ovarian chamber.The flowers ripen into red berries.

Pharmacology

The pharmacologically active component of coca is the alkaloid cocaine, contained in an amount of ~ 0.2% in fresh leaves. In addition to cocaine, coca leaf contains many other alkaloids, including methylecgoine cinnamate, benzylecgoin, truxillin, hydroxytropacocaine, tropacocaine, ecgoin, couscogigrin, dihydroxcogigrin, nicotine, and hygrin. Some of these non-psychoactive alkaloids are still used as a supplement to Coca-Cola. Coca is also rich in vitamins and minerals.When chewed, the coca leaf acts as a stimulant, suppressing hunger, thirst, and fatigue. Some anesthetics, such as novocaine, are derived from coca. The LD50 of dry coca leaves is 3450 mg / kg, however this figure is based on the cocaine content of 31.4 mg / kg.

Cultivation and use

The coca shrub is traditionally grown in the foothills of the Andes or in the highlands, depending on the variety grown. Since ancient times, its leaves have been used as a stimulant by the indigenous people of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.In the mountains, when the oxygen content is low, the consumption of coca helps to stay active. Coca also has religious and symbolic significance. In the United States, despite the legal manufacture and use of cocaine for medical purposes, unrestricted cultivation of coca has been prohibited since the 1980s due to mass distribution in the illegal market.

Good fresh dried leaf specimens are flattened, have a strong tea-like aroma, gradually grow numb when chewing, and taste pungent and pleasant.Old leaves acquire a specific smell, brown color and not pungent enough to taste.

Traditional Uses

In the Andes, indigenous peoples have used coca leaves for thousands of years. They traditionally carry a pouch called chuspa or huallqui, which contains a day’s serving of coca leaves, along with a little ilucta or lipta (Quechua llipt “a) powder, quicklime or quinoa ash. A small amount of the powder is chewed with the coca leaves; this is softens their astringent aroma and promotes alkaloid extraction.The names of the powder vary from country to country. In Peru, it is commonly called lipta (Quechua llipt “a) and lejía (Spanish lejía). Many of these substances have a salty flavor, but there are exceptions. In the La Paz region, Bolivia, a substance known as lejía dulce is used (sweet click), which is made from quinoa ash mixed with anise and sugarcane to form a soft black mass with a sweet taste and a pleasant licorice aroma.bico.

The practice of chewing coca leaves was essential for survival in difficult mountain conditions. Coca leaves contain many nutrients, in addition to mood-altering alkaloids. Rich in protein and vitamins, coca bushes grow in places where other food sources are scarce. Coca has also been used to suppress drowsiness and headaches associated with low blood pressure in the mountains. Coca was so mundane and centered in the center of the worldview of the Andean peoples that distance was often measured in units called cocada (Spanish.cocada) or sharks (Quechua akulli) and meant the number of mouthfuls of coca leaves that could be chewed from one point to another. Kokada has also been used to measure time, meaning the time it takes to chew on a mouthful of coca leaves before losing its flavor and effect.

Sacred use

Coca was considered a sacred plant and was used in the religious ceremonies of the Andean peoples, both in the pre-Inca era and in the Inca Empire. Throughout their religious ceremonies, the Indians used coca smoke as a sacrifice to the Sun.Coca is still used for religious purposes as huaca (quechua wak “a”) among the peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, northern Argentina and Chile. Coca leaves are also used for divination.

In Santa Marta, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, coca is consumed with a special device called poporo Poporo is a symbol of masculinity, but at the same time a sexual symbol of a woman.The device is shaped like a womb and a stick inside is a phallus.For a person, poporo is a talisman meaning “food”, “woman”, “memory” and “reflection”. It is important to emphasize that poporo is a symbol of masculinity. But this is the woman who gives men their masculinity. Women are prohibited from consuming coca until their son is ready to marry.

Names

Coca chewing is called mambear, chacchar (Quechua chaqchay) or acullicar (Quechua akulliy), or in Bolivia, picchar. The Spanish verb masticar is also used frequently, along with the slang “bolear”, a word derived from bola, which means “chewing a ball of coca on the cheek.”Nowadays, chewing coca leaves is a common occurrence in the Andean population. It is especially common in the mountains of Bolivia, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is part of the national culture. Coca serves as a powerful symbol of the local cultural and religious identity of the South American tribes. Coca leaves are sold in bags at local markets and street stalls.

Coca tea

Coca tea (Spanish Mate de coca), made from coca leaves. The commercial production of tea from coca leaves has become widespread, such teas are freely sold in all shopping centers and in stores in the Andean countries.The consumption of coca tea is common in South American countries. Coca tea is also used for medicinal purposes, as well as for religious rituals by the peoples of the Andes. On the Inca Trail (the tourist road to Machu Picchu), guides and tourists drink coca tea to relieve altitude sickness. When officials visit La Paz, it is customary to treat guests to coca tea. According to news agencies, Princess Anne and Pope John Paul II and Hugo Chavez also drank coca tea.

Description

Coca bush (Erythroxylum coca), or Coca refers to Shrub plants, genus – Erythroxylum, family – Erythroxyl.Coca is native to the tropical mountain forests of South America. Almost never occurs in the wild. Today, the coca bush is artificially cultivated on the island of Java, India, Africa, South America and Asia.

Coca is an evergreen shrub that reaches a height of 2 – 3 meters. The stems are reddish-brown in color, young ones are green. Leaves glabrous, alternate, thin, short-petiolate, entire, broadly elliptical, pointed. The length of the sheet is up to 9 centimeters. Usually light green in color. The flowers of the coca bush are small, variegated.They are located on short stems in small groups. Calyx with triangular dense lobes, five-part. The corolla consists of five white-yellow or whitish petals. Petals with a short marigold and an oblong limb. Ten stamens grow together at their bases into a tube. The pistil has an upper three-celled ovary. The bright red fruit is oval in shape. It is a single-seeded drupe measuring 2 centimeters.

The first traces of human use of coca were found during archaeological excavations on the Pacific coast of Peru.They date back to 3000 BC. Europeans met coca during the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus. The sailors received valuable dry leaves, which were tobacco or coca. Coca was used by the Indians to raise their spirits. The indigenous people of Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia wear a ball of coca leaves behind their cheeks in their mouths. It is said that this allows you to maintain activity in the mountains, where the oxygen content is low. Nowadays, the Andean population widely consumes coca leaves.In the mountains of Bolivia, the consumption and cultivation of coca is part of the national culture. The practice of chewing coca has helped people survive in the mountains. Coca leaves are rich in vitamins and uplifting with the alkaloids they contain. And today, coca is used in ritual ceremonies of the peoples of Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. It is widely used in the food industry and for the manufacture of cosmetics. For medical purposes, coca is used as an ingredient in the production of anesthetic drugs.The plant has become widely known as a raw material for the production of a drug – cocaine. Coca has long been one of the smuggled items. Coca leaves are now exported in the form of tea, as an additive for Coca-Cola and for the manufacture of medicines. In the 19th century, the use of cocaine was not considered something negative, it was sold in pharmacies and was available to a wide range of people. Many prominent personalities, including Sigmund Freud, Edith Piaf, Sarah Bernhardt, ruined their lives and health by addicted to cocaine.

Chemical composition

Coca bush contains the following pharmacologically active components: cocaine alkaloid, cinamyl cocaine, benzylekgoin, tropacocaine, truxillin, hygrin, methylecgoin cinnamate, ecgoin and hydroxytropacocaine, cuksgigrin. Coca is also rich in trace elements and vitamins.

Medicinal properties of coca

Cocaine is made from coca, which is used for local anesthesia in surgery, as well as in operations in the oral cavity, larynx, nose, cornea of ​​the eye and conjunctiva.In medicine, a solution of cocaine hydrochloride is used to anesthetize the dental pulp. Cocaine is capable of paralyzing nerve endings, dulling pain, feeling of cold and warmth. Once in the bloodstream, cocaine causes euphoria, acting as a stimulant on the central nervous system, and with repeated use it causes a strong addiction – cocainism.

When chewed, the coca leaf has a stimulating effect, suppressing fatigue, thirst and hunger.

Contraindications

Cocaine in coca is a highly addictive and potent drug.Cocaine causes tachycardia, increased blood pressure, shortness of breath, sweating, and dilated pupils. It causes euphoria, followed by a strong depression. In case of an overdose, depending on the dose, hallucinations, psychosis, poisoning of the body, brain destruction and even death are observed. It is illegal to take cocaine on your own.

Neuromolecules: cocaine: med_history – LiveJournal

The new text from the project “Neurotechnologies.RF” and the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences turned out to be relevant for our blog.Well, your humble servants – both authors of the blog – supplemented it.

Sherlock Holmes took a vial from the fireplace and took out a hypodermic syringe from a neat morocco case. With nervous long white fingers, he secured the needle in the syringe and wrapped the cuffs of his left sleeve. For a while, but not for long, he gazed thoughtfully at his muscular arm, riddled with countless points of past injections. Then he plunged the point and leaned back in the plush chair, sighed deeply and contentedly.

Arthur Conan Doyle “The Sign of Four”

An effective stimulant and bohemian drug, a symbol of the era of decadence and the curse of several generations. Few substances are known to mankind that can compare in their influence on the culture with cocaine. There is hardly another drug with such a long history.

Cocaine is an alkaloid of the plant Erythroxylum coca , better known as coca bush. Like tobacco, the coca bush comes from South America.In coca leaves, cocaine “works” as an insecticide, preventing pests from eating them. For thousands of years, coca leaves have been used by the Indians as a tonic. They became indispensable participants in ceremonies, religious rituals and even surgical operations. Bunches of coca leaves have been found on mummies 2,000 years old in Peru.

Erythroxylum coca

Having conquered the Inca empire, the Spaniards were the first Europeans to get acquainted with this ancient drug.The conquistadors did not share the Inca’s passion for coca, but, quickly realizing how much influence it had on people, they took full control of its production, generously supplying the “elixir” of the slave Indians in the silver mines.

The drug that conquered the world

The German chemist Friedrich Gedke was the first to isolate pure cocaine in 1855, calling the resulting white powder erythroxylin (by the way, Gedke’s work is available online). The substance “earned” its usual name only a few years later.In 1859, another German, Albert Niemann, a graduate student of the great Friedrich Wöhler, obtained cocaine from coca leaves and gave it its current name. Interesting fact: Niemann can be considered the father of two deadly substances at once. Experimenting with ethylene and sulfur dioxide, he obtained bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide. Quite simply, mustard gas is a chemical weapon.

Structural formula of cocaine

Upon contact with mucous membranes, cocaine caused persistent numbness, which surgeons quickly appreciated, starting to use it as a local anesthetic.And in 1863, after reading reports on experiments with chewing coca leaves, the enterprising French scientist Angelo Mariani ( Angelo Mariani ) organizes the production of wine with coca leaf extract. Mariani’s wine is gaining widespread popularity, receiving the most rave reviews, including from Queen Victoria. Pope Leo XIII did not stand aside either. A flask with cocaine wine becomes a constant companion of the pontiff, and his portrait adorns an advertisement for the drink.

In 1886, the provincial American pharmacist John Pemberton began selling a drink containing three parts of coca leaves and one part of caffeinated cola nuts for “nervous system disorders.”Very soon, his invention will become known to the world as Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola advertisement

An ardent supporter of cocaine was Sigmund Freud, a student of the great Jean-Martin Charcot. In 1884, the future father of psychoanalysis published a whole article in which he passionately argued the usefulness and absolute safety of the use of cocaine in medicine. Freud strongly recommended cocaine to all his patients and even his wife. Sincere confidence in the benefits of the drug turned into a long-term addiction for him.His article played an important role in the general spread of cocaine addiction among the intelligentsia and bohemians at the turn of the century. At the same time, Freud became one of the inspirers of the use of cocaine in ophthalmology as a local anesthetic.

Cocaine drops for children. On the market since 1885.

Awareness of the dangers of cocaine came only at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1906, cocaine was excluded from Coca-Cola, and in 1922 it was finally outlawed in the United States.

Dopamine addiction
What is the secret of the action of cocaine? The euphoria that occurs from the dose of the drug introduced into the body is associated with impaired dopamine metabolism in the brain. Dopamine is the most important mediator, a molecule-transmitter of information.

To transmit a nerve impulse, neurotransmitter molecules are released at the synapse – the place of contact between two nerve cells. One cell releases a mediator, while receptor proteins “sit” on the membrane of the second cell. Their function is to catch the transmitter and make the cell react to its appearance.As soon as the reaction has passed, the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft (between cells) is promptly cleaved or captured back into the cell. Otherwise, the signal transmission will be continuous. Once in the brain, cocaine blocks the dopamine transporter.

Formula of dopamine

Cocaine acts very insidiously: the reuptake of dopamine stops, and it accumulates in the synaptic cleft, again and again activating the receptors of the target cell. At the same time, it is important that dopamine works in the areas of the brain responsible for controlling behavioral activity and generating positive emotions.These areas, for example, include the substantia nigra of the midbrain – the main center for controlling physical activity, and the posterior hypothalamus, where the pleasure center is located.

Dopamine molecule

As a result, the consumer of white powder receives an unprecedented surge of strength and energy, while feeling absolute satisfaction with himself. But due to the blocking of reuptake, the dopamine reserves in the nerve ending are depleted, and its metabolism is disrupted. In addition, by adapting to changes in dopamine levels, the target cell changes the number of receptors on its surface.Now they cease to have enough of only that dopamine, which is produced by the brain without a cocaine dose. Normal positive feelings in the form of emotional uplift, passion and self-satisfaction become inaccessible to the cocaine addict. Similarly, but to a lesser extent, cocaine reduces the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine.

It is curious that the loud popularity of cocaine wine also has a scientific background. Under the influence of alcohol, cocaine is converted in the liver into ethyl cocaine, which degrades at half the rate of normal.

The local anesthetic effect of cocaine is associated with its effect on voltage-gated ion channels. By binding to them, cocaine blocks their functions, preventing the nerve impulse from passing through and causing loss of sensitivity at the site of application.

Out of the law
Despite the fact that in 1963 cocaine was included in the international list of prohibited substances by the UN decision, its “popularity” has practically not dried up. Contrary to all the efforts of the special services and the admonitions of doctors, this white powder, like a hundred years ago, remains the same object of passionate human desires and kills hundreds of thousands of people, and drug trafficking has amounted to more than three trillion dollars over the past dozen years.

Dmitry Lebedev, PhD student at the Laboratory of Ligand-Receptor Interactions, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences

Mate de Coca – cocaine tea

The Sevastopol trading network was flooded with smuggled cocaine tea , the main component of which was crushed coca leaf . Such a product was discovered during a joint operation by a special unit for combating corruption and organized crime of the local administration of the SBU, tax police and customs.Information that a variety of tea Delisse with cocaine leaf as the main component appeared on sale in Ukraine, came from the central laboratory of the State Customs Service. The smuggled origin of tea was not in doubt, because koka-list is included in the list of especially dangerous and prohibited drugs.

According to the head of the press center of the Sevastopol department of the SBU Yuri Kondratyev, information that a variety of Delisse tea with cocaine leaf as the main component has appeared on sale in Ukraine came from the central laboratory of the State Customs Service.The smuggled origin of tea was not in doubt, because koka-list is included in the list of especially dangerous and prohibited drugs.

Expertise has confirmed that the drink contains raw cocaine obtained by extracting the leaves of coca plants. In the course of further development, it was possible to establish a smuggling channel through which dangerous products entered the country, and the organizer of the criminal business. Cocaine tea was sold in bulk to Crimean retail outlets, exported for sale in the Nikolaev and Kherson regions.Currently, law enforcement agencies are taking measures to remove dangerous tea from the trading network. An investigation is underway.

Mate de coca, also called coca tea, is an herbal tea made by steeping the leaves of the coca tree. Tea is a traditional drink among the Andean peoples, especially popular in Peru.

Coca bush leaves contain more than a dozen alkaloids, including cocaine. The plant is famous for the fact that it is used as a raw material for its manufacture.As you know, in large doses, cocaine is a drug that is intoxicating, addictive and ultimately leads to death, and in small doses it is a medicine that tonifies and relieves pain. However, the amount of cocaine in the leaves is so small that it takes half a kilogram of leaves to produce 1 gram (this is a very significant amount).

The point is that after drinking a cup or two of mate de coca, you can not even hope to get drunk. But due to the presence of stimulating alkaloids in its composition, mate de coca is a tonic drink, something like coffee.The indigenous peoples of the Andes use coca tea for religious purposes and for medicinal purposes. It is known that coca tea can be useful, for example, for overcoming altitude sickness, so in the Andes, in the highlands, this drink is extremely useful. Coca tea is greenish-yellow in color, and tastes like our green tea, but only slightly sweeter and slightly tingling.

In many countries of South America, coca tea is freely available within the territory of the states; it is usually sold in tea bags, each of which contains about 1 gram of leaves.

Sometimes mate de coca can be found outside the South American continent, but the natural product is not exported. Just as there is decaffeinated coffee, there is also coca tea without cocaine. This is exactly what goes abroad – in order to avoid conflict with the law.

In the countries that are home to the coca bush, the drink retains all the chemical properties of the leaves. The tea meets all the requirements of state standards and is sold in all grocery stores.However, in connection with the emergence of the “Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs,” this issue is being discussed.

Coca and cocaine in a nutshell

Coca (coca, coca bush, coca leaves, coca folium, erythroxylon) – belongs to the cocaine family. The name comes from the Greek. erythros – red and xylon – wood, sosa – from the Peruvian name of the plant. It grows high in the Andes mountains in Peru and Bolivia. Currently cultivated in America, Africa, India and Java.There are over 200 different varieties.

Evergreen shrub 1-3 (sometimes 5) meters high. Leaves broadly elliptical or obovate, paired. Flowers in leaf axils, small yellowish-white, five-fold type. Red oblong fruits are drupe-like. Almost never occurs in the wild. The coca bush is an ancient culture of the Incas, who considered it a sacred plant. It is cultivated in the tropics of South America and Asia. The plantations are controlled by Interpol.One bush gives up to 5 kg of dry leaves per year.

The leaves have a strong tea-like aroma, the mouth gradually grows numb when chewed, the taste is pungent and pleasant. Old leaves acquire a specific smell, brown color and not pungent enough to taste. When chewed, the coca leaf acts as a stimulant, suppressing hunger, thirst, and fatigue. Besides chewing, the leaves are brewed like tea. It is cocaine mate de coca tea that is advised to drink to get used to the highlands, because the coca leaf itself contains a very small amount of this drug.Coca was part of the original Coca-Cola recipe.

In Central America, women and children collect coca leaves in ordinary bags; a whole family, having worked from dawn to dusk, each collects 25 kg of raw leaves. After drying in the sun, this weight is reduced to ten kilograms. Dried leaves are treated with an alkaline solution of lime or potash, as a result of which 14 alkaloids are released from the leaf. One of them is cocaine, the other alkaloids are ecgonine, hygrin, nicotine and cuscoiggrin.

The next day the leaf is soaked in vats with kerosene.When the alkaloids dissolve in kerosene, the already dead leaf is removed, and a solution of sulfuric acid is added to the vats. The acid combines with alkaloids to form several salts, one of which is cocaine sulfate. The kerosene is then pumped out and the alkaline solution is added again to neutralize the acid. Coca paste (basuco, bazooka) settles at the bottom of the vat: the cocaine content is from 40 to 90%. It is a whitish, off-white or beige, usually crude powder containing aggregates that break easily with light pressure.In addition to cocaine and other coca alkaloids, the paste contains substances added during extraction.

A thousand kilograms of fresh leaves makes only ten kilograms of pasta. Pasta makers usually send it to Colombians, who refine it further and convert it into pure cocaine base (crack). Moreover, from two and a half kilograms of pasta, one kilogram of this base is obtained. Cocaine base can be smoked, but not inhaled. To obtain a cocaine powder suitable for inhalation, the base is dissolved in ether with the addition of hydrochloric acid and acetone, then filtered, dried to obtain cocaine hydrochloride.It takes 17 liters of ether to produce one kilogram of cocaine. It is not pure cocaine itself that brings more harm to the body, but precisely those substances with which it is extracted from coca leaves.

Benefits of Mate de Coca or Coca tea

• Positive digestive and carminative action.
• Good antiseptic and analgesic agent. Effective for gastritis.
• Prevents diarrhea.
• Stimulates respiratory function to help relieve altitude syndrome (altitude sickness or miners).Prevents dizziness and vomiting.
• Well relieves hangover syndrome.
• Restores strength and vitality.
• Regulator of metabolism and carbohydrates.
• Diet product, under a diet of healthy food.
• Relieves fatigue of the vocal cords.
• Effective in diseases of the Movement System, helps in arthritis, rheumatism, etc.

Leaf tea Coca leaf tea (Mate de Coca), like tea bags in food filter paper, is a product that preserves all the properties of a coca leaf.Each sachet contains 1 gram of 100% selected, ground coca leaves.

Coca leaf tea has optimal genetic properties for the digestive process. It is a huge energy source and at the same time a dietary product, recommended for daily use.

Sources: Sevastopolskaya Gazeta , SBU Press Center , Google , Wikipedia .

Mate de coca – cocaine tea

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90,000 People began to chew coca leaves 8 thousand years ago

December 2, 2010

Photo caption,

45% of the world’s coca leaves are grown in Peru

Peruvians chewed the leaves of the coca bush eight thousand years ago, as scientists found out from Vanderbilt University in the USA.

During the excavation of ruins under houses in northwestern Peru, archaeologists have found traces of chewed coca, as well as stones containing calcium.

These stones are usually burned in a fire until lime is formed, which allows the maximum amount of the active chemical components of the coca to be released when chewed.

The results of the discovery of an international group of scientists were published in the journal Antiquity. Previously, it was believed that coca leaves were first chewed 5 thousand years ago.

The leaves of the coca bush contain chemical elements called alkaloids. Currently, the most famous of these is cocaine, which is obtained through a complex chemical process.

Other alkaloids in coca leaves can reduce hunger and thirst, aid digestion, and help stabilize well-being in the mountains where oxygen levels are low.

Historical tradition

Chewing coca leaves for medicinal purposes has been popular since the days of the Inca civilization.

Dr. Tom Dillehy, one of the study participants, said that the latest discovery confirmed that 8 thousand years ago, bush chewing in Peru was only available to the privileged class, and the ubiquity of coca is a fairly recent phenomenon.

“We came to the conclusion that not everyone could grow and use (leaves) as if it were in the order of things, but rather … it was only allowed for some people, and the community was engaged in production, and not an individual farm”, – said Dillehy.

In the past few years, international pressure has increased on Peru to ban the cultivation of coca bush in the high Andes Mountains due to its association with cocaine.

The production and sale of coca leaves is one of the main crops for South American farmers, and 45% of the world’s coca shrub is grown in Peru.

However, according to scientists, the coca bush plays a much more important role in Peruvian culture.

“Many people think that chewing coca leaves is a fairly recent historical tradition, which is not more than a thousand years old, but in the Andes it has very deep roots, both economic, social and religious,” said Dr. Dillehy.

🌿 PHYTIC: USE AND RECOMMENDATIONS … – Dewdrop network of pharmacies

✅ CLEANING VESSELS AND HEALING WOUNDS: USEFUL PROPERTIES OF PUMPKIN SEEDS

👨‍⚕️ Pumpkin seeds are a healthy, nutritious, nutritious and nutritious product rich in microelements. fatty oil and up to 28% protein!

> The seeds also contain valuable minerals and vitamins.

➡️ The product is a source of fiber and monounsaturated fatty acids that protect the cardiovascular system.

> It is rich in Omega-3 fatty acids.

> Pumpkin pulp and seeds are useful for the walls of blood vessels, increasing their elasticity.

> Alcohol tincture on seeds is used to clean the vessels.

> Vitamin D helps keep bones strong and assists in calcium absorption.

> Zinc has a beneficial effect on the condition of hair, nails and improves immunity.

Indicated for acne, seborrhea and dandruff – diseases caused by a lack of this trace element.

> Magnesium is essential for the functioning of the heart and nervous system, helps to normalize blood pressure.

👩‍⚕️ The benefits of pumpkin seeds are also that they accelerate wound healing and slow down the formation of bad cholesterol.

🤓 Only 100 g of the product will provide the human body with the daily value of iron and 17 percent of the daily value of selenium!

> The seeds contain the amino acid tryptophan, which is necessary for the production of the pleasure hormone serotonin.

> They can even relieve headaches!

The magnesium, zinc and phosphorus contained in them normalize the functioning of the brain and allow you to get rid of unpleasant sensations.

👨‍⚕️ For a long time, the product has been considered a good antihelminthic and diuretic!

And the usefulness of pumpkin seeds in this regard has been scientifically proven.

➡️ To get rid of helminths, as well as for prevention, it is enough just to eat dried pumpkin seeds.

🤓 How to use it correctly?

The product is best consumed on an empty stomach or a few hours after a meal.

☝️ If the seeds are not roasted, but only dried, then a greater amount of nutrients will be retained.

➡️ You can clean them just before use and eat like that, or you can crush and mix with honey, then you get a real delicacy.

☝️ The product is very nutritious!

A child is recommended to take 20-30 g at a time, an adult – up to 100 g.

❗️ Contraindications:

– Individual intolerance, allergy to the product.