What are the causes of high hematocrit levels. How is erythrocytosis diagnosed and treated. What are the symptoms of erythrocytosis and when should you seek medical attention. What are the different types of erythrocytosis and their underlying causes.

What is Erythrocytosis and Why Does It Matter?

Erythrocytosis, also known as polycythaemia, is a condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of red blood cells in the blood. This increase in red blood cells makes the blood thicker and less able to flow smoothly through blood vessels and organs. The sluggish blood flow resulting from erythrocytosis can lead to various symptoms and potential complications.

Understanding erythrocytosis is crucial because it can significantly impact a person’s health and quality of life. The condition can be either primary (originating in the bone marrow) or secondary (caused by an underlying condition), and proper diagnosis is essential for effective management.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Erythrocytosis

While not everyone with erythrocytosis experiences symptoms, many individuals do. It’s important to be aware of the common signs that may indicate this condition:

• Headaches
• Blurred vision
• Red skin, particularly in the face, hands, and feet
• Tiredness
• High blood pressure
• Dizziness
• Abdominal discomfort
• Confusion
• Bleeding problems (e.g., nosebleeds and bruising)
• Gout (joint pain, stiffness, and swelling)
• Itchy skin, especially after bathing

If you experience persistent symptoms of erythrocytosis, it’s advisable to consult your healthcare provider for a proper evaluation.

When Should You Seek Immediate Medical Attention?

Erythrocytosis can increase the risk of blood clots, which can lead to life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolisms and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Seek immediate medical help if you or someone you’re with shows signs of:

• Pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in one leg
• A heavy ache in the affected area
• Warm skin in the area of the clot
• Breathlessness
• Chest or upper back pain
• Coughing up blood
• Feeling lightheaded or dizzy
• Fainting

Additionally, erythrocytosis increases the risk of heart attack and stroke. If you suspect these conditions, seek emergency medical attention immediately.

Understanding the Different Types of Erythrocytosis

Erythrocytosis can be classified into several types based on the underlying cause. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment:

Apparent Erythrocytosis

In apparent erythrocytosis, the red cell count is normal, but there is a reduced amount of plasma in the blood, making it thicker. This type is often caused by lifestyle factors such as:

• Being overweight
• Smoking
• Drinking excessive alcohol
• Taking certain medications (e.g., diuretics for high blood pressure)

Apparent erythrocytosis may improve if the underlying cause is identified and addressed. For instance, quitting smoking or reducing alcohol intake may help alleviate the condition.

Relative Polycythaemia

Relative polycythaemia is similar to apparent erythrocytosis and can occur as a result of dehydration. Ensuring proper hydration can help manage this type of erythrocytosis.

Absolute Polycythaemia

Absolute erythrocytosis occurs when the body produces too many red blood cells. It can be further divided into two main types:

1. Primary erythrocytosis: This involves a problem in the bone marrow cells that produce red blood cells. The most common type is polycythaemia vera.
2. Secondary erythrocytosis: In this type, too many red blood cells are produced as a result of an underlying condition.

Polycythaemia Vera: A Closer Look at Primary Erythrocytosis

Polycythaemia vera is a rare form of primary erythrocytosis, typically caused by a change in the JAK2 gene. This genetic alteration leads to the bone marrow producing an excess of red blood cells. It’s important to note that polycythaemia vera is considered a slow-growing type of blood cancer.

Key points about polycythaemia vera include:

• It can also affect the production of platelets and white blood cells
• Although caused by a genetic change, it’s not usually inherited
• Most cases develop later in life, with the average age at diagnosis being 60

Secondary Erythrocytosis: When Underlying Conditions Cause High Red Blood Cell Counts

Secondary erythrocytosis occurs when an underlying condition causes increased production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow. Several health conditions can lead to secondary erythrocytosis:

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): This can cause an increase in erythropoietin due to insufficient oxygen reaching the body’s tissues
• Kidney problems: Such as kidney tumors or narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys
• Other conditions affecting oxygen levels in the body

Identifying and treating the underlying condition is crucial in managing secondary erythrocytosis.

Diagnosing Erythrocytosis: The Path to Proper Treatment

Diagnosing erythrocytosis involves a series of tests and evaluations to determine the cause and severity of the condition. The diagnostic process typically includes:

1. Blood tests to check:
   • The number of red blood cells in your blood (red blood cell count)
   • The amount of space the red blood cells occupy in the blood (haematocrit level)
2. Referral to a haematologist for further testing
3. Additional tests may include:
   • Blood test to look for the changed JAK2 gene
   • Ultrasound scan of the abdomen to check for kidney problems

It’s worth noting that erythrocytosis is sometimes discovered incidentally during routine blood tests for other reasons.

How is a high concentration of red blood cells confirmed?

A high concentration of red blood cells is confirmed through blood tests that measure the red blood cell count and haematocrit level. If these levels are elevated, it suggests the presence of erythrocytosis.

Treatment Approaches for Erythrocytosis: Managing the Condition Effectively

The treatment of erythrocytosis depends on its underlying cause and severity. Here are some common approaches:

Treating Apparent Erythrocytosis

For apparent erythrocytosis, addressing the underlying factors is often the first line of treatment:

• Weight loss for those who are overweight
• Smoking cessation
• Reducing alcohol consumption
• Adjusting medications under medical supervision

Managing Primary Erythrocytosis (Polycythaemia Vera)

Treatment for polycythaemia vera may include:

• Venesection (removing blood to reduce the number of red blood cells)
• Medication to slow down the production of red blood cells
• Low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of blood clots

Addressing Secondary Erythrocytosis

For secondary erythrocytosis, the focus is on treating the underlying condition. This may involve:

• Managing COPD to improve oxygen levels
• Treating kidney problems
• Addressing other conditions that may be causing increased erythropoietin production

In some cases, venesection may also be recommended for secondary erythrocytosis if the red blood cell count is very high.

Living with Erythrocytosis: Lifestyle Changes and Long-term Management

While medical treatments are essential, lifestyle changes can play a significant role in managing erythrocytosis and reducing its impact on daily life:

• Maintain proper hydration to help prevent blood thickening
• Exercise regularly, as approved by your healthcare provider
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
• Manage stress through relaxation techniques or counseling
• Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Attend regular check-ups and follow your treatment plan closely

Can erythrocytosis be prevented?

While some forms of erythrocytosis, such as polycythaemia vera, cannot be prevented, you can reduce your risk of developing secondary erythrocytosis by:

• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
• Managing underlying conditions effectively
• Avoiding triggers that may increase red blood cell production

Erythrocytosis Research: Advancing Our Understanding and Treatment Options

Ongoing research in the field of erythrocytosis aims to improve diagnosis, treatment, and quality of life for affected individuals. Some areas of focus include:

• Developing more targeted therapies for polycythaemia vera
• Improving diagnostic techniques to identify erythrocytosis earlier
• Investigating the long-term effects of different treatment approaches
• Exploring potential genetic factors that may contribute to the development of erythrocytosis

As research progresses, we can expect to see advancements in the management of erythrocytosis, potentially leading to more personalized and effective treatment strategies.

What is the prognosis for individuals with erythrocytosis?

The prognosis for individuals with erythrocytosis varies depending on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment. With proper management, many people with erythrocytosis can lead normal, healthy lives. However, it’s crucial to follow medical advice and attend regular check-ups to monitor the condition and prevent complications.

Erythrocytosis in Special Populations: Considerations for Specific Groups

Erythrocytosis can affect people of all ages and backgrounds, but certain groups may require special considerations:

Erythrocytosis in Pregnancy

Pregnant women with erythrocytosis require careful monitoring and management to ensure the health of both mother and baby. Treatment approaches may need to be adjusted to minimize risks during pregnancy and childbirth.

Pediatric Erythrocytosis

While less common in children, erythrocytosis can occur in pediatric populations. Diagnosis and treatment in children may differ from adults and require specialized pediatric hematology care.

Erythrocytosis in Older Adults

Older adults with erythrocytosis may have additional health concerns that need to be considered when developing a treatment plan. Close monitoring and tailored approaches are often necessary for this population.

The Importance of Support and Education in Managing Erythrocytosis

Living with erythrocytosis can be challenging, but proper support and education can make a significant difference in managing the condition effectively:

• Join support groups to connect with others who have erythrocytosis
• Educate yourself about the condition through reliable sources
• Communicate openly with your healthcare team about your concerns and symptoms
• Involve family and friends in your care plan for additional support
• Consider seeking psychological support if you’re struggling with the emotional aspects of living with a chronic condition

By staying informed and engaged in your care, you can play an active role in managing erythrocytosis and maintaining your overall health and well-being.

Are there any alternative or complementary therapies for managing erythrocytosis?

While conventional medical treatments are the primary approach for managing erythrocytosis, some individuals may explore complementary therapies to help manage symptoms or improve overall well-being. These may include:

• Acupuncture for pain management
• Meditation or yoga for stress reduction
• Dietary supplements (under medical supervision)
• Massage therapy to improve circulation

It’s crucial to discuss any alternative or complementary therapies with your healthcare provider before incorporating them into your treatment plan to ensure they don’t interfere with your primary medical care.

Erythrocytosis – NHS

Erythrocytosis, sometimes called polycythaemia, means having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood.

This makes the blood thicker and less able to travel through blood vessels and organs. Many of the symptoms of erythrocytosis are caused by this sluggish flow of blood.

Symptoms of erythrocytosis

Not everyone with erythrocytosis has symptoms – but many do.

Make an appointment to see your GP if you have persistent symptoms of erythrocytosis. These include:

• headaches
• blurred vision
• red skin, particularly in the face, hands and feet – this may be more difficult to see on black or brown skin
• tiredness
• high blood pressure
• dizziness
• discomfort in the tummy
• confusion
• bleeding problems – such as nosebleeds and bruising
• gout – which can cause joint pain, stiffness and swelling
• itchy skin – especially after a bath or shower

When to seek immediate medical advice

Erythrocytosis can cause blood clots. These put you at risk of life-threatening problems such as:

• pulmonary embolisms – a blockage in the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs
• deep vein thrombosis (DVT) – a blockage that forms in the blood vessels in your leg before moving elsewhere in your body

Seek medical help immediately if you or someone you’re with shows signs of DVT or a pulmonary embolism. These include:

• pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in one of your legs
• a heavy ache in the affected area
• warm skin in the area of the clot
• breathlessness
• chest or upper back pain
• coughing up blood
• feeling lightheaded or dizzy
• fainting

Erythrocytosis also increases your risk of heart attack and stroke. Seek emergency medical help if you think that you or someone you’re with is having a heart attack or stroke.

What causes erythrocytosis?

Erythrocytosis can be divided into several different types, depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, an underlying cause can’t be identified.

Apparent erythrocytosis

“Apparent erythrocytosis” is where your red cell count is normal, but you have a reduced amount of a fluid called plasma in your blood, making it thicker.

Apparent erythrocytosis is often caused by being overweight, smoking, drinking too much alcohol or taking certain medicines – including diuretics (tablets for high blood pressure that make you pee more).

Apparent erythrocytosis may improve if the underlying cause is identified and managed. Stopping smoking or reducing your alcohol intake, for example, may help.

Relative polycythaemia

This is similar to apparent erythrocytosis. It can happen as a result of dehydration.

Absolute polycythaemia

“Absolute erythrocytosis” is where your body produces too many red blood cells. There are 2 main types:

• primary erythrocytosis – there’s a problem in the cells produced by the bone marrow that become red blood cells; the most common type is known as polycythaemia vera
• secondary erythrocytosis – too many red blood cells are produced as the result of an underlying condition

Primary erythrocytosis – polycythaemia vera

Polycythaemia vera is rare. It’s usually caused by a change in the JAK2 gene, which causes the bone marrow cells to produce too many red blood cells. It’s a slow-growing type of blood cancer.

The affected bone marrow cells can also develop into other cells found in the blood, which means that people with polycythaemia vera may also have abnormally high numbers of both platelets and white bloods cells.

Although caused by a genetic change, polycythaemia vera isn’t usually inherited. Most cases develop later in life. The average age at diagnosis is 60.

Secondary erythrocytosis

Secondary erythrocytosis is where an underlying condition causes more erythropoietin to be produced. This is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow cells to produce red blood cells.

Health conditions that can cause secondary erythrocytosis include:

• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) – this can cause an increase in erythropoietin, due to not enough oxygen reaching the body’s tissues
• a problem with the kidneys – such as a kidney tumour or narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys

How erythrocytosis is diagnosed

Erythrocytosis can be diagnosed by carrying out a blood test to check:

• the number of red blood cells in your blood (red blood cell count)
• the amount of space the red blood cells take up in the blood (haematocrit level)

A high concentration of red blood cells suggests you have erythrocytosis.

Erythrocytosis is sometimes only discovered during a routine blood test for another reason.

Your GP may refer you to a haematologist (a specialist in blood disorders) for more tests, to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the underlying cause.

These may include:

• a blood test to look for the changed JAK2 gene
• an ultrasound scan of your tummy to look for problems in your kidneys

Treatments for erythrocytosis

Treatment for erythrocytosis aims to prevent symptoms and complications (such as blood clots), and treat any underlying causes.

Venesection (removing blood)

Venesection is the simplest and quickest way of reducing the number of red cells in your blood. It may be recommended if you have polycythaemia vera, a history of blood clots, or symptoms suggesting your blood is too thick.

Venesection involves removing about 1 pint (half a litre) of blood at a time, in a similar way to the procedure used for blood donation.

How often this is needed will be different for each person. At first, you may need the treatment every week, but once your erythrocytosis is under control you should need it less often.

If you are going to have a venesection, your hospital will give you more information about what is involved.

Medicine to reduce red blood cells

In cases of polycythaemia vera, medicine may be prescribed to slow down the production of red blood cells.

Many different medicines are available and your specialist will take into account your age and health, response to venesection and red blood cell count when choosing the most appropriate one for you. Examples include:

• hydroxycarbamide – this medicine is taken as tablets every morning and is generally tolerated well. But you should not take it if you’re pregnant or trying to become pregnant
• interferon – this medicine is given by injection into the abdomen or thigh 1 to 3 times a week. You can inject it yourself at home once you’ve become familiar with how to do it. Interferon has the advantage that it can be taken in pregnancy, but it may cause unpleasant side effects, such as hair loss and flu-like symptoms

Medicine to prevent blood clots

If you have polycythaemia vera, daily low-dose aspirin tablets may be prescribed to help prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of serious complications.

You may also be offered treatment with low-dose aspirin if you have apparent or secondary erythrocytosis and another health problem affecting your blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease.

Treating and preventing other symptoms

Some people may also need treatment for any other symptoms or complications of erythrocytosis they have, or for any underlying cause of the condition.

For example, you may be given medicine to help relieve itching or manage COPD. Read more about:

• treatments for itching
• treating COPD

Lifestyle changes that help

As well as improving some cases of apparent erythrocytosis, making healthy lifestyle changes can also reduce the risk of potentially serious blood clots for people with all types of erythrocytosis.

Having erythrocytosis means you’re already at high risk of a blood clot, and being overweight or smoking only increases this risk.

You may find the following advice and information helpful:

• Better health – lose weight
• BMI healthy weight calculator
• preventing cardiovascular disease
• managing high blood pressure
• stopping smoking

Outlook for erythrocytosis

The outlook for erythrocytosis largely depends on the underlying cause.

Many cases are mild and may not lead to any further complications. However, some cases – particularly cases of polycythaemia vera – can be more serious and require long-term treatment.

If well controlled, erythrocytosis should not affect your life expectancy, and you should be able to live a normal life. However, people with polycythaemia vera can have a slightly lower life expectancy than normal due to the increased risk of problems, such as heart attacks and strokes.

Polycythaemia vera can also sometimes cause scarring of the bone marrow (myelofibrosis), which can eventually lead to you having too few blood cells. In some rare cases, it can develop into a type of cancer called acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).

Page last reviewed: 17 March 2023
Next review due: 17 March 2026

Hematocrit Testing: Purpose and Procedure

Written by Sarah Vallie

Medically Reviewed by Jabeen Begum, MD on November 09, 2022

• What Is the Hematocrit Test?
• Hematocrit Test Purpose
• Hematocrit Test Procedure
• Hematocrit Test Results

You need blood to carry oxygen through your body, remove carbon dioxide, and fight infection. To do this, your blood has different types of blood cells that do different jobs. If the levels of any of these blood cells are off, it can cause a host of problems for your body. A hematocrit test tells your doctor if your levels of red blood cells are off.

A hematocrit test (HCT test), sometimes called a packed cell volume test (PCV test), is a test that measures your hematocrit. Hematocrit is the level of red blood cells within your blood.

Your blood is made up of plasma and blood cells. Plasma is the liquid part of your blood and is made of protein, salts, and water. Over half your blood composition is plasma.

Suspended in that plasma are three types of blood cells:

• Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are small fragments that help your blood form clots so you stop bleeding.
• Red blood cells are the most abundant type of blood cell in your blood. They’re round with a slightly indented center and contain a protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin carries oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
• White blood cells are part of your immune system. These cells are round with a distinct center. Their job is to fight off unknown invaders by producing antibodies.

Hematocrit tests measure how much of your blood is red blood cells and determine if that amount is normal.

Hematocrit tests are sometimes done as part of routine blood tests, but your provider may order them if they suspect you have a red blood cell disorder. Your red blood cell levels may also be checked before you have surgery. 

A red blood cell count outside the normal range can mean you have a disease or disorder. A low number of red blood cells is called anemia, while having too many red blood cells is called polycythemia.

Anemia. When you’re anemic, you don’t have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to your tissues. 

There are several different types of anemia. The most common type is iron deficiency anemia. Your bone marrow produces blood cells, and it needs iron to make hemoglobin. If you’re lacking iron, your body can’t produce enough hemoglobin for your red blood cells. This type of anemia is common in pregnant women and people who have experienced blood loss.

Other types of anemia include:

• Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. Diseases, such as cancers like leukemia and myelofibrosis, can affect your bone marrow and may cause your bone marrow to underproduce blood cells. 
• Anemia of inflammation. Some types of inflammatory diseases, including cancer, Crohn’s disease, HIV/AIDS, kidney disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, can interfere with your body’s production of red blood cells.
• Aplastic anemia.Aplastic anemia is a rare but life-threatening type of anemia in which your body doesn’t produce enough red blood cells. It can be caused by autoimmune diseases, infections, medicines, and toxins.
• Hemolytic anemias. Hemolytic anemias happen when your red blood cells are destroyed faster than your body can replace them. You can be born with inherited hemolytic anemia, or you can acquire hemolytic anemia from some autoimmune disorders, cancers, infections, medicines, tumors, and viruses. Hemolytic anemia can also be acquired from an overactive spleen, a reaction to a blood transfusion, or a mechanical heart valve.
• Sickle cell anemia.Sickle cell anemia is a genetic condition in which the red blood cells form a crescent, or sickle, shape due to defective hemoglobin. These oddly shaped red blood cells die quickly, causing your body to always be lacking enough red blood cells.
• Vitamin deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). Your body also needs vitamins, especially vitamin B12 and folate (B9), to produce healthy red blood cells. A lack of these vitamins, or inability to absorb B12, can cause your body to be unable to produce the red blood cells you need.

Symptoms of anemia may include:

• Chest pain
• Cold hands and feet
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Fatigue
• Headaches
• Irregular heartbeat
• Pale or yellowish skin
• Shortness of breath
• Weakness

Polycythaemia. Polycythaemia, also called erythrocytosis, is caused by too many red blood cells, which can cause your blood to become thicker and travel slower through your blood vessels and organs. There are two types of absolute polycythemia, which means polycythemia caused by the overproduction of red blood cells: polycythemia vera (PV) and secondary polycythemia. 

Polycythemia vera is a rare, slow-progressing bone marrow cancer. Most of the time it’s caused by a mutation on the JAK2 gene, a gene within the stem cells of bone marrow. This mutated gene tells your stem cells to reproduce constantly, The new cells also reproduce and, because they have this damaged gene, continue to reproduce until the abnormal cells overwhelm the normal cells. Most people are not born with this mutation; it happens sometime during your life, although doctors don’t know what causes it.

Secondary polycythemia happens when your body produces too much erythropoietin, a hormone made by the kidneys that tells your bone marrow to produce red blood cells. This can be caused by a problem with the kidneys, such as a tumor. It can also be caused by conditions that prevent your body from getting oxygen, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and sleep apnea.

There are also conditions that cause your hematocrit level to rise because of too little plasma. These include apparent polycythemia and relative polycythemia. Apparent polycythemia is a lack of plasma that can be caused by drinking too much alcohol, smoking, and taking certain medications. Relative polycythemia happens when dehydration causes a lack of plasma.

Symptoms of polycythemia may include:

• Bleeding problems like excessive bruising or bloody noses
• Blurry vision
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Gout
• Headaches
• High blood pressure
• Itchy skin
• Red skin
• Stomach discomfort
• Tiredness

Both anemia and polycythemia can become life-threatening.

The hematocrit test is done like any other blood test. The lab will likely draw blood from a vein in your arm or hand. To determine your hematocrit, the lab spins your blood sample at a high speed. This causes the plasma and blood cells to separate, and the heavier red blood cells sink to the bottom of the tube. The amount is measured to calculate what percentage of your blood is red blood cells.

Normal ranges of hematocrit can vary depending on your age, race, and sex. Generally, normal ranges are considered to be:

• For adult men, 38.3%-48.6%
• For adult women, 35.5%-44.9%
• For newborns, 45%-61%
• For infants, 32%-42%
• For kids, 30%-44%

Some factors can cause abnormal hematocrit results despite no underlying disease. These include: 

• Living at a high altitude
• Pregnancy
• Recent blood transfusion
• Severe dehydration
• Severe recent blood loss

If your results come back and your hematocrit is abnormal, your doctor may order further testing to find the cause.

Top Picks

Hematocrit analysis – what it is, what it depends on

Contents:

• Hematocrit – what it is, what it depends on
• Indications and preparation for analysis
• Hematocrit blood test
• Norms
• Increased hematocrit
• Hematocrit reduced

Hematocrit – what it is, what it depends on

Hematocrit analysis gives data on the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total blood volume, sometimes this indicator means the ratio of the volume of all formed elements to the total volume. There is no significant difference between the interpretations, 99% of the volume of blood cells is in the red corpuscles. More often, hematocrit is recorded as a percentage of the total volume, less often as a ratio of cell volume to total blood volume.

This indicator is determined as part of a complete blood count. It belongs to the secondary, calculated on the basis of data on the number of red blood cells. Occasionally, a direct measurement of hematocrit is performed by centrifugation of the material taken. This procedure allows you to separate the plasma from the formed elements and directly measure this indicator.

Indications and preparation for analysis

Indications for hematocrit analysis are symptoms indicating the development of anemia or other diseases of the blood, hematopoietic system. These include:

• Pallor or yellowness of the skin
• Enlargement of the spleen, liver
• Changes in the size of the lymph nodes
• Digestive disorders hair)

In addition to detecting anemia, the analysis can detect other diseases, such as polycythemia (a chronic disease in which the bone marrow produces an excessive amount of red blood cells) of various origins. Also, this study is used when it is necessary to assess the need for blood transfusion, to calculate the required amount of transfusion.

No special preparation is required for the hematocrit test. It is necessary to follow the standard rules for conducting a general blood test:

• Blood is drawn early in the morning.
• Do not eat 6-10 hours before the test.
• Avoid alcohol 2-3 days before the procedure.

Patients who smoke are advised to refrain from smoking for at least 2-3 hours prior to blood sampling. If you do not follow these recommendations, the analysis may give unreliable results. This is due to the fact that the composition of the blood is subject to strong fluctuations depending on the action of various environmental factors.

Blood test for hematocrit

Manipulation is performed in the morning, blood is taken from a vein or from a finger. The Medart clinic uses the most modern equipment for analysis, so more often the sampling is performed from a vein.

Special vacuum containers (vacutainers) are used to obtain the material. This is a modern syringe replacement that provides a number of benefits for the patient:

• Virtually painless procedure.
• Minimum time to obtain the required amount of blood.
• Accurate calculation of the amount of reagent and blood.
• The minimum time to conduct an examination and issue results to the patient.

Modern technologies allow manipulation as quickly as possible, without health consequences.

Standards

The normal level of hematocrit depends on the age, sex of the person. For a mature woman, it is 37-50%, for a man 34-45%. For newborns, this figure may be higher and ranges from 35 to 65%. Hematocrit decreases with age, reaching its lowest levels in the elderly. This is the result of a decrease in bone marrow activity and a decrease in the production of cellular elements in the blood.

A decrease in normal hematocrit in women is associated with regular blood loss during menstruation. High values ​​in children are a manifestation of the active processes of development of the red bone marrow and other hematopoietic organs.

It is important to take into account that after massive blood loss, blood transfusions, the determination of the hematocrit level will give a result with a large error. For a reliable assessment of this indicator in such cases, it is necessary to wait a certain time.

It may take up to 3 months for complete physiological recovery of red blood cells to normal. This period is the life cycle of erythrocytes, during which the renewal of the cellular composition of the blood takes place.

Increased hematocrit

An increase in the level of red blood cells detected in the analysis of hematocrit may indicate various pathological conditions. Most common:

• Primary erythrocytosis. It occurs as a result of overactive production of red blood cells, including immature forms. May indicate the development of tumors in the bone marrow.
• Secondary erythrocytosis. It develops as a result of pathologies of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems (heart defects, respiratory failure).
• Decreased plasma volume. May indicate the development of peritonitis, leukemia, kidney disease. Often occurs with extensive burns, when blood plasma sweats through the damaged dermis.
• Dehydration. It is observed in uncompensated diabetes mellitus, can be the result of diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating and lack of fluid in the diet.

Erythrocytosis may develop in heavy smokers, especially if smoking has caused secondary damage to the respiratory system and heart. In this case, the body includes mechanisms to compensate for insufficient oxygenation due to a significant increase in the number of red cells.

An increase in hematocrit is not always the result of diseases. An increase in the number of red blood cells is considered normal for residents of mountainous areas, professional climbers. With a sufficiently long stay in high altitude conditions, the body compensates for the lack of oxygen and atmospheric pressure by increasing the production of red blood cells.

Erythrocytosis is often asymptomatic, discovered incidentally, during a blood test for other reasons. Only with a significant increase in hematocrit are observed:

• Pain in joints, muscles.
• Shortness of breath.
• High blood pressure.
• Ringing in the ears and dizziness.
• Increased sweating, sleep disturbances.

These symptoms are not specific, therefore, if such ailments appear, it is necessary to consult a doctor for further diagnosis.

To restore the physiological level of hematocrit, it is necessary to find out the cause that led to the increase in the number of blood cells and eliminate it. For example, if erythrocytosis was caused by dehydration (lack of water in the body – dehydration), it is enough to restore a normal amount of fluid to normalize this indicator.

There is no need to self-medicate, only a specialist can accurately determine the cause of the increase in hematocrit and prescribe the correct diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, with any changes in the blood test, you should consult with a specialist and strictly follow the recommendations received.

Low hematocrit

Anemia is the main cause of low hematocrit. There are many reasons for the development of these diseases, the most common are:

• Violations in the process of erythrocyte maturation. Associated with a lack of iron and B vitamins in food or their insufficient absorption from the digestive system. It occurs less frequently with the development of malignant tumors, the cells of which compete with healthy ones and intensively absorb vitamins and microelements.
• Abundant blood loss due to trauma or surgery. The loss of blood does not always have to be instantaneous, the cause may be a small but regular bleeding from hemorrhoids or heavy periods.
• Increased destruction of red blood cells. It occurs in case of poisoning with chemicals and organic poisons, after snake bites. Less commonly, it can occur in violation of the liver and spleen. Accompanied by severe jaundice, liver enlargement, intoxication, and other symptoms of massive destruction of red blood cells.

Not only anemia can lead to a decrease in hematocrit. Excessive accumulation of water in the body in violation of the kidneys often becomes the cause of this condition. Severe infectious diseases can contribute to a decrease in the number of formed elements.

The main manifestations of reduced hematocrit include:

• Pale skin, hair loss and brittle nails.
• Appearance of desire to use land, chalk.
• General fatigue, drowsiness.
• Bluish tint of the sclera.
• Increased heart rate.

If one or more of these symptoms appear, you should consult a doctor to determine the cause of the decrease in hematocrit. Often, to restore this indicator, it is enough to normalize nutrition, saturating the body with vitamins, proteins, and a number of other active substances that are indispensable for the synthesis of red blood cells.

It is important to consider that a decrease in hematocrit may be a variant of the norm. Often this indicator decreases in the 2-3 trimesters of pregnancy. The reason for the phenomenon is the rapid increase in the proportion of plasma in the blood of a pregnant woman, which the body does not have time to compensate for by activating the work of the red bone marrow. This condition in most cases does not require intervention, the blood composition is restored independently.

If the reason for the decrease in hematocrit is a disease, you need to be examined by a specialized specialist to clarify the diagnosis and select the appropriate treatment regimen. In the case when the cause is blood loss, the treatment tactics will depend on the amount of blood lost. With blood loss up to 0. 5 l, enhanced nutrition and bed rest are sufficient. Large amounts of bleeding may require a blood transfusion to compensate for the lost RBCs. Often it is combined with oxygen therapy – supplying the patient with a gas mixture with a high oxygen content for breathing.

Anemia

Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells and / or hemoglobin in them is reduced in the blood. This deficiency affects the function of transporting oxygen.

Analyzes

Gastritis type A and pernicious anemia (APC and AVF)

5-6 days (except Saturday, Sunday)

from 1 795 ₽

Add to cart

90 002
This is one of the main results of blood circulation – it delivers O2 molecules to the tissues through the arteries and, thanks to the venous outflow, removes waste materials, including carbon dioxide. The main gas exchange occurs in the alveoli – the final formations of the bronchial tree. This is the part of the respiratory system where the blood releases some gases and takes in others. The insufficiency of this process leads to hypoxia – a reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues. This affects all processes in the body, the state of tissues and the cellular mechanism. Without the presence of oxygen, chemical reactions do not take place and energy exchange does not occur.

Outwardly, this is manifested by various clinical signs:

• pallor;
• weakness;
• increased heart rate and breathing – the body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen;
• the possibility of loss of consciousness;
• decrease in working capacity;
• flashing “flies” before the eyes;
• dizziness;
• noise in ears;
• irritability;
• dyspnea.

These signs are the reason to go to a medical center for testing. Anemia is often a manifestation of pathology, since in itself, most often, it is a symptom. A full examination will show the cause of the condition and allow effective treatment to begin.

Anemia classification

There are several types of anemia, depending on the origin and pathogenesis of development. Understanding the nature of anemia will allow you to determine the tactics of treatment, since different types of this pathology have a different source of origin. Even a general blood test for different anemias is somewhat different – for this it is necessary to take into account not only the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, but also the color index, the size of erythrocytes, hematocrit and other research parameters. In some cases, a more detailed examination of the patient, clinical diagnosis, is required in order to say exactly what caused the disease.

Let us consider in more detail the types of anemia and the causes of their occurrence.

• Iron deficiency anemia is quite common, as many people around the world are iron deficient. The development of anemia depends on the degree of this insufficiency. A lack of glands can occur when there is a lack of it in food, with an increased consumption of iron by the body, as well as with some features of the digestive tract, when iron is not fully absorbed. It is the reduced amount of iron that leads to the development of 70% of all anemias, so that all other causes account for only 30% of this pathology. The basis of pathogenesis is a violation of the formation of hemoglobin, in which the iron molecule plays the main role. A reduced amount of protein that carries the blood affects the state of the body. Lack of oxygen has common signs of anemia, but with iron deficiency there are still some specific symptoms – hair loss, problems with nails, worsening of the heart, digestive tract. Sometimes there are distorted taste preferences – the desire to eat chalk or paint. This is all due to iron deficiency. The disease is more often observed in children, women during pregnancy, elderly patients. Laboratory diagnosis of iron deficiency involves an analysis of blood proteins that carry iron, the ability of blood serum to bind the trace element and other indicators that complement the usual diagnostic program for anemia.

• B12-deficiency anemia occurs when there is a deficiency in the body of the corresponding vitamin, which is contained in animal products, in particular meat. This explains the fact that the disease often occurs in those who have refused to use such products. This vitamin is the main participant in the formation of new blood cells – erythrocytes. The cause of the pathology may lie in endogenous factors – for example, with a deficiency of the Castle factor. It is a protein that is produced by the cells of the gastric mucosa and promotes the body’s intake of the vitamin from food. Anemia can occur after surgery, during which part of the intestine or stomach is removed. It could also be a vitamin deficiency. As a rule, a certain supply of a substance in the body is designed for several years, which explains the fact that the development of anemia occurs gradually even after a change in eating habits. The cause may be an inflammatory process in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract, taking certain medications, a violation of the transport of the vitamin from the blood into the intracellular space, as well as an increased consumption of the vitamin by the body. In addition to the general symptoms of anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency causes ulcers on the oral mucosa, a violation of innervation, which is manifested by a deterioration in sensitivity, tingling and numbness, impaired memory and thinking. Additional tests involve an assessment of the amount of vitamin in the body, the study of pathologies that lead to its deficiency. The treatment will also be specific – it consists in the additional use of vitamin preparations, the normalization of the state of the digestive organs. Vitamin B12 is involved not only in the formation of red blood cells – its functions in the body are diverse, which is reflected in multiple complications of anemia, if the condition is not corrected.

• Folate deficiency anemia develops as a result of a deficiency of folic acid, a vitamin that, like B12, is involved in the formation of new red blood cells. Folic acid is also called vitamin B9. The lack of this substance in the body occurs with a reduced consumption of foods that contain it, sometimes this occurs against the background of alcohol abuse. Violation of vitamin absorption is observed in the pathology of digestion, during frequent urination, against the background of taking drugs that slow down the metabolism of vitamin B9. An increased consumption of folic acid accompanies oncological diseases, hematopoietic disorders, and infectious pathology. Symptoms of hypoxia in this type of anemia are supplemented by stool disorders, numbness in the muscles of the arms and legs, weakness of muscle tissue, distortion of taste perception, and emotional lability. Laboratory diagnosis of folate deficiency anemia includes such specific methods as the study of the level of the substance, as well as vitamin B12. In addition to laboratory tests, it is necessary to clarify the cause of the development of such a condition, for which instrumental studies are carried out. Establishing the cause will make the treatment more effective and speed up its result. Complications of anemia include a lack of other blood elements, the occurrence of many ulcerative necrotic processes, nausea and vomiting, and a decrease in the body’s immune defenses.

• Posthemorrhagic anemia , literally translated, means that the condition has developed after bleeding and associated blood loss. Violation of the integrity of blood vessels is the cause of internal and external bleeding. Depending on the intensity of the process and the rate of blood loss, anemia develops – a lack of red blood cells and, accordingly, a lack of oxygen transport. This can be determined by clinical signs – after blood loss, a person becomes pale, feels weak and has tinnitus. Of course, it is easier to determine blood loss when it is clearly accompanied by visible blood leakage. But, in some cases, the process is not so obvious. We are talking about internal bleeding, which can occur in the digestive organs, urogenital area, respiratory organs. It is not so fast to determine them; this requires diagnostic methods, including instrumental and laboratory ones. If blood loss passes in a short time, it is more dangerous for the body, vital functions are disturbed. Posthemorrhagic anemia occurs either after the loss of a significant volume of circulating blood, or with permanent damage to the blood vessels, which most often occurs in the internal organs. Significant surgical intervention, pathological menstruation, trauma, and pathology of the digestive tract can be the cause. In this case, it is possible to determine the mechanism of anemia by characteristic features in the general blood test, as well as due to a detailed examination of the body.

• Megaloblastic anemia combines pathologies associated with deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12. In a blood test, this is displayed by an increase in the color index – this does not happen with other types of anemia. The concentration of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte increases, megaloblasts appear in the bone marrow, and the size of erythrocytes increases. In the blood serum, an increase in the concentration of iron can be observed.

• Hemolysis – the process of destruction of red blood cells, resulting in a corresponding, hemolytic anemia. The destruction of red blood cells leads to the formation of bilirubin, an extremely toxic substance that can lead to intoxication of the body. Such anemia is congenital and acquired. Congenital tendency to hemolysis accompanies intrauterine development mutations, genetic pathologies. Acquired pathology occurs against the background of an infectious process, disruption of the liver, taking certain medications, transfusion of incompatible blood. Recognize hemolytic anemia at the clinical stage can be based on the following signs: icteric skin color, convulsions, fever, an increase in the size of the liver and spleen. Diagnosis includes laboratory and instrumental methods that will confirm the specificity of anemia and indicate its cause. Depending on the cause of hemolysis, treatment tactics are selected, therefore it is so important to establish what led to this condition.

• Hypoplastic anemia – a disease in which the synthesis of all blood cells is impaired. Sometimes only a deficiency of red blood cells can occur. In any case, hypoxia is observed, a violation of oxygen transport in the tissues. This type of anemia can also be congenital or acquired. Among the causes are genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, poisoning with certain substances, drugs. Clinical manifestations of hypoplastic anemia occur gradually and very slowly. In addition to the usual symptoms of anemia, one can distinguish a decrease in immunity, the occurrence of multiple inflammatory, purulent, necrotic processes, slow wound healing, and frequent colds. There may be hemorrhages with minor damage to the vessel, bleeding. It is necessary to study the internal organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow. Aplastic anemia has a characteristic clinical picture, specific changes in the analyzes. Treatment is carried out with potent drugs, and sometimes surgical methods are also needed. The main point is the timeliness of the start of treatment – the earlier it is started, the better the recovery rates and prognosis.

Anemia occurs in the chronic course of infectious, oncological and inflammatory pathologies. May be associated with a violation of iron synthesis, a reduction in the life of red blood cells, increased consumption of certain substances, chronic blood loss. It is necessary to determine the type of anemia, which is possible with the help of a laboratory test, and also to establish the cause of its occurrence. The treatment of the underlying disease can be supplemented by replenishing the deficiency of certain substances, which will speed up the healing process and improve the quality of life of the patient. The chronic course of the pathology implies the slow onset of symptoms. This suggests that it is necessary to be attentive to changes in various organs and systems and to seek medical help in a timely manner. If the symptoms are disturbing for a long time, it is necessary to undergo a full and comprehensive diagnosis.

Modern methods for diagnosing anemia

For the diagnosis of anemia, laboratory and instrumental research methods are used. For proper treatment, it is important to determine not only the fact of anemia and its type, but also the cause of this condition. Detection of the disease is best done in the early stages of the process and do this using a variety of diagnostic methods. A complete picture of the state of the body gives a more complete understanding of the pathology. Only after a qualitative examination can an effective treatment be prescribed.

• The main method for diagnosing anemia is complete blood count. with it, you can determine the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, their ratio, color index, hematocrit, red blood cell diameter and other indicators. Sometimes, other indicators of the general blood test – the levels of other blood cells, ESR – can tell about the cause of the pathology. This analysis is given first of all if anemia is suspected. Depending on its results, other diagnostic methods are prescribed.

• Biochemical blood test will determine the level of serum iron, proteins that carry it, the amount of vitamins B12 and B9. It is biochemical analysis that helps to calculate the level of bilirubin and its fractions. thus, this manipulation is required to clarify the type of anemia. The analysis allows you to evaluate most of the processes in the body, provides comprehensive information about the work of internal organs.

• Erythrocyte free protoporphyrin test determines the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen and allows you to determine the causes of anemia. Impaired heme binding is observed in acute intoxications and can be detected using this technique.

• Analysis of bone marrow puncture shows the presence of blasts – precursors of blood cells. Diagnosis is used to confirm or rule out aplastic anemia. In addition, levels of other missing cells need to be corrected. The study is combined with other diagnostic methods. Early initiation of treatment improves the prognosis for the patient and is possible only after a qualitative diagnosis.

• Study of the acidity of gastric juice (pH-metry) is necessary for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. It is necessary to determine for what reason the absorption of iron in the intestine is disturbed and for this purpose this diagnosis is carried out. Increased production of gastric juice negatively affects other functions of the body, leads to a chronic change in the mucous membrane and causes secondary disorders.

• The presence of parasites in the body leads to an increased consumption of most of the nutrients and can cause anemia. Their search is also included in the program for diagnosing anemia. It is the worms that can provoke the development of megaloblastic, iron deficiency anemia. In addition, a parasitic infection negatively affects other organs and systems, leading to chronic impairment of many functions.

• Fecal occult blood test allows you to determine the blood loss, due to which post-hemorrhagic anemia occurs. Also, blood loss is a sign of gastrointestinal pathology, which must be detected and treated. If you delay in finding the cause of anemia, the disease can progress, and the later stage of the process, the more difficult it is to treat.

• X-ray and endoscopic examination is necessary to identify the source of bleeding that led to anemia. This examination allows you to find a pathology that needs to be corrected not only for the treatment of anemia, but also for the full health of the body.

Reasons to undergo diagnostics at SZTsDM JSC

The laboratory of the center is equipped with the latest diagnostic equipment.