Achilles Tendon Injuries (Tear, Rupture) Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

Written by WebMD Editorial Contributors

In this Article

• What Is an Achilles Tendon Injury?
• Achilles Tendon Injury Symptoms
• Achilles Tendon Injury Causes
• Achilles Tendon Injury Risks
• Achilles Tendon Injury Diagnosis
• Achilles Tendon Injury Treatment
• Achilles Tendon Surgery
• Achilles Tendon Injury Recovery
• Achilles Tendon Injury Prevention

An Achilles tendon injury can happen to anyone, whether you’re an athlete or just going about your everyday life.

The Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in your body. It stretches from the bones of your heel to your calf muscles. You can feel it: a springy band of tissue at the back of your ankle and above your heel. It lets you point your toes toward the floor and raise up on your tiptoes.

It’s common for this tendon to get injured. It can be mild or moderate and feel like a burning pain or stiffness in that part of your leg. If the pain is severe, your Achilles tendon may be partly or completely torn.

Achilles tendinitis is another type of injury in which some part of your tendon is inflamed. There are two main types of this condition, which affect different parts of your tendon:

• Noninsertional Achilles tendinitis. Fibers in the middle of your tendon break down, swell, and get thick.
• Insertional Achilles tendinitis. This affects the lower part of your heel, where your tendon inserts, or goes into, your heel bone. It can cause bone spurs.

The most obvious sign is pain above your heel, especially when you stretch your ankle or stand on your toes. It may be mild and get better or worse over time. If the tendon ruptures, the pain is instant and severe. The area may also feel tender, swollen, and stiff.

If your Achilles tendon tears, you may hear a snapping or popping noise when it happens. You could have bruising and swelling, too. You also may have trouble pointing your toes and pushing off your toes when you take a step.

Achilles tendon injuries are common in people who do things where they quickly speed up, slow down, or pivot, such as:

• Running
• Gymnastics
• Dance
• Football
• Soccer
• Baseball
• Softball
• Basketball
• Tennis
• Volleyball

The Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon in the body, but is vulnerable to injury due to its limited blood supply and the high tensions placed on it. (Photo Credit: WebMD)

These injuries tend to happen when you start moving suddenly as you push off and lift your foot rather than when you land. For instance, a sprinter might get one at the start of a race as they surge off the starting block. The abrupt action can be too much for the tendon to handle. Men over 30 are especially prone to Achilles tendon injuries.

You can also injure your Achilles tendon if you stress it over and over again with high-impact activities. These are known as repetitive stress injuries.

You don’t have to be an athlete to get this kind of injury. If you step into a hole or fall from a high place, you could rupture your Achilles.

These things may make you more likely to get an Achilles tendon injury:

• You wear high heels, which can stress the tendon.
• You have “flat feet,” also called fallen arches. This means that when you take a step, the impact causes the arch of your foot to collapse, stretching the muscles and tendons.
• Your leg muscles or tendons are too tight.
• You have bone spurs.
• You add time to your exercise routine or do more intense activity.
• You start a new type of exercise.
• You wear shoes that don’t fit well or aren’t right for the kind of physical activity you do.
• You work out on uneven surfaces.
• You take medicines called glucocorticoids or antibiotics called fluoroquinolones.
• You have a chronic condition that can weaken your Achilles, like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, gout, or diabetes.

Doctors sometimes mistake an Achilles tendon injury for sprained ankle. To make the right diagnosis, your doctor will start with a physical exam. They may want to see you walk or run so they can look for problems that might have led to your injury.

They also might do something called the calf squeeze test. You’ll kneel on a chair or bench or lie on your stomach on the exam table. Your doctor will gently squeeze the calf muscle on your healthy leg. This will pull on the tendon and make your foot move. Next, they’ll do the same thing on your other leg. If your Achilles tendon is torn, your foot won’t move, because your calf muscle won’t be connected to your foot.

Your doctor may test your range of motion to see if you can move your ankle the way you should. They may also do imaging tests, such as X-ray or MRI. These tests can show what kind of tendon damage you have and help them decide on the best treatment for you.

Minor to moderate Achilles tendon injuries should heal on their own. To speed the process, you can:

• Rest your leg. Avoid putting weight on it as best you can. You may need crutches.
• Ice it. Ice your injury for up to 20 minutes at a time as needed.
• Compress your leg. Use an elastic bandage around the lower leg and ankle to keep down swelling.
• Raise (elevate) your leg. Prop it on a pillow when you’re sitting or lying down.
• Take anti-inflammatory painkillers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen can help with pain and swelling. Follow the instructions on the label to help prevent side effects, such as bleeding and ulcers. Take them with food. Check with your doctor first if you have any allergies, have medical problems, or take any other medication. If you need them for longer than 7 to 10 days, call your doctor.
• Use a heel lift. Your doctor may recommend that you wear an insert in your shoe while you recover. It will help protect your Achilles tendon from further stretching.
• Practice stretching and strengthening exercises. Your doctor or physical therapist can recommend ones for you to try. 
• Take part in low-impact activities. When your doctor says it’s OK, activities like swimming can help promote healing. 
 

If your Achilles is torn, your doctor may recommend surgery. The younger and more active you are, the more likely that surgery will be the best option.

You should have the surgery within 4 weeks of the injury. Your surgeon will make a small incision in the back of your ankle and sew the Achilles back together. Sometimes they’ll need to sew other tendons in to make things even stronger. Between 80% and 90% of these operations are successful.

Your doctor could decide not to do surgery if you’re older and less active, or if you have only a partial tear.

The nonsurgical route will involve lots of physical therapy and doing stretches and exercises on your own. You might also have ultrasound or shockwave therapy. You may have to wear a cast, a walking boot, or heel cups to take pressure off the tendon and keep it from moving.

You’ll have a longer road to full recovery, and you’ll run a bigger risk of reinjuring the tendon.

Recovery may take months, but it depends on how serious your injury is. Different conditions heal at different rates.

You can still be active while your injury heals. Ask your doctor what’s OK to do. But don’t rush things. Don’t try to return to your old level of physical activity until:

• You can move your leg as easily and freely as your uninjured leg.
• Your leg feels as strong as your uninjured leg.
• You don’t have any pain in your leg when you walk, jog, sprint, or jump.

If you push yourself too much before your Achilles tendon injury fully heals, you could get injured again, and the pain could become a long-lasting problem. You may be able to avoid some of these issues if you replace high-impact sports like running with low-impact exercise. Activities such as swimming or cycling put less stress on your tendon.

Here are some things you can try:

• Stretch and strengthen your calves.
• Cut down on uphill running.
• Wear shoes with good support that fit well.
• Stop exercising if you feel pain or tightness in the back of your calf or heel.

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Achilles Tendon Rupture – StatPearls

Continuing Education Activity

Achilles tendon rupture is the most common tendon rupture in the lower extremity. The injury most commonly occurs in adults in their third to fifth decade of life. Acute ruptures often present with sudden onset of pain associated with a “snapping” or audible “pop” heard at the site of injury. Patients may describe a sensation similar to being kicked in the lower leg. Achilles tendon rupture causes significant pain and disability. This activity reviews the etiology, presentation, evaluation, and management of Achilles tendon rupture and examines the role of the interprofessional team in managing it.

Objectives:

• Describe risk factors associated with Achilles tendon rupture.

• Explain how the Thompson test is performed and what a positive test suggests.

• Describe the factors to consider when deciding whether to treat an Achilles tendon rupture with operative versus nonoperative management.

• Describe how an optimally functioning interprofessional team would coordinate care to enhance outcomes for patients with Achilles tendon rupture.

Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

Introduction

Achilles tendon rupture is the most common tendon rupture in the lower extremity. The injury most commonly occurs in adults in their third to fifth decade of life.[1]  Acute ruptures often present with sudden onset of pain associated with a “snapping” or audible “pop” heard at the injury site. Patients can describe the sensation of being kicked in the lower leg. The injury causes significant pain and disability.

Achilles tendon injuries typically occur in individuals who are only active intermittently (i.e., the “weekend warrior” athletes). The injury is reportedly misdiagnosed as an ankle sprain in 20% to 25% of patients. Moreover, patients in their third to the fifth decade of life are most commonly affected, as 10% report a history of prodromal symptoms, and known risk factors include prior intratendinous degeneration (ie, tendinosis), fluoroquinolone use, steroid injections, and inflammatory arthritides. [2][3][4][5]

Etiology

Causes of Achilles tendon rupture include sudden forced plantar flexion of the foot, direct trauma, and long-standing tendinopathy or intratendinous degenerative conditions. Sports often associated with Achilles tendon rupture include diving, tennis, basketball, and track. Risk factors for a rupture of the Achilles tendon include poor conditioning before exercise, prolonged use of corticosteroids, overexertion, and the use of quinolone antibiotics. The Achilles tendon rupture usually tends to occur about two to four cm above the calcaneal insertion of the tendon. In right-handed individuals, the left Achilles tendon is most likely to rupture and vice versa.[6][7][8]

The exact cause of Achilles tendon injury appears to be multifactorial. The injury is most common in cyclists, runners, volleyball players, and gymnasts. When the ankle is subject to extreme pronation, it places enormous stress on the tendon, leading to injury. In cyclists, the combination of low saddle height and extreme dorsiflexion during pedaling may also be a factor in an overuse injury.

Systemic Factors

Systemic diseases that may be associated with Achilles tendon injuries include the following:

• Chronic renal failure

• Collagen deficiency

• Diabetes mellitus

• Gout

• Infections

• Lupus

• Parathyroid disorders

• Rheumatoid arthritis

• Thyroid disorders 

Foot problems that increase the risk of Achilles tendon injuries include the following:

• Cavus foot

• Insufficient gastroc-soleus flexibility and strength

• limited ability to perform ankle dorsiflexion

• Tibia vara

• Varus alignment with functional hyperpronation

Achilles tendon rupture is often more common in people with blood group O. Further, anyone with a family history of tendon rupture is also at a high risk of developing Achilles tendon rupture at some point in their life.

Epidemiology

The incidence of Achilles tendon ruptures vary in the literature, with recent studies reporting a rate of 18 patients per 100,000 patient population annually. Regarding athletic individuals, the incidence rate of Achilles tendon injuries ranges from 6% to 18%, and football players are the least likely to develop this problem compared to gymnasts and tennis players. About a million athletes are believed to have Achilles tendon injuries each year.

The true incidence of Achilles tendinosis is unknown, although reported incidence rates are 7% to 18% in runners, 9% in dancers, 5% in gymnasts, 2% in tennis players, and less than 1% in American football players. Achilles disorders affect approximately 1 million athletes per year.[9]

The incidence of Achilles tendon injuries is increasing in the USA because of more participation of people in sporting activities. The exact incidence of Achilles tendon injuries is unknown outside the USA, but studies from Denmark and Scotland reveal 6 to 37 cases per 100,000 persons.

Achilles tendon injuries appear more commonly in males, probably related to greater participation in sports activities. Most injuries are seen between the third and fifth decade of life. Many of these individuals are only active intermittently and rarely warm up.

Pathophysiology

Achilles tendonitis is often not associated with primary prostaglandin-mediated inflammation. It appears there is a neurogenic inflammation with the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P present. Histopathological studies reveal thickening and fibrin adhesions of the tendon with the occasional disarray of the fibers.

Neurovascularization is frequently seen in the degenerating tendon, which is also associated with pain. Tendon rupture is usually the terminal event during the degeneration process. After rupture, type 111 collagen appears to be the major collagen manufactured, suggesting an incomplete repair process. Animal studies show that tendon rupture is most likely if there is more than 8% stretching of their original length.

The proximal segment of the tendon receives its blood from the muscle bellies connected to the tendon. Blood supply to the distal segment of the tendon is via the tendon-bone interface.

History and Physical

Patients often present with acute, sharp pain in the Achilles tendon region. On physical exam, patients with Achilles tendon rupture cannot stand on their toes or have very weak plantar flexion of the ankle. Palpation may reveal a tendon discontinuity or signs of bruising around the posterior ankle.

The examiner performs the Thompson test to assess for Achilles tendon continuity in the setting of suspected rupture. The examiner places the patient in the prone position with the ipsilateral knee flexed to about 90 degrees. The foot/ankle is in the resting position. Upon squeezing the calf, the examiner notes the presence and degree of plantarflexion at the foot/ankle. This should be compared to the contralateral side. A positive (abnormal) test is strongly associated with Achilles rupture.

Evaluation

In the setting of trauma to the lower leg, radiographs are obtained to rule out the presence of a fracture. The diagnosis can be confirmed with ultrasound imaging or MRI based on clinical suspicion following the physical examination. [10]

Treatment / Management

Operative Versus Nonoperative Management

The initial management of Achilles tendon rupture is rest, elevation, pain control, and functional bracing. There is still debate surrounding the potential benefits versus risks of surgical intervention. Studies have demonstrated good functional results and patient satisfaction with both operative and nonoperative modalities. 

Healing rates with serial casting/functional bracing are no different compared to the surgical anastomosis of the tendon, but return to work may be slightly prolonged in patients treated medically. All patients require physical and orthotic therapy to help strengthen the muscles and improve the range of motion of the ankle.[11][4][12]

Rehabilitation is critical to regaining maximal ankle function. While the debate remains regarding the optimal treatment modality, the consensus includes the following:

• Patients with significant medical comorbidities or relatively sedentary lifestyles are often recommended for nonoperative management.

• The patient/surgeon discussion should include a detailed discussion concerning the current literature reporting satisfactory outcomes with both treatment plans and the following topics:

  • Possibility of quicker return to work with operative intervention

  • Equivalent plantar flexion strength at long-term followup

  • Possibility of an increased risk of re-rupture and re-injury with nonoperative management (compared to operative management)

  • Lower complication rates for nonoperative treatment compared to operative management

Several techniques for Achilles tendon repair exist, but all involve the reapproximation of torn ends. Sometimes the repair is reinforced by the plantaris tendon or the gastroc-soleus aponeurosis.

Overall, the healing rates between casting and surgical repair are similar. The debate about an early return to activity after surgery is now being questioned. If a cast is used, it should remain for at least 6 to 12 weeks. Benefits of a nonsurgical approach include no hospital admission costs, no wound complications, and no risk of anesthesia. The most significant disadvantage is the risk of re-rupture, which is as high as 40%.

Differential Diagnosis

• Achilles bursitis 

• Ankle fracture

• Ankle impingement syndrome

• Ankle osteoarthritis

• Ankle sprain

• Calf injuries

• Calcaneofibular ligament injury

• Calcaneus fractures

• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)

• Exertional compartment syndrome

• Fascial tears

• Gastrocnemius or soleus muscle strain or rupture

• Haglund deformity

• Plantaris tendon tear

• Psoriatic arthritis

• Reiter syndrome

• Retrocalcaneal bursitis

• Ruptured Baker cyst

• Syndesmosis

• Talofibular ligament injury

Prognosis

For most patients with Achilles tendon rupture, the prognosis is excellent. But in some non-athletes, there may be some residual deficits like a reduced range of motion. Most athletes can resume their previous sporting activity without any limitations. However, non-surgical treatment has a re-rupture rate of nearly 40% compared to only 0.5% for those treated surgically.

Complications

Re-rupture

Wound Healing Complications

• Overall, a 5-10% risk following surgery

• Risk factors for postoperative wound complications include the following:

  • Smoking (most common and most significant risk factor)

  • Female sex

  • Steroid use

  • Open technique (vs percutaneous procedures)

Sural Nerve Injury

Postoperative and Rehabilitation Care

No matter which method is used to treat the tendon rupture, participating in an exercise program is vital. One may swim, cycle, jog, or walk to increase muscle strength and range of motion.

Rehabilitation 

Rehabilitation will vary based on surgical versus non-surgical approach and referring physician’s protocol, highlighting the importance of the therapist working closely with referring physician to optimize care. This is particularly important for brace use and weight-bearing status as these areas are those in which therapy management tends to vary the most with this condition. Depending on operative vs. non-operative, immobilization may range from approximately 3 to 4 weeks in operative and 3 to 9 weeks conservative with orthotic use following both approaches depending on referring orthopedic protocol. Varying degrees of plantarflexion to neutral positioning are utilized during this time, with specifics on the optimal positioning still widely debated.[14][15][16] Emphasizing the need to avoid hyper dorsiflexion during this time has been noted as an important component in avoiding elongation of the Achilles tendon and long-term functional deficits.[14]

If conservative methods are used, therapy begins during the immobilization phase of cast wear for weight-bearing mobilization training and exercise to promote the maintenance of strength in the remainder of the affected limb. More recent studies have shown the benefits of initiating functional casts coupled with early weight bearing in conservative treatment, including a faster return to activity and improved ankle dorsiflexion (traditionally operative treatment corresponded with earlier weight-bearing and exercise initiation), but this continues to vary and will be determined by the referring physician.[14][15][16] 

For surgical patients, rehabilitation exercises typically begin 2 to 4 weeks postop.[17] Post-immobilization therapy consists of exercise progression, including ankle range of motion exercises, resistive and progressive strengthening exercises, isometric exercises, cardiovascular exercises, and balance exercises as appropriate.[18] 

Exercise focus is typically low impact for the first six months, with high-impact exercises incorporated after six months, emphasizing a return to sport as appropriate. Data has shown a need for a heavy focus on calf strengthening within the first year of injury as a reduction in strength gain potential has been demonstrated beyond the one-year post-injury date. [14]

Deterrence and Patient Education

While active patients and recreational athletes often return to baseline activity levels and work following both nonoperative and operative management of these injuries. High-level professional athletes most often report inferior results and return to play regardless of the chosen management plan.

A 2017 study from the American Journal of Sports Medicine reported professional athletes’ follow-up performance (NBA, NFL, MLB, and NHL) at 1- and 2-year follow-ups after surgery performed between 1989 and 2013: 

• >30% failure to return to play

• Athletes returning noted (at 1-year follow-up) the following:

  • Fewer games played, overall

  • Less playing time, overall

  • Suboptimal performance level, overall

• Athletes able to return to play by 2-year follow-up show no statistically significant difference in performance level[19]

Thus, athletes demonstrating the ability to return to play by 1-year should expect to achieve continuous improvement to baseline performance by the ensuing season.

Pearls and Other Issues

To prevent Achilles tendon rupture, adequate warming and stretching before physical activity is recommended.

Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

Even though there are several treatments for Achilles tendon rupture, there is no consensus on which to undertake. There is a wide variation in the management of Achilles tendon injury between orthopedic surgeons and sports physicians. Further, there is no uniformity in postoperative rehabilitation. Experts recommend that an interprofessional approach may help achieve better outcomes.[10][20] [Level 5]

The team should include a trauma surgeon, an orthopedic surgeon, a rehabilitation specialist, and a sports physician. The pharmacist must ensure the patient is not on any medications that can affect healing. The nurse should educate the patient on the importance of stretching before any exercise and participating in a regular exercise program after repair.

Outcomes

Conservative treatment is usually preferred for non-athletes, but the risk of re-rupture is high. While surgery offers a lower risk of re-rupture, it is also associated with post-surgical complications that may delay recovery. Overall, the outcomes for Achilles tendon rupture are good to excellent after treatment.[21][22][23] [Level 5]

Review Questions

• Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.

• Comment on this article.

Figure

achilles tendon rupture. Image courtesy S Bhimji MD

Figure

Achilles tendon rupture. Image courtesy S Bhimji MD

Figure

Achilles Tendon Rupture
T2 MRI demonstrating a full-thickness Achilles rupture with gapping at the classing “watershed” area. Contributed by Mark A. Dreyer, DPM, FACFAS

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Carmont MR, Rossi R, Scheffler S, Mei-Dan O, Beaufils P. Percutaneous & Mini Invasive Achilles tendon repair. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2011 Nov 14;3:28. [PMC free article: PMC3227582] [PubMed: 22082172]

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Oksanen MM, Haapasalo HH, Elo PP, Laine HJ. Hypertrophy of the flexor hallucis longus muscle after tendon transfer in patients with chronic Achilles tendon rupture. Foot Ankle Surg. 2014 Dec;20(4):253-7. [PubMed: 25457661]

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Disclosure: Alan Shamrock declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Matthew Varacallo declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

In April, Dalaloyan tore his Achilles. Today he qualified for the all-around final and did not hold back his tears. Video

July 24, 2021 10:15

The story of overcoming oneself before our very eyes.

The story of overcoming oneself before our eyes.

• On Saturday at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, the gymnasts qualified. Full results – below
• The drawing of the first set of awards in artistic gymnastics will be held on July 26 – the final of the team all-around. The Russian men’s team came to the Games as current world champions in this type of program.
• Arthur Dalaloyan tore his Achilles three months before the start of the Olympics, but managed to restore all the shells. After performing in floor exercises with unusual blots, the three-time world champion gave vent to emotions

Dalaloyan’s performance in floor exercise

View video

Dalaloyan’s performance in vault

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Artur Dalaloyan: “I didn’t expect to show such laxity in freestyle”

– I didn’t control my emotions a little, I didn’t justify my hope. Therefore, there was a small emotional breakdown. Yesterday I expressed a desire to make all the shells, I felt the strength in myself. I was confident in the floor exercises and the jump. I myself did not expect that I would show such laxity in the free. When I was traveling to Tokyo, I didn’t know that I would be freestyle jumping, but I jumped them. Because of this, emotions are mixed. I need to come to the Olympic village and reassess this situation. Need to be digested. The competition mode is normal, for me the most valuable thing after all this is that I managed to pull myself together and make a horse. I didn’t know how to go to him, I had to go out first, did a warm-up with tears in my eyes. I made a horse, and again I was overwhelmed with emotions,” Dalaloyan said after the speech to our correspondent Sergey Lisin.

Dmitry Zanin: “Arthur is upset that he looked like this on the platform. Although I still had to go to hospitals”

– It really infuriates me when a little boy is reassured by the words “don’t cry, you’re a man.” Artur Dalaloyan broke down in tears today after floor exercises. But he’s just a real man, – wrote the correspondent of “Match TV” in Instagram*. – Achilles tore in April. If someone does not know, when you tear it, the foot dangles just like a piece of meat. The doctors said – well, in the autumn you will be able to walk normally. No, he says, I have three months before the Olympics. If you remember, at the Euro, the Italian Spinazolla tore his Achilles and then sawed cute photos from the hospital, everything is cool with me, everyone is so happy, let’s not rush. And compare with Arthur – he still had anesthesia from the operation, and he was already training in the ward, then he worked on his leg 24/7, pumped it up again, stretched it, restored it, a pool, all sorts of rubber bands, massages, procedures. And in the end I came to Tokyo. He returned exactly three months later – everyone is already in shock from this. But he cannot do vault and floor exercises – too much load on the still healing ankle. There is a chance to return to the doctors. Dalaloyan himself said – I will make only 4 shells.

Artur Dalaloyan / Photo: © Laurence Griffiths / Staff / Getty Images Sport / Gettyimages.ru

And now the qualification begins, if you want to fight for the prestigious all-around, then you have to do 6. Everyone is watching – Arthur first makes a very good jump, and then goes to floor exercises. Come on?! He has not done them for three months, he can aggravate the injury. But it starts all the same, diagonal after diagonal – it turns out a little dirty. Dalaloyan is an exemplary gymnast in terms of purity of performance, he can be photographed for textbooks, and then, after a three-month pause, he makes his program with errors and gets upset because of this. That he looked like this on the platform. Although, in fact, Arthur still had to go to hospitals, but instead, in Tokyo, he expected an ideal performance from himself. Just feel the level of ambition and demands on yourself. Nevertheless, Dalaloyan qualified for the all-around final, and imagine if he wins a medal there. But before that there will be another team, where Arthur will also fight like the last time. And there, too, there may be tears, but what a man he is. Well, yes, Arthur has three children.

Open video

Artistic gymnastics

Team all-around

1. Japan — 262.251 points

2. China — 262.061

3. Russia — 261.945

Individual all-around

1. Daiki Hashimoto (Japan) — 88.531

2. Nikita Nagorny (Russia) — 87.897

3. Xiao Zhoten (China) — 87.732…

6. Artur Dalaloyan — 85.957…

18. Alexander Kartsev (both from Russia) — 8 2.299

Horse

1 Xih Kai (Chinese Taipei) – 15,266

2-3. Rhys McClenahan (Ireland) – 15.266

2-3. Kohei Kameyama (Japan) — 15.266…

8. David Belyavsky (Russia) — 14.733

Open video

Rings

1. Eleftherios Petrunias (Greece) — 15.333 900 03

2. Liu Yang (China) — 15.300

3. Ait Sail (France) — 15.066…

7. Denis Ablyazin (Russia) — 14.800

Vault

1. Jehwan Shin (Korea) — 14.866

2 2. Arthur Yes Vtyan (Armenia) — 14,866

3. Nikita Nagorny — 14.783…

5. Denis Ablyazin (both from Russia) — 14.733

Bars

1. Zou Jing Yuan (China) — 16.166

2. Lucas Dauser (Germany) — 15. 733

3. Yu Hao (China) — 15.666

Crossbar

1. Hashimoto Dikes (Japan) — 15.033

2. Milad Karimi (Kazakhstan) — 14.766

3. Tin C rbic (Croatia) — 14.633…

5. Nikita Nagorny (Russia) — 14,466

More words from gymnasts from Tokyo:

• The Russian national gymnastics team is second in the team all-around qualification at the Olympic Games in Tokyo
• Nikita Nagorny: “I’m upset that I didn’t manage to make bars, I made a gross mistake”
• Alexander Kartsev – about falling from the crossbar to the Olympic Games: “I don’t know what happened. Everything was going well, but I decided to do it perfectly “
• David Belyavsky: “The guys coped with their tasks in the qualification”

* A social network recognized as extremist in Russia

No connection

Picture four. People and dolls [compilation]

Fourth scene

Sparta. Hall in the house of Menelaus. The walls are covered with weapons. The hall is full of women. Some embroider a border, others weave baskets, someone sleeps, someone has a snack. Women in chorus sing in a woman’s way pitifully something like:

Aphrodite said to him:

Why did you forget me?

And he has one concern –

Hunting with friends in the woods.

Adonis I care about blood,

Love tortured me.

Agamemnon, Odysseus and Achilles appear. They stop at the door. Women, carried away by singing, do not notice them.

Agamemnon. It seems that this is not the house of the Spartan king, but this one… like his…

Achilles. Women’s bath.

Agamemnon. It is the women’s bath.

Odysseus. Only a hardened Spartan can soar in such a society.

Agamemnon (striking the shield with the sword). Get the hell out of here, you wettails!

Women, noticing armed soldiers, scatter with a screech. Offstage, the trumpet sounds of a hunting horn are heard. Enter Menelaus, armed with a bow and a quiver of arrows. Behind him, a servant carries the carcass of a horned deer on his shoulders.

Menelaus. Ba-ba-ba! Who do I see! Agamemnon, my brother!

Embrace follows.

Agamemnon. Let me introduce my friends – Odysseus Laertides, King of Ithaca.

Menelaus. Heard a lot about you, cunning Odysseus.

Odysseus. That’s nothing compared to what I’ve heard about you, especially lately.

Menelaus. I’ve been lucky lately. Today was a good hunt. It was barely dawn…

Menelaus tells something quietly, but with enthusiasm, to Agamemnon and Odysseus. Achilles, having finished examining the weapons on the walls, turns to the servant.

Achilles. Sparta is said to have the largest deer.

Servant (convinced). The largest.

Achilles. But I once shot a deer in Rhodes. It was much larger than this.

Servant. In Rhodes the deer are much larger.

Achilles. And in Thessaly the deer are many times greater than those of Rhodes.

Servant. Many times superior.

Achilles (perplexed). And they say that in Sparta the deer are the largest.

Servant (with the same conviction). The largest.

Achilles (looking at the servant). Don’t you think you’re talking to me like I’m an idiot?

Servant. What are you, Your Grace. I don’t dare to talk to you. This is you talking to yourself. And I’m like a mirror. Who is angry at the mirror?

Achilles. Idiot.

Servant. Correct. Only an idiot.

Achilles. You are an idiot! Get out of here while you’re still alive!

Servant. Beating a mirror is a bad omen.

Leaves the deer and leaves.

Agamemnon (pointing to Achilles). And this is Achilles. Achilles, come and say hello to my brother.

Achilles fits limping. Hello.

Menelaus. Why are you lame?

Achilles. This is from childhood. Something with a heel.

Menelaus. We must go to Delphi, ask the omniscient Pythia. She will help.

Achilles. Asked. She replied that I should beware of the fifth day of each month and do nothing on Friday, otherwise I risk going crazy.

Agamemnon. Did you say so?

Achilles. Word for word.

Agamemnon. Something’s wrong here. The Pythia always pronounces her prophecies in verse. And this, it seems to me, is not poetry.

Odysseus. We must visit Delphi more often, Agamemnon. (To everyone.) Recently, when the Pythia uttered her next prophecy in verse, a philosopher asked her why she, the omniscient Pythia, did not know that she was composing completely mediocre verses. Since then, she has been prophesying in prose. Also worthless.

Agamemnon. I disagree. Since her poems were officially recognized, it means that they are not mediocre. (Reciting.)

Only when the whiteness of the piers shines on Sophia

And when the market is dressed with a white fence, then something,

Prudent, arboreal ambush

Fear the Crimson Herald.

Odysseus shrugs and spreads his arms. Achilles scratches the back of his head. Menelaus laughs.

Agamemnon (hot). It used to be incomprehensible, but beautiful. And now it’s clear and … and that’s it!

Menelaus. But my copper-shiny friends! What an ominous sight? These helmets, armor… You can feel safe with me.

Agamemnon. Haha! In safety! You are careless, like this one…

Achilles. Bird.

Agamemnon. Yes, like a bird. All Hellas is talking about the shameful betrayal of your wife, and what are you doing?

Odysseus. (to Agamemnon). What betrayal are you talking about? Don’t you have Helena in Mycenae?

Agamemnon. (to all). Me? No, this is outrageous! All Hellas knows that his wife is with Paris in Troy, and he blinks his eyes, like this … this …

Achilles. Cow.

Agamemnon. Yes, like a cow. Just like a cow.

Menelaus. It can’t be! It doesn’t look like Elena at all.

Odysseus. But maybe like Paris?

Menelaus (quietly). So this is the will of the gods.

Agamemnon (to all). Did you hear? And this is my brother! (to Menelaus.) All and sundry shake your underwear. My Clytemnestra won’t let me pass: give her the details! Released the tongues!

Menelaus (to Agamemnon). What are you yelling, I ask you? Broke out. Yells and yells, does not allow to say a word. Screamer. I can guess why you stand up for my marital honor so much. Lost at dice, do you want to recoup at rounders? Who is this brunette that I often met in your house?

Agamemnon. What brunette? There are few brunettes in Hellas.

Menelaus. You know perfectly well who I’m talking about. The one that sweetens your wife Clytemnestra with playing the cithara and is sure to be right there when you are going to go hunting or …

Agamemnon. Stop hinting! I know without you. Do you mean Aegisthus? So what? What is wrong or reprehensible in this? Yes, Clytemnestra is bored, yes, they play music together, take walks, share what they read. Yes, he is a sweet and amiable young man. You know, recently I even agreed … that is, myself … yes, yes! It was he himself who insisted that he move in with us. Yes, Clytemnestra was used to it. Aegisthus for her, like this… this…

Achilles. I don’t know who.

Agamemnon. Not at all what you all thought. Aegisthus is very unhappy. He can’t do anything at all … well, he’s not capable as a man.

Menelaus. How do you know?

Agamemnon. He himself confessed to me in secret. I purposely told Clytemnestra about this, and she laughed at him to tears.

Odysseus. Are you sure it’s above him?

Agamemnon. Who else? Not over me. I’m healthy, like this … like a bull!

Achilles. Exactly like a bull.

Agamemnon. By the way, after that she became very gentle with him, and I leave them without any fear. (to Menelaus.) Tell me to give me something to drink, my throat is dry. Yes, yes, without any fear.

Servant, at the sign of Menelaus, gives Agamemnon a goblet. Agamemnon drinks.

(Screams unexpectedly.) Everything that happens in my house happens in my house! Everyone knows that I am calm and happy! And your name is fluttered all over Hellas from Sparta to Mycenae!

Menelaus. You know, Elena and I didn’t get along. I never loved her, and she me.

Odysseus. Especially now is the time to shout at all crossroads about your love.

Menelaus. Why? Everyone knows that we lived with her like a cat…

Achilles. With mouse.

Menelaus. Don’t tell me. I myself.

Agamemnon. You yourself brought it to what. You are deeply offended!

Menelaus. Wait.

Agamemnon. You are out of your mind with grief!

Menelaus. Nonsense.

Agamemnon. And I say: got off. You tear and toss. You tear and toss, like this one…

Achilles. Fish.

Agamemnon. Yes, like a fish. Like a leviophane whale.

Odysseus. Whales don’t throw anything. They make fountains.

Agamemnon. You will start a fountain of blood and wash away shame.

Menelaus. Nonsense.

Odysseus. His stupidity is not so stupid.

Agamemnon (not seeing anyone around him, with enthusiasm). The offended king of warlike Sparta will be able to avenge the offense!

Odysseus. Bravo, well said! And now about business. (to Menelaus.) Do you want your wife to come back to you?

Menelaus. Well, if, in your opinion, it is impossible to do without it now, I certainly . ..

Odysseus. Yes or no?

Menelaus. No.

Odysseus. Excellent. Everything must be done so that Elena does not want to return. Apparently, it’s not difficult. Then we have the right to besiege the city and take it by storm. Troy is unspeakably rich, no one will be offended.

To start a war means to prepare a dish in which the sauce decides everything. Without sauce, this dish becomes across the throat. Normal people will reject such a meal, and then the cooks themselves will have to eat it. And this often leads to volvulus.

Another thing – with sauce. There are not many recipes, but the sauce must certainly be of a noble taste, flavored with spicy spices of all kinds of spices. So, the recipe is the first, the oldest, tested on the digestion of many peoples. You wanted to take a walk in a small company of friends, ten to fifteen thousand people. In search of beautiful landscapes, you got lost and, quite by accident, ended up in someone else’s territory. And suddenly some madmen pounce on you with the obvious goal of destroying you. Quite unexpectedly, you find yourself armed to the teeth and, naturally, begin to defend yourself. This sauce is good, but lacks flavor.

Other prescription. Dismantling old rubbish in the attic, you find an ancient papyrus, an agreement where it is written in black and white that the rulers of neighboring states forever provide their natural wealth at the disposal of your great-great-great-great-great. All signatures, except for the stroke of the progenitor, cannot be disassembled – alas! – the destructive action of inexorable time. You immediately send copies of the ancient treaty to the rulers of the indicated countries and, as a guarantee of the authenticity of your document, transfer troops across the border. This sauce also has some drawbacks – it is too thin in taste.

And finally, the third recipe. Among a foreign people, your subject is forcibly detained, it is better if this is your friend, but if it is a wife – you can only dream of this, understand me correctly!

The duty of a ruler, countryman, friend, and even more so of a husband makes you immediately save the victim of a monstrous injustice. This sauce is so good that even the mention of it makes me salivate. And believe me, millennia will pass, but these three recipes will be enough for people with insatiable stomachs!

Agamemnon. We’ve already agreed on everything. I have been chosen to lead the expedition. All the heroes of Hellas will join us. Ajax Telamonides is eager to fight, like this… this…

Achilles. Fool.

Agamemnon. Like a fool. Wait, who’s the fool?

Odysseus. One who does not take advantage of a good pretext. We may never have another opportunity like this.

Menelaus. Trumpet collection. I am yours, friends!

Agamemnon. I recognize you, my brother! We will agree on the share in production later.

This text is an introductory fragment.

PICTURE FOUR

PICTURE FOUR
Big field. Lots of stumps around. In the foreground are two curly birch trees. Dolgopolov and Seredkin go out talking. They will beat me again, Ferapont Konstantinovich, I feel it. For skimmers and manual sowing, a severe reprimand according to the party

PICTURE FIVE

PICTURE FIVE
Khlebnikov’s office. Khlebnikov is talking on the phone. He is excited and frightened. To us? Commission from the regional committee? A collective statement against Ognev’s actions? (Listens tensely, then, shocked, hangs up. Nervous,

PICTURE SIX

PICTURE SIX
A laboratory with an adjoining greenhouse. A table filled with test tubes, soil samples, instruments. Scales, microscope. To the left is a desk with a telephone on it. Above the table is the inscription: “Senior agronomist of the state farm.” In the back of the scene is the greenhouse section. In boxes branched

Picture three

Picture three
The corner of the room in the archive. Rack, table, lamp. At the table, Nesterov is doing gymnastic exercises. Vera Vikentievna enters, puts both folders on the table. Nesterov. Oh-oh-oh, steep hills will roll Yegorka away. Vera Vikentievna (laughs). Nothing, Yegor Ivanovich, you are a man

Fourth scene

Picture Four
Living room in Beria’s house. Carpets and weapons on the walls, a hookah, Chinese lanterns and a black lacquer screen with dragons. At the mirror in Beria’s silk robe. In his hands he has a bundle of bound papers. At the back of the stage is the silent Kobulov. Beria (looking into the mirror,

First painting

Picture one
Sparta. Sea shore. Grotto in the rocks above the sea. There is a flat stone terrace in front of the grotto. On a spread carpet, among narrow-necked amphoras, bowls, dishes with the remnants of a meal, two men and a woman are sleeping, covered with a bearskin. From the grotto, wrapped in a light raincoat,

Fourth scene

Picture Four
Sparta. Hall in the house of Menelaus. The walls are covered with weapons. The hall is full of women. Some embroider a border, others weave baskets, someone sleeps, someone has a snack. Women in chorus sing in a woman’s pitifully something like:
Aphrodite told him:
Why have you forgotten me?
And he has

Ninth scene

Scene nine
Troy. Street in the city. Crimson glow of fire. Screams, a dull roar are heard from afar. Two Trojans appear in hastily thrown clothes. 1st Trojan. Look, fire! 2nd Trojan. I suppose they drank for joy and set it on fire. Not for the first time. Let’s go see? They’re coming.

Tenth scene

Scene ten
Egypt. The refectory in Proteus’ house. Lamps are burning. Elena, Proteus and Aeneas are at the table. Aeneas. Yes, Paris is dead. He was caught by a poisoned arrow as he ran out of the burning city through the North Gate. It is believed that he wanted to hide in the mountains with the shepherds. Not

PICTURE

PAINTING
The whole picture was a moment, but that moment for which all human life is one preparation.
Gogol, “Portrait”.
Ivanov repeatedly had to explain the plot of his painting. He usually referred to the gospel text. On the banks of the Jordan John

PICTURE

PAINTING
From the distant past of my life, today I am accompanied by memories that can be called very prosaically: expedient memories containing grains of conclusions that were useful earlier for my hobbies, and now for my profession. They gave birth to

Ancient Egyptian painting

ancient egyptian painting
Akim Bedrach, for whom I work, was apparently once a prosperous owner who managed to stand on his feet when the formation of collective farms swept away and destroyed everything that testified to the work of real owners. Family: two daughters are married, live

Picture 3 Expulsion from paradise

Scene 3
Exile from paradise
The higher the rise, the deeper the fall, the more painful the disappointments. Ludwig has already begun to receive the first accusations from the Bavarian government of misallocation of funds. When it became clear that the relationship with Wagner

PESSIMISTIC PICTURE

PESSIMISTIC PICTURE
The prospects for the Shah’s regime depended to a large extent on how the Iranian monarch could use the oil wealth that came to him to reform his country’s political and economic structure.