Hemoglobin Blood Test – Testing.com

Test Quick Guide

Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein found in Red Blood Cells (RBC), giving them their unique red color. It is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen from your lungs to the tissues and organs of your body.

A hemoglobin test is often used to detect anemia, which is a deficiency of RBC that can have adverse health effects. While hemoglobin can be tested on its own, it’s more often tested as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test that also measures levels of other types of blood cells.

About the Test

Purpose of the test

A hemoglobin test is used to find out how much hemoglobin is in your blood. It is most often used to determine if you have low levels of RBC, a condition known as anemia.

In addition to identifying anemia, a hemoglobin test can be involved in the diagnosis of other health problems like liver and kidney disease, blood disorders, malnutrition, some kinds of cancer, and heart and lung conditions.

If you have been treated for anemia or other conditions that can affect hemoglobin levels, a hemoglobin test may be ordered to check your response to treatment and monitor the progression of your overall health.

What does the test measure?

A hemoglobin test measures the volume of the protein hemoglobin found in your RBC. It is measured in grams per deciliter (g/dL) of blood or grams per liter (g/L) of blood.

Hemoglobin is one component of RBC and gives these cells their distinct red color. A main function of hemoglobin is to carry oxygen to cells throughout the body. It also has a role in transporting carbon dioxide from the organs and tissues back to the lungs where it can be exhaled.

When measured as part of a CBC test, other blood components may be measured including:

• White blood cells (WBCs), which are involved in immune function
• Platelets that enable the blood to clot when needed
• Hematocrit, the proportion of blood made up of RBC

When should I get this test?

Hemoglobin is one indicator of how much oxygen your body may be getting. Levels can also reflect whether you have enough iron in your blood. Accordingly, your provider may order a CBC to measure hemoglobin if you are experiencing signs and symptoms of low oxygen or iron. These symptoms can include:

• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath during physical activity
• Dizziness
• Skin that is paler or yellower than usual
• Headaches
• Irregular heartbeat

Although less common, high hemoglobin levels can also cause health problems. A hemoglobin test may be ordered if you have signs of abnormally high hemoglobin levels, such as:

• Disturbed vision
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Slurred speech
• Reddening of the face

Your provider may also order a hemoglobin test if you have been diagnosed with or are suspected of having:

• Blood disorders like sickle cell disease or thalassemia
• Diseases affecting the lungs, liver, kidneys, or cardiovascular system
• Significant bleeding from trauma or surgery
• Poor nutrition or a diet that is low in vitamins and minerals, specifically iron
• Significant long-term infection
• Cognitive impairment, especially in the elderly
• Certain types of cancer

You most often see results for a hemoglobin test as part of a CBC test, a common collection of tests often ordered by a provider to assess your overall health. For this reason, having a hemoglobin test does not necessarily mean your provider suspects a health problem.

Finding a Hemoglobin Test

How can I get a Hemoglobin test?

A hemoglobin test is most commonly conducted by a licensed professional in a health care setting. It is usually part of a CBC test done in a doctor’s office, clinic, laboratory, or hospital. The test may be performed with a blood draw or a fingerstick test.

A hemoglobin test is normally prescribed by a doctor, so talk with your health care provider if you have symptoms that could be related to abnormal hemoglobin levels.

Can I take the test at home?

There are options for at-home hemoglobin testing. At-home tests use one or more drops of blood to provide an estimation of hemoglobin levels. The drops of blood are obtained by pricking your finger with a tiny needle.

At-home hemoglobin tests may produce values that are less accurate than laboratory testing, especially for certain patients. For the most accurate results, hemoglobin tests should be administered by trained laboratory personnel.

Your doctor can help you understand if at-home testing is appropriate in your case, and never use at-home tests in place of consultation with your doctor about your health.

How much does the test cost?

Hemoglobin tests are usually part of a CBC. The cost for a CBC panel depends on whether you have health insurance and whether it covers the test. Other factors that can affect the cost include where your blood is drawn and the charges for the laboratory where your provider sends your blood sample.

Check directly with your doctor or your insurance provider to find out about expected costs, including any copays or deductibles.

Taking a Hemoglobin Test

Hemoglobin is measured by taking a blood sample. A hemoglobin test is most often part of a blood draw ordered and conducted by a medical professional in a health care setting.

In infants, hemoglobin tests may be conducted by pricking the heel or finger of the child.

Before the test

Unless specified by your provider, no special preparation is needed for a hemoglobin test. In some instances, hemoglobin is tested along with other blood tests. When you are getting more than one blood test, your provider may ask you to not eat anything for a certain amount of time prior to your test. If you have questions or concerns about any test preparation, contact your health care provider for detailed instructions.

During the test

Most hemoglobin tests involve a blood draw from a vein inside your elbow or at the top of your hand. The steps for taking a blood draw include:

1. The area is cleansed with an antiseptic wipe.
2. A band, called a tourniquet, is placed around your arm to increase the pressure in your arm and make your vein more visible and easier to access with a needle.
3. A needle is placed in your vein. A test tube is attached to the needle and is filled with blood. You may feel a pinch or a little pain, which may result in mild bruising or some bleeding.
4. If you are getting other blood tests in addition to a hemoglobin test you may have more than one tube of blood drawn.

For young children, testing may involve a blood sample taken from the heel or finger. Those tests follow these steps:

1. The finger or heel is cleaned with alcohol or an antiseptic wipe.
2. The finger or heel is stuck with a small needle, resulting in 2-3 drops of blood.
3. The first drops of blood are wiped away.
4. As the next drop of blood is produced, a test strip is prepared for analysis.
5. The blood is applied to the test strip so that it can be analyzed on-site.

After the test

Once blood is drawn, the health care provider may apply pressure to the puncture site with a cotton swab. If you are prone to bleeding, they may place an adhesive bandage over the cotton swab to maintain the pressure.

After any blood draw test, such as hemoglobin, it’s important to watch out for dizziness or lightheadedness. Your provider may want you to stay seated for a few minutes until they can determine that you are safe to get up and walk and/or drive.

Other than possible lightheadedness, side effects from a blood draw may include slight bruising at the puncture site.

Hemoglobin Test Results

Receiving test results

Results from a hemoglobin test are often available within a few days after you have had your blood drawn. You may receive results by mail or electronically. Your doctor’s office may also contact you to discuss your test results.

Interpreting test results

The numbers associated with your result are in grams per deciliter or g/dL. Hemoglobin reference ranges may vary depending on age and sex.

The high and low values of a normal test result, called the reference range, may differ depending on the laboratory and the methods used to conduct the test. For this reason, it is essential to look at the reference range listed on your test report.

An example of potential reference range, provided by the American Board of Internal Medicine, is listed in the following tables:

Hemoglobin Reference Range for Adults

Hemoglobin Reference Range Newborns and Infants

While these provide an example of a potential reference range, your results are only considered abnormal based on the range used by the specific laboratory that performed the test.

Because hemoglobin is affected by many factors, it is important that you discuss your results with your provider if you have any concerns. Only your doctor can clarify if your hemoglobin test results are normal for your situation.

If hemoglobin levels are low, it can be a sign of anemia. There are many potential causes of anemia including blood loss, nutritional deficiencies, and many other conditions.

High hemoglobin can also be a sign of underlying health problems including conditions affecting the lung and heart. Dehydration, smoking, living at a high altitude, and some genetic conditions can also lead to high levels of hemoglobin.

Abnormal hemoglobin levels are not a diagnosis of any of these conditions. Instead, your hemoglobin levels are evaluated in the context of your symptoms, other blood counts, and additional test results to diagnose an underlying cause of high or low levels of hemoglobin.

Abnormal hemoglobin test results may or may not require follow-up testing. Hemoglobin is often evaluated alongside other components of a CBC to look for signs of disease or monitor health conditions.

If they feel it is necessary, your doctor may order additional testing if you have low hemoglobin. Often follow-up testing aims to evaluate the cause or causes of anemia. Testing for anemia may include tests such as a reticulocyte count, a renal panel, a liver panel, hemolysis testing, or a blood smear.

Follow-up testing is based on your symptoms, medical history, and the results of other tests. For questions about follow-up testing, make sure to speak with your doctor.

The following questions may be helpful when reviewing your hemoglobin test results with your doctor:

• Was my hemoglobin level abnormal?
• If it was abnormal, do you consider that level to be concerning in my case?
• Are abnormal hemoglobin levels something I can change?
• Do I need to monitor my hemoglobin levels at home?
• Based on my hemoglobin levels, is there any other testing that is needed?

Resources

• CBC Blood Test (Complete Blood Count)
  Learn More
• Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Test
  Learn More
• Hematrocit Blood Test
  Learn More
• White Blood Cell Count (WBC Blood Test)
  Learn More
• Platelet Count (PLT) Blood Test
  Learn More
• Blood Smear
  Learn More
• Iron Test
  Learn More
• Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Test
  Learn More
• Reticulocyte Count Test
  Learn More
• The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
  Learn More
• National Library of Medicine: Anemia
  Learn More

Sources

See More

See Less

Take Control of Your Health

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.

I Accept

Spleen – Clinical Methods – NCBI Bookshelf

Definition

The normal adult spleen lies immediately under the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It ranges in length from 6 to 13 cm and in weight from 75 to 120 g. The spleen is not normally palpable except in slender young adults. When the spleen can be felt below the left costal margin, at rest or on inspiration, splenic enlargement should be assumed and the explanation sought. Although the normal-size, or even the abnormally small, spleen can be involved in pathologic processes, with the exception of rubs associated with splenic infarcts, physical examination is generally not helpful in identifying the problem. Nevertheless, the enlarged and palpable spleen is an important clue to the presence of a variety of illnesses.

Technique

When examining the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, foremost in the examiner’s mind should be the question of whether or not the spleen is enlarged. The examiner should intend to feel the spleen. A perfunctory examination while assuming the spleen is not going to be palpable is the best way to miss an enlarged spleen. The approach to this part of the physical examination should be to operate on the hypothesis that the spleen is enlarged and only be convinced that this is incorrect if your best attempts to confirm the hypothesis fail.

Each of the four physical examining techniques—inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion—is important in examining for splenic enlargement. The examiner should begin with observing the patient’s abdomen on inspiration. In the extremely enlarged spleen, this can lead to observation of the splenic edge descending in the left upper or lower abdomen or, in the extreme case, in the right abdomen. If the spleen cannot be seen, the left upper quadrant should be auscultated during inspiration. Both the maneuvers of inspection and auscultation are most efficiently incorporated into the initial part of the entire abdominal examination. The left upper quadrant and left lower ribs anteriorly and laterally should be auscultated for evidence of a splenic rub (i.e., a coarse, scratching sound coincident with inspiration). A splenic rub should be especially sought in patients complaining of left upper quadrant pain or pain on top of the left shoulder that is associated with inspiration, and in patients with recent trauma to the left upper quadrant.

Palpation of the left upper quadrant for splenic enlargement can be performed in a variety of ways. Each examiner should use techniques with which he or she is comfortable and always perform them in exactly the same manner and order. A standard approach is the key to avoiding mistakes. Palpation for splenic enlargement should begin with the patient supine and with knees flexed. Using the right hand, the examiner should begin well below the left costal margin and feel gently but firmly for the splenic edge by pushing down, then cephalad, then releasing (). This maneuver should be repeated, working toward the left costal margin. If the spleen cannot be felt below the left costal margin with the patient breathing quietly, the left hand should be placed behind the left lateral ribs and the right just below the left costal margin (). The patient, on instruction from the examiner, should inspire deeply. The examiner’s right hand should then repeat the maneuver of pressing down, cephalad, and releasing. This should be performed with the right hand at the mid-left costal margin and more laterally until the examiner finds the spleen or is convinced that he or she cannot feel the splenic edge. The splenic edge is frequently “sharp,” but can feel “rounded.” If the spleen still has not been felt, the patient should be placed in the right lateral position and approached in one of two ways (see and ), depending on which is preferred by the examiner. In either case, once the examiner is in position, the same hand movements should be repeated while the patient inspires deeply. It should be noted that when this maneuver is performed with the examiner standing behind the patient, the fingers are “hooked” over the costal margin.

Figure 150.1

By palpating only the splenic edge at the right costal margin, it is possible to miss an extremely enlarged spleen by never feeling low enough to feel the edge. Palpation of the spleen should begin well below the left costal margin using the hand movements (more…)

Figure 150.2

This is the classic position for splenic palpation. As the patient inspires, the edge of an enlarged spleen descends to the examiner’s fingertips.

Figure 150.3

With the patient in the right lateral position, minimal splenic enlargement can be detected by examining either from in front or in back of the patient. In the position illustrated here, the examination is performed much as in Figure 150.2.

Figure 150.4

Some examiners feel more comfortable examining for the spleen from behind the patient, in the right lateral position. In this case, the fingers are “hooked” over the costal margin.

All these maneuvers can be done in a few minutes when the examiner is confident in his or her technique. When a left upper quadrant mass is found, it is important to consider that it might not be the spleen. The most frequent organ to be confused with an enlarged spleen is an enlarged left kidney. The position in the abdomen, characteristics of the palpated “edge,” and movement on inspiration are usually sufficient to identify with confidence an enlarged spleen. If any question exists, however, it can be resolved by an abdominal ultrasound examination.

If all these maneuvers fail to demonstrate splenic enlargement, it is appropriate to use percussion as a final step. In both the supine and right lateral positions, the left upper quadrant immediately below the costal margin and the left lower rib margin should be percussed on inspiration and expiration. Dullness that is not present during expiration but is present during inspiration should suggest the presence of an enlarged spleen that has descended with inspiration. In this case, palpation should be repeated to try to confirm this impression.

Basic Science

The normal adult spleen contributes to the homeostasis of the body by removing from the blood useless or potentially injurious materials (e.g., abnormal or “wornout” red blood cells and microorganisms) and by synthesizing immunoglobulins and properdin. Splenic enlargement can be associated with decreased or increased function, depending on the cause of the enlarged spleen. The causes of splenic enlargement include vascular congestion (e.g., portal hypertension secondary to cirrhosis or splenic vein thrombosis), reticuloendothelial hyperplasia (e.g., systemic infections such as typhoid fever and endocarditis), “work hypertrophy” (e.g., certain hemolytic anemias), and infiltrative processes (e.g., tumor, extramedullary hematopoiesis, amyloidosis). When splenic enlargement is associated with a change in splenic function, it is most frequently associated with splenic hyperfunction. This is reflected in the peripheral blood by thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, rapid red blood cell destruction, or a combination of these findings. This clinical syndrome of an enlarged spleen and peripheral cytopenias is often referred to as hypersplenism. When splenic enlargement is secondary to an infiltrative process (i.e., tumors or amyloidosis), splenic hypofunction can result. This is reflected in the peripheral blood by Howell–Jolly bodies and abnormal red blood cell forms. The presence of an enlarged spleen should lead to examination of the peripheral blood by the physician.

Clinical Significance

The presence of an enlarged spleen can frequently be the clue that puts the other physical findings in perspective and leads to the correct diagnosis. Splenic enlargement is a finding that should never be ignored. The differential diagnosis is extensive. gives one approach to categorizing the causes of splenic enlargement. It is extremely important to correlate the presence of an enlarged spleen with the historical findings, other physical findings, laboratory results, and x-ray findings to identify the cause of splenic enlargement in a particular patient. For example, vascular spiders, red palms, and small testes in a patient with splenic enlargement would strongly suggest liver disease as the etiology. Roth spots and a new heart murmur would suggest endocarditis. Extensive lymphadenopathy, weight loss, night sweats, and an enlarged spleen would suggest a malignant lymphoproliferative disease. By making these correlations, it is possible to utilize the presence of an enlarged spleen to plan a patient’s subsequent evaluation and quickly and efficiently reach the correct diagnosis.

Table 150.1

Causes of Splenomegaly.

References

1. Eichner ER. Splenic function: normal, too much and too little. Am J Med. 1979;66:311–20. [PubMed: 371397]

2. Eichner ER, Whitfield CL. Splenomegaly: an algorithmic approach to diagnosis. JAMA. 1981;246:2858–61. [PubMed: 7310979]

3. McIntyre OR, Ebaugh FG. Palpable spleens in college freshmen. Ann Intern Med. 1967;66:301–6. [PubMed: 6016543]

Chronic granulomatous disease

Chronic granulomatous disease

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetic (inherited) disease in which blood cells, phagocytes that destroy invading microorganisms, do not produce hydrogen peroxide and other substances necessary to destroy certain bacteria and fungi. As a result of this defect, patients with CGD develop infectious diseases, and their tissues accumulate an excess of immune cells that form nodes. These nodes are called granulomas, which gave the disease its name. Another problem with CGD is that patients can develop aseptic inflammation (in the absence of infection), which can cause diarrhea, kidney and urinary tract dysfunction.

Definition of CHB

Phagocytes (from the Greek Phagein – “to eat”) are white blood cells that surround foreign microorganisms and enclose them in tiny compartments inside the cells. These compartments are called phagosomes and are filled with chemicals that help kill bacteria and fungi. Such substances (for example, hydrogen peroxide) are produced in phagosomes and are contained in them in high concentration. There are two main types of phagocytes: neutrophils and monocytes. They constantly move through the bloodstream, go to the site of infection, find bacteria or fungi there, and place them in phagosomes. After that, a normally functioning phagosome is filled with hydrogen peroxide and other toxins, which kills the microorganism (germ or fungus).

In CGD, phagocytes successfully move to the focus of infection, where they capture microorganisms. However, they cannot produce hydrogen peroxide like a healthy cell because they lack a key protein that helps them produce. Notably, the phagocytes of CGD patients can resist many infections, but not all of them. Patients with CGD have developed normal immunity to most viruses and some bacteria and fungi, and therefore are not always susceptible to infectious colds. For months and years, they can live without experiencing illness, and then suddenly fall ill in a very severe form. The body of a CGD patient produces normal lymphocytes and antibodies, so unlike patients with lymphocyte problems, they are not particularly susceptible to viruses.

Thus, in CGD, phagocytes do not produce peroxide and additional chemicals, which leads to the development of infection with only a few bacterial and fungal pathogens, including: Staphylococcus aureus , 16 complex , Serratia marcescens , Nocardia and Aspergillus In most other indicators, the immune system is functioning normally.

Clinical manifestations of CHB

Babies with CHB are usually born healthy. In infancy, CHB is mainly manifested by an infectious lesion of the skin or bone tissue caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens . And every child with such an infection should be examined for CHB. In general, a serious infection with any of the above pathogens is an indication for testing for CHB.

Infections in CGD can spread to any organ or tissue in the body, but usually affect the skin, lungs, lymph nodes, liver, and bone. Infections can come and go suddenly, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. Lymph node infections (armpits, groin, and neck) are a common problem in CGD, often requiring surgery and drainage in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.

A typical problem in CHB is pneumonia. Fungal pneumonia Aspergillus can develop very slowly, from normal fatigue to cough and chest pain. Fungal pneumonias often do not cause fever. On the contrary, bacterial infections ( Staphylococcus aureus , Burkholderia cepacia complex , Nocardia ) usually develop rapidly, with fever and cough. Especially nocardiosis, which causes high fever and lung abscess, which can damage part of the lung. At the same time, it is important to determine the type of infection and the pathogen that caused it at an early stage of the disease and to conduct a full course of long-term therapy, i.e. you need to see a doctor at the first symptoms. X-ray and CT of the chest are very informative. However, if pneumonia is diagnosed, it is very important to determine which microbe it is caused by, which may require bronchoscopy with a biopsy. Therapy can continue for several weeks or months.

Approximately 1/3 of patients with CGD have a liver abscess. It can manifest itself in the form of fever and general weakness, and is also accompanied by pain in the right side. Diagnosis requires MRI, CT, ultrasound of the liver, as well as a needle biopsy to determine the exact cause of infection. Most inflammation of the liver in CHB causes Staphylococcus aureus . This condition is often difficult to treat and may require surgery. In some cases, antibiotic therapy is successfully used in conjunction with the use of hormonal drugs that reduce inflammation and increase the effectiveness of antibiotics.

Bone lesions (osteomyelitis) can affect the arms and legs, as well as the spine (especially if the fungal infection from the lungs spreads to the back).

New antibiotics and antifungals are now becoming available, many effective orally. The recovery rate among patients with CGD is very high and can be even higher if diagnosed and treated early.

One of the most difficult aspects of CGD is gastrointestinal problems. About 40-50% of patients with CGD have an inflammatory process in the intestine that is not directly related to a specific infection. This inflammation may be erroneously classified as Crohn’s disease because it is outwardly very similar to it in terms of symptoms, and also responds to appropriate therapy (antibiotics, hormones, immunosuppressants). However, injections of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) blocking molecule drug, which is very effective in Crohn’s disease, lead to severe infections in patients with CGD and should not be used. Similar problems can also occur in the urinary tract, causing difficulty urinating. The 8th episode of the 3rd season of “Doctor House” is devoted to a visual representation of the symptoms and diagnosis of CHB.

Diagnosis of CHB

There are five different genetic types of CHB. The most common form is called “X-linked” because its source is located on the X chromosome (70% of cases in the US and Europe) and affects almost exclusively boys. However, the remaining 4 types are located on other chromosomes and have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. These types affect boys and girls equally, so about 15% of cases occur in girls. In the “X-linked” form, boys become ill, while girls are relatively asymptomatic carriers of the disease.

The severity of CGD may be partly determined by the specificity of the gene mutation. Infections leading to a diagnosis of CHB usually begin in childhood. However, some patients may not be exposed to infections until adolescence or adulthood. Physicians should not ignore the possibility of CGD in adult patients with pneumonia caused by pathogens characteristic of CGD. Therefore, any patient of any age with such an infection ( Staphylococcus aureus , Burkholderia cepacia complex , Serratia marcescens , Nocardia and Aspergillus ) should be referred for CGD diagnosis unless there are strong counterarguments.

The most accurate blood test for CHB measures the amount of peroxide in phagocytes using the dihydrorhodamine reagent. There are other tests for diagnosing CGD, such as NBT (this test is still practiced but less reliable). After being tested for CGD, it is useful to determine the genetic subtype of the disease for family planning purposes, and also because some types of CGD are more likely to be indicated for bone marrow/stem cell transplantation (BMT/HSCT).

Treatment of CHB

Early diagnosis of the disease and targeted intensive use of appropriate antibiotics is the best way to treat CHB infection. Initial broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy is indicated for the duration of tests to identify specific infectious agents, which must be accurately identified, and not acted at random. Serious infections may require intravenous antibiotics. In the presence of a threat to the patient’s life, neutrophil transfusions are sometimes used.

All patients with CGD should receive preventive antimicrobial therapy, usually trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and introconazole. These drugs reduce infection by up to 70%. Since infections critical for CGD are present in the environment and usually not in the human body, the effect of prevention is aimed at “creating a wall” around the patient: the infection can still “jump over” it, but develop with great difficulty. In addition, the infection is not unnecessarily exposed to medicinal antibiotics, and does not develop resistance to it.

Daily itraconazole antifungal tablets reduce fungal infection in CGD. Maximum prophylaxis for CGD includes taking cotrimoxazole tablets twice a day and itraconazole once, plus interferon gamma injections 3 times a week. With this prophylactic therapy, the mean incidence of severe infections in CGD is less than one in four years, adjusted for individual factors.

Interferon-gamma is normally produced by the body itself, but can also be given by injection to stimulate the immune system. Patients with CGD receiving gamma-interferon (in the form of subcutaneous injections 3 times a week) are 70% less susceptible to infections, and if they occur, they proceed in a milder form. Interferon gamma is not a cure for CGD. It can cause fever, weakness, and depression as side effects, which can be prevented by taking acetaminophen (Tylenol) before injection. Some patients choose to refrain from such injections due to discomfort, cost of the drug, or side effects. Interferon-gamma at doses even lower than the standard recommended may provide some protection against infections. Side effects are usually related to the volume of the dose of the drug and can be reduced by dosage or by reducing the frequency of injections.

Stem cell transplantation is the only way to completely cure CGD, but it is a very complicated procedure and not yet available everywhere. The patient may not have completely suitable siblings as donors, and traditional conservative therapy may well be successful, so not everyone agrees to a transplant. However, some patients with CGD may be well placed for transplantation. If a suitable related or unrelated donor is available and the patient is in good condition, bone marrow transplantation can be very effective. More and more patients are now being referred for transplantation. Gene therapy is not yet available for the treatment of CGD. But some laboratories are working on this new method, so gene therapy may be a good tool in the future to treat this disease.

Many experts argue that swimming should only be practiced in well-chlorinated pools. Brackish water can promote contact with microorganisms that are especially dangerous for patients with CHB ( Francisella philomiragia , Chromobacterium violaceum ).

A major risk for CGD patients is handling garden mulch (shredded, moldy tree bark) or soil. Contact with these substances can result in severe, life-threatening pneumonia from inhalation of the Aspergillus fungus found in rotting plant matter. Patients with CGD should stay at home during farming with mulch or compost in the neighborhood. Mulch is not so dangerous if it is spread over the surface of the plots, not scattered or raked. Patients should not turn up heaps of compost and humus with their own hands, replant house plants, clean basements, garages, carpets, dismantle garden buildings, carry out earthworks, mow grass, rake leaves with a rake, overload hay. Patients should consult a doctor even for minor infections and ailments.

INVITRO.

Chronic granulomatous disease, find out prices for tests and take them in Moscow 139 Survey Program for Office Workers

• • Biochemical tests
    • Glu goat and metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism
    • Proteins and amino acids
    • Bile pigments and acids
    • Lipids
    • Enzymes
    • Kidney function markers
    • Minerals/electrolytes:
    • Vitamins
    • Proteins involved in iron metabolism
    • Cardiospecific proteins
    • Markers of inflammation
    • Markers of bone metabolism and osteoporosis
    • Determination of drugs and psychoactive substances
    • Biogenic amines 901 30
    • Specific proteins
  • Hormone studies
    • Laboratory evaluation pituitary-adrenal system
    • Laboratory assessment of the somatotropic function of the pituitary gland
    • Laboratory assessment of thyroid function
    • Assessment of parathyroid function
    • Pituitary gonadotropic hormones and prolactin
    • Estrogens and progestins
    • Assessment of androgenic function
    • Non-steroidal regulatory factors of the sex glands
    • Pregnancy monitoring, biochemical markers of fetal status
    • Laboratory evaluation of endocrine pancreatic function and diagnosis of diabetes
    • Biogenic amines
    • Laboratory assessment of the state of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
    • Factors involved in the regulation of appetite and fat metabolism
    • Laboratory assessment of the endocrine function of the gastrointestinal tract
    • Laboratory assessment of the hormonal regulation of erythropoiesis
    • Laboratory assessment of pineal function
  • Analyzes for healthy lifestyle
  • Hematological examinations
    • Clinical blood test
    • Immunohematological examinations
    • Coagulological studies (coagulogram)
  • Immunological studies
    • Comprehensive immunological studies
    • Lymphocytes, subpopulations
    • Evaluation of phagocytosis
    • Im munoglobulins
    • Complement components
    • Regulators and mediators of immunity
    • Interferon status, assessment of sensitivity to immunotherapeutic drugs :
  • Allergy testing
    • IgE – allergen-specific (allergy tests), mixtures, panels, total IgE.
    • IgG, allergen-specific
    • ImmunoCAP technology
    • AlcorBio technology
    • ALEX technology
  • Autoimmune disease markers
    • System
    • Rheumatoid arthritis, joint disease
    • Antiphospholipid syndrome
    • Vasculitis and kidney disease
    • Autoimmune lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Celiac disease
    • Autoimmune diseases of the liver
    • Neurological autoimmune diseases
    • Autoimmune endocrinopathies
    • Autoimmune diseases of the skin
    • Diseases of the lungs and heart
    • Immune thrombocytopenia
  • Tumor markers
  • COVID-19
  • Trace elements
    • Aluminum
    • Barium
    • Beryllium
    • Boron
    • Vanadium
    • Bismuth
    • Tungsten
    • Gallium
    • Germanium
    • Iron
    • Gold
    • Iodine
    • Cadmium
    • Potassium
    • Calcium
    • Cobalt 9013 0
    • Silicon
    • Lanthanum
    • Lithium
    • Magnesium
    • Manganese
    • Copper
    • Molybdenum
    • Arsenic
    • Sodium
    • Nickel
    • Tin
    • Platinum
    • Mercury
    • Rubidium
    • Lead
    • Selenium

    9013 9Silver

    • Strontium
    • Antimony
    • Thallium
    • Phosphorus
    • Chrome
    • Zinc
    • Zirconium

    90 130

  • Examination of the structure of the kidney stone
  • Urinalysis
    • Clinical analysis of urine
    • Biochemical analysis of urine
  • Examination of feces
    • Clinical analysis of feces
    • Biochemical analysis of feces
  • Semen examination
    • Light-optical examination of spermatozoa
    • Electron microscopic examination of semen
    • Antisperm antibodies
  • Diagnosis of infectious diseases
    • Viral infections
    • Bacterial infections 9013 0
    • Fungal infections
    • Parasitic infections
    • Streptococcal infections
  • Cytological examinations
  • Histological examinations studies
  • Oncogenetic studies
  • Cytogenetic studies
  • Non-invasive prenatal tests
  • Genetic predispositions
    • Lifestyle and genetic factors
    • Reproductive health
    • Immunogenetics

    9013 9 Rh factor

    • Blood coagulation system
    • Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
    • Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
    • Diseases of the central nervous system
    • Oncological diseases
    • Metabolic disorders
    • Description of the results of genetic studies by a geneticist
    • Pharmacogenetics
    • System for detoxification of xenobiotics and carcinogens
    • Determination of the sex of the fetus
    • Rh factor of the fetus

  9013 9 Hereditary diseases

  • Hereditary metabolic diseases
    • Hereditary metabolic diseases
    • Additional tests (after screening and consultation with a specialist)
  • Determination of biological relationship: paternity and maternity
    • Determination of biological relationship in the family: paternity and motherhood
  • Water and soil quality study
    • Water quality study
    • Soil quality study
  • Diagnosis of liver pathology without biopsy: FibroMax , FibroTest, SteatoScreen
    • Calculated tests performed based on the results of SteatoScreen without blood sampling
  • Dysbiotic conditions of the intestine and urogenital tract
    • General assessment of the natural microflora of the body
    • Study of the microbiocenosis of the urogenital tract
    • Femoflor: profiles of studies of dysbiotic conditions of the urogenital tract in women
    • Specific assessment of the natural microflora organism
  • Test results form in English

• • Blood
  • Urine
  • Feces
  • Spermogram
  • Gastropanel

• • Endoscopy
  • Functional diagnostics
  • Ultrasound

• • Tests we don’t do
  • New tests
  • Getting results
  • Additional research orders
  • Medical consultant service
  • Professional position
    • Venous blood for analysis
    • Tumor markers.