How long does influenza typically last. What are the common symptoms of the flu. How can you differentiate between flu and COVID-19. What are the best ways to prevent and treat influenza. Who is at higher risk for flu complications.

Understanding Influenza: A Highly Contagious Respiratory Infection

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory tract. This seasonal illness can cause severe symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications, including pneumonia. The flu virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes, making it easily transmissible in close quarters.

When does flu season typically occur? In Australia, the flu season generally spans from April to September, with varying severity and duration each year. During years of high influenza activity, the flu can contribute to over 3,300 deaths in Australia alone, highlighting its significant impact on public health.

Who is at Risk?

While the flu can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk for severe complications:

• Young children
• Elderly individuals
• Pregnant women
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
• People with weakened immune systems
• Those with chronic medical conditions

It’s important to note that even healthy individuals can sometimes experience severe consequences from the flu, underscoring the importance of prevention and timely treatment.

Recognizing Flu Symptoms: What to Look Out For

How can you tell if you have the flu? The most common symptoms of influenza include:

• Sudden onset of high fever (38°C or higher)
• Dry cough
• Body aches, particularly in the head, lower back, and legs
• Extreme weakness and fatigue
• Chills
• Aching behind the eyes
• Loss of appetite
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose

These symptoms often appear abruptly and can be quite intense. If you’ve been in contact with someone who has the flu, your likelihood of infection increases.

Diagnosing Influenza

How is the flu diagnosed? While symptoms can be indicative, a definitive diagnosis of influenza requires a nose or throat swab test performed by a healthcare professional. This test can confirm the presence of the flu virus and help distinguish it from other respiratory infections.

The Typical Course of Influenza: What to Expect

How long does the flu typically last? The duration and progression of flu symptoms can vary, but a typical case often follows this pattern:

1. Days 1-3: Sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat, and sometimes a stuffy nose.
2. Day 4: Fever and muscle aches begin to subside. Throat symptoms, cough, and possible mild chest discomfort become more prominent. Fatigue may persist.
3. Day 8: Symptoms start to decrease. However, cough and tiredness may linger for one to two weeks or longer.

It’s important to note that while this timeline is typical, individual experiences can vary. Some people may recover more quickly, while others might have symptoms that persist for a longer period.

Flu Complications: When to Be Concerned

While many people recover from the flu without significant issues, complications can occur in some cases. What are the potential complications of influenza?

• Pneumonia
• Bronchitis
• Exacerbation of existing medical conditions

These complications can be severe, potentially leading to hospitalization or even death in extreme cases. Certain groups are at higher risk for flu-related complications, including young children, older adults, pregnant women, and those with compromised immune systems or chronic health conditions.

When to Seek Medical Attention

When should you see a doctor for flu symptoms? If you’re in a high-risk group and experiencing flu-like symptoms, it’s advisable to consult a healthcare provider promptly. For generally healthy individuals, most cases of the flu can be managed at home. However, if symptoms are severe or persist for an extended period, medical attention may be necessary.

Differentiating Between Flu and COVID-19

How can you tell the difference between flu and COVID-19 symptoms? The symptoms of influenza and COVID-19 can be quite similar, making it challenging to distinguish between the two based on symptoms alone. Common symptoms that overlap include:

• Fever
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Sore throat
• Runny or stuffy nose
• Body aches

However, COVID-19 may also present with additional symptoms such as:

• Loss or change in sense of smell or taste
• Shortness of breath

If you’re experiencing flu-like symptoms, it’s crucial to contact your healthcare provider or local COVID-19 hotline for guidance on testing and appropriate precautions.

Preventing the Flu: Vaccination and Hygiene Practices

What are the most effective ways to prevent influenza? The primary strategy for flu prevention is annual vaccination. The flu vaccine is recommended for everyone aged 6 months and older, with particular emphasis on high-risk groups.

Free Flu Vaccination Program

In Victoria, Australia, free flu vaccinations are available for individuals at higher risk of severe flu complications, including:

• Children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 6 months and over
• Pregnant women at any stage of pregnancy
• People aged 65 years and over
• Individuals aged 6 months and older with specific medical conditions

While the flu vaccine is not 100% effective, it significantly reduces the risk of infection and can mitigate symptoms if infection does occur.

Additional Prevention Measures

What other steps can you take to avoid getting the flu?

• Practice good hand hygiene by washing hands frequently with soap and water
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers when soap and water are not available
• Wear a face mask in crowded or high-risk settings
• Avoid close contact with individuals who are sick
• Stay home when you are ill to prevent spreading the virus to others

Treatment Options for Influenza

How is the flu typically treated? For most healthy individuals, flu treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the body’s natural healing process. This may include:

• Rest and staying hydrated
• Over-the-counter pain relievers and fever reducers
• Antiviral medications (in some cases, prescribed by a healthcare provider)

Antiviral drugs can be particularly beneficial for individuals at high risk of complications or those with severe symptoms. These medications work best when started early in the course of illness, typically within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Home Remedies and Self-Care

What can you do at home to alleviate flu symptoms?

• Get plenty of rest to support your immune system
• Drink clear fluids like water, broth, or herbal tea to stay hydrated
• Use a humidifier to ease congestion and coughing
• Gargle with salt water to soothe a sore throat
• Use saline nasal drops to relieve nasal congestion

While these remedies can help manage symptoms, they do not shorten the duration of the flu. If symptoms persist or worsen, consult a healthcare provider for additional guidance.

The Importance of Flu Awareness in the Context of COVID-19

How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected flu awareness and prevention? The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has heightened public awareness of respiratory infections and the importance of preventive measures. As borders reopen and travel increases, continued vigilance against both influenza and COVID-19 is crucial.

Can flu and COVID-19 vaccines be administered together? According to current guidelines, COVID-19 vaccines can be co-administered with flu vaccines. This means they can be given on the same day, one after the other. However, it’s essential to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice, especially for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

Ongoing Precautions

What precautions should we continue to take? The preventive measures adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as wearing face masks and practicing good hand hygiene, are also effective in reducing the spread of influenza. Continuing these practices can help protect against both viruses and other respiratory infections.

As we navigate flu seasons in the context of an ongoing pandemic, staying informed about both influenza and COVID-19 is crucial. Regular updates from health authorities and adherence to recommended prevention strategies can help minimize the impact of these respiratory infections on individuals and communities.

Influenza (flu) – Better Health Channel

What is influenza (flu)?

Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). It affects people of all ages. The flu is usually spread by breathing in droplets from coughs and sneezes that contain the virus.

The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. Flu seasons vary in severity and duration from year to year. In a year of high influenza activity, it is estimated that the flu can contribute to more than 3,300 deaths in Australia.

Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. Some Victorians are at increased risk of serious disease and complications of flu, like young children, the elderly, pregnant women, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and people with a weakened immune system or a chronic medical condition.

During 2023, amidst the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, continued seasonal flu activity is anticipated as borders remain open and interstate and international travel increases.

Vaccination is key to protecting yourself and those around you from the flu.

Symptoms of the flu

The most common symptoms of the flu are:

• sudden appearance of a high fever (38°C or more)
• a dry cough
• body aches (especially in the head, lower back and legs)
• feeling extremely weak and tired (and not wanting to get out of bed).

Other symptoms can be:

• chills
• aching behind the eyes
• loss of appetite
• sore throat
• runny or stuffy nose.

Having the flu is even more likely if you have been in contact with someone who already has it.

Diagnosing the flu

Flu and other kinds of viruses can only be confirmed by a doctor after a nose or throat swab has returned positive results.

Difference between the flu and COVID-19

The symptoms of COVID-19External Link and the flu can be similar.

If you are unwell with flu-like symptoms, contact the COVID-19External Link hotline on 1800 675 398 (24 hours, 7 days a week) or your GP to check if you require COVID-19 testing.

The symptoms of COVID-19 to watch out for are:

• loss or change in sense of smell or taste
• fever
• chills or sweats
• cough
• sore throat
• shortness of breath
• runny nose.

Some people may also experience headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

What to expect with the flu

Symptoms of the flu can hit very quickly and may last several weeks. A bout of the flu typically follows this pattern:

• Days 1–3: Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes a stuffy nose.
• Day 4: Fever and muscle aches decrease. Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable. You may feel tired or flat.
• Day 8: Symptoms decrease. Cough and tiredness may last one to two weeks or more.

What about flu complications?

In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. This can result in hospitalisation and even death.

The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse.

In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for people with a higher risk of severe complications associated with the flu:

• all children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
• pregnant women – at any stage of pregnancy
• people 65 years and over
• people aged 6 months and older with medical conditions putting them at higher risk of severe flu and its complications:
  • cardiac disease
  • chronic respiratory conditions
  • chronic neurological conditions
  • immunocompromising conditions
  • diabetes and other metabolic disorders
  • renal disease
  • haematological disorders
  • children aged 6 months to 10 years on long term aspirin therapy.

Speak to your immunisation provider to see if you meet the eligibility for free flu vaccine.

How can I avoid getting the flu?

Getting a flu vaccine every year is recommended for everyone aged 6 months or older. People in the above groups are eligible for free flu vaccination each year under the National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link.

While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine provides a high level of protection and can reduce symptoms in those still getting sick.

COVID-19 vaccinesExternal Link can be co-administered (that is, given on the same day, one after the other) with a flu vaccineExternal Link. Speak to your immunisation provider for advice about COVID-19 and flu vaccines for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

Wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help to reduce your chances of catching the flu or passing it on to others.

I think I have the flu – should I see a doctor?

Anyone at a higher risk of serious illness with flu-like symptoms should see their doctor as soon as possible.

Most people who are generally healthy won’t need to see their doctor for the flu. As symptoms of the flu are similar to COVID-19, talk to your doctor about testing for COVID-19 infection.

If you have the flu, try to rest, maintain a good fluid intake, and manage your symptoms. This will help you recover and prevent dehydration. Your immune system will fight the infection and symptoms will usually clear up on their own.

If you do need to see a GP for your symptoms, make sure you call ahead first so they can make sure there’s no one in an at-risk group around when you have your appointment.

When to seek medical attention

See your doctor if you have any concerns or are in a high-risk group for severe infection. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• difficulty breathing
• chest pain
• sudden dizziness
• confusion
• severe vomiting
• fever with a rash.

How can I avoid giving the flu to other people?

It is important we all play our part in helping fight the flu and to protect our health system.

Aside from getting your flu shot, follow these 3 simple steps to stop the spread of the flu:

Step 1 – Cough or sneeze into your elbow

If you feel a cough or sneeze is coming on, make sure to cough or sneeze into your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

Step 2 – Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly

• Our hands are one of the top spreaders of viruses. The flu virus is carried in almost invisible droplets from saliva, sneezes, coughs, and runny noses.
• Flu viruses can live on surfaces such as lift buttons or handrails for up to 48 hours and are spread when people touch an infected surface.
• Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – especially if you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol.

Step 3 – Rest and recover at home

• If you are sick, rest at home and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid going out, even to the supermarket, where you risk spreading the virus to others. Wear a mask if you need to go out.
• If you start to experience more serious symptoms, seek medical attention.

Looking after yourself when you have the flu

The best things you can do to look after yourself when you have the flu are:

• Rest – you will probably feel very weak and tired until your temperature returns to normal (about 3 days). Rest provides comfort and allows your body to use its energy to fight the infection.
• Stay at home – stay away from work, school and any places where you may have contact with others, especially while you are contagious. The period during which adults are contagious is usually around 3–5 days from when the first symptoms appear, and up to 7 days in younger children.
• Drink plenty of fluids – extra fluids are needed to replace those lost because of the fever (through sweating). If your urine is dark, you need to drink more. Try to drink a glass of fluids, such as water, every hour while you are awake.

What medications should I take for the flu?

The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken.

Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. These need to be prescribed by your doctor.

Decongestants and simple pain relievers can help you feel better while your body’s immune system fights off the infection.

Tips for buying over-the-counter medications

Follow these tips for buying over-the-counter medication for the flu:

• Buy a remedy that treats only one symptom – this way you are not taking any substances you do not need, or that may trigger an adverse reaction.
• Read the medication label and check:
  • whether the active ingredient treats your symptoms
  • possible side effects
  • possible interactions with any medications, (including prescription and over-the-counter, medicines (such as vitamins and mineral supplements and herbal medicines)
  • whether the medication is safe for you to take if you have any health conditions
• If you are unsure if a medication is suitable for you to take, or if you have any other questions, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. They can suggest a medication that is appropriate and safe for you to take.

Useful tips to aid recovery from the flu

Other useful flu recovery tips include:

• Take simple pain-relieving medication (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen), as directed on the packet, to ease muscle pain and bring down your fever (unless your doctor says otherwise).
• Never give any medications that contain aspirin to children (under 12 years) unless advised by a doctor. The combination of the flu and aspirin in this age group has been known to cause Reye’s syndromeExternal Link – a very serious condition affecting the nervous system and liver.
• Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria. However, your doctor may prescribe them if you develop a bacterial infection on top of the flu.
• Gargle with a glass of warm water to ease a sore throat. Sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges also helps.
• A hot water bottle or heating pad may help relieve muscle pain. A warm bath may also be soothing.
• Use saline nose drops or spray to help soothe or clear a stuffy nose. These decongestants help shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which medication will be the best for you.
• Do not smoke – this will irritate your damaged airways.
• Try warm, moist air inhalation. Boil a kettle, wait a minute for the water to slightly cool, and carefully empty the hot water into a bowl. Place the bowl on a steady surface, such as a table. Put a towel over your head and inhale the warm air in the bowl for up to 20 minutes. There is no need to add anything to the water. Be careful not to touch the water and keep it out of reach of children.
• Ask for help if you live alone or care for others. You may need support until you feel better.
• Remember, if you buy medicine at the pharmacy to treat your symptoms (over-the-counter medications), check with the pharmacist to see which one is right for you. Let them know if you have a chronic illness or are taking any other medication.

Where to get help

• In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
• Your GP (doctor)
• NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
• Your pharmacist
• National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link

Influenza (flu) – Better Health Channel

What is influenza (flu)?

Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). It affects people of all ages. The flu is usually spread by breathing in droplets from coughs and sneezes that contain the virus.

The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. Flu seasons vary in severity and duration from year to year. In a year of high influenza activity, it is estimated that the flu can contribute to more than 3,300 deaths in Australia.

Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. Some Victorians are at increased risk of serious disease and complications of flu, like young children, the elderly, pregnant women, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and people with a weakened immune system or a chronic medical condition.

During 2023, amidst the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, continued seasonal flu activity is anticipated as borders remain open and interstate and international travel increases.

Vaccination is key to protecting yourself and those around you from the flu.

Symptoms of the flu

The most common symptoms of the flu are:

• sudden appearance of a high fever (38°C or more)
• a dry cough
• body aches (especially in the head, lower back and legs)
• feeling extremely weak and tired (and not wanting to get out of bed).

Other symptoms can be:

• chills
• aching behind the eyes
• loss of appetite
• sore throat
• runny or stuffy nose.

Having the flu is even more likely if you have been in contact with someone who already has it.

Diagnosing the flu

Flu and other kinds of viruses can only be confirmed by a doctor after a nose or throat swab has returned positive results.

Difference between the flu and COVID-19

The symptoms of COVID-19External Link and the flu can be similar.

If you are unwell with flu-like symptoms, contact the COVID-19External Link hotline on 1800 675 398 (24 hours, 7 days a week) or your GP to check if you require COVID-19 testing.

The symptoms of COVID-19 to watch out for are:

• loss or change in sense of smell or taste
• fever
• chills or sweats
• cough
• sore throat
• shortness of breath
• runny nose.

Some people may also experience headache, muscle soreness, stuffy nose, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

What to expect with the flu

Symptoms of the flu can hit very quickly and may last several weeks. A bout of the flu typically follows this pattern:

• Days 1–3: Sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain and weakness, dry cough, sore throat and sometimes a stuffy nose.
• Day 4: Fever and muscle aches decrease. Hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort become more noticeable. You may feel tired or flat.
• Day 8: Symptoms decrease. Cough and tiredness may last one to two weeks or more.

What about flu complications?

In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. This can result in hospitalisation and even death.

The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse.

In Victoria, flu vaccination is free for people with a higher risk of severe complications associated with the flu:

• all children aged 6 months to less than 5 years
• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people from 6 months and over
• pregnant women – at any stage of pregnancy
• people 65 years and over
• people aged 6 months and older with medical conditions putting them at higher risk of severe flu and its complications:
  • cardiac disease
  • chronic respiratory conditions
  • chronic neurological conditions
  • immunocompromising conditions
  • diabetes and other metabolic disorders
  • renal disease
  • haematological disorders
  • children aged 6 months to 10 years on long term aspirin therapy.

Speak to your immunisation provider to see if you meet the eligibility for free flu vaccine.

How can I avoid getting the flu?

Getting a flu vaccine every year is recommended for everyone aged 6 months or older. People in the above groups are eligible for free flu vaccination each year under the National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link.

While not 100% effective, the flu vaccine provides a high level of protection and can reduce symptoms in those still getting sick.

COVID-19 vaccinesExternal Link can be co-administered (that is, given on the same day, one after the other) with a flu vaccineExternal Link. Speak to your immunisation provider for advice about COVID-19 and flu vaccines for children aged 6 months to less than 5 years.

Wearing a face mask and practicing good hand hygiene can help to reduce your chances of catching the flu or passing it on to others.

I think I have the flu – should I see a doctor?

Anyone at a higher risk of serious illness with flu-like symptoms should see their doctor as soon as possible.

Most people who are generally healthy won’t need to see their doctor for the flu. As symptoms of the flu are similar to COVID-19, talk to your doctor about testing for COVID-19 infection.

If you have the flu, try to rest, maintain a good fluid intake, and manage your symptoms. This will help you recover and prevent dehydration. Your immune system will fight the infection and symptoms will usually clear up on their own.

If you do need to see a GP for your symptoms, make sure you call ahead first so they can make sure there’s no one in an at-risk group around when you have your appointment.

When to seek medical attention

See your doctor if you have any concerns or are in a high-risk group for severe infection. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

• difficulty breathing
• chest pain
• sudden dizziness
• confusion
• severe vomiting
• fever with a rash.

How can I avoid giving the flu to other people?

It is important we all play our part in helping fight the flu and to protect our health system.

Aside from getting your flu shot, follow these 3 simple steps to stop the spread of the flu:

Step 1 – Cough or sneeze into your elbow

If you feel a cough or sneeze is coming on, make sure to cough or sneeze into your elbow. It’s a part of your body less likely to touch other surfaces and will help stop the spread of nasty germs.

Step 2 – Wash your hands thoroughly and regularly

• Our hands are one of the top spreaders of viruses. The flu virus is carried in almost invisible droplets from saliva, sneezes, coughs, and runny noses.
• Flu viruses can live on surfaces such as lift buttons or handrails for up to 48 hours and are spread when people touch an infected surface.
• Wash your hands thoroughly and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds – especially if you have been in a public place, or after blowing your nose, coughing, sneezing or using the toilet. If soap and water are not readily available, use a hand sanitiser containing at least 60% alcohol.

Step 3 – Rest and recover at home

• If you are sick, rest at home and drink plenty of fluids. Avoid going out, even to the supermarket, where you risk spreading the virus to others. Wear a mask if you need to go out.
• If you start to experience more serious symptoms, seek medical attention.

Looking after yourself when you have the flu

The best things you can do to look after yourself when you have the flu are:

• Rest – you will probably feel very weak and tired until your temperature returns to normal (about 3 days). Rest provides comfort and allows your body to use its energy to fight the infection.
• Stay at home – stay away from work, school and any places where you may have contact with others, especially while you are contagious. The period during which adults are contagious is usually around 3–5 days from when the first symptoms appear, and up to 7 days in younger children.
• Drink plenty of fluids – extra fluids are needed to replace those lost because of the fever (through sweating). If your urine is dark, you need to drink more. Try to drink a glass of fluids, such as water, every hour while you are awake.

What medications should I take for the flu?

The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken.

Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. These need to be prescribed by your doctor.

Decongestants and simple pain relievers can help you feel better while your body’s immune system fights off the infection.

Tips for buying over-the-counter medications

Follow these tips for buying over-the-counter medication for the flu:

• Buy a remedy that treats only one symptom – this way you are not taking any substances you do not need, or that may trigger an adverse reaction.
• Read the medication label and check:
  • whether the active ingredient treats your symptoms
  • possible side effects
  • possible interactions with any medications, (including prescription and over-the-counter, medicines (such as vitamins and mineral supplements and herbal medicines)
  • whether the medication is safe for you to take if you have any health conditions
• If you are unsure if a medication is suitable for you to take, or if you have any other questions, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. They can suggest a medication that is appropriate and safe for you to take.

Useful tips to aid recovery from the flu

Other useful flu recovery tips include:

• Take simple pain-relieving medication (such as paracetamol or ibuprofen), as directed on the packet, to ease muscle pain and bring down your fever (unless your doctor says otherwise).
• Never give any medications that contain aspirin to children (under 12 years) unless advised by a doctor. The combination of the flu and aspirin in this age group has been known to cause Reye’s syndromeExternal Link – a very serious condition affecting the nervous system and liver.
• Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria. However, your doctor may prescribe them if you develop a bacterial infection on top of the flu.
• Gargle with a glass of warm water to ease a sore throat. Sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges also helps.
• A hot water bottle or heating pad may help relieve muscle pain. A warm bath may also be soothing.
• Use saline nose drops or spray to help soothe or clear a stuffy nose. These decongestants help shrink swollen blood vessels in the nose. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which medication will be the best for you.
• Do not smoke – this will irritate your damaged airways.
• Try warm, moist air inhalation. Boil a kettle, wait a minute for the water to slightly cool, and carefully empty the hot water into a bowl. Place the bowl on a steady surface, such as a table. Put a towel over your head and inhale the warm air in the bowl for up to 20 minutes. There is no need to add anything to the water. Be careful not to touch the water and keep it out of reach of children.
• Ask for help if you live alone or care for others. You may need support until you feel better.
• Remember, if you buy medicine at the pharmacy to treat your symptoms (over-the-counter medications), check with the pharmacist to see which one is right for you. Let them know if you have a chronic illness or are taking any other medication.

Where to get help

• In an emergency, always call triple zero (000)
• Your GP (doctor)
• NURSE-ON-CALL Tel. 1300 60 60 24 – for expert health information and advice (24 hours, 7 days)
• Your pharmacist
• National Immunisation ProgramExternal Link

How long the flu is contagious and the first signs of the disease

According to the World Health Organization, about 1 billion people in the world become infected with the flu every year. The peak of activity of this severe viral infection occurs in autumn and winter. Due to the possible severe course of the disease, influenza is especially distinguished from other acute respiratory viral infections.

Influenza symptoms

The severity of the symptoms and how long the flu lasts depends on the person’s health and age. The disease is more difficult for children, pregnant women, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems and chronic diseases.

The main difference between influenza is an acute onset: the temperature rises sharply (up to 38-39.5 degrees), but on the first day there are no catarrhal phenomena. There are signs of infectious intoxication:

On the second or third day, cough, chest pain, runny nose may appear. In the absence of complications, the fever lasts 2-4 days, and the person recovers in 7-10 days.

How long flu is contagious

The virus spreads rapidly through the air. The incubation period is several days, during which a person already becomes contagious – before the first signs appear, and then another 5 days (for adults) or up to 7 days (for young children).

Prevention of influenza

Doctors recommend the following measures to prevent influenza infection:

• strengthening immunity

• regular and thorough hand hygiene

• 900 02 ventilation of the premises

• vaccination – according to indications

To strengthen the body’s defenses, a healthy lifestyle with a sufficient level of physical activity and a balanced diet, as well as taking vitamins, is important.

Vitamins for the prevention of influenza

First of all, you need to pay attention to the 3 main trace elements with immunostimulating properties: vitamin C, vitamin D and Omega-3.

Vitamin C is a water-soluble micronutrient that our body cannot synthesize on its own, so it must be obtained from food. Participates in many important processes and performs the following actions:

• increases the activity of natural killer cells – a special type of lymphocytes that are responsible for human innate immunity

• strengthens cell membranes and prevents the penetration of viruses

• neutralizes free radicals that can damage cells and cause the development of various diseases, as well as premature aging

• shortens the duration of viral infections

Vitamin D is produced in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet light. Due to insufficient sun exposure, many people are deficient in this vitamin, so doctors recommend taking it extra. The main task of vitamin D is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, but its benefits in other areas have also been proven:

• strengthening immunity, reducing the risk of developing infectious diseases0004

• Improvement of physical endurance

• Maintaining health of the cardiovascular system

omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are indispensable and should be present in the human diet. They are contained in cell membranes, regulate metabolism, and also:

• activate the immune system

• provide an antioxidant effect

• help maintain tone, energy and good mood

You can purchase premium quality vitamins and Omega-3 on the NFO website.

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incubation period for various types of infections, disease prevention measures

Almost every person on the planet suffers from 1 to 15 (average 4) episodes of SARS annually. ¹ The high incidence is due to the fact that respiratory viruses are numerous, variable and highly contagious. The spread of infections contributes to the neglect of prevention.

At an early stage, patients often do not realize that they can infect healthy people, and do not take protective measures. And after a few days of illness, many are sure that they no longer secrete viruses. In the article, we found out how long a person is contagious with ARVI, and when it is possible to contact others without risk.

Incubation period for different types of SARS

SARS is a broad group of viral infections. Despite the different types of pathogens (about 200 types ² studied), they have similar ways of spreading, development mechanisms and symptoms. All SARS affect the upper respiratory system, and their typical symptoms are runny nose, sneezing, coughing, sore throat and fever.

About half of all ARVI pathogens are rhinoviruses. ² Influenza, parainfluenza, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses are common. Sometimes with ARVI, several pathogens are isolated simultaneously – in these cases, the disease is more severe. ³

As for the incubation period, it depends not only on the properties of the pathogen, but also on the characteristics of the body and the strength of the immune response. Most often, from the moment of infection with SARS to the appearance of the first symptoms, it takes from 2 days to a week. ³ The main danger is that even during the absence of signs of infection, the patient can infect others.

When a person ceases to be contagious with SARS

When the virus enters the body, it attaches to the shell of a healthy cell, penetrates through it and begins to multiply. At the next stage, the daughter virions leave the infected cell and actively spread throughout the body, infecting new cells. This cycle is repeated many times until a sufficiently large number of viruses accumulate in the body. On average, this occurs on the 3rd day after infection. During this period, the patient poses the greatest danger to others, since coughing and sneezing releases the maximum amount of viruses. As a rule, the symptoms of the disease on this day are especially pronounced. ³

Antiviral drug of direct action – Nobasit ^® Forte – acts immediately after the virus enters the body. The active substance of the drug, enisamia iodide, prevents the penetration of the virus into cells by blocking the hemagglutinin protein. ⁴ Doctors recommend starting the drug within the first 48 hours of the onset of illness to limit the spread of infection throughout the body and prevent infecting others. Due to the proven directed action on the cause of SARS, enisamia iodide helps to reduce the severity of the main clinical symptoms – cough, runny nose, nasal congestion, etc., and helps to reduce the duration of the disease. ⁵

Active release of viruses into the environment continues for several days. On the 5th day from the onset of the disease, specific antibodies against the pathogen are produced. Shedding of viruses is drastically reduced, and the chance of infecting others is reduced. By this time, the symptoms of SARS are weakening. This happens in most cases, but sometimes a recovered person remains contagious for up to 14 days – until the pathogen is completely removed from the body. ³

It can be said that a person stops spreading the infection about two weeks after the onset of the disease and can come into contact with healthy people without risk. Although usually the isolation of viruses stops earlier – with the disappearance of symptoms of SARS. But the timing of contagiousness depends on the type of infection.

Influenza

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With influenza, a person becomes a carrier of the virus immediately after infection. The duration of the illness is usually 5-7 days. Most patients stop shedding the virus when symptoms disappear, but about 20% of people remain contagious for another 10 to 16 days.

How to identify the flu. The infection spreads mainly by airborne droplets and occurs with a high temperature (38˚C and above), severe intoxication (headache, body aches, weakness). Nasal congestion and coughing often follow these symptoms. Epidemic outbreaks most often occur in the autumn-winter period.

Rhinovirus infection

⁹

The incubation period of rhinovirus does not exceed a week, and averages 1-3 days, while the disease lasts about 3-7 days. From the time of onset of symptoms, a person is contagious for 5–9days and another 2 days after the disappearance of symptoms.

How to recognize rhinovirus. The leading symptom is a runny nose with profuse discharge of mucus from the nose. Patients may have a reddened throat, a superficial cough may occur. The temperature rises slightly (up to 37.5˚C), signs of intoxication are absent or mild. Adults get sick more often than children. The peak incidence occurs in autumn and spring.

Adenovirus infection

¹⁰

With adenovirus, the duration of the incubation period is 1-12 days. Symptoms can appear from three days to several weeks. Depending on the form of the disease, a recovered person can spread the infection from 3-16 days. In children, this period can increase up to one and a half months, in people with immunodeficiency – up to three months.

How to identify adenovirus. It is transmitted by airborne droplets and household contact – through contaminated household items, toys, surfaces. The disease is manifested acutely – high (more than 38˚C) temperature, often signs of intoxication. The patient is concerned about wet cough and runny nose, conjunctivitis (redness, pain in the eyes, watery eyes), diarrhea. Many have swollen lymph nodes. Children get sick more often. Outbreaks can occur all year round (including summer).

SARS prevention measures

The main route of transmission of viral infections is airborne. When coughing, sneezing and talking, a sick person releases viruses that are contained in particles of saliva and mucus. Due to their very small size (much smaller than bacteria), ARVI pathogens remain longer in the aerosol and spread over long distances (up to 2–3 m). ¹¹

When the aerosol settles, the droplets dry up and most viruses die. But some of them retain viability and pathogenic properties for a long time. For example, adenoviruses can live outside the human body for up to 14 days. ² So, in addition to airborne droplets, the airborne transmission route (by inhalation of dust that contains viruses) cannot be ruled out. Adenoviruses and rhinoviruses can also be spread by contact. The pathogen is transmitted through contaminated hands and household items.

Given the methods of transmission of diseases, during periods of seasonal outbreaks of incidence (for most SARS this is autumn, and for influenza – winter), precautions should be taken.

● Try to reduce the use of public transport and, if possible, avoid crowded places.

● When outdoors, do not touch your face with your hands.

● Wash your hands frequently or treat them with antiseptic solutions.

● At home, regularly carry out wet cleaning, ventilate the rooms.

● Dress for the weather, don’t overcool.

● If someone in the family is already sick, give him a separate room, individual dishes, limit contact with him.

● Try to lead a healthy lifestyle, eat well and consume enough vitamins – this will help maintain a strong immune system.

Briefly about the main

➢ More than 200 ARVI pathogens are known. Respiratory infections caused by different viruses have common features and differences, but the incubation period depends not only on the properties of the pathogen, but also on the characteristics of the body and the strength of the immune response.

➢ Especially dangerous are contacts with a sick person in the first 3 days after infection – it is during this period that symptoms usually appear most clearly.

➢ As symptoms improve, the risk of infection decreases, but finally disappears after about 2 weeks from the onset of the disease, but this period depends on the type of infection.

➢ In order not to get infected during colds, try to avoid crowded places, use a protective medical mask correctly, change it in time, do not touch your face on the street, wash your hands more often and use antiseptics, dress according to the weather and lead a healthy lifestyle.

➢ As indicated (after consulting a doctor), take antiviral drugs.

Bibliography:

¹ Kovtun TA, Tutelyan AV, Shabalina SV Modern ideas about the epidemiology and etiology of acute respiratory diseases in children // Epidemiology and vaccine prevention. – 2010. – No. 5.

² Larina V. N. et al. Acute respiratory viral infections and influenza: etiology, diagnosis and treatment algorithm. – RMJ. Medical review. — 11.09.2019. – No. 9 (1).

³ Belan E. B., Sadchikova T. L. Acute respiratory viral infections: an actual look at the problem and a modern approach to treatment // BC. Medical review. — 12/25/2018. – No. 11.

⁴ Instructions for medical use (Nobasit®, film-coated tablets 250 mg; RU: LP-003508 dated 03/16/2016)

⁵ Lioznov D.A., Karnaukhova E.Yu., Zubkova T.G., Shakhlanskaya E.V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ARVI treatment regimen, including etiotropic (enisamia iodide) and symptomatic therapy // Therapeutic archive No. 3 – 2020 ⁸ Belan Yu.B., Starikovich M.V. Influenza A / California / 2009 (h2N1) in children // Attending physician – No. 10, 2009 – https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18937511

⁶ Belan Yu.