Magnesium citrate for constipation: Benefits and risks

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

Constipation is a widespread issue, and most people experience it at some point in their lives. Many people use magnesium products, including magnesium citrate, to treat this uncomfortable condition.

Before taking magnesium citrate, it is essential that a person understands how it works, its side effects, and how it interacts with other substances.

There are times when magnesium citrate may not be the best option for treating constipation, and choosing other alternatives may help avoid any complications.

Constipation is when a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week. Stools are usually hard, dry, or lumpy, and may be difficult or painful to pass.

In many cases, addressing the underlying cause for constipation may reduce the need for medications, including magnesium citrate. These include a low fiber diet, immobility, dehydration, or medical conditions.

Compounds such as magnesium citrate work by pulling water into the intestines. This water combines with the dry stool, making it easier to pass. Medications that work in this way are called osmotic laxatives.

When used correctly, many people find that magnesium citrate is a simple solution to occasional constipation.

Magnesium citrate is generally safe for adults who do not have any health issues, and who only use it from time to time.

Because magnesium citrate pulls water into the intestines from other areas in the body, people using it should drink plenty of water with it. They should also drink additional fluids throughout the day to prevent dehydration.

Magnesium is not a good choice for treating chronic constipation or constipation that requires ongoing treatment. Using it too often can lead to excessive dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Doctors often use higher doses of magnesium citrate as colon cleansers before surgery. The compound can have a powerful effect if a person takes too much. It is essential to read the manufacturer’s instructions carefully whenever taking magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate may help treat constipation, but it might also cause a few side effects. Typical side effects from using magnesium citrate include:

• stomach cramps or a bubbling feeling in the stomach
• intestinal gas
• nausea or vomiting
• high magnesium levels
• changes in other electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, calcium, or potassium

When the stool does come out of the colon, there is also a chance it will be loose or watery. Diarrhea is common after taking magnesium citrate. These side effects are usually mild and do not pose a serious risk to otherwise healthy people.

Drinking alcohol along with magnesium citrate may make diarrhea and other intestinal side effects worse.

Magnesium citrate may interact with drugs, including specific antibiotics and medications that doctors prescribe to lower calcium concentration in the urine, such as potassium or sodium phosphate.

People on low-sodium or restricted-sodium diets should also avoid magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate can also decrease the body’s ability to absorb some medications. People taking any medication should speak to their doctor before using magnesium citrate.

People should not use magnesium citrate if they have rectal bleeding.

People who have had certain procedures or have specific medical issues should also avoid magnesium citrate. Examples include:

• obstructions in the colon or stomach
• heart conditions or damaged heart muscles
• major kidney disorders
• high magnesium or potassium levels
• low calcium levels

People with a medical condition should talk with their doctor before using magnesium citrate to make sure it is safe to use.

Magnesium is safe to use for minor or occasional cases of constipation. It is not for long-term use. Anyone experiencing chronic, long-lasting episodes of constipation should avoid magnesium citrate.

Using magnesium citrate regularly may cause the body to become dependent on it, making it difficult for a person to pass stools without using laxatives. Anyone with chronic constipation should talk to their doctor to find long-term solutions for their symptoms.

Magnesium citrate is an active ingredient in many branded over-the-counter (OTC) laxatives. Liquid oral solutions without any other active ingredients may be best for treating constipation.

Dosages vary based on the brand or concentration of magnesium citrate in the bottle. Always follow the dosage and read the instructions on the label carefully.

It is essential to mix the solution with water and drink additional water when taking magnesium citrate. Mix the dose with at least 4 to 8 ounces of water, and drink a few extra glasses of water throughout the day. This may help replenish any fluids the body loses through the stool.

Very high dosages of magnesium can cause magnesium toxicity, so always use as directed.

Always consult a doctor before giving magnesium citrate or any other laxative to children. Pregnant or nursing mothers should talk to their doctor or pharmacist about the correct dosage. Doctors may recommend other medications or supplements to help with symptoms.

Apart from using magnesium citrate to relieve constipation, people can try:

Using magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is an ingredient in OTC products, such as Milk of Magnesia. It also draws water into the intestines to help soften stool and encourage a bowel movement.

People also use magnesium hydroxide to reduce stomach acid and treat other digestive symptoms, such as heartburn or an upset stomach.

Drinking Epsom salt

Also known as magnesium sulfate, people often use as Epsom salt to treat constipation.

Like the other forms of magnesium, drinking dissolved Epsom salt draws water into the intestines, softening the stool. However, if the appropriate amount of Epsom salt does not dissolve in water, this can lead to irritation. It is important to check how much water to use and to follow the instructions correctly.

Increasing fiber intake

People who are unable to take magnesium due to a medical condition or intolerance can try soluble fiber. Soluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, helping it get through the intestines.

People can choose from a variety of OTC fiber supplements, many of which contain fiber from plant sources, such as psyllium husk, glucomannan, or wheat germ.

People who experience occasional constipation can often improve their symptoms by increasing the amount of fiber they eat. Healthful sources of fiber include:

• whole-grain cereals and pasta
• fruits and vegetables
• beans and pulses
• prunes

Other methods

People can also try the following methods to relieve constipation:

• polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
• lactulose
• bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
• Senna

While magnesium citrate may be an efficient way to relieve constipation quickly, it is not a long-term solution. Taking steps to prevent constipation from developing may be the best way to avoid future symptoms and reduce the need for remedies, such as magnesium citrate.

Some tips to help prevent constipation naturally include:

• eating a diet rich in whole, natural foods, including a variety of fruit and vegetables
• adding more fiber to the diet, whether through food or natural fiber supplements
• drinking lots of water throughout the day to avoid dehydration that can lead to constipation
• exercising regularly to keep the bowels moving

Most people will experience constipation from time to time, and it does not usually cause concern. It is generally okay to take magnesium citrate for occasional constipation, and it typically works quickly.

However, people should never use magnesium citrate to treat chronic constipation. People with frequent constipation should talk with their doctor.

Anyone experiencing side effects from magnesium citrate, or who finds that it does not work for them, should contact their doctor to talk about alternative treatments.

The constipation remedies listed in this article are available for purchase online.

Magnesium citrate for constipation: Benefits and risks

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

Constipation is a widespread issue, and most people experience it at some point in their lives. Many people use magnesium products, including magnesium citrate, to treat this uncomfortable condition.

Before taking magnesium citrate, it is essential that a person understands how it works, its side effects, and how it interacts with other substances.

There are times when magnesium citrate may not be the best option for treating constipation, and choosing other alternatives may help avoid any complications.

Constipation is when a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week. Stools are usually hard, dry, or lumpy, and may be difficult or painful to pass.

In many cases, addressing the underlying cause for constipation may reduce the need for medications, including magnesium citrate. These include a low fiber diet, immobility, dehydration, or medical conditions.

Compounds such as magnesium citrate work by pulling water into the intestines. This water combines with the dry stool, making it easier to pass. Medications that work in this way are called osmotic laxatives.

When used correctly, many people find that magnesium citrate is a simple solution to occasional constipation.

Magnesium citrate is generally safe for adults who do not have any health issues, and who only use it from time to time.

Because magnesium citrate pulls water into the intestines from other areas in the body, people using it should drink plenty of water with it. They should also drink additional fluids throughout the day to prevent dehydration.

Magnesium is not a good choice for treating chronic constipation or constipation that requires ongoing treatment. Using it too often can lead to excessive dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Doctors often use higher doses of magnesium citrate as colon cleansers before surgery. The compound can have a powerful effect if a person takes too much. It is essential to read the manufacturer’s instructions carefully whenever taking magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate may help treat constipation, but it might also cause a few side effects. Typical side effects from using magnesium citrate include:

• stomach cramps or a bubbling feeling in the stomach
• intestinal gas
• nausea or vomiting
• high magnesium levels
• changes in other electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, calcium, or potassium

When the stool does come out of the colon, there is also a chance it will be loose or watery. Diarrhea is common after taking magnesium citrate. These side effects are usually mild and do not pose a serious risk to otherwise healthy people.

Drinking alcohol along with magnesium citrate may make diarrhea and other intestinal side effects worse.

Magnesium citrate may interact with drugs, including specific antibiotics and medications that doctors prescribe to lower calcium concentration in the urine, such as potassium or sodium phosphate.

People on low-sodium or restricted-sodium diets should also avoid magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate can also decrease the body’s ability to absorb some medications. People taking any medication should speak to their doctor before using magnesium citrate.

People should not use magnesium citrate if they have rectal bleeding.

People who have had certain procedures or have specific medical issues should also avoid magnesium citrate. Examples include:

• obstructions in the colon or stomach
• heart conditions or damaged heart muscles
• major kidney disorders
• high magnesium or potassium levels
• low calcium levels

People with a medical condition should talk with their doctor before using magnesium citrate to make sure it is safe to use.

Magnesium is safe to use for minor or occasional cases of constipation. It is not for long-term use. Anyone experiencing chronic, long-lasting episodes of constipation should avoid magnesium citrate.

Using magnesium citrate regularly may cause the body to become dependent on it, making it difficult for a person to pass stools without using laxatives. Anyone with chronic constipation should talk to their doctor to find long-term solutions for their symptoms.

Magnesium citrate is an active ingredient in many branded over-the-counter (OTC) laxatives. Liquid oral solutions without any other active ingredients may be best for treating constipation.

Dosages vary based on the brand or concentration of magnesium citrate in the bottle. Always follow the dosage and read the instructions on the label carefully.

It is essential to mix the solution with water and drink additional water when taking magnesium citrate. Mix the dose with at least 4 to 8 ounces of water, and drink a few extra glasses of water throughout the day. This may help replenish any fluids the body loses through the stool.

Very high dosages of magnesium can cause magnesium toxicity, so always use as directed.

Always consult a doctor before giving magnesium citrate or any other laxative to children. Pregnant or nursing mothers should talk to their doctor or pharmacist about the correct dosage. Doctors may recommend other medications or supplements to help with symptoms.

Apart from using magnesium citrate to relieve constipation, people can try:

Using magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is an ingredient in OTC products, such as Milk of Magnesia. It also draws water into the intestines to help soften stool and encourage a bowel movement.

People also use magnesium hydroxide to reduce stomach acid and treat other digestive symptoms, such as heartburn or an upset stomach.

Drinking Epsom salt

Also known as magnesium sulfate, people often use as Epsom salt to treat constipation.

Like the other forms of magnesium, drinking dissolved Epsom salt draws water into the intestines, softening the stool. However, if the appropriate amount of Epsom salt does not dissolve in water, this can lead to irritation. It is important to check how much water to use and to follow the instructions correctly.

Increasing fiber intake

People who are unable to take magnesium due to a medical condition or intolerance can try soluble fiber. Soluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, helping it get through the intestines.

People can choose from a variety of OTC fiber supplements, many of which contain fiber from plant sources, such as psyllium husk, glucomannan, or wheat germ.

People who experience occasional constipation can often improve their symptoms by increasing the amount of fiber they eat. Healthful sources of fiber include:

• whole-grain cereals and pasta
• fruits and vegetables
• beans and pulses
• prunes

Other methods

People can also try the following methods to relieve constipation:

• polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
• lactulose
• bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
• Senna

While magnesium citrate may be an efficient way to relieve constipation quickly, it is not a long-term solution. Taking steps to prevent constipation from developing may be the best way to avoid future symptoms and reduce the need for remedies, such as magnesium citrate.

Some tips to help prevent constipation naturally include:

• eating a diet rich in whole, natural foods, including a variety of fruit and vegetables
• adding more fiber to the diet, whether through food or natural fiber supplements
• drinking lots of water throughout the day to avoid dehydration that can lead to constipation
• exercising regularly to keep the bowels moving

Most people will experience constipation from time to time, and it does not usually cause concern. It is generally okay to take magnesium citrate for occasional constipation, and it typically works quickly.

However, people should never use magnesium citrate to treat chronic constipation. People with frequent constipation should talk with their doctor.

Anyone experiencing side effects from magnesium citrate, or who finds that it does not work for them, should contact their doctor to talk about alternative treatments.

The constipation remedies listed in this article are available for purchase online.

Magnesium citrate for constipation: Benefits and risks

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

Constipation is a widespread issue, and most people experience it at some point in their lives. Many people use magnesium products, including magnesium citrate, to treat this uncomfortable condition.

Before taking magnesium citrate, it is essential that a person understands how it works, its side effects, and how it interacts with other substances.

There are times when magnesium citrate may not be the best option for treating constipation, and choosing other alternatives may help avoid any complications.

Constipation is when a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week. Stools are usually hard, dry, or lumpy, and may be difficult or painful to pass.

In many cases, addressing the underlying cause for constipation may reduce the need for medications, including magnesium citrate. These include a low fiber diet, immobility, dehydration, or medical conditions.

Compounds such as magnesium citrate work by pulling water into the intestines. This water combines with the dry stool, making it easier to pass. Medications that work in this way are called osmotic laxatives.

When used correctly, many people find that magnesium citrate is a simple solution to occasional constipation.

Magnesium citrate is generally safe for adults who do not have any health issues, and who only use it from time to time.

Because magnesium citrate pulls water into the intestines from other areas in the body, people using it should drink plenty of water with it. They should also drink additional fluids throughout the day to prevent dehydration.

Magnesium is not a good choice for treating chronic constipation or constipation that requires ongoing treatment. Using it too often can lead to excessive dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Doctors often use higher doses of magnesium citrate as colon cleansers before surgery. The compound can have a powerful effect if a person takes too much. It is essential to read the manufacturer’s instructions carefully whenever taking magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate may help treat constipation, but it might also cause a few side effects. Typical side effects from using magnesium citrate include:

• stomach cramps or a bubbling feeling in the stomach
• intestinal gas
• nausea or vomiting
• high magnesium levels
• changes in other electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, calcium, or potassium

When the stool does come out of the colon, there is also a chance it will be loose or watery. Diarrhea is common after taking magnesium citrate. These side effects are usually mild and do not pose a serious risk to otherwise healthy people.

Drinking alcohol along with magnesium citrate may make diarrhea and other intestinal side effects worse.

Magnesium citrate may interact with drugs, including specific antibiotics and medications that doctors prescribe to lower calcium concentration in the urine, such as potassium or sodium phosphate.

People on low-sodium or restricted-sodium diets should also avoid magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate can also decrease the body’s ability to absorb some medications. People taking any medication should speak to their doctor before using magnesium citrate.

People should not use magnesium citrate if they have rectal bleeding.

People who have had certain procedures or have specific medical issues should also avoid magnesium citrate. Examples include:

• obstructions in the colon or stomach
• heart conditions or damaged heart muscles
• major kidney disorders
• high magnesium or potassium levels
• low calcium levels

People with a medical condition should talk with their doctor before using magnesium citrate to make sure it is safe to use.

Magnesium is safe to use for minor or occasional cases of constipation. It is not for long-term use. Anyone experiencing chronic, long-lasting episodes of constipation should avoid magnesium citrate.

Using magnesium citrate regularly may cause the body to become dependent on it, making it difficult for a person to pass stools without using laxatives. Anyone with chronic constipation should talk to their doctor to find long-term solutions for their symptoms.

Magnesium citrate is an active ingredient in many branded over-the-counter (OTC) laxatives. Liquid oral solutions without any other active ingredients may be best for treating constipation.

Dosages vary based on the brand or concentration of magnesium citrate in the bottle. Always follow the dosage and read the instructions on the label carefully.

It is essential to mix the solution with water and drink additional water when taking magnesium citrate. Mix the dose with at least 4 to 8 ounces of water, and drink a few extra glasses of water throughout the day. This may help replenish any fluids the body loses through the stool.

Very high dosages of magnesium can cause magnesium toxicity, so always use as directed.

Always consult a doctor before giving magnesium citrate or any other laxative to children. Pregnant or nursing mothers should talk to their doctor or pharmacist about the correct dosage. Doctors may recommend other medications or supplements to help with symptoms.

Apart from using magnesium citrate to relieve constipation, people can try:

Using magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is an ingredient in OTC products, such as Milk of Magnesia. It also draws water into the intestines to help soften stool and encourage a bowel movement.

People also use magnesium hydroxide to reduce stomach acid and treat other digestive symptoms, such as heartburn or an upset stomach.

Drinking Epsom salt

Also known as magnesium sulfate, people often use as Epsom salt to treat constipation.

Like the other forms of magnesium, drinking dissolved Epsom salt draws water into the intestines, softening the stool. However, if the appropriate amount of Epsom salt does not dissolve in water, this can lead to irritation. It is important to check how much water to use and to follow the instructions correctly.

Increasing fiber intake

People who are unable to take magnesium due to a medical condition or intolerance can try soluble fiber. Soluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, helping it get through the intestines.

People can choose from a variety of OTC fiber supplements, many of which contain fiber from plant sources, such as psyllium husk, glucomannan, or wheat germ.

People who experience occasional constipation can often improve their symptoms by increasing the amount of fiber they eat. Healthful sources of fiber include:

• whole-grain cereals and pasta
• fruits and vegetables
• beans and pulses
• prunes

Other methods

People can also try the following methods to relieve constipation:

• polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
• lactulose
• bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
• Senna

While magnesium citrate may be an efficient way to relieve constipation quickly, it is not a long-term solution. Taking steps to prevent constipation from developing may be the best way to avoid future symptoms and reduce the need for remedies, such as magnesium citrate.

Some tips to help prevent constipation naturally include:

• eating a diet rich in whole, natural foods, including a variety of fruit and vegetables
• adding more fiber to the diet, whether through food or natural fiber supplements
• drinking lots of water throughout the day to avoid dehydration that can lead to constipation
• exercising regularly to keep the bowels moving

Most people will experience constipation from time to time, and it does not usually cause concern. It is generally okay to take magnesium citrate for occasional constipation, and it typically works quickly.

However, people should never use magnesium citrate to treat chronic constipation. People with frequent constipation should talk with their doctor.

Anyone experiencing side effects from magnesium citrate, or who finds that it does not work for them, should contact their doctor to talk about alternative treatments.

The constipation remedies listed in this article are available for purchase online.

Magnesium citrate for constipation: Benefits and risks

We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process.

Constipation is a widespread issue, and most people experience it at some point in their lives. Many people use magnesium products, including magnesium citrate, to treat this uncomfortable condition.

Before taking magnesium citrate, it is essential that a person understands how it works, its side effects, and how it interacts with other substances.

There are times when magnesium citrate may not be the best option for treating constipation, and choosing other alternatives may help avoid any complications.

Constipation is when a person has fewer than three bowel movements a week. Stools are usually hard, dry, or lumpy, and may be difficult or painful to pass.

In many cases, addressing the underlying cause for constipation may reduce the need for medications, including magnesium citrate. These include a low fiber diet, immobility, dehydration, or medical conditions.

Compounds such as magnesium citrate work by pulling water into the intestines. This water combines with the dry stool, making it easier to pass. Medications that work in this way are called osmotic laxatives.

When used correctly, many people find that magnesium citrate is a simple solution to occasional constipation.

Magnesium citrate is generally safe for adults who do not have any health issues, and who only use it from time to time.

Because magnesium citrate pulls water into the intestines from other areas in the body, people using it should drink plenty of water with it. They should also drink additional fluids throughout the day to prevent dehydration.

Magnesium is not a good choice for treating chronic constipation or constipation that requires ongoing treatment. Using it too often can lead to excessive dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Doctors often use higher doses of magnesium citrate as colon cleansers before surgery. The compound can have a powerful effect if a person takes too much. It is essential to read the manufacturer’s instructions carefully whenever taking magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate may help treat constipation, but it might also cause a few side effects. Typical side effects from using magnesium citrate include:

• stomach cramps or a bubbling feeling in the stomach
• intestinal gas
• nausea or vomiting
• high magnesium levels
• changes in other electrolytes in the blood, such as sodium, calcium, or potassium

When the stool does come out of the colon, there is also a chance it will be loose or watery. Diarrhea is common after taking magnesium citrate. These side effects are usually mild and do not pose a serious risk to otherwise healthy people.

Drinking alcohol along with magnesium citrate may make diarrhea and other intestinal side effects worse.

Magnesium citrate may interact with drugs, including specific antibiotics and medications that doctors prescribe to lower calcium concentration in the urine, such as potassium or sodium phosphate.

People on low-sodium or restricted-sodium diets should also avoid magnesium citrate.

Magnesium citrate can also decrease the body’s ability to absorb some medications. People taking any medication should speak to their doctor before using magnesium citrate.

People should not use magnesium citrate if they have rectal bleeding.

People who have had certain procedures or have specific medical issues should also avoid magnesium citrate. Examples include:

• obstructions in the colon or stomach
• heart conditions or damaged heart muscles
• major kidney disorders
• high magnesium or potassium levels
• low calcium levels

People with a medical condition should talk with their doctor before using magnesium citrate to make sure it is safe to use.

Magnesium is safe to use for minor or occasional cases of constipation. It is not for long-term use. Anyone experiencing chronic, long-lasting episodes of constipation should avoid magnesium citrate.

Using magnesium citrate regularly may cause the body to become dependent on it, making it difficult for a person to pass stools without using laxatives. Anyone with chronic constipation should talk to their doctor to find long-term solutions for their symptoms.

Magnesium citrate is an active ingredient in many branded over-the-counter (OTC) laxatives. Liquid oral solutions without any other active ingredients may be best for treating constipation.

Dosages vary based on the brand or concentration of magnesium citrate in the bottle. Always follow the dosage and read the instructions on the label carefully.

It is essential to mix the solution with water and drink additional water when taking magnesium citrate. Mix the dose with at least 4 to 8 ounces of water, and drink a few extra glasses of water throughout the day. This may help replenish any fluids the body loses through the stool.

Very high dosages of magnesium can cause magnesium toxicity, so always use as directed.

Always consult a doctor before giving magnesium citrate or any other laxative to children. Pregnant or nursing mothers should talk to their doctor or pharmacist about the correct dosage. Doctors may recommend other medications or supplements to help with symptoms.

Apart from using magnesium citrate to relieve constipation, people can try:

Using magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is an ingredient in OTC products, such as Milk of Magnesia. It also draws water into the intestines to help soften stool and encourage a bowel movement.

People also use magnesium hydroxide to reduce stomach acid and treat other digestive symptoms, such as heartburn or an upset stomach.

Drinking Epsom salt

Also known as magnesium sulfate, people often use as Epsom salt to treat constipation.

Like the other forms of magnesium, drinking dissolved Epsom salt draws water into the intestines, softening the stool. However, if the appropriate amount of Epsom salt does not dissolve in water, this can lead to irritation. It is important to check how much water to use and to follow the instructions correctly.

Increasing fiber intake

People who are unable to take magnesium due to a medical condition or intolerance can try soluble fiber. Soluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, helping it get through the intestines.

People can choose from a variety of OTC fiber supplements, many of which contain fiber from plant sources, such as psyllium husk, glucomannan, or wheat germ.

People who experience occasional constipation can often improve their symptoms by increasing the amount of fiber they eat. Healthful sources of fiber include:

• whole-grain cereals and pasta
• fruits and vegetables
• beans and pulses
• prunes

Other methods

People can also try the following methods to relieve constipation:

• polyethylene glycol (Miralax)
• lactulose
• bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
• Senna

While magnesium citrate may be an efficient way to relieve constipation quickly, it is not a long-term solution. Taking steps to prevent constipation from developing may be the best way to avoid future symptoms and reduce the need for remedies, such as magnesium citrate.

Some tips to help prevent constipation naturally include:

• eating a diet rich in whole, natural foods, including a variety of fruit and vegetables
• adding more fiber to the diet, whether through food or natural fiber supplements
• drinking lots of water throughout the day to avoid dehydration that can lead to constipation
• exercising regularly to keep the bowels moving

Most people will experience constipation from time to time, and it does not usually cause concern. It is generally okay to take magnesium citrate for occasional constipation, and it typically works quickly.

However, people should never use magnesium citrate to treat chronic constipation. People with frequent constipation should talk with their doctor.

Anyone experiencing side effects from magnesium citrate, or who finds that it does not work for them, should contact their doctor to talk about alternative treatments.

The constipation remedies listed in this article are available for purchase online.

How Often Can You Take Magnesium Citrate?

Talk with your doctor before taking magnesium citrate.

Image Credit: PeopleImages/E+/GettyImages

Magnesium is one of the most abundant minerals in the body, essential in energy production, blood pressure and blood sugar regulation. protein synthesis and nerve, heart and muscle function.

Although this mineral is naturally present in foods, magnesium compounds — such as magnesium citrate — may be recommended as a laxative or to counter a deficiency.

Since excess supplemental magnesium can lead to toxicity, it’s important to follow recommendations on how much and how often to use this supplement. How often you take magnesium citrate and how much will depend on why you’re taking it along with your doctor’s input.

What Is Magnesium Citrate?

Magnesium citrate, a compound of magnesium and citric acid, is a common way to supplement this mineral, as it’s inexpensive and well absorbed by the body.

This magnesium salt contains 16 percent elemental magnesium, an important factor to remember when reading the supplement facts label — which details the amount of magnesium found in each serving. Magnesium citrate is available without a prescription and can be purchased in pill, powder and liquid form.

What Is Magnesium Citrate Used For?

Magnesium citrate is commonly used as a laxative and for treatment of magnesium deficiency. And because deficiency of this mineral is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, migraines, asthma and pregnancy complications such as eclampsia, your doctor may recommend magnesium supplementation if you have one of these disorders.

But on the other hand, since too much magnesium can be toxic, it’s important to follow recommendations for correct dosing, including frequency of use.

Magnesium Citrate Dosage to Treat or Prevent Deficiency

If you have a magnesium deficiency, or if you are at risk of developing low levels of magnesium in your body, your doctor may recommend supplementation with magnesium citrate tablets — and counsel you on safe and effective dosing.

Unless otherwise recommended by your doctor, the supplemented magnesium citrate dose should not be higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of 350 milligrams of elemental magnesium per day, as established by the Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

Magnesium may be taken in single or divided daily doses and can be safe for most people to use daily — in doses at or below the UL. However, it’s good practice to discuss long-term use of this supplement with your doctor.

Magnesium Citrate Dosage for Constipation

Magnesium also functions as a laxative, since its presence in the gut attracts water, making stools more watery and stimulating bowel movements. A single dose of the most common strength of liquid magnesium citrate, which for adults is 5 to 10 ounces — or 1.4 to 2.8 grams of elemental magnesium — may be used to treat occasional constipation, producing results within six hours.

Since this dose is 4 to 8 times the UL, this treatment should only be used occasionally and not for management of ongoing constipation. Follow package directions, as different strengths may be available, and be sure to drink a full glass of water along with the magnesium citrate to avoid upsetting your stomach.

Magnesium Citrate Dosage for Bowel Cleansing

Emptying the bowel of fecal contents, or bowel cleansing, is essential prior to a successful colonoscopy, or other imaging of the intestines. While polyethylene glycol (PEG) and oral sodium phosphate are the most common bowel preparations, magnesium citrate may also be recommended alone or in combination with half the usual dose of PEG.

To use magnesium for bowel preparation, follow your doctor’s advice on dosing, which usually involves drinking the prescribed laxative in two doses, starting the afternoon or evening before your procedure. Be sure to drink plenty of water along with your bowel preparation laxative.

Read more: 7 Cool Facts About Poop That Will Amaze You

Feeling constipated? Check with your doctor about treatment options.

Image Credit: PeopleImages/E+/GettyImages

The Symptoms of a Magnesium Deficiency

Assessing magnesium deficiency is challenging because most of the body’s magnesium is stored in the bone or inside body cells — not in the blood, where it can be most easily measured. Severe magnesium deficiency is not common, but mild to moderate deficiencies are more likely to be found in the U.S. population.

In fact, 60 percent of U.S. adults don’t consume the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of magnesium, which ranges from 310 to 420 milligrams per day, depending on age and gender.

Since every cell in the body requires magnesium, and this mineral plays a role in many body functions, prolonged low dietary intake can lead to deficiency symptoms. Initial signs include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Weakness, lack of energy and fatigue

More pronounced deficiency can lead to generalized symptoms including anxiety, depression, headaches, sleep disorders, hyperactivity, and can potentially affect many body systems, causing symptoms such as:

• Muscle spasms or cramps
• Nervousness, poor memory, seizures, tremor or vertigo
• Numbness and tingling
• Heart rhythm abnormalities
• Pregnancy complications such as eclampsia and premature labor

Magnesium deficiency can also affect bone health, contribute to worsening of blood cholesterol, blood sugar and blood pressure levels, and is linked to constipation, chronic fatigue syndrome and asthma.

Side Effects of Magnesium Citrate

If the correct dosing is followed, magnesium citrate can be well tolerated. However, gastrointestinal side effects could occur, including:

• Loose stools or diarrhea
• Stomach cramps or upset stomach
• Abdominal gas
• Dizziness
• Vomiting

Read more: 7 Signs Your Gut Is Out of Whack

Magnesium Citrate Drug Interactions

Taking magnesium at the same time as some other medications can alter drug absorption, and certain drugs can affect body levels of magnesium — and influence supplement requirements.

For instance, if you’re taking certain antibiotics, muscle relaxants or blood pressure medications, or if you are taking alendronate (Foxamax), a common osteoporosis medication, you may need to space these medications at least 2 hours apart from your magnesium supplements.

Using magnesium along with certain diuretics or medications that minimize urinary loss of nutrients can lead to increased body levels of magnesium. If you’re taking any prescription medications, discuss potential interactions or safety issues with your doctor.

Warnings

• Let your doctor know if you are taking magnesium citrate on an ongoing basis, and if your doctor recommends you use this supplement, follow dosing directions.
• Don’t use magnesium citrate or other laxatives as a means to lose weight, as this is a dangerous practice that can lead to severe dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities, organ damage and even death.
• If you have ongoing constipation which is not relieved a high-fiber diet, increased fluid intake and by occasional use of liquid magnesium citrate, see your doctor.
• If you have kidney disease, magnesium supplements are more likely to lead to toxicity, so avoid magnesium citrate unless specifically recommended by your doctor.
• Finally, if you experience an allergic reaction after using magnesium citrate, such as hives, swelling or difficulty breathing, seek immediate medical attention.

Magnesium citrate for constipation | ChemoExperts

Overview | Schedule | Side Effects | Monitoring | Tips | Patient Assistance

Magnesium Citrate is a Supportive Care Therapy for Constipation

How does magnesium citrate work?

Magnesium citrate is designed to prevent your intestines from absorbing some of the water you drink. When extra water is kept within the intestines, it softens the stool and stimulates the intestines, which produces a bowel movement.

Goals of therapy:

Magnesium citrate is taken to relieve occasional constipation. It is commonly taken on an as needed basis with the goal of treating constipation.

Magnesium citrate is available as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication.

Schedule

How is magnesium citrate taken to treat constipation?

• Usual starting dose: 1 half bottle (5 fluid ounces = 148 mL) to 1 full bottle (10 fluid ounces = 296 mL) by mouth once daily. Drink a full 8 ounce glass of water with each dose
  • It is often available in the following flavors: lemon, cherry, or grape
  • Do not take more than the recommended daily dose in a 24-hour period

Magnesium citrate is commonly taken at home on an as needed basis to treat constipation to maintain normal, regular bowel movements daily or every other day.

When dosed adequately, magnesium citrate generally induces a bowel movement in approximately 30 minutes to six hours. Do not take magnesium citrate for more than seven days without talking to your doctor.

May be stored at temperatures between 46-86
°F. Discard unused solution within 24 hours of opening bottle.

Side Effects

What are the most common side effects from magnesium citrate?

In the prescribing label information (magnesium citrate package insert), the most commonly reported side effects from magnesium citrate are shown here:

Taking too much magnesium citrate may cause cramping and loose stools or diarrhea. Use as directed by your Doctor.

Magnesium citrate should only be used in pregnant women if the potential benefits to the mother outweigh the potential risks to the unborn baby.

Note: The exact percentages of patients that will experience magnesium citrate side effects is unknown because it has been used under widely varying patient populations in a variety of clinical trials.

Watch videos on common magnesium citrate therapy side effects below

Side effect videos

PainNausea and Vomiting

Monitoring

How often is monitoring needed?

Labs (blood tests) are usually not necessary to start magnesium citrate therapy, but your blood magnesium may need to be checked if there is a concern that it may be too high.

How often is imaging needed?

Imaging may be checked if there is concern of a small bowel obstruction (SBO) or blockage. Imaging may include: Abdominal X-ray, or CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis.

How might blood test results/imaging affect treatment?

Depending upon the results, your doctor may advise to continue magnesium citrate as planned, add additional laxatives, place you on “bowel rest” (nothing by mouth until the obstruction clears), or switch to an alternative therapy for constipation.

Questions to Ask Your…

A better understanding of your treatments will allow you to ask more questions of your healthcare team. We then hope that with the answers, you will get better results and have greater satisfaction with your care. Because we know it’s not always easy to know what questions to ask, we’ve tried to make it easy for you!

Choose any healthcare provider below to see common questions that you may want to ask of this person. Then, either print each list to bring to your clinic visits, or copy the questions and send them as a message to your healthcare team through your electronic medical record.

ChemoExperts Tips

What are the most important things to know about magnesium citrate?

• Magnesium may decrease the absorption of certain antibiotics and other medications. Talk to your pharmacist to ensure that taking magnesium will not affect the effectiveness of any of your other medications
• To reduce the chance of having loose stools and cramping, your Doctor or Pharmacist may advise that you take small sips of magnesium citrate over the course of several hours until the full recommend dose is taken
• If you have kidney problems, talk to your doctor before taking magnesium citrate
• To help improve taste, chill magnesium citrate in the refirgerator prior to drinking
• If you are receiving chemotherapy, do NOT attempt to use an enema or suppository unless you have discussed this with your doctor. Use of enemas or suppositories could cause a tear in the rectum and may lead to a serious infection
• Walking helps to stimulate the bowels to move stool down the intestinal tract. A diet high in fiber (found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) also helps to maintain a healthy colon (large intestine)
• It is important to have regular bowel movements, usually once daily or every other day. Otherwise, your small bowel (intestine) may become blocked. Call your doctor if you have not had a bowel movement for 3 days or more, especially if you feel bloated. If you feel pain in your abdomen/belly, feel nauseated, or vomit at any point while constipated, call your doctor immediately
• A pharmacist should ALWAYS review your medication list to ensure that drug interactions are prevented or managed appropriately

Patient Assistance & Co-payment Coverage

Patients under the age of 65 years, or those with private insurance plans:
If you have insurance and are looking for patient assistance or copay assistance for Magnesium Citrate, we have provided links that may help.

Visit our Patient Assistance page and click the links to various patient assistance programs for help paying for Magnesium Citrate. Depending upon your income, they may be able to help cover the cost of:

For Branded medications (may be available for generic medications too), check with the manufacturer to determine if a co-pay card is offered and if it could reduce your monthly copay.

• If you are uninsured, check with the manufacturer to determine if you are eligible to receive medication at no cost.

Medicare and Medicaid patients (Patients 65 years or older):
The clinic providing treatment will likely pre-authorize medications and immune therapies such as Magnesium Citrate and are the best source to help you understand drug cost.

• Ask to speak with a patient assistance technician or financial counselor at the clinic or hospital administering this therapy.

Magnesium Citrate oral solution

What is this medicine?

MAGNESIUM CITRATE (mag NEE zee um SI treyt) is a saline laxative. It is used to treat occasional constipation, but it should not be used regularly for this purpose.

This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.

COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Citroma

What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:

• are on a low magnesium or low sodium diet
• change in bowel habits for 2 weeks
• colostomy or ileostomy
• constipation after using another laxative for 7 days
• diabetes
• kidney disease
• rectal bleeding
• stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting
• an unusual or allergic reaction to magnesium citrate, other magnesium products, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding

How should I use this medicine?

Take this medicine by mouth. Follow the directions on the package or prescription label. Use a specially marked spoon or container to measure each dose. Ask your pharmacist if you do not have one. Household spoons are not accurate. Drink a full glass of fluid with each dose of this medicine. This medicine may taste better if it is chilled before you drink it. Do not take your medicine more often than directed.

Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. While this drug may be prescribed for children as young as 2 years of age for selected conditions, precautions do apply.

Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.

NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.

What if I miss a dose?

This does not apply; this medicine is not for regular use.

What may interact with this medicine?

• cellulose sodium phosphate
• digoxin
• edetate disodium, EDTA
• medicines for bone strength like etidronate, ibandronate, risedronate
• sodium polystyrene sulfonate
• some antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline
• vitamin D

This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.

What should I watch for while using this medicine?

Tell your doctor or healthcare professional if your symptoms do not start to get better or if they get worse.

Do not take any other medicine by mouth within 2 hours of taking this medicine.

What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?

Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:

• allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
• breathing problems
• chest pain
• fast, irregular heartbeat
• muscle weakness
• nausea or vomiting

Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):

This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

Where should I keep my medicine?

Keep out of the reach of children.

Store at room temperature or in the refrigerator between 8 and 30 degrees C (46 and 86 degrees F). Throw away any unused medicine 24 hours after opening the bottle. Throw away unopened bottles of medicine after the expiration date.

NOTE: This sheet is a summary. It may not cover all possible information. If you have questions about this medicine, talk to your doctor, pharmacist, or health care provider.

Magnesium Citrate, Solgar, 120 Tablets, 02862

• helps to fight bad mood, drives away anxiety, relieves irritability;
• prophylactic agent against heart diseases, arrhythmias;
• helps fight stress and infections;
• has anticonvulsant properties;
• relieves symptoms of migraine, hangover syndrome;
• is kosher;
• is enriched with magnesium, which is easily absorbed by the body.

The role of magnesium in the body is very important, because this trace element is necessary for the absorption and transport of calcium. In addition, with its help, all muscle and nervous processes in the human body are supported.

Solgar’s magnesium citrate is rapidly absorbed in the intestines and also provides the daily requirement for this element.

Every day we eat sweets, drink coffee, alcoholic beverages, and under their influence magnesium is excreted from the body, provoking its deficiency, which later manifests itself in the form of irritability, rapid fatigue, persistent depression, sleep disturbances, and heart failure.

The use of Magnesium Citrate helps to balance all processes in nerve cells, helps to generate energy, regulates vascular tone, relaxes muscle fibers, promotes conception during infertility, eliminates uterine tone during childbearing, suppresses negative manifestations of PMS, normalizes the flow of calcium, sodium and potassium into cells, has a choleretic effect, eliminates the symptoms of alcohol intoxication.

It is recommended to take two tablets daily with food.

Experts explained how to take bioactive food additives correctly

The use of multivitamins has slightly decreased recently, with the exception of vitamin D, which has become much more often taken.The use of dietary supplements with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has also significantly increased, Rospotrebnadzor reported.

The federal service named the most popular dietary supplements – probiotics, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, multivitamins, vitamin C, turmeric, as well as calcium and magnesium preparations.

In many cases, because it is a freely sold food supplement that is not a drug, people take it on their own, without consulting a doctor. Although the same vitamin D, omega-3, for example, is often recommended to their patients by cardiologists – to maintain vascular health.

It is necessary to pay attention to when and how dietary supplements should be taken – for example, with food or on an empty stomach, in the morning or in the evening, before or after training, the safety and effectiveness of their use depends on this, the Rospotrebnadzor said in a statement.

In addition, certain supplements may be contraindicated for certain medical conditions or certain medications. Therefore, at the doctor’s appointment, you must inform him if you are taking any dietary supplements “for health”.

For general cases, Rospotrebnadzor specialists have prepared several simple recommendations.

1. If you are taking multivitamins – pay attention to the composition. Multivitamins contain both water- and fat-soluble vitamins, and sometimes also include minerals and trace elements. It is recommended to take them half a dose in the morning, during breakfast, and the second half of the daily norm – during lunch or dinner. Taking multivitamin supplements with food is safer, since some of their components, for example, B vitamins and vitamin C when taken on an empty stomach, can cause stomach pain or nausea.Fat-soluble vitamins should be consumed with a small amount of fat, such as an egg or vegetable oil. In this case, it is important not to “overdo it”, since an excessive amount of fat prevents the absorption of water-soluble vitamins from the gastrointestinal tract.

2. If you use individual vitamins or minerals, you should pay attention not only to the timing of their intake, but also to the combination with other dietary supplements. For example, fat-soluble vitamin K2 is best taken with a meal containing some fat, during the day or evening.Calcium can be taken during the day, and magnesium is best taken at night and not combined with food. The average daily intake of vitamin K2 for a healthy person is about 200 mcg. But if high doses of vitamin D are taken at the same time, the optimal amount of K2 may be higher. For people using vitamin K antagonists (drugs that reduce blood clotting), dietary supplements with vitamin K2 can be harmful, so prior consultation with a doctor is necessary.

3. A little more about the incompatibility of trace elements.Zinc should not be taken with calcium and / or iron – these trace elements can interfere with its absorption.

Calcium or vitamin E with iron should also be avoided as they interfere with the absorption of iron. In general, iron is best taken on an empty stomach, either in the morning or afternoon.

Magnesium, which is one of the most important minerals for our body, is best taken in the evening and does not depend on food intake. However, magnesium and calcium (if you are taking calcium) are best taken at the same time.

When exercising regularly, consider consuming calcium and magnesium in a 1: 2 ratio, respectively, with meals before exercise. Although the ideal magnesium to calcium ratio is 1: 1, most people get much more calcium from their diet than magnesium.

Vitamin B12 is relatively poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, so it is best taken on an empty stomach to optimize absorption. Vitamin B12 can also interact with various medications, including medications for bone loss, cancer, gout, high blood pressure and gastric hypersecretion, such as h3 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors, so you should also consult your doctor before using it.

Indigestible fiber (fiber) improves digestion, but it can interfere with fat absorption, so most fiber supplements are best taken separately from any polyunsaturated fatty acid supplement. In addition, fiber slows down the movement of food through the stomach and intestines, so such dietary supplements are best taken at least 3-4 hours before training or competition, or closer to the end of the day. It is recommended to drink Psyllium two hours after a meal with a full glass of water.As for omega-3 supplements, they can cause stomach upset if taken right before exercise, so it’s best to reschedule them for breakfast, along with a multivitamin. Omega-3s should also not be taken if you have a bleeding disorder or are taking anticoagulants.

4. When taking dietary supplements, you need to remember about a possible allergic reaction to any components of the supplement. For example, krill oil supplements are contraindicated in people with shellfish allergies.

5.Probiotics help maintain and restore normal intestinal flora by supplying beneficial bacteria to our bodies. They are best taken on an empty stomach, two to three hours before the first meal or after the last meal. It also makes sense to cut back on processed foods and sugar to increase the effectiveness of probiotic supplements.

6. As a rule, antioxidant dietary supplements such as resveratrol, astaxanthin, vitamin E, ubiquinol are fat-soluble and are best taken with fatty foods.

It is optimal to take Ubiquinol, dividing the daily allowance into 2 doses, during the main meals with meals containing fat.

Vitamin E and Astaxanthin can be taken once daily with a fatty meal to increase absorption.

“As a rule, the more varied and nutritious your diet, the less dietary supplements you will need. Rational nutrition is the best way to provide the body with all the nutrients the body needs,” the Rospotrebnadzor said in a statement.

At the same time, experts note that many important nutrients, vitamins and nutrients are contained in animal products, therefore, vegetarians and vegans need dietary supplements to maintain their health.

Magnesium through the eyes of a neurologist | Official site of the Scientific Center of Neurology

A.S. Kadykov
Professor
S.N. Busheneva
doctor

The name “magnesia” is already found in the Leiden X papyrus (3rd century AD).BC). It probably comes from the name of the city of Magnesia in the highlands of Thessaly. Magnesian stone in ancient times was called magnetic iron oxide, and magnes – a magnet. It is interesting that the original name “magnesium” was preserved only in Russian thanks to the textbook of Hess, and at the beginning of the 19th century, other names were proposed in a number of manuals – magnesia, magnesia, bitter earth.

The total magnesium content in the human body is about 25 grams. It plays an important role in the formation of over three hundred enzymes.Magnesium takes part in energy and electrolyte metabolism, acts as a regulator of cell growth, is necessary at all stages of the synthesis of protein molecules. The role of magnesium in the processes of membrane transport is especially important. Magnesium helps to relax muscle fibers (musculature of blood vessels and internal organs). The most important value of magnesium is that it serves as a natural anti-stress factor, inhibits excitation processes in the central nervous system and reduces the body’s sensitivity to external influences.

It is believed that 25-30% of the population does not have enough magnesium in their diet. This may be due to modern processing technologies and the use of mineral fertilizers when growing vegetables, leading to a deficiency of magnesium in the soil.

Chronic magnesium deficiency is often observed in patients with diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, epilepsy, osteoporosis, etc. A number of physiological conditions are known, accompanied by an increased need for magnesium: pregnancy, breastfeeding, a period of intensive growth and maturation, old and senile age, hard physical labor and physical activity in athletes, emotional stress, frequent and prolonged (more than 30-40 minutes.per session) sauna, insufficient sleep, air travel and crossing time zones. Magnesium deficiency occurs when taking caffeine, alcohol, drugs, and certain medications, such as diuretics, that help remove magnesium in the urine.

Our nervous system is sensitive to the level of magnesium in the body. Its reduced content can cause anxiety, nervousness, fear, as well as insomnia and fatigue, decreased attention and memory, in some cases – seizures, tremors and other symptoms.People often complain of “unreasonable” headaches.

Magnesium (especially in combination with vitamin B6) has a normalizing effect on the state of the higher parts of the nervous system during emotional stress, depression, neurosis. This is no coincidence. Stress (physical, mental) increases the need for magnesium, which causes intracellular magnesium deficiency.

Magnesium deficiency worsens with age, reaching a maximum in people over 70 years of age. According to the European Epidemiological Study of Cardiovascular Diseases, plasma magnesium levels below 0.76 mmol / L are considered an additional (for example, hypertension) risk factor for stroke and heart attack.An imbalance of Ca2 + and Mg2 + ions is one of the serious causes of blood clots in blood vessels. The use of magnesium preparations helps to reduce the tendency to form a blood clot. Magnesium, for example, enhances the antithrombotic effect of aspirin.

It is believed that magnesium plays a positive role in inhibiting the process of atherosclerosis.
Taking into account the latest data on the prevalence of magnesium deficiency in residents of large cities, its content in the blood is determined in neurological patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, vegetative-vascular dystonia, as well as depression and asthenia.Normally, the serum magnesium content in children varies from 0.66 to 1.03 mmol / l, in adults from 0.7 to 1.05 mmol / l.

In healthy people, the daily requirement for magnesium is 350-800 mg. In case of magnesium deficiency, its additional administration is required at the rate of 10-30 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. In addition to dietary correction, medicinal preparations are also used. The saturation time of tissue depots during magnesium therapy is 2 months or more. The choice of drugs for correction is well known – these are inorganic and organic magnesium salts.The first generation of magnesium-containing preparations included inorganic salts. However, in this form, magnesium is absorbed by no more than 5%, stimulates intestinal motility, which often leads to diarrhea. The absorption of magnesium in the gastrointestinal tract is increased by lactic, pidolic and orotic acids, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and some amino acids.

The second generation of magnesium-containing preparations is much better absorbed and does not cause dyspepsia and diarrhea. Magne-B6 belongs to modern combined drugs.

The anti-anxiety effect of Magne-B6 allows it to be included in the complex therapy of depression (in conjunction with antidepressants), convulsive conditions (in combination with anticonvulsants), sleep disorders (in conjunction with hypnotics), and also to use the drug as an additional agent for prevention and leveling light stimulating effects of activators of brain metabolism. Magnesium therapy is a rather promising direction in the treatment of night sleep disorders of various origins, especially in patients with asthenic and anxiety conditions.The vasodilating effect of magnesium ions allows Magne-B6 to be used in combination with antihypertensive drugs. However, a decrease in blood pressure in response to magnesium administration is achieved only in patients with magnesium deficiency.

Magne-B6 is generally well tolerated without causing any side effects. The normalization of the level of magnesium in the human body in combination with other drugs makes it possible to achieve success in many diseases of the nervous system, it is currently considered as a classical metabolic therapy.

© Journal “Nerves”, 2006, №1

FORM of an appointment with a specialist …

World experience in the use of magnesium citrate in medicine :: DIFFICULT PATIENT

O. A. Gromova1, 2, I.Yu. Torshin I1, T.R. Grishina1, 2
1RCTs of the Institute of Microelements of UNESCO, Moscow
2GOU HPE “Ivanovo State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation”

Introduction
The modern lifestyle of typically high stress levels, poor diets and artificial foods and beverages in most people’s diets have created the problem of chronic magnesium deficiency.A simplified understanding of the pharmacology of magnesium substances has led to large-scale attempts to use inorganic forms of magnesium to compensate for the deficiency of this element. However, as shown by pharmacokinetic studies, inorganic forms of magnesium (oxide, sulfate, chloride, etc.) are characterized by low bioavailability and side effects [1]. Therefore, research into the therapeutic applications of organic forms of magnesium is relevant.

Magnesium citrate is one of the organic salts used for the manufacture of modern magnesium-containing preparations.Since citrate is an organic and highly soluble form of magnesium, this largely determines its high bioavailability. However, good solubility in water is far from the only feature of magnesium citrate, which is also characterized by a number of specific molecular effects. These effects include the participation of magnesium as a central substrate of the Krebs cycle (which even has an alternative name “citrate cycle”), interactions with proteins-transporters of dicarboxylates, and physicochemical features of the citrate molecule itself.It should be emphasized that all citrate metabolites are essential endogenous molecules. Almost complete utilization of citrate (conversion to carbon dioxide and water) makes it an ideal carrier of magnesium [2]. In a way, citrate is an ideal, completely biodegradable, “environmentally friendly container” for transporting magnesium into cells, which also serves as an efficient fuel.
In the present work, we carried out a systematic analysis of the literature on the pharmacology and clinical studies of magnesium citrate.The analysis showed significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of magnesium citrate (primarily, high solubility and assimilability), which largely determine the range of its therapeutic and prophylactic applications (Fig. 1).
Analysis of the literature on medical applications of magnesium citrate preparations indicated the existence of two fundamentally different areas of application: therapeutic / prophylactic and clinical diagnostic. The latter include the use of high single doses of magnesium citrate (in quantities greater than 10 g) as an effective and safe laxative in bowel preparation for colonography (12 studies) and emergency care (1 study).As can be seen from Fig. 1 almost 75% ¾ of studies of the therapeutic use of magnesium citrate related to the therapy and prevention of urolithiasis, compensation of hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. In general, magnesium citrate has been used in therapy for over 50 years and is used to prevent the formation of kidney stones (25 studies), in the treatment and prevention of hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia (8), in vascular diseases (5) and in obstetrics (4 studies). Other medical uses of magnesium citrate (3 studies) include the normalization of bone mineral density, the treatment of restless legs syndrome and bronchial asthma.
Studies on the use of ultra-high doses of magnesium citrate as a safe laxative are discussed below. Then the features of the pharmacokinetics of magnesium citrate are considered. Finally, a detailed review of the results of the aforementioned clinical trials in therapy is presented.

High-dose magnesium citrate is a safe laxative
In large doses (10-30 g), magnesium citrate acts as an osmotic laxative and is used to prepare the colon in adults, children and adolescents for diagnostic procedures (colonoscopy or X-ray examination of the intestine ) or to prepare for surgery.It should be noted that when using high doses of magnesium citrate as a laxative, it is desirable to compensate for the loss of zinc that is inevitable with the use of any laxative. Zinc normalizes the physiological status of the small intestine and reduces the risk of recurrent diarrhea [3].
Evidence-based medicine shows that the use of magnesium citrate provides a cleansing effect with minimal fluid loss from the body. In a study of 232 people, 118 patients received sodium phosphate, and 115 patients at risk of phosphorus nephropathy received magnesium citrate.Both sodium phosphate and magnesium citrate resulted in intestinal clearance rates acceptable for CT scan. At the same time, in the magnesium citrate group, less fluid loss was observed by the body, which contributed to a more rapid restoration of intestinal functions after the procedure [4, 5]. In another study, 69 consecutive patients were randomly assigned to sodium phosphate or magnesium citrate. It was found that patients in the magnesium citrate group had fewer complaints and were characterized by less fluid loss [6].
Sodium picosulfate / magnesium citrate formulations are often used as a colon cleanser prior to diagnostic procedures. Small doses of sodium picosulfate serve as a stimulant laxative, increasing the frequency and intensity of peristalsis, and high doses of magnesium citrate serve as an osmotic laxative (that is, retaining an increased amount of fluid in the colon, which makes it easier to cleanse the intestines). This combination is well tolerated, with nausea and vomiting, pain and bloating seen much less frequently than with sodium phosphate or polyethylene glycol.The tolerance profile of the sodium picosulfate / magnesium citrate mixture in patients over 70 years of age is the same as in patients under 70 years of age [7, 8].
The safe and highly effective laxative effect of high doses of magnesium citrate makes it the treatment of choice in emergency treatment for poisoning. In the experiment, the oral intake of the toxicant paraquat was supplemented by the intake of magnesium citrate. Paraquat (N, N’-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridine dichloride) is used as a strong non-specific herbicide and is toxic not only to weeds, but also to humans and animals.Paraquat (200 mg / kg) was given intragastrically to mice, then activated charcoal was given 30 minutes later. When activated carbon was administered simultaneously with magnesium citrate, the survival rate of the animals increased from 30-60% to 94% (p Treatment of 64 children with various poisonings included the use of activated carbon in an amount of 1 g / kg in combination with 6% magnesium citrate solution in different amounts: 0 ml / kg, 4 ml / kg (standard recommended dose), 6 ml / kg or 8 ml / kg Research has shown a dose-dependent effect of magnesium citrate.The use of magnesium citrate significantly reduced the transit time of activated carbon through the gastrointestinal tract (p = 0.004): the average time for the appearance of stools with carbon was 20 hours in the absence of magnesium citrate (0 ml / kg), 13 hours (4 ml / kg), 14 hours (6 ml / kg) and 12 h (8 ml / kg). Acceleration of the passage of activated carbon through the gastrointestinal tract contributed to the faster removal of toxic substances from the child’s body [10].

Pharmacokinetics of magnesium citrate
Since magnesium citrate was considered as a drug for course use in patients with chronic magnesium deficiency, it became necessary to determine reliable pharmacokinetic characteristics of this substance.Despite dozens of works on the clinical applications of magnesium citrate, we were unable to find in the published literature systematic pharmacokinetic studies of magnesium citrate (determination of pharmacokinetic curves in plasma, erythrocytes and other cells, determination of T1 / 2, Tmax, volume of distribution, magnesium content in urine and other body fluids in the dynamics of application, etc.). Below are the results of individual studies, which can be considered as preliminary results of pharmacokinetic studies.
Different magnesium substances show different pharmacological effects [1]. Anion combined with magnesium (oxide, chloride, gluconate, lactate, citrate, etc.) influences the process of magnesium bioavailability and thus leads to differences in pharmacodynamics [11-13]. Magnesium citrate helps to activate the transport of magnesium into the cell. Compared with inorganic compounds and amino acid chelates, magnesium citrate not only leads to a greater increase in the content of potassium, sodium and magnesium in blood plasma, but also causes a significant increase in the activity of Na, K-pumps in erythrocytes [12].
Magnesium compounds differ in solubility and, accordingly, in bioavailability. For example, magnesium oxide, widely used in 1st generation magnesium formulations, is practically insoluble in water. Even in the hydrochloric acid of the stomach, no more than 45% of the input amount of MgO is dissolved. Magnesium citrate (Fig. 2), on the contrary, has a very high solubility: at a temperature of 20-25 ° C, the mass fraction of anhydrous magnesium citrate reaches 55% (ie 55 g of magnesium citrate can be completely dissolved in 45 ml of water).The resulting solution is clear and has a pleasant citric acid flavor.
Differences in the solubility of magnesium compounds naturally affect bioavailability: the bioavailability of magnesium citrate is 35-38%, while the bioavailability of inorganic magnesium salts does not exceed 5% (magnesium hydroxide) [11-13].
The high bioavailability of magnesium citrate is confirmed by the results of clinical and pharmacological studies. In healthy volunteers, the increase in magnesium after exercise of 25 mmol of magnesium was significantly higher with magnesium citrate than magnesium oxide (in a study of 46 healthy volunteers, the bioavailability of magnesium amino acid chelate, magnesium citrate and magnesium oxide was evaluated.The volunteers took 300 mg of elemental magnesium / day once and / or for 60 days. The amount of magnesium in daily urine was estimated in the dynamics of the use of drugs. Organic forms of magnesium (citrate and amino acid chelate) showed higher absorption rates than magnesium oxide (p = 0.03). At the same time, magnesium citrate led to the highest average concentration of serum magnesium compared with other drugs, both after a single dose (p = 0.03) and multiple doses (p = 0.006). Repeated intake of magnesium citrate also led to the greatest increase in the concentration of magnesium in saliva compared with other studied forms of magnesium (p = 0.03) [16].

Therapy and prevention of the formation of kidney stones
The kidneys are the central organ of the body’s mineral metabolism regulation. Mg2 + ions maintain the osmotic balance: the administration of magnesium salts acts as an osmotic diuretic and has a distinct diuretic effect. It is known that an imbalance of magnesium and calcium (↑ Ca2 +, ↓ Mg2 +) in urine potentiates kidney stones. Kidney stones often contain appreciable amounts of insoluble calcium salts – oxalate and phosphate.
Urolithiasis is a disease with a multifactorial etiology, widespread in rural, urban, and industrial, especially against the background of modern hypomagnesium nutrition, insufficient water intake and a sedentary lifestyle. Known risk factors include obesity, high protein and fat in food, predominantly dairy, high or extremely low calcium in the diet, insufficient fluid intake (clean drinking water) [17]. Studies have shown the fallacy of the outdated dietary calcium restriction.On the contrary, a physiologically normal level of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract provides protection against stone formation [18].
In urolithiasis, it is important to limit sodium in the diet, primarily in the form of refined table salt. Unlike natural food salts (sea salt, rock salt), which contain magnesium, potassium and many trace elements, refined table salt contains only NaCl [19].
The development of urolithiasis is a long metabolic process, therefore, effective and safe synthetic pharmacological agents for the treatment of urolithiasis have not been found, and there is an urgent need for drugs for long-term use that prevent the formation of renal calcifications and nephrocalcinosis.As such a means, the use of potassium citrate for alkalinization of primary urine has now been tested. At the same time, it is completely overlooked that patients with urolithiasis are characterized not only by potassium deficiency, but also by magnesium deficiency.
Magnesium levels are known to be higher in healthy individuals than in patients with oxalate stones. This suggests that an increased urine magnesium quota may prevent the deposition of calcium compounds and thus prevent or delay the onset of oxalate stones.Indeed, with prolonged magnesium replacement therapy (200–250 mg of salts per day), the proportion of relapses of stone formation in patients with oxalate stones decreases by 90% [20]. It is advisable to combine the therapeutic use of magnesium for the treatment of oxalate stones with pyridoxine therapy, which, independently of magnesium, lowers the levels of oxalates in the body [2].
Experimental and clinical studies show that it is the combined intake of magnesium citrate and potassium citrate that is an effective means of inhibiting the growth of kidney stones and preventing recurrence of stone formation [21].In the experiment, the use of only potassium citrate can even lead to an exacerbation of the formation of renal calculi, while the combined use with magnesium citrate completely excludes stone formation [22]. In rats with a high content of glycolic acid (0.5% glycol in drinking water) in the diet, the development of urinary stones was noted within 4 weeks. At the same time, animals that additionally received subsidies of magnesium citrate did not have stones in the urinary system [23]. It should be noted that glycol is used as a sweetener in synthetic drinks.
Prolonged bed rest increases the risk of kidney stones. 10 volunteers with normal urinary calcium and urate levels received a mixture of potassium citrate and magnesium citrate (40 mg K +, 40 mg Mg2 + / day) for 5 weeks of strict bed rest, and 10 received placebo. The content of elemental magnesium in anhydrous magnesium citrate is 162 mg per 1 g of salt, so 40 mg Mg2 + / day corresponds to the intake of 250 mg of magnesium citrate. The intake of the composition of K and Mg citrates showed a significant decrease in the relative saturation of urine with calcium oxalate; the concentration of undissociated uric acid decreased compared with placebo [24].
The effects of using the composition of magnesium and potassium citrates on the biochemical parameters of urine were studied in 61 patients with urolithiasis. The patients were divided into 4 groups and received potassium chloride (group 1), potassium and sodium citrates (group 2), magnesium glycinate (group 3), and potassium and magnesium citrates (group 4) for 1 month. Doses of potassium and magnesium per elemental content were 42 mg K + / day, 42 mg Mg2 + / day. Although the content of potassium in urine increased in all groups, the use of a mixture of potassium and magnesium citrates (group 4) led to the best results: in patients, the levels of potassium, magnesium and citrate increased, urine pH increased, that is, metabolic resources that inhibit stone formation were activated [25 ].
It should be noted that against the background of Mg, K deficiency and Ca imbalance, in the last decade, an excessive load of phosphorus, which is part of numerous varieties of artificial food, has been frequently noted. These are phosphoric acids and phosphoric salts used to hold the so-called. “Marketable” sausages, sausages; orthophosphoric acid in lemonades and drinks such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola and Sprite, phosphates in dyes, leavening agents, thickeners. Note that, unlike natural sources of phosphorus (fish, eggs), phosphorus in artificial food is characterized by low bioavailability and overloads the excretory system of the kidneys.Excess phosphorus has an extremely negative effect on both magnesium homeostasis and mineral balance.
In particular, some carbonated drinks contain significant amounts of phosphoric acid. Serum and urine concentrations of calcium, oxalates, phosphates, uric acid were studied before and after drinking carbonated drinks such as Coca-Cola. Four participants abstained from these drinks for 48 hours, then drank 2-3 liters of Coca-Cola per day for 2 days. An increase in urinary phosphate was found; urinary oxalate excretion increased by 8.3 mg.The magnesium content in urine decreased by 2.6 mg, and the citrate content – by 122 mg. Such changes create conditions for the formation of kidney stones and significantly increase the risk of urolithiasis [26].
Magnesium and citrate anion inhibit the crystallization of oxalates in urine. Observations of 50 patients with recurrent urolithiasis showed that Mg citrate increases the time of agglomeration of calcium oxalate crystals in urine [27], thereby significantly slowing down stone formation.
In a double-blind study, 64 patients were randomized into 2 groups: taking placebo and taking potassium and magnesium citrates (42 mg K + / day, 42 mg Mg2 + / day) for 3 years. The results showed that new stones formed in 63.6% of patients in the placebo group; among those taking magnesium and potassium citrates, only 12.9% of patients had new kidney stones. Co-administration of magnesium and potassium citrates had a statistically significant effect in reducing the risk of stone formation even after adjusting for age and for disturbances in calcium-oxalate balance in urine (odds ratio 0.1; 95% confidence interval 0.03-0.36) [28] …
Thus, versatile clinical studies have shown: the need to compensate for magnesium and citrate deficiencies in urine and the effectiveness of long-term use of magnesium citrate in combination with potassium citrate. The use of magnesium citrate for the treatment of oxalate stones is advisable with the target inhibitor of the formation of oxalates pyridoxine, which is also an effective synergist of magnesium.

Treatment and prevention of acute hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia
Acute hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia occur in patients with myocardial infarction, during surgery or during pregnancy (gestosis).IV magnesium sulfate is often used to quickly compensate for acute magnesium deficiency. The use of magnesium sulfate can lead to an overdose of magnesium, which has numerous undesirable effects [29]. A safe alternative is to take magnesium orally in the form of organic salts (citrate, lactate, pidolate), not only after an acute magnesium deficiency has already appeared, but also as a preventive measure to avoid deficiency.
Hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia occurs with the use of diuretics such as thiazides and furosemide in patients with arterial hypertension, edema, etc.e. These diuretics cause sharp losses of Mg, K and other electrolytes, which must be replaced in order to prevent side effects (weakness, arrhythmia, convulsions, etc.).
Magnesium citrate is very effective in compensating and preventing electrolyte imbalance. In a study of 22 volunteers who received hydrochlorothiazide in an amount of 50 mg / day, 10 people simultaneously received a mixture of magnesium and potassium citrates (42 mg K + / day, 42 mg Mg2 + / day), and 12 people received only potassium chloride (42 mg K + / days).In addition to compensating for potassium deficiency, the K and Mg citrate compositions aided urine alkalinization (i.e., increased urine pH), decreased uric acid levels, and decreased calcium oxalate saturation. Potassium chloride only resulted in an increase in urinary potassium and did not affect magnesium levels [30, 31].
In another study, 61 patients received 50 mg / day of hydrochlorothiazide. After 3 weeks of administration, moderate hypokalemia developed in almost every patient. Taking 6-10 magnesium citrate tablets per day (42 mg K + / tab, 42 mg Mg2 + / tab) in these patients significantly increased urine pH and citrate levels.The side effects of thiazide therapy were fully compensated for when taking 10 tablets / day [32].
In another study, serum magnesium in 242 healthy volunteers taking thiazide diuretics showed that hypomagnesemia (magnesium
Vascular diseases
Plasma magnesium levels below 0.76 mmol / L are considered a significant risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the European epidemiological study on cardiovascular disease identified hypomagnesemia as an important risk factor for death from stroke and cardiovascular disease [34].With a decrease in the level of Mg2 +, the tone of the coronary vessels increases, which leads to ischemic damage. The introduction of the necessary and sufficient amount of magnesium, calcium and potassium, unsaturated fats, as well as the norm (but not excess!) Of antioxidants is considered as an important reserve for reducing mortality from cardiovascular diseases. A low concentration of extracellular magnesium leads to vasospasm, increasing their sensitivity to vasopressor agents.
The effect of magnesium on vascular smooth muscle tone is due to at least three factors.First, Mg2 + ions, along with other essential MEs, are involved in the regulation of the osmotic balance; exhibit clear diuretic and decongestant effects. Secondly, magnesium is a natural regulator of vascular tone, reducing the response of arteries to the effects of endogenous vasoconstrictors: adrenaline (via the enzyme catechol-O-methyl-transferase, which degrades catecholamines), aldosterone, vasopressin, angiotensin-2. Thirdly, magnesium counteracts the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, contributes to the normalization of blood clotting, which leads to an increase in the lumen of the vessel [1].Therefore, the use of organic magnesium preparations (magnesium lactate in the composition of Magne B6) has a positive effect on vascular dynamics [35].
Magnesium citrate supplementation improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Magnesium citrate, when used in conjunction with potassium citrate, is an excellent agent against vascular calcification, leading to a complete restoration of normal extracellular homeostasis of minerals and uric acid [36].
It is extremely interesting to note that taking magnesium citrate improves vision and restores ocular blood flow in patients with normotensive glaucoma (i.e.e. glaucoma against the background of normal ocular pressure). 15 patients received 300 mg of elemental magnesium / day in the form of magnesium citrate for 1 month, while patients in the control group received placebo. Doppler ultrasonography of the eye vessels showed that therapy with magnesium citrate leads to improvements in the ocular blood flow and to an increase in the perimeter of the visual fields. studied in 40 patients with migraine without aura.The frequency of attacks (p = 0.005), the intensity of pain (p The use of magnesium citrate in sports medicine is promising. For example, magnesium citrate can be used to treat acute mountain sickness and partially relieve the symptoms of this disease [39]. Acute mountain sickness can affect climbers, hikers, skiers, hikers at high altitudes (2400 m) and is the result of reduced air pressure and oxygen concentration.Alles sickness symptoms affect the nervous system, lungs, muscles, heart and can range from mild to life threatening.Magnesium is a physiological antagonist of NMDA receptors, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute mountain sickness. The vasodilating effect of highly bioavailable magnesium citrate promotes rapid symptom reduction.

Magnesium citrate in obstetrics and gynecology
Several studies have analyzed the safety and efficacy of magnesium lactate and magnesium citrate in pregnant women. As shown by a meta-analysis of 5 placebo-controlled studies on 352 women (150 mg of magnesium salts 2 times a day), administration of magnesium citrate from 4-5 weeks of pregnancy in pregnant women with magnesium deficiency leads to a significant decrease in the rate of spontaneous miscarriages [40] …
Magnesium citrate is also used to prevent cramps in the calf muscles in pregnant women [40, 41]. The high safety and efficacy of ultra-high doses of magnesium citrate as a laxative allows it to be used in colonoscopy of pregnant women. For safety reasons, only a few substances can be used to prepare for colonoscopy during pregnancy [42].
In some cases from practice, the use of magnesium citrate even saves the life of the pregnant woman and the fetus. For example, a 33-year-old pregnant woman with Gitelman’s syndrome (congenital tubulopathy characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis and hypocalciuria) was prescribed magnesium citrate mixed with potassium chloride.After the appointment, the syndrome was compensated, and the pregnancy was resolved with normal delivery on time [43].
Despite the fact that only a few studies have been published on the use of magnesium citrate in obstetrics, this organic form of magnesium has very great potential for use in this field. First of all, this is due to the obvious nephrological orientation of drugs based on magnesium citrate (see above). Therefore, the prospect of using magnesium citrate for gestosis and the edematous form of premenstrual syndrome opens up.Dysfunction of the kidneys are characteristic of gestosis – one of the most dangerous pathologies of pregnancy. There are very few clinical studies on this issue [40], and conducting such studies is an extremely urgent task.

Other Medical Uses of Magnesium Citrate
Bone Mineral Density: Taking magnesium citrate helps to increase bone mineral density. Co-administration of magnesium with calcium is known to be very useful in the prevention of osteoporosis [1].Among 20 postmenopausal women, 10 received magnesium citrate (1830 mg / day) for 30 days, 10 received a placebo. Oral magnesium citrate caused a significant decrease in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in serum (pCramps of the legs: Quinine is often used to treat mobile legs syndrome, which has several side effects. At the same time, it is completely forgotten that magnesium is a natural regulator of nerve conduction and contributes to reducing the excitation of neurons to physiologically necessary levels.Magnesium citrate, equivalent to 300 mg of elemental magnesium, or placebo was given to volunteers for 6 weeks. In the placebo group (n = 29) the average number of seizures was 9 (95% DI 6-17), in the group taking magnesium citrate – 5 (95% DI 4-8, p = 0.07) [ 45].
Bronchial asthma: Magnesium citrate for 12 weeks reduced the use of bronchodilator inhalation in children with stable bronchial asthma. In a group of 89 children 4-16 years old, each subject received either 1 capsule of magnesium citrate (7 years: 200 mg / day;> 7 years: 290 mg / day) or 1 capsule of placebo.The frequency of bronchodilator use was significantly higher after 12 weeks in the placebo group than in the group of patients taking magnesium citrate (p
Preparations based on magnesium citrate
Despite the fact that magnesium citrate has been successfully used in many countries of the world for more than 20 years, in Russia as a pharmacological the substance magnesium citrate was registered relatively recently (2010). Magnesium citrate received permission for use in children, pregnant women and in therapy. Currently, as a pharmacological preparation based on magnesium citrate in Russia there is only one – Magne B6 Forte.The drug consists of a synergistic pharmacological combination of magnesium citrate (618 mg magnesium citrate salts, which is equivalent to 100 mg of elemental magnesium) and pyridoxine hydrochloride (10 mg). This dosage allows for treatment with the drug according to a simple scheme: 1 tablet 3 times a day, and for a maintenance course of treatment: 1 tablet 2 times a day. Magne B6 Forte tablets should be taken whole with meals, without chewing, with a glass of water. The duration of the course of therapy for hypomagnesemia is 1 month; prophylactic administration or maintenance therapy can be from 2 months or more.Based on the above world experience, the following algorithm for the use of magnesium citrate (Magne B6 Forte drug) can be formulated (table).

Conclusion
This paper presents the results of a systematic analysis of the world literature on the pharmacology and clinical studies of magnesium citrate. In the body, the citrate anion is almost completely converted into carbon dioxide and water; almost complete utilization of citrate makes it an “environmentally friendly container” for the transport of magnesium into cells.Magnesium citrate is used in the treatment and prevention of the formation of kidney stones, to compensate for hypomagnesemia. The use of magnesium citrate helps to compensate for hypokalemia, since magnesium has a potassium-sparing effect. Magnesium citrate is very promising in the treatment of vascular diseases (including migraine, normotensive glaucoma) and can be used to normalize bone mineral density, treat restless legs syndrome and bronchial asthma (Fig. 3).
Despite the fact that only a few studies have been published on the use of magnesium citrate in obstetrics, this organic form of magnesium has great potential for use in this field.First of all, this applies to the use of magnesium for the treatment and prevention of gestosis, nephropathy of pregnant women, urolithiasis and other kidney diseases in pregnant women. The safety of magnesium citrate and its high bioavailability make the drug relevant for use by pregnant women in order to prevent and treat kidney disorders (gestosis).

Literature
1. Torshin I. Yu, Gromova OA. Magnesium and pyridoxine: fundamental studies and clinical practice // Nova Science.2009; 250.
2. Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu. Molecular pharmacology of magnesium citrate and pyridoxine // Klin pharmacol pharmacoeconomic. 2010.
3. Altaf W., Perveen S., Rehman K.U., Teichberg S., Vancurova I., Harper R.G., Wapnir R.A. Zinc supplementation in oral rehydration solutions: experimental assessment and mechanisms of action // J Am Coll Nutr. 2002; 21 (1): 26-32.
4. Borden Z.S., Pickhardt P.J., Kim D.H., Lubner M.G., Agriantonis D.J., Hinshaw J.L. Bowel preparation for CT colonography: blinded comparison of magnesium citrate and sodium phosphate for catharsis // Radiology.2010; 254 (1): 138-144.
5. Love J., Bernard EJ, Cockeram A., Cohen L., Fishman M., Gray J., Morgan D. A multicenter, observational study of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate as a precolonoscopy bowel preparation // Can J Gastroenterol … 2009; 23 (10): 706-710.
6. Yoon S.H., Kim S.H., Kim S.G., Kim S.J., Lee J.M., Lee J.Y., Han J.K., Choi B.I. Comparison study of different bowel preparation regimens and different fecal-tagging agents on tagging efficacy, patients’ compliance, and diagnostic performance of computed tomographic colonography: preliminary study // J Comput Assist Tomogr.2009; 33 (5): 657-665.
7. Hoy S.M., Scott L.J., Wagstaff A.J. Sodium picosulfate / magnesium citrate: a review of its use as a colorectal cleanser // Drugs. 2009; 69 (1): 123-36.
8. Swarbrick M.J., Collins M.C., Moore D.J., McBride K.D. A comparative trial of magnesium citrate (Citramag) and Picolax for barium enema bowel preparation // Clin Radiol. 1994; 49 (6): 379-381.
9. Gaudreault P., Friedman P.A., Lovejoy F.H. Jr. Efficacy of activated charcoal and magnesium citrate in the treatment of oral paraquat intoxication // Ann Emerg Med.1985; 14 (2): 123-125.
10. Sue Y.J., Woolf A., Shannon M. Efficacy of ma

Magnesium Citrate | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

This document, provided by Lexicomp ^® , contains all the information you need to know about the drug, including the indications, route of administration, side effects, and when you should contact your healthcare provider.

Trade names: USA

Citroma [OTC]; GoodSense Magnesium Citrate [OTC]

What is this drug used for?

• It is used to cleanse the gastrointestinal tract.
• This medication is used to treat constipation.

What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE taking this drug?

• If you are allergic to this drug, any of its ingredients, other drugs, foods or substances. Tell your doctor about your allergy and how it manifested itself.
• If you have any of the following health problems: bowel obstruction, abdominal pain, nausea, rectal bleeding, vomiting, or changes in bowel rhythm that persist for more than 2 weeks.
• If you have kidney disease.

This list of drugs and diseases that may be adversely associated with this drug is not exhaustive.

Tell your doctor and pharmacist about all the medicines you take (both prescription and over-the-counter, natural products and vitamins) and your health problems. You need to make sure that this drug is safe for your medical condition and in combination with other drugs you are already taking.Do not start or stop taking any drug or change the dosage without your doctor’s approval.

What do I need to know or do while taking this drug?

• Tell all healthcare providers that you are taking this drug. These are doctors, nurses, pharmacists and dentists.
• This drug interferes with the absorption of many other drugs taken by mouth.If you take other drugs by mouth, they should be taken at least 2 hours before or 2 hours after taking this drug. If you are unable to do this, consult your doctor.
• If you are on a diet low in magnesium or sodium, tell your doctor.
• Do not use this medication for more than 1 week unless directed by your doctor.
• If you have rectal bleeding or no bowel movements after using this drug, talk to your doctor.
• Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding. The benefits and risks for you and your child will need to be discussed.

What side effects should I report to my doctor immediately?

WARNING. In rare cases, some people with this drug can have serious and sometimes deadly side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms, which may be associated with serious side effects:

• Signs of an allergic reaction such as rash, hives, itching, reddened and swollen skin with blistering or scaling, possibly associated with fever, wheezing or wheezing, tightness in the chest or throat, difficulty breathing, swallowing or speaking, unusual hoarseness, swelling in the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.

What are some other side effects of this drug?

Any medicine can have side effects. However, many people have little or no side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if these or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:

• Abdominal pain or diarrhea.
• Gas.

This list of potential side effects is not exhaustive.If you have any questions about side effects, please contact your doctor. Talk to your doctor about side effects.

You can report side effects to the National Health Office.

You can report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-332-1088. You can also report side effects at https://www.fda.gov/medwatch.

What is the best way to take this drug?

Use this drug as directed by your healthcare practitioner.Read all the information provided to you. Follow all instructions strictly.

• Cool solution to improve taste.
• Take this drug with a full glass of water.

What to do if a dose of a drug is missed?

• If you are taking this medication regularly, take the missed dose as soon as you can.
• If it is time for your next dose, do not take the missed dose and then return to your normal dose.
• Do not take 2 doses at the same time or an additional dose.
• In most cases, this drug is used as needed. Do not take this medicine more often than prescribed by your doctor.

How do I store and / or discard this drug?

• Store at room temperature in a dry place. Do not store in the bathroom.
• Discard all unused portions from the opened bottle after 24 hours.
• Store all medicines in a safe place.Keep all medicines out of the reach of children and pets.
• Dispose of unused or expired drugs. Do not empty into toilet or drain unless directed to do so. If you have any questions about the disposal of your medicinal products, consult your pharmacist. Your area may have drug recycling programs.

General information on medicinal products

• If your health does not improve or even worsens, see your doctor.
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• Some medicines may have other patient information sheets. If you have questions about this drug, talk with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional.
• Some medicines may have other patient information sheets. Check with your pharmacist. If you have questions about this drug, talk with your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other healthcare professional.
• If you think an overdose has occurred, call a Poison Control Center immediately or seek medical attention. Be prepared to tell or show which drug you took, how much and when it happened.

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This information should not be used to make decisions about taking this or any other drug. Only the attending physician has the necessary knowledge and experience to make decisions about which drugs are suitable for a particular patient.This information does not guarantee that the drug is safe, effective, or approved for the treatment of any disease or specific patient. Here are only brief general information about this drug. It does NOT contain all available information on the possible use of the drug with instructions for use, warnings, precautions, information about interactions, side effects and risks that may be associated with this drug. This information should not be construed as a treatment guide and does not replace information provided to you by your healthcare professional.Check with your doctor for complete information on the possible risks and benefits of taking this drug.

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90,000 Answers to questions. Borovkova E.I.

Ekaterina Igorevna Borovkova , professor:

– Which magnesium use is most effective during pregnancy, as a tocolytic or for nutritional support and nutrition? Thanks for the question, but there are two completely different indications for magnesium supplementation.That is, if the threat of premature birth develops, we prescribe magnesium preparations for tocolysis and use them only in the form of intravenous infusions. If we want to supplement the patient’s diet with you and supplement it with magnesium preparations, then we will use the tablet forms of the drug with you and achieve the required desired effectiveness with you. Accordingly, the effective use of magnesium preparations in parenteral forms for acute and massive tocolysis has been proven, and the effectiveness of the use of magnesium preparations in tablet form for the prevention of preeclampsia, for the prevention and treatment of the threat of termination of pregnancy and for nutritional support of patients with obesity and gestational diabetes has been proven.

What is the prophylactic magnesium dosage? Prophylactic, according to available studies, including studies from 33 countries – from 300 to 500 milligrams of magnesium was prescribed per day in tablets and the high efficacy of the drug was shown. In accordance with this, it is recommended to use the average daily dose, which we calculate from the mass of patients. On average, this is about 300-400 milligrams of magnesium, depending on the mass. If we talk about magnesium preparations, which we most widely use, then in Russia the most common use of Magne B6 preparations is due to the fact that there is also Pyridoxine, which also has a beneficial effect on the course of pregnancy.So, when using Magne B6 preparations, we recommend using Magne B6 Forte, since by prescribing only 3 tablets per day, we achieve exactly the daily required dosage. If Magne B6 is easy to use, you need to use 4 to 6 tablets. Another very important note: Magne B6 Forte contains magnesium citrate. The use of citrate forms both improves absorption, and improves the stabilization of some metabolic processes, and restores the sensitivity of insulin receptors.

Is it possible to take magnesium for the entire period of pregnancy, are there any contraindications? Individual intolerance may be one of the contraindications. When prescribing drugs in a daily dosage, as a rule, we do not achieve any overdose and, in general, side effects are practically not pronounced. But any medication we prescribe during pregnancy must be justified. That is, we cannot just give you a magnesium preparation just like that. That is, if a woman is at risk of developing preeclampsia, we justify this in history and can prescribe magnesium preparations to her.If the patient has a history and recurrent miscarriage, in order to prevent abortion or premature birth, we can also prescribe her throughout pregnancy. However, prescribing parenteral drugs requires mandatory monitoring of diuresis, respiratory rate and knee reflex, since we can cause an overdose of magnesium, and an overdose is possible only when magnesium is administered parenterally. That is, the tablet form will not lead to an overdose of magnesium.

Can magnesium deficiency in a woman’s body be considered the central cause of chronic miscarriage? I think not. Perhaps magnesium deficiency can contribute to the manifestation of abortion, but, of course, all over the world it is believed that the main causes of miscarriage, that is, early abortion, are infectious pathology, gene and chromosomal abnormalities and endocrine pathologies. These are the main reasons, after all, not magnesium deficiency. Although he can, of course, join them and aggravate the situation.

Should we include magnesium supplements in the list of therapeutic recommendations for metabolic syndrome? Yes. And such recommendations already exist abroad. And all patients who are undergoing therapy for obesity or with an identified metabolic syndrome, they, as a rule, are on a certain limited diet, without fail receive multivitamin preparations, which also include magnesium, including in a small dosage, but it is present. Separately prescribe magnesium preparations in the therapy of patients with metabolic syndrome – I have not seen such studies so that such drugs were prescribed separately, but if we talk about pregnant patients with metabolic syndrome, then for such patients we really prescribe magnesium preparations separately from multivitamins, but not so much, as for therapy and correction of metabolic abnormalities, but as much as to prevent the aggravation of the development of insulin resistance, to prevent and reduce the likelihood of premature birth or preeclampsia.Because women with metabolic syndrome develop placental insufficiency in more than 80% of cases, preeclampsia – in 50%, premature birth – about 62%, that is, these are patients who are colossally threatened by the development of these complications.

Pregnancy was turned into a disease. Does everyone need so much medicine? Thanks for this question! You know, when managing pregnant patients, I always tell them that pregnancy is not a disease. That is, almost all patients who do not have any serious extragenital diseases are treated with minimal prescription of drugs.Fortunately, according to the order, which is also valid and working in Russia, we prescribe no more than 4 medicines at a time during pregnancy, which also include multivitamins. That is, if we prescribe a multivitamin and magnesium preparations, then we will have only 2 remedies for medicines. Therefore, of course – no, you don’t need extra medication. And all the drugs that we prescribe are only justified according to strict indications.

If the daily requirement for calcium covers one glass of milk, which product contains the daily requirement of magnesium? This is very conditional about calcium, this test program was developed in the USA, and they tested it according to a glass of milk in order to simplify the identification of patients who lack calcium.With magnesium, everything is more complicated, because it is very difficult to assess the concentration of magnesium even in the human body, because, in general, it is contained in the composition of many protein structures, and it is difficult to say which product. I find it difficult to answer.

Vladimir Trofimovich Ivashkin , Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences:

– Probably a bunch of parsley.

Borovkova E.I. :

– Not only, also dairy products.

Elena Sergeevna Akarachkova , Doctor of Medical Sciences:

– Goat’s milk covers the daily magnesium requirement. But goat’s milk must be fresh.

Borovkova E.I. :

– And will it be absorbed in the intestines? Is there any intolerance? In principle, with a balanced diet, if the patient gets enough protein and carbohydrates, she, in theory, will receive the required dose of magnesium. Another thing is that during pregnancy, the concentration of magnesium in the uterus must increase a thousandfold in order for it to be in a relaxed state.In this regard, the general recommendations are that we prescribe either as part of a multivitamin or as part of a monopreparation of an additional magnesian agent. Thank you very much for this question.

Ivashkin V.T. :

– Thank you very much, Ekaterina Igorevna, that you, from the standpoint of high science, highlighted the process known to mankind for centuries. This is the first thing. And second, do you remember how one of Moliere’s heroes, “The Bourgeois in the Nobility,” found out with surprise that he had been speaking prose all his life? Today we have learned with you one more important truth, that pregnancy is not a disease after all.Wonderful! This is generally a great achievement for today. Well, thank you very much, really, because so many questions indicate that, indeed, this topic is inexhaustible.

Lack of magnesium in the diet of Russians leads to thrombosis and heart disease – Science

Researchers from several Russian universities, medical academies and institutes have shown that a lack of magnesium in the diet of Russians increases the risk of a number of diseases: epilepsy, thrombosis, coronary heart disease and others.One of the reasons for this is blood hypercoagulation caused by magnesium deficiency. The results of the study are published in the journal Cardiology .

Magnesium is one of the vital macronutrients involved in more than 300 biochemical reactions in the human body. The role of magnesium is especially important in ensuring normal blood clotting – the process of stopping bleeding from damaged vessels. Blood clotting is provided by special cells – platelets, which form a blood clot – a thrombus.However, sometimes something in the mechanism of this process is disturbed, and blood clots begin to form in the blood flowing through a whole, intact vessel. In this case, they talk about blood hypercoagulation. Magnesium is an anticoagulant: it blocks the action of platelet aggregation activators. Magnesium deficiency, on the other hand, increases platelet activity and may cause hypercoagulability.

Scientists from Moscow, Kemerovo, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo and Samara decided to check how magnesium deficiency affects the health of Russians.In total, they analyzed data on 1,453 patients (aged 18 to 50) of medical and treatment-and-prophylactic institutions in different regions of Russia. Magnesium deficiency was assessed in two ways: by the content of this element in the blood plasma and by data on its daily intake from the diaries of the patients’ diet. It turned out that only six percent of the surveyed had the blood magnesium content normal, 72 percent were diagnosed with a moderate deficiency, 20 percent with a pronounced deficiency, and another three percent with an acute deficiency.An analysis of the patients’ diet showed that only 25 percent of them consumed enough magnesium. No correlation was found with age, gender, and other parameters: magnesium was equally lacking in all subjects.

Magnesium deficiency has been reliably associated with coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, thrombosis and a condition that doctors call “low fitness of the cardiovascular system.” All these diseases can be caused by blood hypercoagulability. It was also shown that a lack of magnesium increases the risk of a number of neurological diseases: partial epilepsy (the risk of this disease increased more than 100 times!), Neuroses, vertigo, obsessive-compulsive disorders and even alcohol dependence.Severe magnesium deficiency has also been associated with shingles and psoriasis.

It is curious that the lack of magnesium correlated with one more parameter – an increased frequency of prescription of vitamins, especially of group B, and vitamin complexes. That is, the deficiency of magnesium in Russian medical institutions is often not noticed, and the symptoms caused by it are attributed to the deficiency of B vitamins or “vitamins in general.”

The authors of the work believe that the majority of Russians (especially those who were once diagnosed with hypercoagulability) will benefit from regular intake of magnesium supplements.And about what Russians actually eat and what substances they lack (sometimes just as catastrophically as magnesium), read our other material, written by nutritionist Elena Motova – “Let’s look at each other’s plate.