About all

Hsv2 discharge. Herpes Discharge: Understanding Different Types and Their Implications

What does herpes discharge look like. How does herpes discharge differ between penile and vaginal infections. Can herpes discharge indicate the severity of an outbreak. How can you distinguish herpes discharge from other STI-related discharges. What steps should you take if you notice herpes-like discharge.

The Basics of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

Herpes is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main types of HSV:

  • HSV-1: Typically associated with oral herpes, causing canker sores in the mouth
  • HSV-2: Commonly referred to as genital herpes, causing symptoms in the genital area

Despite its prevalence, many people with herpes never experience symptoms. However, understanding the signs, including discharge, can help in early detection and management of the condition.

Global Prevalence of HSV

The herpes simplex virus is remarkably common worldwide:

  • Over 3.7 billion people are estimated to have HSV-1
  • Approximately 400 million people aged 15-49 are thought to have HSV-2

These figures underscore the importance of awareness and prevention strategies.

Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus

Understanding how HSV spreads is crucial for prevention. The transmission methods differ slightly between HSV-1 and HSV-2:

  • HSV-1: Typically spread through oral contact, such as kissing
  • HSV-2: Usually transmitted through unprotected oral, anal, or genital sex

It’s important to note that transmission can occur even when no symptoms are present. However, the presence of symptoms, including discharge, can increase the risk of transmission.

Risk Factors for HSV Transmission

Several factors can increase the likelihood of contracting or transmitting HSV:

  • Unprotected sexual contact
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • Having other sexually transmitted infections
  • Weakened immune system

Awareness of these risk factors can help individuals take appropriate precautions.

Herpes Discharge in Vaginal Infections

Vaginal discharge associated with herpes has distinct characteristics:

  • Consistency: Thick and clear, white, or cloudy liquid
  • Timing: Most common during outbreaks with other symptoms like sores
  • Odor: Often described as “fishy,” becoming stronger after sexual activity
  • Additional features: May contain small amounts of blood

Is vaginal discharge always a sign of herpes. While discharge can be a symptom of herpes, it’s not exclusive to this condition. Other sexually transmitted infections, as well as non-infectious conditions, can cause vaginal discharge. Therefore, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis.

Differentiating Herpes Discharge from Normal Vaginal Discharge

Normal vaginal discharge varies throughout the menstrual cycle and is typically:

  • Clear to white in color
  • Odorless or with a mild, non-offensive smell
  • Varying in consistency from thin and watery to thick and sticky

Herpes-related discharge often differs in its consistency, odor, and timing, particularly when accompanied by other herpes symptoms.

Herpes Discharge in Penile Infections

Penile discharge caused by herpes has its own set of characteristics:

  • Appearance: Thick and clear, white, or cloudy liquid
  • Location: Appears at the opening of the penis head
  • Odor: May have a strong, “fishy” smell, especially noticeable during ejaculation
  • Additional features: Can be mixed with urine or semen

Does penile discharge always indicate an active herpes outbreak. While discharge can be a symptom of an active herpes outbreak, it’s not always present. Some individuals may experience other symptoms without noticeable discharge. Conversely, discharge alone doesn’t definitively indicate herpes and could be a sign of other conditions.

Comparing Penile and Vaginal Herpes Discharge

While both penile and vaginal herpes can cause discharge, there are some differences:

  • Odor intensity: Vaginal discharge often has a stronger odor due to the presence of vaginal flora
  • Consistency: Both types of discharge are typically thick and cloudy
  • Associated symptoms: Both may be accompanied by pain, itching, or sores in the genital area

Understanding these similarities and differences can aid in recognizing potential herpes symptoms.

Other Common Symptoms of Herpes Outbreaks

While discharge is a notable symptom, herpes outbreaks often present with other signs:

  • Small, round, painful sores resembling blisters or pimples filled with clear fluid
  • Pain or aches in the head or body
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Fever of 101°F (38°C) or higher
  • Pain or tingling in the legs

How long do herpes outbreaks typically last. The duration of a herpes outbreak can vary, but typically lasts between 2 to 4 weeks. The first outbreak is often the most severe and longest-lasting, while subsequent outbreaks tend to be milder and shorter.

Recognizing the Stages of a Herpes Outbreak

A typical herpes outbreak progresses through several stages:

  1. Prodrome: Tingling or itching sensation in the affected area
  2. Blister formation: Small, fluid-filled blisters appear
  3. Ulceration: Blisters break open, forming painful sores
  4. Crusting: Sores dry out and form scabs
  5. Healing: Scabs fall off, leaving healed skin

Understanding these stages can help individuals recognize an outbreak early and seek appropriate treatment.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Herpes

If you notice discharge or other symptoms that may indicate herpes, it’s crucial to seek medical attention promptly. A healthcare provider can perform tests to confirm the diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment.

Diagnostic Methods for Herpes

Several methods can be used to diagnose herpes:

  • Visual examination: A healthcare provider may be able to diagnose herpes based on the appearance of sores
  • Viral culture: A sample from a sore is tested to see if the herpes virus grows
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test: Detects the genetic material of the virus
  • Blood tests: Can detect herpes antibodies, indicating a past or current infection

How accurate are herpes tests. While herpes tests are generally reliable, their accuracy can vary depending on the type of test and the timing of testing. PCR tests are typically the most accurate, especially when performed during an active outbreak.

Treatment Options for Herpes

While there is no cure for herpes, several treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce outbreaks:

  • Antiviral medications: Such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir
  • Pain relievers: To manage discomfort during outbreaks
  • Topical treatments: To soothe sores and promote healing
  • Lifestyle changes: Including stress management and maintaining a healthy immune system

Can herpes be completely cured. Currently, there is no cure for herpes. However, with proper treatment and management, many individuals can significantly reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, leading to improved quality of life.

Preventing Herpes Transmission

While herpes cannot be cured, there are several strategies to reduce the risk of transmission:

  • Use condoms or dental dams during sexual activity
  • Avoid sexual contact during outbreaks
  • Take antiviral medications as prescribed
  • Communicate openly with sexual partners about herpes status
  • Get regular STI screenings

How effective are condoms in preventing herpes transmission. Condoms can significantly reduce the risk of herpes transmission, but they’re not 100% effective. This is because herpes can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact in areas not covered by condoms.

The Role of Suppressive Therapy in Preventing Transmission

Suppressive therapy involves taking antiviral medications daily to reduce the frequency of outbreaks and lower the risk of transmission. Studies have shown that suppressive therapy can:

  • Reduce the frequency of symptomatic outbreaks by 70-80%
  • Decrease the risk of transmission to uninfected partners by about 50%

While not a guarantee against transmission, suppressive therapy can be an important part of a comprehensive prevention strategy.

Living with Herpes: Managing the Physical and Emotional Impact

A herpes diagnosis can have both physical and emotional implications. Understanding how to manage both aspects is crucial for overall well-being.

Physical Management of Herpes

Effective physical management of herpes involves:

  • Adhering to prescribed treatment plans
  • Recognizing and responding to outbreak triggers
  • Maintaining overall health to support immune function
  • Practicing good hygiene to prevent secondary infections

Can diet affect herpes outbreaks. While there’s no definitive evidence linking specific foods to herpes outbreaks, some individuals report that certain foods (like those high in arginine) may trigger outbreaks. Maintaining a balanced diet rich in lysine and low in arginine may help some people manage their symptoms.

Emotional and Psychological Aspects of Living with Herpes

The emotional impact of a herpes diagnosis can be significant. Coping strategies may include:

  • Seeking support from counselors or support groups
  • Educating oneself about the condition to dispel myths and reduce anxiety
  • Practicing open communication with partners
  • Focusing on overall health and well-being

How can one maintain a healthy sex life with herpes. Many people with herpes maintain healthy, satisfying sex lives. Key strategies include open communication with partners, using protection, avoiding sexual contact during outbreaks, and considering suppressive therapy. Remember, herpes is a manageable condition that doesn’t define a person or their relationships.

Living with herpes may present challenges, but with proper management, education, and support, individuals can lead fulfilling lives. By understanding the symptoms, including discharge, seeking prompt medical attention when needed, and taking preventive measures, the impact of herpes can be significantly reduced. Remember, millions of people worldwide live with herpes, and resources are available to help navigate both the physical and emotional aspects of the condition.

Herpes Discharge: What Different Types Indicate

Genital herpes can cause both penile and vaginal discharge. See a doctor if you notice this or other symptoms. Herpes can’t be cured, but it can be treated to limit outbreaks and stop it from spreading.

Herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by one of two types of the herpes simplex virus (HSV):

  • type 1 (HSV-1): usually called oral herpes because it causes outbreaks of canker sores in the mouth that can be painful or produce a fluid called pus
  • type 2 (HSV-2): usually called genital herpes because it causes symptoms like painful sores and discharge from the genitals

Most people with herpes never have symptoms, but herpes is a common condition.

More than 3.7 billion people are thought to have HSV-1. About 400 million people between 15 and 49 years old are estimated to have HSV-2.

HSV-1 is spread by making contact with someone’s mouth who has the virus, such as by kissing.

HSV-2 is commonly spread by having unprotected oral, anal, or genital sex with someone who has the virus, even if they aren’t showing any symptoms. It’s also more common in people with vulvas.

Symptoms like discharge can make the virus even more contagious, so recognizing this symptom can help you get tested and start taking preventive measures right away.

Discharge can be a symptom for all people. How common it is and what that discharge looks like can vary.

Here’s a quick overview of what herpes-related discharge looks like in people with penises and people with vulvas.

Herpes vaginal discharge

Vaginal discharge associated with herpes usually takes the form of a thick and clear, white, or cloudy liquid. It’s most common to have discharge when you’re having other symptoms like sores.

This liquid also tends to happen along with a strong smell that many people with herpes describe as “fishy.” This smell usually gets stronger or more pungent after having sex.

This discharge may have small amounts of blood in it. You may also notice some blood or discharge in your urine, even if you aren’t experiencing any herpes symptoms.

Herpes penile discharge

Penile discharge caused by herpes is a thick and clear, white, or cloudy liquid that appears at the opening of the penis head.

As is the case with vaginal discharge, penile discharge may also have a strong, smelly, “fishy” odor when it comes out, especially if it comes out along with semen when you ejaculate during sex.

An odor may not be as noticeable in penile discharge. This is because the vagina contains numerous colonies of healthy bacteria, called flora, that can mix with herpes discharge and change the natural smell of the vagina.

The penis doesn’t contain any of the healthy bacterial colonies that live in the vagina, so the smell will only come from the discharge itself.

Because the penis only has this one exit point through the urethra (the tube where urine and semen come out), discharge may come out by itself or be mixed in with urine.

You may also sometimes see blood in the discharge or when you urinate.

The most common symptom of a herpes outbreak is one or more clusters of small, round, painful sores that look like blisters or sometimes pimples filled with clear fluid.

These blisters can appear at the point of infection.

HSV-1 blisters usually form around or inside the mouth. HSV-2 blisters form around your genitals, your anus, or your mouth if you’ve gotten the virus from oral sex with someone who has the virus.

Other possible symptoms of a herpes outbreak include:

  • pain or aches in your head or around your body
  • swelling of your lymph nodes
  • fever of 101°F (38°C) or higher
  • pain or tingling in your legs

See a doctor as soon as possible if you notice genital discharge that may be associated with herpes or any other STI.

A diagnosis can help you understand how herpes affects you and start taking preventive measures to keep from spreading the infection to anyone with whom you have sex.

Getting treatment for herpes outbreaks can help reduce the severity of your symptoms and also might help limit how many outbreaks you have throughout your lifetime.

Here’s how to decrease the chances of getting or spreading herpes when you have sex:

  • Use a condom if you have penetrative genital or anal sex.
  • Use protection whenever you have oral sex, such as a dental dam or penile condom.
  • Limit or avoid sex if you or a partner are having an outbreak of symptoms.

Stop having sex and see a doctor as soon as possible if you notice discharge or other common herpes symptoms. A doctor can test the discharge to diagnose a herpes infection or test for other STIs.

Herpes can’t be cured, but it can be treated throughout your lifetime to limit how many outbreaks you have and to help you keep from spreading it to other people.

Protect yourself whenever you have oral, anal, or genital sex. Don’t share anything that’s touched (or you think may have touched) another person’s mouth, genitals, or anus.

Herpes discharge – all about the different types

If you have recently noticed your discharge to have turned foul-smelling and of an unusual color, you most likely have a yeast infection, thrush, or any other sexually transmitted infection (STI). In case of abnormal discharge coupled with sores on the mouth or genitals, your condition may be herpes. While herpes discharge is concerning, it can be treated following a prompt diagnosis. Herpes discharge is one of the symptoms that make this STI contagious. According to a report by WHO, the HSV-2 is so common and easily spread that an estimation of 491 million people over the world who fall in the age group of 15-49 have this infection.

Herpes is a sexually contracted or transmitted infection (STI) classified into two types: the HSV-1 and the HSV-2 respectively known as oral herpes and genital herpes. While they are untreatable illnesses, their symptoms can be largely reduced by antiviral agents. Since HSV-1 is oral herpes, it is transmitted via making contact with the mouth of a person with herpes, such as in the act of kissing. On the other hand, genital herpes or HSV-2 can be contracted upon having unprotected anal, oral, or genital sex with someone who already has the virus. The latter type of herpes virus is more commonly diagnosed in females or people with vulvas.

Symptoms of Herpes

Both types of herpes virus show somewhat similar symptoms. One of the most common ones during a herpes outbreak includes the onset of one or more clusters of round, small, and painful sores, which bear some semblance to pimples or blisters, filled with clear fluid. Since these blisters occur at the site of infection, the HSV-1 blisters form inside of or around the mouth, while the HSV-2 blisters form around the mouth (in case of oral sex), around the anus, genitals, bottom, or thighs.

Aside from blisters, other symptoms observed in an outbreak of the herpes virus include, but are not limited to:

  • Headache
  • High fever or temperate (101°f or above)
  • Pain in multiple areas of the body
  • Pain during urinating
  • Tingling in legs
  • Irritation, itching, or burning in the genital area
  • Swelling in lymph nodes of the neck
  • Herpes discharge

Abnormal Discharge

Vaginal discharge is normal and its amount varies throughout the different phases of your menstrual cycle. Most pregnant women observe a ‘pregnancy discharge’; other women sometimes show brown discharge at the end of their period. While a healthy and normal discharge does not have a strong odor or any visible color, this is not the same for people with herpes. The concern arises specifically for herpes discharge when your emitted fluid shows one or more of the following characteristics.

  • The discharge is thicker or heavier than usual
  • Herpes discharge could have pus-like consistency
  • Herpes discharge color is green, grey, or yellow
  • White and clumpy (consistency almost like that of cottage cheese)
  • Unpleasant odor (fish-like)

Along with the abnormal colors of herpes discharge and other patent characteristics of herpes discharge, there are other symptoms too. These may include itching, burning, or sore genitals, bleeding, pelvic pain, or sores/blisters on your genitals coupled with herpes discharge.

Penile and Vaginal Discharge

Bodily discharge is sometimes commonly associated with genital herpes. It occurs in men and women who experience recurrent outbreaks of herpes. The term discharge refers to the leaking or emission of fluid from a human’s genitalia or sex organs. In a male, the herpes discharge is emitted from the penile head, whereas in a woman, herpes vaginal discharge leaks out from the vaginal opening.

A person experiencing herpes discharge will notice that it is different from that of a normal discharge. It has a strong, foul, and pungent odor in both men and women, generally described as “fishy”. However, the smell is more noticeable in females and noticeable in men only when they ejaculate. For this reason, the discharge in men due to genital herpes is usually confused for semen or pre-ejaculate. The foul odor associated with herpes discharge gets worse after sex.

In both cases, whether it is herpes vaginal discharge or penal discharge, the appearance of the liquid may be clear and thin or it can be a murky and thick fluid. In addition to the colorless fluid, some people may even observe a small amount of blood leak from either of the sex organs in the discharge or during urination.

Managing Herpes Symptoms

While some of the symptoms of a herpes outbreak can be managed by home remedies or over-the-counter (OTC) medications, others need immediate assistance from a healthcare professional. One of the most promising home remedies is using a warm bath regularly to alleviate any sort of discomfort and inflammation caused by the blisters. Since these sores are contagious, it is best to avoid any intimacy, such as sex or kissing, during a herpes outbreak. Other self-care tips for preventing the worsening or spread of herpes include:

  • Gently wash the skin around your genitals with warm water
  • Avoiding scalding hot water baths
  • Avoiding strong scented soaps, wipes, or deodorants in the name of hygiene products
  • Avoiding scrubbing or thoroughly washing your vagina, termed douching
  • Strictly avoid sharing sex toys
  • Avoid wearing panty liners on a daily basis
  • Removing thongs and lycra from your items of clothing and wearing soft cotton underwear

Other home remedies to reduce any risk of infection include applying a warm compress or an ice pack to the affected area, keeping the area clean and dry, and refraining from popping blisters or picking at scabs over healing sores. It is also advised to avoid wearing any tight clothing, such as thongs or other items of clothing that will stick to your genitals and worsen your sores. Additionally, some OTC medications can be consumed regularly under medical supervision, such as Acyclovir, which is an antiviral agent, and acetaminophen.

When to Consult Your Doctor?

It is important to see a doctor as soon as you suspect your symptoms to be those of herpes. A prompt diagnosis would allow you to fully understand how herpes may affect your daily life, followed by treatment and preventative measures to avoid the spread of this sexually transmitted infection (STI). Timely treatment reduces the frequency and severity of the recurring herpes outbreaks.

Your doctor is likely to give you the following advice to manage herpes discharge and other symptoms:

  • Reduce your sexual activity
  • Use a condom during penetrative or oral sex with your partner
  • Using protection even in oral sex, such as a penile condom or dental dam
  • Avoid sex if you or your partner are facing a herpes outbreak
  • Frequently change your underwear in case of penile or vaginal herpes discharge

See Also: How Do I Know If I Have Herpes Or A Pimple?

Takeaway

Some people do not take herpes seriously since it is an illness that cannot be cured. However, you must see a doctor immediately if you observe any herpes discharge or other common symptoms. The ‘treatment’ of herpes mostly revolves around taking measures that limit the frequency and strength of any outbreaks you may have. If your treatment is successful, your herpes vaginal discharge will return to normal discharge.

At Family Medicine Austin, we offer diagnostic-based healthcare. Book your appointment with the best board-certified doctors now and learn more about herpes discharge management from our expert medical team.

Neurophysiological and morphological features of the formation of the pathological hippocampal system in structural epilepsy (Literature review) | Ulitin

1. Shade J., Ford D.; Per. from English. N. D. Viktorova and I. V. Viktorov. Fundamentals of neurology. Foreword cand. biol. Sciences I. V. Viktorova. – Moscow: Mir, 1976. – S. 350.

2. Duus R.; Per. A. Belova and others; Under scientific ed. L. Lichterman. – M. Topical diagnosis in neurology: Anatomy. Physiology. Clinic: 243 ill. G. Spitzer / IPC “Vazar-Ferro”, 1995. – P. 381.

3. McNamara J.O. Identification of genetic defect of an epilepsy: strategies for therapeutic advances. Epilepsia 35 Suppl 1. 1994; S51–57.

4. Spenser S.S. epilepsy. 1994; 34:6:72–89.

5. Spenser S.S. epilepsy. 1998; 38:114–119.

6. Dudina Yu.V. Morphological characteristics of the neocortex in temporal lobe epilepsy. Morphology, 2008, No. 2. — P. 47.

7. Anan’eva N.I., Andreev E.V., Salomatina T.A. et al. MR-morphometry of subfields and subregions of the hippocampus. Normal and with a number of mental illnesses. Radiation diagnostics and therapy. 2019;(2):50–58.

8. Bernasconi, N, Kinay D, Andermann F, et al. Analysis of shape and positioning of the hippocampal formation: an MRI study in patients with partial epilepsy and healthy controls. brain. 2005. 128, 2442–2452.

9. Betts AM, Leach JL, Jones BV, et al. Brain imaging with synthetic MR in children: clinical quality assessment. Neuroradiology 58, 1017–1026 (2016).

10. Anan’eva N.I., Ezhova R.V., Galsman I.E., et al. Hippocampus: radiation anatomy, structural variants. Radiation diagnostics and therapy. 2015;(1):39-44.

11. Hamad AP, Cabocloa LO, Centenoa R, et al. Hemispheric surgery for refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents: Outcome regarding seizures, motor skills and adaptive function. Seizure. Volume 22, Issue 9, November 2013, 752–756.

12. Appenzeller S, Helbig I, Stephani U, et al. Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is not caused by SCN1A, POLG, PCDh29 mutations or rare copy number variations. Volume 54, Issue 12. December 2012, 1144–1148.

13. Thom M, Liagkouras I, Martinian L, et al. Variability of sclerosis along the longitudinal hippocampal axis in epilepsy: A post mortem study. Epilepsy Res. Nov 2012; 102(1–2): 45–59.

14. Blümcke I. Neuropathology of focal epilepsies: a critical review. Epilepsy Behav. 2009 May;15(1):34–9.

15. Thom M. Review: Hippocampal sclerosis in epilepsy: a neuropathology review. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 2014.

16. Blümcke I, Spreafico R. Cause Matters: A Neuropathological Challenge to Human Epilepsies. 2012.

17. de Tisi J, Bell GS, Peacock JL, et al. The long-term outcome of adult epilepsy surgery, patterns of seizure remission, and relapse: a cohort study. Lancet. 2011 Oct 15;378(9800):1388–95.

18. Meencke HJ, Veith G, Lund S. Bilateral hippocampal sclerosis and secondary epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1996;12:335–42. PMID: 9302533.

19. Prada Jardim A, Liu J, Baber J, et al. Characterizing subtypes of hippocampal sclerosis and reorganization: correlation with pre and postoperative memory deficit. Brain Pathol. 2018 Mar;28(2):143–154.

20. Ramon y Cajal S. (1928). Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. Clarendon Press.

21. de Lanerolle NC, Brines M, Williamson A, Kim JH, Spencer DD. Neurotransmitters and their receptors in human temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1992;7:235–50. PMID: 1361331.

22. Larner AJ. Pseudohyperphosphatemia. Clin Biochem. 1995 Aug;28(4):391–3.

23. Blümcke I, Beck H, Lie AA, Wiestler OD. Molecular neuropathology of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1999 Sep;36(2–3):205–23.

24. Tauck DL, Nadler JV. Evidence of functional mossy fiber sprouting in hippocampal formation of kainic acidtreated rats. Journal of Neuroscience 1 April 1985, 5(4) 1016–1022.

25. Sloviter RS. Experimental status epilepticus in animals: What are we modeling? epilepsy. 2009.

26. Binder D, Routbort M, McNamara J, et al. Immunohistochemical Evidence of Seizure-Induced Activation of trk Receptors in the Mossy Fiber Pathway of Adult Rat Hippocampus. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 1999.19.4616–26. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-11-04616.1999.

27. Cavazos JE, Zhang P, Qazi R, et al. Ultrastructural features of sprouted mossy fiber synapses in kindled and kainic acid treated rats. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2003. 458. Issue 3 Pages 272–292. Publisher Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company.

28. Farb CR, Ledoux JE. Afferents from rat temporal cortex synapse on lateral amygdala neurons that express NMDA and AMPA receptors. Synapse. 1999 Sep 1;33(3):218–29.

29. Pitkänen A, Tuunanen J, Kälviäinen R, Partanen K, Salmenperä T. Amygdala damage in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1998 Sep;32(1–2):233–53.

30. Weisskopf MG, LeDoux JE. Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol. 1999 Feb;81(2):930–4.

31. Gallagher M, Holland PC. The amygdala complex: multiple roles in associative learning and attention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 6;91(25):11771-6. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.11771. PMID: 7991534; PMCID: PMC45317.

32. Lobzin S.V., Odinak M.M., Dyskin D.E., Onishchenko L.S., Vasilenko A.V., Kuznetsov A. M. Oxidative stress and its significance in the etiopathogenesis of locally conditioned epilepsy (literature review). Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2010. No. 3 – S. 250–253.

33. Zabrodskaya Yu.M. Pathological anatomy of the surgical wound of the brain with modern methods of surgical treatment: Ph.D. dis. … doc. honey. Sciences / Military Medical Academy. S. M. Kirov. St. Petersburg, 2012. – S. 30.

34. Ulitin AYu, Vasilenko AV, Lobzin SV, et al. Postinfectious epilepsy – myth and reality. 2021. – P.333–334.

35. Ribak CE, Reiffenstein RJ. Selective inhibitory synapse loss in chronic cortical slabs: a morphological basis for epileptic susceptibility. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1982 Jun;60(6):864–70.

36. Deng X, Xie Y, Chen Y. Effect of Neuroinflammation on ABC Transporters: Possible Contribution to Refractory Epilepsy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2018;17(10):728–735.

37. Fotheringham J, Donati D, Akhyani N, et al. Association of human herpesvirus-6B with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLOS Med. 2007 May;4(5):e180.

38. Li J, Lei D, Peng F, et al. Detection of human herpes virus 6B in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in West China and the possible association with elevated NF-B expression. Epilepsy Res. 2011;94(1–2):1–9.

39. Kawamura Y, Nakayama A, Kato T, et al. Pathogenic Role of Human Herpesvirus 6B Infection in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Infect Dis. 2015 Oct 1;212(7):1014–21.

40. Karatas H, Gurer G, Pinar A, et al. Investigation of HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-8 DNA by real-time PCR in surgical resection materials of epilepsy patients with mesial temporal lobe sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Jan 15;264(1-2):151–6.

41. Huang C, Yan B, Lei D, et al. Apolipoprotein 4 may increase viral load and seizure frequency in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with positive human herpes virus 6B. Neurosci Lett. 2015 Apr 23;593:29–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.063. Epub 2015 Jan 7.

42. Del Brutto OH, Engel J Jr, Eliashiv DS, Garcia HH. Update on Cysticercosis Epileptogenesis: the Role of the Hippocampus. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2016 Jan;16(1):1.

43. Singh G, Burneo JG, Sander JW. From seizures to epilepsy and its substrates: neurocysticercosis. epilepsy. 2013 May;54(5):783–92.

44. Gaikova O.N. Changes in the white matter of the brain in temporal lobe epilepsy: Ph.D. dis. … doc. honey. Sciences / O. N. Gaikova. – St. Petersburg: VmedA, 2001. -– C. 31.

Beware of the virus! — The latest news from Russia and the world today

Seven troubles – one answer

It poses the greatest threat during pregnancy. But not for the woman herself, but for her unborn child. Cerebral palsy, epilepsy, blindness, deafness – this is not a complete list of the most severe congenital diseases caused by the herpes virus. “There are two types of herpes. Herpes of the first type HSV-1 usually affects the organs that are located above the belt – lips, nasolabial triangle, eyes, neck, shoulders, hands. Herpes of the second type HSV-2 has chosen the territories “below the belt” – the genitals, buttocks. It is this type of virus that is so dangerous for pregnant women. Viruses are of different types and behave differently: the first is milder, the second is more aggressive,” says Andrey Shulzhenko, MD, immunologist.

There are two types of herpes. Herpes of the first type HSV-1 usually causes lesions of the mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes, nose, herpes of the second type HSV-2 – the genitals. It is he who is so dangerous for pregnant women.

Insidiousness and love

It has been proven that 99% of cases of genital herpes infection occur through sexual contact. Moreover, all forms of sexual contact are dangerous, including oral and anal. The virus penetrates through the mucous membranes of the genital organs, urethra, rectum or skin microcracks. Even too passionate a kiss can lead to infection. According to Andrei Shulzhenko, in recent years, the variety of forms of sexual contact has led to an interesting trend: viruses often change roles. Increasingly, doctors find the herpes virus of the first type on the genitals, and genital – on the face. In couples where one of the partners is infected, the probability of infection of the second partner within a year is 10%. At risk are young people under the age of 30. The main reason is the frequent change of partners, especially if the sexual contact was unprotected. Once in the body, the virus begins to multiply and spreads either through the bloodstream through the vessels or through the nerve trunks. This is facilitated by weakened immunity, for example, due to stress or a cold.

Came to stay

Symptoms appear 3-7 days after infection. Inflammation of the mucosa, the appearance of bubbles, which, bursting, form sores on the genitals and cause severe discomfort, cause burning, itching and pain. Often, an exacerbation of genital herpes is accompanied by chills, general malaise, and induration of the inguinal lymph nodes. This continues for about 3 weeks, and then the disease passes into the chronic stage, and the person becomes a virus carrier. Patients with a good immune system tolerate a herpes infection more easily, they often have it in an inactive form. Patients with reduced immunity are more likely to experience a recurrence of herpes, they get sick for a long time and hard. According to statistics, an exacerbation of genital herpes about once a year occurs in 50% of people. The main culprits of the exacerbation of the disease are stress and trauma, hypothermia or the abuse of sunburn, alcohol, and menstruation.

Killer virus

Professor Ksenia Semenova, a leading specialist in the problem of infantile cerebral palsy, speaks very briefly about the danger of the herpes virus for the unborn child: “herpes kills the brain”. The diseases that the herpes virus causes cannot be classified as ordinary ailments. Behind each of them are human tragedies, broken families, broken destinies. Cerebral palsy and epilepsy, blindness and deafness, congenital deformities. These diseases are on the “conscience of herpes” if the expectant mother became infected with the virus or had an exacerbation of genital herpes in the first trimester of pregnancy. By the way, often such a pregnancy ends in a miscarriage. This is how nature protects the population from the birth of terminally ill handicapped individuals. Infection in the second and third trimester leads to various congenital anomalies: retinal pathology, heart defects, viral pneumonia, hepatitis, pancreatitis, anemia, jaundice, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, etc. Approximately one third of these pregnancies end in premature birth. By the way, the probability of infection of the child during childbirth is very high. According to various sources, it ranges from 30 to 90%. “Often women with genital herpes are afraid to have a baby. But the virus is dangerous only if the expectant mother first became infected during pregnancy. In this case, doctors often raise the question of terminating the pregnancy. Those women who contracted herpes before pregnancy and even have exacerbations from 5 to 12 times a year may not be afraid to become pregnant,” says Andrei Shulzhenko.

Find and neutralize

Modern technologies make it possible to diagnose the virus with high accuracy.