How does hypothyroidism affect body temperature. What are the key signs of an underactive thyroid. How can you recognize hypothyroidism symptoms. What impact does hypothyroidism have on metabolism and energy levels. When should you see a doctor about potential thyroid issues.

Understanding Hypothyroidism: The Basics of an Underactive Thyroid

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped organ in the neck, fails to produce sufficient thyroid hormones. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy usage, and the functioning of nearly every organ in the body. While symptoms may not be immediately apparent in early stages, untreated hypothyroidism can lead to severe complications over time.

The impact of hypothyroidism on body temperature is significant. Many individuals with this condition experience a persistent feeling of coldness, even in warm environments. This occurs due to a slowed metabolism, which can cause a drop in core body temperature. However, it’s important to note that feeling cold isn’t exclusive to hypothyroidism and can also be caused by circulation problems or anemia.

Fatigue and Energy Levels: The Exhausting Reality of Hypothyroidism

One of the most prevalent and debilitating symptoms of hypothyroidism is extreme fatigue. Individuals with this condition often report feeling exhausted to the point where they struggle to carry out their daily activities. This fatigue persists regardless of sleep duration or daytime naps, significantly impacting quality of life.

How does hypothyroidism cause such profound fatigue? The lack of thyroid hormones slows down many bodily processes, including energy production at the cellular level. This results in a constant feeling of tiredness that can’t be alleviated by rest alone. Fortunately, proper treatment of hypothyroidism often leads to a marked improvement in energy levels and overall functioning.

Weight Gain and Metabolic Changes: The Thyroid-Body Mass Connection

Thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating body weight, food intake, and the metabolism of fats and sugars. When thyroid hormone levels are low, as in hypothyroidism, individuals may experience unexplained weight gain and an increase in body mass index (BMI). This weight gain can occur even with no changes in diet or exercise habits.

Why does hypothyroidism lead to weight gain? The condition slows down the body’s metabolism, reducing the number of calories burned at rest and during activity. Additionally, hypothyroidism can cause fluid retention, contributing to a puffy appearance, especially in the face and around the midsection.

• Unexplained weight gain
• Increased body mass index (BMI)
• Puffy face and excess abdominal weight
• Difficulty losing weight despite diet and exercise

Muscle and Joint Pain: The Physical Toll of Low Thyroid Function

Hypothyroidism can have a significant impact on muscles and joints, causing a variety of uncomfortable symptoms. These may include:

• Widespread aches and pains
• Joint stiffness and swelling
• Muscle weakness and tenderness
• Increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis

Research suggests a link between thyroid disorders and rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition causing painful joint inflammation. The exact mechanism behind this connection is not fully understood, but it underscores the importance of proper thyroid function for overall musculoskeletal health.

How can individuals with hypothyroidism manage muscle and joint pain? Effective treatment of the underlying thyroid condition is crucial. Additionally, gentle exercises, stretching, and working with a physical therapist can help alleviate symptoms and improve mobility.

Cognitive and Mood Changes: The Mental Impact of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism doesn’t just affect the body; it can also have a profound impact on mental functioning and emotional well-being. Untreated hypothyroidism may lead to:

• Anxiety and depression
• Apathy or lack of interest
• Impaired memory and concentration
• Slower thinking and speech
• Persistent low mood

Why does hypothyroidism affect cognitive function? The brain requires adequate levels of thyroid hormones to function optimally. When these hormone levels are low, it can lead to changes in brain structure and functioning. The good news is that these cognitive changes are often reversible with proper treatment.

Individuals experiencing cognitive symptoms should consult with their healthcare provider. A comprehensive thyroid function test can help determine if hypothyroidism is the underlying cause of these mental health changes.

Digestive Disruptions: How Hypothyroidism Affects the Gut

The impact of hypothyroidism extends to the digestive system, potentially causing a range of gastrointestinal issues. One of the most common digestive symptoms is constipation, which occurs due to the slowing down of gut motility.

How does hypothyroidism affect digestion? Low thyroid hormone levels can lead to:

• Reduced movement through the gut
• Decreased activity of the stomach, small intestine, and colon
• Fewer than three bowel movements per week
• Hard stools and difficulty passing them
• A feeling of incomplete bowel emptying

These digestive changes can significantly impact quality of life and may lead to complications if left untreated. Proper management of hypothyroidism often results in improved digestive function and relief from constipation.

Cardiovascular Concerns: The Heart of the Matter in Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism can have significant effects on cardiovascular health, impacting heart rate, blood pressure, and overall heart function. One of the most common cardiac symptoms is bradycardia, or a slower than normal heart rate.

What cardiovascular changes can occur with hypothyroidism?

• Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
• Changes in blood pressure
• Variations in heart rhythm
• Reduced elasticity of arteries
• Increased risk of high cholesterol

The connection between hypothyroidism and cholesterol levels is particularly noteworthy. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in removing excess cholesterol from the body via the liver. When hormone levels are low, this process becomes less efficient, potentially leading to elevated blood cholesterol levels.

Research indicates that up to 13% of individuals with high cholesterol may have an underactive thyroid. This underscores the importance of routine thyroid function testing for those with high cholesterol, as treating the underlying thyroid condition may help improve cholesterol levels even without the use of cholesterol-lowering medications.

Hair and Skin Changes: The Visible Signs of Thyroid Dysfunction

Hypothyroidism can manifest in visible ways, particularly affecting hair and skin health. Hair loss is a common symptom, as thyroid hormones are essential for the growth and maintenance of hair follicles.

What hair and skin changes might occur with hypothyroidism?

• Hair loss from the scalp, eyebrows, legs, and other body parts
• Dry, coarse, or brittle hair
• Dry, itchy, or scaly skin
• Pale or yellowish skin tone
• Puffy face or swollen eyelids

These changes occur because thyroid hormones play a crucial role in skin cell regeneration and sebum production. When hormone levels are low, skin cell turnover slows down, leading to dry, flaky skin. Similarly, reduced sebum production can result in dry, brittle hair that is prone to breakage and loss.

It’s important to note that while these symptoms can be distressing, they are often reversible with proper treatment of the underlying thyroid condition. However, regrowth of hair may take several months after thyroid hormone levels have been stabilized.

Reproductive Health: The Impact of Hypothyroidism on Fertility and Pregnancy

Hypothyroidism can have significant effects on reproductive health in both men and women. For women, the condition can disrupt the menstrual cycle and potentially impact fertility. In men, it may lead to reduced libido and erectile dysfunction.

How does hypothyroidism affect reproductive health?

• Irregular or heavy menstrual periods in women
• Difficulty conceiving
• Increased risk of miscarriage
• Complications during pregnancy
• Reduced sperm quality in men

Pregnant women with untreated hypothyroidism face increased risks of complications such as preeclampsia, anemia, and postpartum hemorrhage. Additionally, adequate thyroid hormone levels are crucial for fetal brain development, particularly during the first trimester.

It’s essential for individuals planning to conceive or those who are pregnant to have their thyroid function checked. Proper management of hypothyroidism can significantly improve fertility outcomes and reduce the risk of pregnancy-related complications.

Diagnosis and Treatment: Navigating the Path to Thyroid Health

Diagnosing hypothyroidism involves a combination of symptom assessment and blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels. The primary test used is the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test, often accompanied by measurements of free T4 and sometimes free T3 levels.

What steps are involved in diagnosing and treating hypothyroidism?

1. Comprehensive medical history and physical examination
2. Blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels
3. Additional tests if autoimmune thyroiditis is suspected
4. Prescription of synthetic thyroid hormones (usually levothyroxine)
5. Regular monitoring and dose adjustments as needed

Treatment for hypothyroidism typically involves daily oral medication to replace the missing thyroid hormones. The most commonly prescribed medication is levothyroxine, a synthetic form of the T4 hormone. Finding the right dosage may take some time and require periodic adjustments based on symptoms and blood test results.

With proper treatment, most people with hypothyroidism can lead normal, healthy lives. However, it’s crucial to take the medication as prescribed and attend regular follow-up appointments to ensure optimal thyroid function.

Living with Hypothyroidism: Lifestyle Strategies for Optimal Health

While medication is the cornerstone of hypothyroidism treatment, certain lifestyle strategies can help manage symptoms and promote overall well-being. These approaches can complement medical treatment and may help individuals feel their best.

What lifestyle strategies can help manage hypothyroidism?

• Maintaining a balanced, nutrient-rich diet
• Regular exercise tailored to individual energy levels
• Stress management techniques such as meditation or yoga
• Ensuring adequate sleep and rest
• Avoiding environmental toxins that can disrupt thyroid function

Nutrition plays a crucial role in managing hypothyroidism. Certain nutrients, such as iodine, selenium, and zinc, are particularly important for thyroid health. However, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements, as excessive intake of certain nutrients can be harmful.

Exercise can be beneficial for individuals with hypothyroidism, helping to boost metabolism, improve mood, and increase energy levels. However, it’s important to start slowly and gradually increase intensity, listening to your body’s signals to avoid overexertion.

The Importance of Regular Monitoring

Regular monitoring of thyroid function is crucial for individuals with hypothyroidism. This typically involves periodic blood tests to check hormone levels and adjust medication dosages as needed. It’s also important to be aware of any changes in symptoms and report them to your healthcare provider.

How often should thyroid function be checked? This can vary depending on individual circumstances, but generally:

• Every 6-8 weeks after starting treatment or changing dosage
• Every 6 months once stable on medication
• More frequently during pregnancy or if symptoms change

By staying vigilant and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals with hypothyroidism can effectively manage their condition and maintain optimal health. Remember, thyroid health is an ongoing journey, and with proper care and attention, it’s possible to live a full and active life with hypothyroidism.

12 signs to look out for

Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, is when the thyroid gland produces too few hormones. Low levels of thyroid hormones can cause a wide range of signs and symptoms from changes in mental functioning to digestive issues.

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland that sits in front of the neck. Thyroid hormones play a vital role in regulating metabolism and energy use and affect almost all of the body’s organs.

In the early stages, a person may not notice any symptoms. However, without treatment, hypothyroidism can lead to severe complications, such as infertility and heart disease.

In this article, we describe 12 common signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. We also discuss how common hypothyroidism is and when to see a doctor.

Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Many people with the condition report feeling so exhausted that they are unable to go about their day as usual.

The fatigue occurs regardless of how much sleep a person gets or how many daytime naps they take. Treatment for hypothyroidism usually improves people’s energy levels and functioning.

Thyroid hormones help to regulate body weight, food intake, and the metabolism of fat and sugar. People with low levels of thyroid hormones can experience weight gain and an increase in body mass index (BMI).

Even mild cases of hypothyroidism may increase the risk of weight gain and obesity. People with the condition often report having a puffy face as well as excess weight around the stomach or other areas of the body.

Hypothyroidism can affect a person’s muscles and joints in numerous ways, causing:

• aches
• pains
• stiffness
• swelling of the joints
• tenderness
• weakness

Research also suggests a link between thyroid disorders and rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune condition that causes painful swelling in the lining of the joints. Effective treatment for both conditions will help people manage their symptoms.

It is common for individuals with untreated hypothyroidism to experience:

• anxiety
• depression
• apathy, or general lack of interest or feelings of indifference
• impaired memory function
• less attentiveness and concentration
• low moods
• slower thinking and speech

These symptoms can occur because the brain requires thyroid hormones to function correctly. Research shows that low levels of thyroid hormones can cause changes in brain structure and functioning.

These brain changes can reverse once a person begins treatment.

Share on PinterestA person with hypothyroidism can continually feel cold.

Hypothyroidism can slow down metabolism, which can lead to a drop in core body temperature. As such, some people with low levels of thyroid hormones may feel cold all the time or have a low tolerance of the cold.

This feeling of coldness can persist, even when in a warm room or during the summer months. People with hypothyroidism often report having cold hands or feet, although they may feel that their whole body is cold.

These symptoms are not exclusive to hypothyroidism, however. Circulation problems or anemia can also cause people to feel chilly.

Digestion is another body function that can slow down due to hypothyroidism.

Studies report that an underactive thyroid can cause problems with movement through the gut and the activity of the stomach, small intestine, and colon.

These digestive changes cause some people to experience constipation.

Doctors typically define constipation as having fewer than three bowel movements a week. A person may also have hard stools, difficulty passing stool, or a feeling of being unable to empty the rectum fully.

Thyroid hormones play a vital role in removing excess cholesterol from the body via the liver. Low hormone levels mean that the liver struggles to carry out this function and blood cholesterol levels can increase.

Research suggests that up to 13 percent of individuals with high cholesterol also have an underactive thyroid. As a result, many experts recommend that doctors routinely test people with high cholesterol for hypothyroidism.

Treating the thyroid problem may help reduce cholesterol levels, even in those who do not take cholesterol-lowering drugs.

People with hypothyroidism may also have a slower heart rate, or bradycardia. Low thyroid levels can affect the heart in other ways too. These effects may include:

• changes in blood pressure
• variations in heart rhythm
• less elastic arteries

Bradycardia can cause weakness, dizziness, and breathing problems. Without treatment, this heart condition may result in serious complications, such as high or low blood pressure or heart failure.

Untreated hormone disorders, including thyroid problems, can contribute to hair loss. This is because thyroid hormones are essential for the growth and health of hair follicles. Hypothyroidism may cause hair loss from the:

• scalp
• eyebrows
• legs
• other body parts

People with thyroid problems are also more prone to developing alopecia, which is an autoimmune condition that causes hair to fall out in patches.

An underactive thyroid affects the skin in various ways and can cause symptoms, such as:

• dry, coarse skin
• paleness
• thin, scaly skin

People with hypothyroidism may also develop dry, brittle, and coarse hair or dull, thin nails that break easily.

These symptoms usually clear up once people begin thyroid hormone therapy.

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that appears as a swelling at the base of the neck. Other goiter symptoms include:

• a cough
• hoarseness
• problems swallowing and breathing

Many thyroid problems can result in a goiter, including iodine deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is an autoimmune condition that damages the thyroid gland, stopping it producing enough hormones.

Other causes include underactive thyroid and, less commonly in the United States, iodine deficiency.

People with an underactive thyroid may experience heavy or irregular menstrual periods or spotting between periods.

According to the Society of Menstrual Cycle Research, hypothyroidism causes these problems because it affects other hormones that play a role in menstruation, such as by:

• impairing the detoxification of estrogen
• reducing the amount of sex hormone-binding globulin.

Share on PinterestHypothyroidism is more likely to affect people over 60.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, hypothyroidism affects around 4.6 percent of people aged 12 years or older in the U.S. However, most of these individuals experience only mild symptoms.

Hypothyroidism is more likely to occur in women and people over 60 years of age.

Other risk factors include:

• a personal or family history of thyroid problems
• previous thyroid surgery or radiation treatment to the neck or chest
• having been pregnant recently
• other health conditions, such as Turner syndrome, Sjögren’s syndrome, or certain autoimmune conditions

It is vital for people with unexplained fatigue or other signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism to see a doctor. Without treatment, an underactive thyroid can lead to serious complications, such as infertility, obesity, and heart disease.

A doctor can carry out a simple blood test to check a person’s thyroid hormone levels. Treatment for hypothyroidism involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones. These medications are safe and effective once a person takes the right dose.

Hypothyroidism is a relatively common condition, affecting almost 5 people out of 100 in the U.S. This condition occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones.

Because thyroid hormones are essential for the normal functioning of many different parts of the body, low levels can cause a wide variety of symptoms.

Common symptoms include:

• fatigue
• weight gain
• memory and mood changes
• muscle and joint pain.

It is vital that people with these symptoms or other symptoms of hypothyroidism see their doctor for evaluation and treatment. Doctors can prescribe hormone replacement pills to treat individuals with low levels of thyroid hormones effectively.

Read the article in Spanish.

Good foods, what to avoid, and meal plan

The diet can have a significant impact on hypothyroidism. Some nutrients like selenium and zinc may improve thyroid function, while others may worsen or interfere with hypothyroidism treatments.

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the throat. Having hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid, means that this gland produces less of its hormones than the body needs.

This can slow down the body’s metabolism and cause weight gain and fatigue, among other symptoms.

Below, learn about how the diet can affect hypothyroidism symptoms. We also suggest specific foods to eat and avoid and provide a 1-week meal plan.

Having hypothyroidism means that the body does not have enough thyroid hormones. While changing the diet cannot cure this, it can help manage the condition.

Starting off, it can help to know the following information:

• Foods that contain certain nutrients, such as iodine, selenium, and zinc, can help maintain healthy thyroid function.
• Some foods may negatively affect thyroid function and worsen symptoms of hypothyroidism.
• Some foods and supplements can interfere with how well the body absorbs thyroid replacement medicine, so limiting these can also help.

The body needs iodine to produce thyroid hormones. But because the body cannot make iodine, people need to get it from their diets.

Foods rich in iodine include:

• cheese
• milk
• iodized table salt
• saltwater fish
• seaweed
• whole eggs

Iodine deficiency is relatively uncommon in the United States, due to the wide use of iodized table salt, but it is prevalent in other areas.

A deficiency can cause an enlarged thyroid gland, known as a goiter.

However, it is crucial to avoid consuming too much iodine. This can actually worsen hypothyroidism, and it can also worsen hyperthyroidism, which refers to the body having excess thyroid hormones.

For this reason, a person should only add more iodine to their diet if a doctor recommends it.

Selenium is a micronutrient that plays a role in the production of thyroid hormones and has antioxidant activity. Thyroid tissue naturally contains it.

A 2017 review found that maintaining selenium levels in the body helps prevent thyroid disease and promotes overall health.

Foods rich in selenium include:

• Brazil nuts
• tuna
• shrimp
• beef
• turkey
• chicken
• ham
• eggs
• oatmeal
• brown rice

Zinc is another nutrient that may specifically benefit people with low levels of thyroid hormones.

One small-scale study showed that zinc supplementation, alone or in combination with selenium supplementation, improved thyroid function in females with hypothyroidism.

Foods rich in zinc include:

• oysters
• beef
• crab
• fortified cereals
• pork
• chicken
• legumes
• pumpkin seeds
• yogurt

Certain nutrients can interfere with thyroid health. While foods rich in these nutrients are not off-limits, restricting the intake of these foods may help a person manage their hypothyroidism.

Goitrogens

Goitrogens are compounds that may affect thyroid function if a person consumes large amounts.

However, in regular amounts, vegetables that contain goitrogens, such as broccoli and bok choy, are beneficial for overall health and do not interfere with thyroid function.

Plus, cooking the vegetables mostly deactivates the goitrogenic compounds.

Foods that contain goitrogens are typically green cruciferous vegetables, including:

• collards
• brussels sprouts
• Russian kale
• broccoli
• broccoli rabe
• cauliflower
• cabbage

Soy

Some evidence indicates that soy might interfere with how the body produces thyroid hormones.

In one case study, a 72-year-old female developed severe hypothyroidism after regularly consuming a soy-heavy health drink for 6 months. The person’s condition improved after they stopped drinking the beverage and started taking thyroid hormone replacement medication.

However, other research has found that soy has no significant effect on thyroid levels. Identifying the effects of soy on thyroid function requires more research.

Foods that contain soy include:

• soy milk
• soy sauce
• edamame
• tofu
• miso

Gluten

People with Hashimoto’s disease — a cause of hypothyroidism — are more likely to have celiac disease than the general population. This is because Hashimoto’s and celiac are both types of autoimmune disorder, and a person with one of these disorders is more likely to develop another.

Research also suggests that removing gluten from the diet improves thyroid function in people with Hashimoto’s who do not have celiac disease.

This disease causes chronic inflammation and damage to the small intestine due to the ingestion of gluten, a protein in wheat and other grains, including barley, oats, and rye.

Treating celiac disease involves switching to a gluten-free diet. People with autoimmune-related hypothyroidism might try going gluten-free to see whether their symptoms improve.

Processed foods

Reducing the intake of ultra-processed foods and added sugars may help improve symptoms, manage weight, and boost overall well-being.

Examples of ultra-processed foods and drinks that also contain high amounts of added sugar include:

• fast food
• hot dogs
• donuts
• cakes
• cookies
• soda

It is important to take thyroid medication on an empty stomach so that the body can absorb it fully. Take it at least 30–60 minutes before breakfast or at least 3–4 hours after dinner.

People should not take this medication within 4 hours of eating foods that contain iron or calcium.

Also, the following medications and supplements may interfere with the body’s absorption of thyroid medication:

• antacids or acid reducers
• milk and calcium supplements
• iron supplements
• high-fiber foods, such as bran flakes, fiber bars, and fiber drinks
• foods high in iodine
• soy-based foods

In general, the best diet for a person with hypothyroidism contains plenty of fruits, vegetables, filling proteins, healthy fats, and moderate amounts of healthy carbohydrates.

Still, it is important for each person to experiment and develop a diet that helps them feel their best.

Below, find a sample 1-week meal plan for an omnivorous person with hypothyroidism:

Monday

• Breakfast: Scrambled eggs with salmon
• Lunch: A salad with grilled shrimp
• Dinner: A black bean and vegetable stir-fry with brown rice

Tuesday

• Breakfast: A fruit salad with yogurt and sliced almonds
• Lunch: A grilled chicken salad topped with pumpkin seeds
• Dinner: Baked salmon with roasted vegetables

Wednesday

• Breakfast: An omelet with mushrooms and zucchini
• Lunch: Bean soup with a whole wheat or gluten-free roll.
• Dinner: Shrimp fajitas with corn tortillas, peppers, and onions

Thursday

• Breakfast: A protein smoothie with berries and nut butter
• Lunch: A cauliflower rice bowl with ground turkey, black beans, salsa, guacamole, cheese, and veggies
• Dinner: Roasted chicken with quinoa and broccoli

Friday

• Breakfast: Poached or boiled eggs with avocados and berries
• Lunch: Tuna salad lettuce cups with whole wheat or gluten-free crackers
• Dinner: A grilled steak with baked sweet potato and a side salad

Saturday

• Breakfast: Coconut yogurt with berries and almond butter
• Lunch: A turkey burger on a green salad with sweet potato fries
• Dinner: Pan-fried crab cakes with brown rice and vegetables

Sunday

• Breakfast: A frittata with vegetables
• Lunch: A quinoa bowl with vegetables and chickpeas
• Dinner: Grilled shrimp skewers with bell peppers and pineapple

People with hypothyroidism may gain weight more easily than people without the condition. This is because hypothyroidism can slow metabolism.

Having a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, filling proteins, and healthy fats can help manage weight and boost well-being. These foods are also rich in fiber, which may help people feel fuller for longer.

In addition, regular moderate- to high-intensity aerobic exercise and strength training can help boost metabolism and promote weight loss. Staying active can also improve levels of energy and the quality of sleep.

In addition, a person may notice a small weight reduction — typically under 10% — when they take medication to treat hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism refers to the thyroid gland not producing enough of certain hormones to meet the body’s needs.

Untreated, it can reduce metabolism and cause fatigue, among other symptoms. Treatment usually involves taking a synthetic version of thyroid hormones.

Some nutrients and foods can help or hinder the thyroid’s function. Overall, it is important to aim for a healthy diet that supports the absorption of thyroid medication and helps with maintaining a healthy weight.

Thyroid gland — Your Doctor

The thyroid gland and its hormones together with the nervous and immune systems take part in the coordination and regulation of the work of all human organs (heart, brain, kidneys, etc.). In a coordinated “orchestra” of signals, nerve impulses and biological substances, thyroid hormones play the role of the “master violin”. The reason for the particular importance of thyroid hormones for the body is that they are needed by all tissues and every cell. In other words, life is impossible without them.

The problem of thyroid hormone imbalance has been known for centuries. Ancient Roman doctors were the first to pay attention to the increase in its size during adolescence and during pregnancy. BC, in China they already knew how to prevent the appearance of goiter – an increase in the gland, by eating seaweed. A rounded and swollen neck in the Renaissance was a sign of female attractiveness, which was emphasized in their paintings by Rembrandt, Dürer, Van Dyck. A nervous and excitable disposition, as a result of an excess of thyroid hormones, was in vogue in 17th century Spain. Calm and graceful slowness was appreciated by the aristocrats of Switzerland, but they did not suspect that the reason for this was a shortage iodine required by the thyroid gland.

The structure of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is located on the front surface of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. For the first time, the gland was described as a separate organ by the ancient Roman physician Galen, and it received its name much later in the 17th century. The name of the gland comes from the Greek words “thyreos” – a shield and “idos” – a view, i.e. an organ that looks like a shield. The international name for this endocrine organ is the thyroid gland. The shape of the thyroid gland resembles a butterfly or a horseshoe, it has three main parts – two lateral lobes and an isthmus. Every third person has another non-permanent lobule – pyramidal.

The size of the gland can vary significantly even in the same person, depending on the activity of its functioning. Gender, age, climate, medication intake and, of course, the nature of nutrition largely affect the size and amount of gland hormones. Due to the tight connection with the larynx, its position can change, it rises and falls when swallowing, shifts to the side when turning the head in different directions, which can be seen with the naked eye

The structure of the thyroid gland is quite complex. Under a microscope, it is noticeable that it consists of many vesicles – follicles. Along the edges of the follicles there are cells – thyrocytes, and inside the follicle there is a thick watery liquid – a colloid. Thyrocytes synthesize hormones, and they accumulate in a colloid for immediate entry into the blood when needed.

In the walls of the follicles between the cells, as well as between the follicles themselves, there are larger, light parafollicular cells (C-cells) that produce the hormone calcitonin , which is involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. It inhibits the excretion of calcium from the bones and reduces the calcium content in the blood.

Action of thyroid hormones

0003 estradiol are the genital organs), thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of all tissues without exception. Penetrating into the cell, the hormone is directed to the nucleus, where, by binding to certain sites on the chromosomes, it stimulates a complex of reactions, which leads to the activation of oxidation and reduction processes.

The effect of thyroid hormones on the body:

– increased heat release

– activation of protein synthesis necessary for building new cells

– proper growth and development of the central nervous system, especially the brain (especially important for children) depot, which leads to weight loss

– anabolic effect – growth of the body, its maturation, bone differentiation

– formation of red blood cells

– normal development of the genital organs and excretion of sex hormones .

How much hormone should I have?

Hormones should be enough to ensure the normal functioning of the body. Tests can accurately determine the level of thyroid hormones. Among the laboratory methods for the analysis of thyroid hormones is the analysis by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

The amount of thyroid hormones depends on:

– the intensity of signals coming from the brain and regulating the functioning and level of thyroid hormones

– the number of healthy cells in the gland itself

– the presence of a sufficient amount of iodine, which is necessary for the synthesis of hormones.

When testing for thyroid hormones, not only their quantity is evaluated, but also antibody values. In case of violations in the immune response system, antibodies begin to form not only against foreign organisms, but also against “native” tissues. Some of these antibodies disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland and the action of its hormones. The most common are antibodies to TSH receptors (TSH receptor Ab), antibodies to thyroglobulin (ATTG) and antibodies to thyroperoxidase (anti-ATPO).

Antibodies to TSH receptors are similar in structure to TSH and their attachment to thyroid receptors leads to active release of T3 and T4. Antibodies to thyroglobulin appear in autoimmune Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and pregnancy. Control of their level in the blood indicates the activity of inflammation. Anti-ATPO – antibodies to thyroperoxidase (AMC, antibodies to the microsomal fraction ) lead to the destruction of the gland and the entry of hormones into the blood.

A condition in which there is enough thyroid hormone for the body is called euthyroidism.

Not enough thyroid hormones

Decreased thyroid function — hypothyroidism occurs when there is a deficiency of iodine intake or the intake of substances that disrupt the formation of hormones. More rare causes of hypothyroidism are the use of certain drugs (for example, cordarone), the removal of the gland as a result of tumors, or a deficiency in TSH production. Hypothyroidism in childhood leads to growth retardation, disproportionate growth, mental retardation, cretinism. Hypothyroidism in adults is called myxedema.

Manifestations of thyroid hormone deficiency:

– weight gain, which is not reduced by diet and exercise

– general weakness, constant fatigue, fatigue

– permanently depressed mood

– menstrual irregularities , infertility

— low body temperature (35.6-36.3ºС)

– dry, swollen skin, itching, dandruff that does not disappear when using medicated shampoos, changes in nails

– constant constipation

– constant swelling of the legs, feet, puffiness of the face

– low blood pressure, low heart rate

– inability to warm up even in a warm room

– pain in muscles and joints

9000 2 – deterioration of memory and reaction speed

One of the forms of hypothyroidism is endemic goiter , which develops due to insufficient intake of iodine. This situation is typical for areas where its level in water and soil is low. During accidents at nuclear power plants, a large amount of radioactive iodine enters the air. Radioactive iodine can irradiate the gland from the inside and be incorporated into thyroid hormones, which leads to active tumor growth. Carrying out iodine prophylaxis helps to prevent the entry of radiation iodine into the thyroid gland by replacing it with a stable isotope.

Excess of thyroid hormones

In case of hyperthyroidism – increased work of the thyroid gland, increased synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4, an increase in the size of the gland, exophthalmos (bulging eyes).

Symptoms of elevated thyroid hormone levels:

– weight loss with increased appetite

– general weakness, fatigue

– permanent agitation

– menstrual disorders, infertility

– increased body temperature, sometimes at certain hours (36. 9-37.5ºС)

– dry and loose skin

– heart palpitations and high blood pressure

– feelings of heat

– memory and reaction speed impairment

90 002 Hyperthyroidism is observed in such diseases of the thyroid gland: Basedow-Graves’ disease ( diffuse toxic goiter ), Plummer’s disease (toxic nodular goiter), de Quervain’s viral thyroiditis , Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis . More rare causes of an increase in the amount of thyroid hormones are excessive consumption of thyroid hormone preparations for treatment (thyroxine, euthyrox) or for weight loss, with tumors of the ovaries and pituitary gland, an overdose of iodine preparations.

What to do?

In order to determine the quality of the thyroid gland, you need to take tests for hormones and antibodies, as well as an ultrasound study. The most important hormones in the work of the thyroid gland is the assessment of the levels of free T4 and TSH. Ultrasound will show the structure of the gland, its size and volume, will reveal nodes, cysts.

To prevent diseases of the thyroid gland, it is worth ensuring the intake of sufficient amounts of iodine and tyrosine with food. Iodine is found in iodized salt and sunflower oil, kelp seaweed, fish (herring, flounder, cod, halibut, tuna, salmon), crabs, shrimp, squid and other seafood, feijoa. Sources of tyrosine are milk, peas, eggs, peanuts, beans. A complete and balanced diet ensures the balance of thyroid hormones and prevents its diseases.

Be healthy!

Hypothyroidism: causes, symptoms and treatment recommendations. Dr. Peter

• Directory of Diseases

July 6, 2022

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the production of thyroid hormones is reduced due to a decrease in its activity or a deficiency of substrates for synthesis (iodine, proteins).

Source:

iStockphoto

Among the key manifestations of hypothyroidism, one can distinguish a slowdown in basic metabolic processes, which leads to a number of somatic and reproductive health disorders. In childhood, it seriously affects the physical and neuropsychic development, provoking cretinism. Without treatment, the condition can lead to serious complications, therefore, it requires the selection of adequate hormone replacement therapy.

Hypothyroidism: Causes

Origin can be divided into congenital (approximately 1-2%) and acquired hypothyroidism (98-99%). Among the causes of acquired hypothyroidism are:

• Chronic autoimmune damage to the thyroid gland (thyroiditis), which provokes a progressive decrease in hormone levels after several years from the start of the process.

• Hypothyroidism due to partial or total removal of the thyroid gland, treatment with radioactive iodine.

• Thyrostatic drugs in the treatment of diffuse toxic goiter (hyperthyroidism).

• Prolonged lack of iodine in food and water when living in regions endemic for this trace element.

The congenital form of hypothyroidism can develop in the presence of structural pathologies in the gland itself, disorders in the work of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, problems with the synthesis of hormones, and taking medications during the period of intrauterine development of the child.

In addition, depending on the level of damage, there are three forms of hypothyroidism with different causes. These are:

• The primary process is the thyroid gland itself is affected, the level of thyroid-stimulating hormones is increased.

• Secondary process – pituitary related problem, TSH and thyroid levels are low.

• Tertiary process – formed when the hypothalamus is damaged.

The primary process usually occurs against the background of inflammation of the gland, its underdevelopment, hereditary hormone synthesis defects, resection of part of the organ, iodine deficiency. Sometimes the cause remains unexplained. Secondary and tertiary processes are associated with tumors, operations, head injuries, radiation, cerebral hemorrhage.

Hypothyroidism: symptoms

Many signs of hypothyroidism are not very specific and may be associated with other diseases. In the initial stage and with a slight deficiency of hormones, there may be no symptoms, the problem is determined only according to the test results. Symptoms are similar to a number of chronic neurological and somatic pathologies. The set of complaints and manifestations depends on the age, the cause of the lesion of the gland and the rate of decrease in the level of thyroid hormones.

• Long-term persistent changes in the thyroid gland form swelling, puffiness of the face, yellowish tint of the skin, swelling of the eyelids, arms and legs due to fluid retention in the tissues. There may be muscle pain, burning sensation, paresthesia, arm weakness and stiffness.

• The skin is dry, the hair is brittle, dull, they become rarer, fall out intensively. Human activity slows down, he is apathetic and inhibited.

• In severe cases, symptoms of hypothyroidism, slowing down of speech with a feeling of tangled tongue. The voice becomes hoarse, low, hearing is reduced due to swelling in the larynx, middle ear and tongue.

• There is an increase in weight, a decrease in body temperature, a constant feeling of cold, chilliness. There are problems with memory, attention, a decrease in interest in life. Typical fatigue and weakness, problems with falling asleep, insomnia. Typically depressed mood, depressive disorders. The changes are reversible and corrected when adequate therapy is prescribed (iodine replenishment, hormone replacement therapy).

• Typical problems with the heart and blood vessels – slow heart rate, pressure fluctuations, pericarditis. An increase in cholesterol, headache, anemia is possible. Digestive organs suffer – appetite and enzyme production worsens, persistent constipation, flatulence, nausea, liver enlargement, and bile outflow disorders are formed.

• In women, cycle failures, mastopathy, uterine bleeding, infertility, risk of miscarriage and premature birth, decreased libido are typical.

Why hypothyroidism is dangerous

Congenital hypothyroidism provokes a severe form of mental retardation, cretinism, without proper treatment. The lack of thyroid hormones during pregnancy threatens with fetal defects, abortion, the birth of children with organ problems.

Acquired hypothyroidism is dangerous for the development of a rare but dangerous complication – myxedema with coma formation. In addition, the pronounced manifestations of the disease drastically disrupt the quality of life, provoke problems with the heart, blood vessels, excess weight and digestive disorders.

Lack of thyroid hormones leads to infertility, sexual dysfunction, reduced immune defenses, and development of tumors.

Diagnosis of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism can only be determined by laboratory tests in combination with examination data, typical complaints and external signs. To make a diagnosis, you need:

• Determine the levels of T3 and T4, the concentration of TSH – these are peripheral and pituitary hormones that work in close connection.

• Determine the presence of autoantibodies to thyroid gland receptors — AT-TG, AT-TPO.

• Carry out general blood and urine tests, a biochemical study with an assessment of cholesterol, lipid profile, blood sugar, proteins.

• Perform thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy and, if necessary, fine needle biopsy.

How to treat hypothyroidism

The mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism is hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine. The dose is selected individually based on the analysis data and general well-being, starting from the lowest levels, gradually increasing the concentration until all body functions stabilize.

Against the background of properly selected therapy, normalization of the condition occurs after 1-2 weeks of admission. Complete relief of manifestations occurs within 3-6 months. Additionally, a rational healthy diet, dosed physical activity are prescribed.

If there is a lack of iodine in the diet, preparations with it are used, nutrition is adjusted by adding foods rich in trace elements, iodized salt.