Top 6 Vitamins for Hypothyroidism

In this article:

• Magnesium

• Vitamin A

• Vitamin D3

• Selenium

• Zinc

• Vitamin B12

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The thyroid is the butterfly-shaped gland at the base of your neck. It produces hormones that regulate your body’s energy use, along with many other important functions.

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As part of the endocrine system, the thyroid gland helps to regulate the body’s metabolism in the form of blood pressure, blood temperature, and heart rate.

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When your thyroid hormone production drops, your body processes slow down and change. Hypothyroidism can affect many different systems in your body.

Common symptoms of hypothyroidism include:

• Fatigue
• Increased sensitivity to cold
• Constipation
• Dry skin
• Weight gain
• Puffy face
• Hoarseness
• Muscle weakness
• Elevated blood cholesterol level
• Muscle aches, tenderness, and stiffness
• Joint pain, stiffness, or swelling
• Heavy or irregular menstrual periods
• Infertility
• Thinning hair
• Slowed heart rate
• Depression
• Impaired memory or brain fog
• Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

Undiagnosed thyroid disease puts patients at risk for other ailments, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and infertility.

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Hypothyroidism is typically treated with thyroid hormone replacement medication. In addition to thyroid medication, research shows that dietary interventions including supplements may also be supportive to hypothyroid patients.

Specific vitamins and minerals can help your thyroid work optimally. Ideally, most of our essential nutrients should come from our food through a healthy diet. However, some factors can decrease our ability to get nutrients from our food. For example, skipping meals, unhealthy diets, and incorrect food preparation can make it hard to get the vitamins and minerals we need. Thus, people can benefit from taking a dietary supplement, especially if they are the right supplements for their individual needs. 

Ahead are the top six vitamins for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) to help protect thyroid tissue and encourage thyroid hormone production.

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Top six vitamins for hypothyroidism

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Magnesium

‍As one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, and on earth, magnesium plays a critical role in some of our most vital functions including blood pressure, blood glucose metabolism, digestion, muscle and nerve functions, and even helps us sleep. Also, magnesium is responsible for over 300 enzyme reactions involved with protein synthesis. In many ways, magnesium is seen as a cure-all mineral in that it benefits every system in our body.  

Magnesium helps improve symptoms often associated with hypothyroidism such as insomnia, fatigue, constipation, high blood pressure, and migraine headaches. Furthermore, magnesium plays an essential role in the conversion of T4 into T3, which can improve thyroid hormone function throughout the body.

Table 1: Selected Food Sources of Magnesium

Vitamin A

Also known as retinol, vitamin A is a fat-soluble organic compound that plays a role in vision, the immune system, reproduction, and cellular communication. One study found that a 4-month trial of vitamin A reduced serum TSH levels in participants. By modulating TSH levels, vitamin A can also support the pituitary gland and prevent enlargement of the thyroid gland. Furthermore, Vitamin A may reduce your risk for autoimmune processes such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

Table 2: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin A

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Visit The Thyroid Nutrition Hub

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Vitamin D3

‍Also called the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is best known for its critical function in bone health and preventing osteoporosis. This crucial mineral helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorous, which are essential building materials for bone strengthening and repair. People with hypothyroidism often have low vitamin D levels, which may contribute to common symptoms of joint and muscle pain. Low levels of vitamin D may also contribute to leaky gut, which may be a precursor to autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s. By increasing vitamin D intake, your digestive system may begin to repair itself. You may even see an improvement in your TSH levels. 

Table 3: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin D

Selenium

‍Selenium is a trace element that serves as a crucial antioxidant that protects the thyroid gland from oxidative stress. Indeed, one of its primary roles is to regulate the immune system and prevent tissue damage in the thyroid. Because it is a potent immunomodulator, regular intake of selenium supplements has shown to a decrease in TPO antibodies, which, when present, indicates Hashimoto’s. Furthermore, a deficiency in selenium interferes with thyroid hormone metabolism by inhibiting the conversion of T4 to T3. 

Table 4: Selected Food Sources of Selenium

Zinc

‍Best known for its essential purpose in supporting the immune system, zinc is a powerful catalyst for over 100 enzymatic reactions in the body. It is also necessary for protein and DNA synthesis, growth and development, and tissue healing. Our bodies do not have a way to store zinc, so it must be ingested regularly through foods or supplements. 

Many people with hypothyroidism have a zinc deficiency, which may be due in part to a damaged digestive system. Zinc supports thyroid hormone production and strengthens the immune system. Furthermore, zinc may help heal leaky gut and decrease overreaction of the immune system as found in allergies and autoimmune conditions.  

Table 5: Selected Food Sources of Zinc

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Vitamin B12

‍A deficiency in vitamin B12 is common in many people with hypothyroidism and can also contribute to anemia. Indeed, anemia is found in 20-60% of people with hypothyroidism. People with hypothyroidism and anemia often experience similar symptoms such as fatigue, sluggishness, and cognitive impairment. A B12 supplement can improve hypothyroid symptoms by increasing the number of healthy red blood cells. These cells can deliver oxygen-fresh blood to your tissues and promote energy metabolism. 

Table 6: Selected Food Sources of Vitamin B12

Safe vitamin consumption

Scientific bodies regularly review and recommend the daily vitamin and mineral intake levels based on age, sex, etc. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed daily values to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of foods and dietary supplements within the context of a total diet.

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Consuming the recommended amount of a vitamin or mineral is safe. Some water-soluble vitamins like riboflavin are even safe at doses several times their recommended levels.

However, high doses of some vitamins or minerals can be dangerous. For example, excessive magnesium can cause diarrhea, zinc can cause nausea and vomiting, and selenium can cause nerve damage or gastrointestinal upset. Some dietary supplements may also interfere with the absorption of your thyroid medication. We recommend you talk with your healthcare provider to optimize your nutrition and treatment.

13 Best Thyroid Supplements – Dr. Jolene Brighten

Thyroid disorders affect an estimated 20 million Americans, and women are up to eight times more likely than men to develop a thyroid condition. Many of you know that I have Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism myself. I’ve tried just about every natural remedy and supplement to help my thyroid function better. I have seen first-hand how vital nutrition and specific nutrients are for thyroid health.

Everything I recommend for my patients in my practice, I’ve experimented with myself, so I feel confident in their safety as well as efficacy. If you’re struggling with your thyroid health or are just interested in exploring the topic, I’ve got natural (and evidence-based) solutions that can help regulate your thyroid. I’ll share the best thyroid support supplements and a few to avoid in this article.

How Do Thyroid Support Supplements Work?

Thyroid supplements work by providing the vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients that your body needs to support optimal thyroid function. Since thyroid conditions are so common, there’s a lot of research to support many of these nutrients. Still, it can be overwhelming to sort through what actually works versus what doesn’t.

I’ve simplified it for you by sharing the best thyroid support supplements that I recommend to my patients. As I’ll describe in more detail below, certain nutrients are more commonly low for people with hypothyroidism. Sometimes, you can have a lower nutrient status which contributes to the problem. Or you can also need more nutrients because your thyroid needs a little extra love.

Supplements can also support other areas of health that play a role in thyroid function that may not seem an obvious connection. Gut health is a big example. If you have gut inflammation or an imbalance of gut bacteria, it increases your risk of intestinal permeability (what many call leaky gut). 

Leaky gut is closely linked to autoimmunity and plays a big role in Hashimoto’s. So addressing any gut imbalances with nutrients and probiotics can support your thyroid function.

Supplements and nutrition are only one part of thyroid health, but they are incredibly helpful. Supplements are not designed to treat or cure medical conditions. Instead, they work best in supporting optimal thyroid function and are often used with a combination of other forms of treatment like medication (when needed), diet, stress reduction, and sleep.

I created the Thyroid Support supplement with essential thyroid nutrients like iodine, vitamin A, and selenium plus other supportive nutrients like zinc, copper, and l-tyrosine to provide comprehensive thyroid support.

When to See Your Doctor About Thyroid Problems

If you have any concerns about your thyroid, or you’re experiencing any of the symptoms below, please see your doctor for proper testing and treatment.

• Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight
• Fatigue
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Brain fog
• Muscle weakness
• Joint pain
• Dry skin
• Brittle nails
• Thinning hair
• Cold intolerance

Changes in your menstrual cycle can also be a sign of thyroid issues.

Thyroid blood tests can be tricky. The standard testing doesn’t always include all the different markers you need to get a complete picture of what’s going on with your thyroid.  

For example, the TSH test is often used as the primary indicator of thyroid function, but it doesn’t tell you the full story. For example, the TSH test doesn’t give you any information about thyroid antibodies which are key in diagnosing Hashimoto’s.

It’s best to work with a healthcare practitioner who specializes in thyroid health to make sure you’re getting the proper tests and treatment for your specific situation.

The 13 Best Supplements to Support Thyroid Function

The following are what I’ve found to be the best thyroid support supplements. It’s a long list, so I also created my Thyroid Support Kit to contain as many thyroid-supportive nutrients in as few capsules as possible (so you don’t feel like you have to plan your day around taking supplements). Plus, it supports your adrenal glands in functioning at their best.

I’ll be sharing the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for some of these nutrients. If you’re not familiar with the RDA, this is the minimum amount you need to take daily to avoid deficiency. It isn’t the amount you need for optimal health and it doesn’t account for people who are already experiencing symptoms from suboptimal levels or deficiency. So, while the RDA is helpful in understanding the absolute minimum amount we need daily, it doesn’t provide information about what is the best level of intake for you. 

Iodine

Iodine and the thyroid go hand-in-hand, but the relationship is complicated. It’s a critical nutrient for thyroid function because its job is to help make thyroid hormones T3 and T4. So without enough iodine, the body can’t make thyroid hormone, leading to hypothyroid. 

But here’s where it gets tricky. Too much iodine also increases the risk of hypothyroidism, especially Hashimoto’s, as seen by raising antibodies. Excess iodine can essentially slow down the production of thyroid hormones and damage thyroid cells. So the right balance, especially with other nutrients like selenium, is critical.

The RDA for iodine intake is 150 micrograms (mcg) for adults and 220 mcg during pregnancy. Generally, research suggests that more than 300 mcg of iodine a day can adversely impact the thyroid and increase thyroid antibodies. So, it’s definitely a situation where more is not better.

Magnesium

Magnesium is a nutrient all-star and is so helpful for many women’s health conditions, especially thyroid support. Low magnesium can impact your Hashimoto’s risk and worsen symptoms by increasing thyroid antibodies.

Some studies suggest that hypothyroidism rates (even subclinical hypothyroid, which means your thyroid hormone levels are in the “normal” range, but you experience many of the symptoms) are much lower for people with adequate magnesium than those with the lowest levels. The thyroid needs magnesium (and other trace minerals) to convert inactive thyroid hormone to active.

Magnesium is also supportive of feelings of anxiety or insomnia. Hypothyroid increases adrenal stress and can cause anxiety, and magnesium has calming effects on the nervous system.

The RDA for magnesium is 310 mg for women, but many don’t get enough in their diet and because it is used in so many processes by the body, have suboptimal levels can be problematic. A magnesium supplement can help increase intake with most people doing well to aim for 150-300 mg in a supplement.

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Myo-inositol

Inositols are a group of compounds involved in hormone signaling, including TSH. Myo-inositol is a type of inositol that’s especially beneficial for thyroid health. I use inositol in my practice often for PCOS, but it’s also helpful for lowering TSH levels.

Studies show (and I’ve found) that myo-inositol works with selenium to support healthy thyroid function, especially with Hashimoto’s, where it can lower thyroid antibodies. It also appears to help with subclinical hypothyroidism and may even reduce thyroid nodules.

The general recommendation is 2,000 mcg of inositol (aka myoinositol) daily for supporting thyroid health.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory and beneficial for many women’s health conditions, including thyroid disorders. Since Hashimoto’s is an autoimmune condition, chronic inflammation is closely linked.

Autoimmunity means that your immune system is upregulated (including the inflammatory process) as the body mistakenly attacks its own tissue. In the case of Hashimoto’s, the body is attacking thyroid cells. Studies on thyroid health indicate this inflammation and oxidative stress can damage thyroid cells. Plus, inflammation could prevent your cells from being responsive to thyroid hormones.

Eating a diet rich in foods containing omega-3 fatty acids or supplementing (since many people don’t get enough from their diet) may help promote healthy inflammation levels to reduce the impact on your thyroid. When supplementing, most people do well to aim for about 1,500-2,000 mg of a high quality omega-3 fatty acid. 

B Vitamins 

B vitamins, especially vitamin B12, are also essential components for a healthy thyroid. You need a healthy gut for adequate B12 absorption, and as you learned above, gut health and the thyroid are inextricably linked. B12 is critical for a healthy nervous system, energy, and low levels can contribute to anemia.

Research suggests that vitamin B12 deficiency is linked to Hashimoto’s, with higher thyroid antibodies associated with lower vitamin B12. Another study found that around 40 percent of the participants with hypothyroid also had vitamin B12 deficiency.

The RDA varies for each of the B vitamins. While many people can get these vitamins from food, if there are issues with the gut or absorption or following a strictly plant-based diet in the case of B12, supplementing with a B complex could be helpful.

Vitamin A 

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin involved in thyroid hormone metabolism. It helps inhibit TSH by downregulating a gene required for its production. Vitamin A works with other nutrients like zinc to convert inactive to active thyroid hormone.

A study on women who supplemented with vitamin A found that it lowered TSH and could help with subclinical hypothyroidism. Another study concluded that vitamin A can support healthy thyroid function.

Lower levels of vitamin A can adversely impact the thyroid gland and lead to higher TSH. But just like iodine, too much vitamin A could suppress thyroid function, so more is not better. You can’t overdo food sources of vitamin A, but too much from supplements can be toxic in super high amounts (so you want to make sure the supplement you take has the right amounts).

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Selenium

Selenium is a big one for thyroid nutrients, and the thyroid gland stores the majority of selenium in the body. It’s needed to make active thyroid hormone, so a deficiency means you have less active thyroid hormone and more hypothyroid symptoms. It’s also an antioxidant, which helps reduce the impact of oxidative stress that can damage the thyroid gland.

Adequate selenium reduces the risk of autoimmune thyroid, and supplementation supports lower thyroid antibodies. The RDA for selenium is 55 mcg/day but clinically some people feel better with upwards of 100 to 200 mcg a day. Some foods like brazil nuts are a rich source of selenium, but the actual amount can vary based on soil content.

Copper

Copper is a mineral that’s involved in thyroid hormone production and regulation. It helps make T4 and regulates how much is absorbed in the cells. Copper levels must be balanced with zinc, so too much or too little of one can lead to issues with the other.

Thyroid hormone levels can be lower in people with copper deficiency. The best way to get copper is from food, and the RDA is 900 mcg a day. But if you are supplementing with zinc, copper must also be balanced in the correct ratio. 

Vitamin D3 

Vitamin D is a hormone involved in over 1000 processes in the body, including many related to the thyroid. It can support lower TSH and thyroid antibodies. Low vitamin D levels are common with Hashimoto’s (and autoimmunity in general) and hypothyroid, and many experts consider it a key player in autoimmune conditions.

The best way to get vitamin D is from sun exposure, but since that’s not possible year-round or for everyone, supplementation could be helpful, especially in the winter. The RDA for vitamin D is 600 IU/day, but many experts recommend a dose of 2000-5000 IU/day. 

Getting tested to know your baseline is always a good idea.

Turmeric 

Turmeric is a spice that contains curcumin, an active compound with powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Since inflammation is a root cause of many chronic diseases, including thyroid conditions, curcumin can help support autoimmune thyroid health by helping to protect against oxidative damage.

Curcumin has been shown to help reduce the size of thyroid nodules. It also could help support blood pressure, which can be a concern for some people with thyroid conditions. You can get turmeric from supplements or by adding it to food. If you use the spice, make sure to pair it with black pepper to enhance absorption.

Zinc

Zinc is a mineral needed for thyroid hormone production, including TSH, T3, and T4. It helps regulate the enzymes required to make thyroid hormone and helps convert T4 to T3. Zinc deficiency is linked to hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s. Zinc deficiency may be part of why thinning hair is a common symptom of hypothyroidism.

Like selenium, zinc is a trace mineral, and they work together to support your thyroid. So supplementation with both can help your thyroid function. As mentioned earlier, zinc levels must be balanced with copper, so too much or too little of one can lead to issues with the other.

The RDA for zinc is 8 mg/day for women and many women enjoy doses up to 30 mg/day for acute periods of time under the guidance of a practitioner, but if you take zinc supplements, you also need to make sure you get extra copper too.

Iron

Iron is a mineral involved in many processes in the body, including thyroid function. It’s needed to make thyroid hormone, and low levels can lead to hypothyroidism. Iron is also required for T4 to T3 conversion.

Anemia is common with hypothyroidism, but anemia can also impair thyroid function, so it’s a vicious cycle.

The best way to get iron is from food, and the best sources are animal-based foods like red meat, organ meat, and seafood. However, just because meat provides the highly absorbable form of iron, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it is always better for women’s health. When choosing plant-based non-heme iron it is important to combine it with adequate vitamin C foods to enhance absorption, since iron from these sources tend to be less bioavailable. The RDA for iron is 18 mg/day before menopause and 8mg/day for postmenopausal women. If you are supplementing with iron, make sure to do so under the care of a healthcare professional.

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Probiotics

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that support gut health. Since the gut and thyroid are closely connected, probiotics can be helpful for those with Hashimoto’s or other thyroid conditions. Probiotics can help address intestinal permeability and support autoimmunity.

By supporting gut health and intestinal permeability, you can help lower inflammation and improve nutrient availability, both so important for thyroid health and reducing thyroid antibodies.

You can get probiotics from supplements or fermented foods like yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut, and kombucha.

Thyroid Supplements to Avoid

When it comes to supplements of any kind, you want to be careful about what you take and make sure it’s high quality. This is especially important with thyroid supplements. 

Kitchen sink supplements (meaning the company throws in every nutrient you can think of) can sometimes contain unsafe ingredients. They may also include glandular (dried and powdered animal glands) that aren’t obvious on the label or can contain contaminants. Plus, not all forms of iodine, selenium or other nutrients are created equal.

They also may contain nutrients that aren’t in the correct ratios, and as you just learned, too much isn’t always a good thing. When you purchase a thyroid supplement, make sure you trust the company, and that the ingredients are high quality. When in doubt, always ask your healthcare professional for a recommendation.

The Best Foods to Support Thyroid Health

Supporting thyroid with food along with supplements is the best way to go. Food provides all the nutrients mentioned above, plus they’re delicious! Here are some of the best foods to eat for thyroid health:

• Seafood
• Nuts and seeds
• Beans and legumes
• Leafy greens
• Eggs
• Berries 
• Avocados
• Coconut oil
• Extra Virgin Olive Oil
• Fermented foods

You can read more about the best foods for thyroid health here.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Thyroid Supplements

Are Thyroid Supplements Effective? 

Yes, in combination with other lifestyle approaches like diet, stress management, and sleep, thyroid supplements are effective, as evidenced by many research studies. You want to make sure you’re taking high-quality supplements and working with a healthcare professional to ensure they’re right for you.

How Can I Boost my Thyroid Naturally?

There are many ways to support your thyroid health naturally. In addition to supplements, you want to make sure you’re eating a nutritious diet, managing stress, and getting enough sleep. Exercise is also beneficial for overall health, including thyroid health.

What Vitamin Is Not Good for Thyroid? 

While it’s not technically a vitamin, high-dose iodine is not great for thyroid health and can actually be harmful. Iodine is an essential nutrient for thyroid function, but you want to make sure you’re getting it from food or a supplement in the right dosage. Too much iodine can lead to thyroid dysfunction and even autoimmune disease.

Key Takeaways

• Multiple nutrients can support thyroid health, and supplements can be an effective way to get these nutrients.

• Proper amounts and ratios are essential when taking thyroid supplements, and it’s best to work with a healthcare professional to ensure you’re taking the right amounts.

• When purchasing a thyroid supplement, make sure you trust the company, and that the ingredients are high quality.

• Supporting thyroid health requires a holistic approach, including eating a nutritious diet, managing stress, getting enough sleep, and exercising.

If you’re looking for an easy way to get all the nutrients you need for thyroid health, check out my Thyroid Support Kit, designed to nourish and support thyroid function.

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References

1. American Thyroid Association. General Information/Press Room.
2. Babiker A, Alawi A, Al Atawi M, Al Alwan I. The role of micronutrients in thyroid dysfunction. Sudan J Paediatr. 2020. 20(1). 13-19.
3. Triggiani V, Tafaro E, Giagulli VA, et al. Role of iodine, selenium and other micronutrients in thyroid function and disorders. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2009. 9(3). 277-294.
4. Kasiyan O, Tkachenko H, Kurhaluk N, Yurchenko S, Manenko A. Relationship Between Thyroid Hormonal Status in Patients with a Hypothyroid Form of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis and Iodine Concentrations in Drinking Water. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022. 200(1). 59-66.
5. Teti, C., Panciroli, M., Nazzari, E. et al.. Iodoprophylaxis and thyroid autoimmunity: an update. Immunol Res. 2021. 69. 129–138.

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Article content:

• Consequences of micronutrient deficiency
• Thyroid vitamins
• Thyroid minerals
• Diet for hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, functions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Insufficient secretory activity of the thyroid gland is called hypothyroidism. This pathological condition negatively affects human health. Its treatment requires an integrated approach.

Doctors often prescribe minerals and vitamins for hypothyroidism: they help improve the general condition of the patient, normalize thyroid function. Source:
Endocrinology. National leadership. Dedova I.I., Melnichenko G.A. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2012..

Consequences of micronutrient deficiency

Thyroid hormones are iodinated derivatives of tyrosine. For their synthesis, the thyroid gland needs a sufficient amount of iodine in the human body.

Most of the population of Russia lives in regions where the content of this microelement is low in soil, water and food. Because of this, the intake of iodine in the body is reduced and does not cover the physiological needs. Especially often iodine deficiency occurs in children and adolescents during periods of rapid growth, in pregnant women Source:
Hypothyroidism syndrome. Troshina E.A., Yukina M.Yu. Clinician. 2008. No. 1. pp.45-49.

Iodine deficiency, which persists for a long time, is associated with a high risk of developing a number of diseases:

• nodular or diffuse goiter;
• hypothyroidism;
• endemic cretinism.

Iodine deficiency is one of the causes of spontaneous miscarriages, high perinatal mortality, delayed psychomotor development in young children.

Vitamins for the thyroid gland

The most commonly prescribed vitamins for the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism:

1. Vitamin A (retinol). Normalizes the synthesis of thyroid-stimulating hormone, the level of which depends on the functional activity of the thyroid gland. Vitamin A promotes the absorption of iodine from food and its absorption.
2. Vitamin B ₁ (thiamine). Reduces increased fatigue, which often occurs in patients with insufficient thyroid function.
3. Vitamin B ₂ (riboflavin). One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is anemia. Riboflavin is involved in the metabolism of iron, thereby increasing the level of hemoglobin.
4. Vitamin B ₆ (pyridoxine). Regulates many metabolic processes, normalizes the work of the endocrine system, stops neurological disorders.
5. Vitamin B ₉ (folic acid). Responsible for cell growth, prevents damage to their genetic material during division. Folic acid also improves mood, increases efficiency.
6. Vitamin B ₁₂ (cyanocobalamin). One of the symptoms of hypothyroidism is depression. Cyanocobalamin increases the synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is also called the hormone of happiness.
7. Vitamin E (tocopherol). Enhances the formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone, improves the exchange of selenium and iodine.
8. Vitamin D (calciferol). Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most pressing medical problems. Many patients ask endocrinologists the question: “Is vitamin D in hypothyroidism good or bad for the body?”. Calciferol is included in the complex therapy of Hashimoto’s disease, especially in cases where this autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland occurs with a decrease in its secretory function. Vitamin D is not prescribed for people with diffuse toxic goiter. This is due to the fact that it further enhances the formation of thyroid hormones, as a result of which the human condition worsens. Source:
   The content of vitamin D3 and some adipokines in hypothyroidism. Kapralova I.Yu., Verbovoi A.F., Sharonova L.A. MVK. 2014. №3. pp.42-45.

Take vitamin complexes only on prescription, which takes into account all indications and contraindications.

Minerals for the thyroid gland

For the proper functioning of the thyroid gland, it is important that the human body receives minerals in sufficient quantities. The main ones are:

1. Iodine. The need for this trace element depends on age. For children of the first year of life, it ranges from 25 to 50 mcg, for preschoolers – 90 mcg, for younger students – 120 mcg per day. At the age of 12 to 35 years, in accordance with WHO recommendations, the body should receive 150 micrograms of iodine daily, and after 35 years – 100 micrograms. The highest requirement is in pregnant women: 200-250 mcg per day. For the functions of the thyroid gland, both excess and lack of iodine are harmful. Source:
   Hypothyroidism syndrome: a lecture. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A. Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Education. 2015. No. 4. pp.71-75.
2. Selenium. It has a pronounced antioxidant effect, protects cell membranes and cellular structures from damage by free radicals. The selenium-containing enzyme deiodinase regulates the production of thyroid hormones.
3. Copper. Its deficiency has a negative impact on the entire endocrine system, including the thyroid gland.
4. Zinc. A deficiency of this mineral suppresses the production of thyroid hormones, and a hypothyroid state impairs zinc metabolism.
5. Iron. This mineral is needed for the normal absorption of iodine from the digestive tract. In addition, iron is necessary for the synthesis of a number of enzymes and hemoglobin.
6. Magnesium. The exact mechanisms of changes in magnesium metabolism in thyroid diseases have not been fully established. It is known that an excess of the mineral is noted in patients with hypothyroidism, and a deficiency in hyperthyroidism.

In thyroid pathologies, both excess and deficiency of minerals are harmful. Therefore, they should be taken only on the recommendations of specialists.

Diet for hypothyroidism

Minerals and vitamins for the thyroid gland in hypothyroidism should be supplied to the human body not only with pharmaceutical preparations, but also with food. Therefore, fresh fruits and vegetables, greens must be included in the diet. Source:
Guide to Dietary Supplements and Thyroid Diseases. Chaumont M. Verywellhealth. 2022.. Since many patients with hypothyroidism are overweight, they are advised to exclude light carbohydrates from the diet:

• confectionery;
• white bread;
• potatoes;
• rice;
• alcoholic beverages;
• sweet sodas;
• bananas;
• instant soups.

As a source of healthy carbohydrates, preference should be given to wild and brown rice, oatmeal, whole grain bread.

In the diet of people with hypothyroidism, meat, fish, low-fat cheeses, sour-milk products must be present in sufficient quantities. They provide the body with proteins that are needed for the synthesis and delivery of thyroxine and triiodothyronine to cells.

Protein food has another advantage: it does not contribute to weight gain. The body spends much more energy on its breakdown than on the breakdown of a similar amount of fats and carbohydrates, so a person is full longer.

Taking hormonal preparations and vitamin-mineral complexes prescribed by a doctor, proper nutrition will help to quickly improve the condition of people who suffer from low thyroid function.

Article sources:

1. The content of vitamin D3 and some adipokines in hypothyroidism. Kapralova I.Yu., Verbovoi A.F., Sharonova L. A. MVK. 2014. №3. p.42-45
2. Endocrinology. National leadership. Dedova I.I., Melnichenko G.A. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2012.
3. Hypothyroidism syndrome. Troshina E.A., Yukina M.Yu. Clinician. 2008. No. 1. p.45-49
4. Hypothyroidism syndrome: lecture. Verbovoy A.F., Sharonova L.A. Endocrinology: News. Opinions. Education. 2015. No. 4. pp.71-75
5. Guidelines for Dietary Supplements and Thyroid Diseases. Chaumont M. Verywellhealth. 2022.

Author of the article

Vostrikova Ekaterina Borisovna

Specialty: Gastroenterologist

Experience: 17 years

Article published : 3/30/2023
Last updated : 3/30/2023

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Flatulence is a condition characterized by increased gas formation in the intestines. Among all functional digestive disorders for…

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Low levels of vitamins and minerals in hypothyroidism

What vitamins and minerals should be checked for hypothyroidism

There are certain low levels of vitamins and minerals that are common in existing along with hypothyroidism, especially autoimmune hypothyroidism. This may be related to gut health and how well you absorb certain vitamins and nutrients, as problems with intestinal permeability can lead to numerous deficiencies.

Iron and ferritin

Perhaps most common in thyroid patients are low levels of iron or ferritin (stored iron), which can lead to dry skin, severe fatigue, poor stamina, depression, and even pale skin and dark bags under the eyes . Iron deficiency also impairs the synthesis of thyroid hormones. It’s worth keeping in mind that since hypothyroidism mostly affects women, many thyroid patients will have low iron/ferritin levels due to period issues such as heavy or long periods. Iron is central to the production of both red blood cells and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Iron is also important for thyroid health as it produces the T4 hormone and converts T4 to T3. Always check your levels of this mineral before taking a supplement, as taking more iron than your body needs can be dangerous.

Selenium

Selenium does not occur naturally in the body, but is a trace element found in food and soil. It is vital for the immune system, reproduction, and thyroid function, including the conversion of T4 to T3 thyroid hormone, making it essential for good metabolic function. It is also an antioxidant. With low selenium levels, you may have symptoms such as brain fog and cognitive decline, as well as lack of energy and blood results that look “normal” even if you feel unwell. You may also have low free T3 as a sign that selenium is low or deficient, resulting in insufficient conversion of T4 to T3. Selenium has also been reported to lower thyroid antibodies, helping to manage Hashimoto’s more effectively.

B12

Low B12 levels can cause tiredness, fatigue, a sluggish metabolism, and poor adrenal health. Vitamin B-12 and folic acid are important for energy and heart protection. B12 is also needed in order to make TSH, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that instructs the thyroid gland how much thyroid hormone to produce. People with hypothyroidism seem to struggle to absorb B12, and low levels can cause mental illness, various neurological disorders, neuralgia, neuritis, and bursitis. Leaky gut and poor gut health may well be the reason why so many of us have low levels. Vegan and vegetarian diets also pose a greater risk, and taking too much vitamin C can also reduce B12 availability.

Vitamin D

Low vitamin D levels seem to be becoming more common not only among thyroid patients but also in the general population. Low levels of this vitamin can cause depression, back pain, joint pain and stiffness, fatigue, and poor immune system function. Vitamin D deficiency can also stop T3 from activating your cell to increase your metabolic rate (cold intolerance, low energy, and weight gain). Vitamin D has also been shown to lower thyroid antibodies.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is fat soluble. Vitamin A deficiency can stop T3 from activating your cell to increase metabolic rate and energy levels, but it’s also important for good immune system function. It keeps the mucous and skin membranes healthy and contributes to the prevention of aging.

Vitamin A must be accompanied by protein to make it available to the body, so if you are on a low protein diet you may be deficient in this. If you have low vitamin A levels, your ability to produce TSH is limited. This vitamin is also required by the body to convert T4 to T3. However, it is toxic in large amounts and pregnant women are even advised to consume liver pâté again due to the high amount of vitamin A it contains and its association with birth defects. Always consult a physician.

Vitamin E

An antioxidant, vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for many body processes, including TSH production. It’s also important for the skin and good for high blood sugar (blood sugar imbalances are common in autoimmune hypothyroidism).

Zinc

The mineral Zinc is needed for the production of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, to instruct the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone. It also plays a role in the functioning of the immune system and the conversion of T4 to T3.

Magnesium

Mineral Magnesium is needed to produce TSH and to convert T4 to T3.