5 Most Common Knee Injuries

The knee is the largest joint of the body, and is also one of the most commonly injured joints. Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons work together to form your knee joint and allow you to bend your leg. Because of all the moving parts on the knee and the sensitive nature of the joint, it’s very prone to multiple types of injuries.

If you’re experiencing knee pain, it’s likely that you’re suffering from one of the most common knee injuries. We’ll help you understand the makeup of the knee, as well as how to identify the symptoms of a knee injury. However, only your orthopaedic doctor can determine what injury you’re dealing with. 

Anatomy of the Knee

Within the knee joint are three bones: the femur (thighbone), the tibia (shin bone), and the patella (kneecap). These three bones meet to form the knee joint. Articular cartilage covers the ends of the femur and the tibia, as well as the back of the patella. The cartilage allows the bones of the knee joint to smoothly glide against one another as you bend or straighten your leg. The meniscus is a tough and rubbery wedge-shaped cartilage located between your femur and tibia. The meniscus cartilage cushions the joint and also acts as a shock-absorber between the femur and tibia bones.

There are four ligaments that connect the bones together and stabilize the knee joint. The medial collateral ligament is located on the inside of the knee, while the lateral ligament is on the outside. These ligaments control your knee joint as it moves sideways and stabilizes it and protects it from any unusual movement that may occur. The cruciate ligaments are within the knee joint and cross over each other to create an “X” shape. The anterior cruciate ligament is in the front of the knee joint and the posterior cruciate ligament is located behind it. These ligaments control the back and forth motion of the knee. 

The tendons within your knee connect the muscles to the bones. The quadriceps tendon is located in the front of your thigh and connects those muscles to the patella. The patellar tendon connects your patella to your shinbone.

Knee Injuries

There are many different types of knee injuries that can occur, since there are several different parts that make up the knee. In some cases, more than one knee structure is affected and also injured. Below are the most common types of injuries.

1. Knee Fracture

Your patella, or your knee cap, protects your knee joints from injuries or further damage. When you fall or collide with an object or a person, your kneecap makes first contact and shields the different parts within your knee joint. This makes the kneecap susceptible to fractures. 

Knee fractures are common but they’re also very serious. The knee must be immobilized to allow the bone to heal or sometimes needs surgery for repair.

2. Knee Dislocation

A knee dislocation occurs when the knee bones come out of place. This can happen when there is a large impact to the knee, such as a fall, a collision, or a car accident. 

In certain situations, the knee will correct itself. It will feel a little sore, but will function normally. If this doesn’t happen, the only way to recover from a dislocation is to relocate the knee bones back into place. A doctor will strategically adjust the bones back in place in what is usually a quick, fluid motion. 

3. Knee Ligament Injury

Ligament injuries are extremely common in sports. They occur when the knee is overextended, or moved in a way it shouldn’t naturally move and the ligaments are unable to support the movement. Because the ligaments serve to keep the knee in place, if they’re forced too much, they aren’t able to do their job and they can stretch or tear. 

The most commonly injured ligaments include the cruciate ligaments which make up the X – the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The collateral ligaments – the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – are also commonly injured. 

Although ligament injuries are very common, there are varying degrees to how serious the injury is. 

• Grade I: In a Grade I ligament injury, the fibers have been slightly overstretched causing a ligament sprain. You won’t notice a lot of bruising, if any, and only minimal swelling. An example of this type of injury is an MCL sprain.

• Grade II: This is when the ligament fibers are partially torn, but not all the way across. This will result in more pain and joint restriction than Grade I, as well as additional bruising and swelling. 

• Grade III: A Grade III injury is when the ligament is completely torn which involves severe pain initially. The knee and surrounding area will be very bruised and swollen. An example of this type of injury is an LCL tear.       

4. Meniscus Tear

Meniscus tears occur frequently during sports where jumping or twisting is involved, such as volleyball. Meniscus tears also are common in sports such as football or soccer, where athletes change direction quickly while running. Any type of knee twisting, cutting or pivoting can result in a torn meniscus. Sometimes the meniscus also tears from wearing out over time.

5. Knee Tendon Tear

Tendon tears can happen to anyone, but are especially common in middle-aged people who are running or engaging in jumping sports and other activities. Landing awkwardly after coming down from a jump is a common way to injure the tendon, as the tendon is unable to support the overextension. 

Falls can also cause a stretched tendon due to the direct force to the front of the knee.

Knee Injury Signs and Symptoms

Two tell-tale signs of a knee injury are pain and swelling of the knee. You may also have difficulty with the joint moving. It may feel stiff, lock up, or feel like it’s catching as you bend and straighten your leg. 

If you hear your knee pop and then give out at the time of impact, it’s definitely a cause for concern. This popping sound could be the sound of something tearing. You may feel like you can’t stand firmly on your leg after a knee injury, since your ligaments are unstable. It may feel like your knee is giving way. 

Knee Injury Treatment

If your knee pain is minimal, it’s possible you did not injure it and it’s just feeling a little sore from overexertion. You can typically treat this type of pain with the RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) method. If this method works for you and you’re feeling back to normal, you can avoid a doctor visit. 

When experiencing a lot of pain, swelling, bruising and instability, it’s important to visit your doctor for treatment. Neglecting the problem could aggravate it, and turn a minor sprain into a tear.

One of the first steps of treating your knee injury is stabilizing the knee. Your doctor will likely recommend a brace to keep your knee joint from moving. This will allow bone fractures to heal properly. You may also be given crutches to prevent you from putting weight onto your injured leg.

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy will involve a program of several weeks of specific stretches and exercises to restore function of your knee joint. In addition, the exercises will strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint. 

Surgical Treatment

You may need surgery to treat your knee injury in certain cases to fully restore its function, when physical therapy and other methods have not proven successful. Some injuries cannot heal on their own, such as a completely torn ligament, and they’ll need to be operated on. Many knee surgeries can be minimally invasive and performed arthroscopically using miniature tools and small incisions. In other cases, your surgeon will need to make a larger incision to repair the injury. 

Rothman Orthopaedics has many knee specialists that can help you determine what type of knee injury you’re dealing with and how you can find relief. Don’t wait to see an orthopaedic doctor to avoid further injury. 

Knee pain Information | Mount Sinai

Pain – knee

Knee pain is a common symptom in people of all ages. It may start suddenly, often after an injury or exercise. Knee pain also may begin as a mild discomfort, then slowly get worse.

Leg pain in older children or young adolescents can occur for many reasons. An Osgood-Schlatter lesion results from continued trauma to the anterior tibial bone and causes a visible lump below the knee.

The muscular components of the lower leg include the gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and the Achilles tendon.

The location of knee pain can help identify the problem. Pain on the front of the knee can be due to bursitis, arthritis, or softening of the patella cartilage as in chondromalacia patella. Pain on the sides of the knee is commonly related to injuries to the collateral ligaments, arthritis, or tears to the meniscuses. Pain in the back of the knee can be caused by arthritis or cysts, known as Baker’s cysts. Baker’s cysts are an accumulation of joint fluid (synovial fluid) that forms behind the knee. Overall knee pain can be due to bursitis, arthritis, tears in the ligaments, osteoarthritis of the joint, or infection. Instability, or giving way, is also another common knee problem. Instability is usually associated with damage or problems with the meniscuses, collateral ligaments, or patella tracking.

A Baker cyst is seen as a swelling behind the knee. It forms when joint fluid collects behind the knee. The swelling may be due from inflammation or from other causes, like arthritis. The condition can be seen in both adults and children.

Tendinitis is inflammation, irritation, and swelling of a tendon, which is the fibrous structure that joins muscle to bone. Tendinitis pain in the knee is located in the front of the knee. The pain gets worse when going up and down stairs or inclines. Tendinitis knee pain can happen in runners, skiers, and cyclists.

Causes

Knee pain can have different causes. Being overweight puts you at greater risk for knee problems. Overusing your knee can trigger knee problems that cause pain. If you have a history of arthritis, it could also cause knee pain.

Here are some common causes of knee pain:

MEDICAL CONDITIONS

• Arthritis — Including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, and gout
• Baker cyst — A fluid-filled swelling behind the knee that may occur with swelling (inflammation) from other causes, such as arthritis
• Cancers that either spread to your bones or begin in the bones
• Osgood-Schlatter disease
• Infection in the bones around the knee
• Infection in the knee joint

INJURIES AND OVERUSE

• Bursitis — Inflammation from repeated pressure on the knee, such as kneeling for a long time, overuse, or injury
• Tendinitis — Inflammation of the tendon with change in activities, can be related to overuse or deconditioned tissue
• Dislocation of the kneecap
• Fracture of the kneecap or other bones
• Iliotibial band syndrome — Injury to the thick band that runs from your hip to the outside of your knee
• Patellofemoral syndrome — Pain in the front of your knee around the kneecap
• Torn ligament. — An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, or medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury may cause bleeding into your knee, swelling, or an unstable knee
• Torn cartilage (a meniscus tear) — Pain felt on the inside or outside of the knee joint
• Strain or sprain — Minor injuries to the ligaments caused by sudden or unnatural twisting

Home Care

Simple causes of knee pain often clear up on their own while you take steps to manage your symptoms. If knee pain is caused by an accident or injury, you should contact your health care provider.

If your knee pain has just started and is not severe, you can:

• Rest and avoid activities that cause pain. Avoid putting weight on your knee.
• Apply ice. First, apply it every hour for up to 15 minutes. After the first day, apply it at least 4 times per day. Cover your knee with a towel before applying ice. Do not fall asleep while using ice. You can leave it on too long and get frostbite.
• Keep your knee raised as much as possible to bring down any swelling.
• Wear an elastic bandage or elastic sleeve, which you can buy at most pharmacies. This may reduce swelling and provide support.
• Take ibuprofen (Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve) for pain and swelling. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can help relieve pain, but not swelling. Talk to your provider before taking these medicines if you have medical problems, or if you have taken them for more than a day or two.
• Sleep with a pillow underneath or between your knees.

Follow these general tips to help relieve and prevent knee pain:

• Always warm up before exercising and cool down after exercising. Stretch the muscles in the front of your thigh (quadriceps) and in the back of your thigh (hamstrings).
• Avoid running down hills — walk down instead.
• Bicycle, or better yet, swim instead of run.
• Reduce the amount of exercise you do.
• Run on a smooth, soft surface, such as a track, instead of on cement or pavement.
• Lose weight if you are overweight. Every pound (0.5 kilogram) that you are overweight puts about 5 extra pounds (2.25 kilograms) of pressure on your kneecap when you go up and down stairs. The amount of extra pressure is even greater when you jump. Ask your provider for help losing weight.
• If you have flat feet, try special shoe inserts and arch supports (orthotics).
• Make sure your running shoes are well made, fit well, and have good cushioning.

Further steps for you to take may depend on the cause of your knee pain.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if:

• You cannot bear weight on your knee.
• You have severe pain, even when not bearing weight.
• Your knee buckles, clicks, or locks.
• Your knee is deformed or misshapen.
• You cannot flex your knee or have trouble straightening it all the way out.
• You have a fever, redness or warmth around the knee, or a lot of swelling.
• You have pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or bluish discoloration in the calf below the sore knee.
• You still have pain after 3 days of home treatment. 

What to Expect at Your Office Visit

Your provider will perform a physical exam, to include your knees, hips, legs, and other joints.

Your provider may do the following tests:

• X-ray of the knee
• MRI of the knee if a ligament or meniscus tear could be the cause
• CT scan of the knee
• Joint fluid culture (fluid taken from the knee and examined under a microscope)

Your provider may inject a steroid into your knee to reduce pain and inflammation.

You may need to learn stretching and strengthening exercises. You also may need to see a podiatrist to be fitted for orthotics.

In some cases, you may need surgery.

Cheung EC, McAllister DR, Petrigliano FA. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries. In: Miller MD, Thompson SR, eds. DeLee, Drez, & Miller’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 98.

Huddleston JI, Goodman S. Hip and knee pain. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, Koretzky GA, McInnes IB, O’Dell JR, eds. Firestein & Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 51.

McCarthy M, Mcarty EC, Frank RM. Patellofemoral pain. In: Miller MD, Thompson SR, eds. DeLee, Drez, & Miller’s Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 106.

Last reviewed on: 12/12/2022

Reviewed by: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, CA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

Knee injury – symptoms, causes, treatment

This disease is treated by a neurologist.

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A knee injury is a lesion of soft tissues and bones in the area of ​​the knee joint: bruise, bone fracture, sprain, or other violation. Diagnosis is essential for drawing up an actual treatment plan. Consider the current types of examinations, effective methods of treatment and rehabilitation.

CMDT specialist tells

Kuchenkov A.V.

Orthopedist • Traumatologist • Surgeon • Phlebologist • Sports doctor • 25 years of experience

Publication date: July 19, 2022

Verification date: February 19, 2023

All facts have been verified by a doctor.

Contents of the article

Causes of knee injury

Symptoms of knee injury

Types of knee injury

How to diagnose

The doctor asks the patient about the circumstances of the injury and the symptoms. Visual inspection and palpation reveal typical manifestations of certain types of pathology. To make a final diagnosis, specialists conduct functional and instrumental diagnostics:

• radiography
• ultrasonography (ultrasound)
• magnetic resonance imaging
• arthroscopy

MRI is the imaging modality of choice for facilitating assessment of bone and soft tissue conditions. In CMRT clinics, experienced doctors examine the images obtained using tomography to make an accurate diagnosis.

Which doctor to contact

An injury to the knee joint requires an orthopedist-traumatologist. With concomitant injuries, the patient needs to consult a surgeon.

Treatment of a knee injury in CMRT clinics

Experienced orthopedists of CMRT clinics select an effective treatment regimen based on the results of the examination. Conservative treatment is acceptable with minor damage to soft tissues, damage to the ligaments. The doctor immobilizes the limb to eliminate the load, applies a cold compress. Physiotherapy procedures relieve pain and prevent the development of the inflammatory process. When the ligaments are torn, the orthopedist applies a cast for several weeks. In case of serious fractures, the doctor restores the integrity of the tissues with the help of skeletal traction, surgery.

Additional treatments and recovery:

• connection of bone fragments with orthopedic constructions (osteosynthesis)
• removal of part of the meniscus or suturing it in case of severe damage
• use of painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs
• exercise therapy and massage to relieve symptoms and restore movement during rehabilitation

Self-medication is not allowed. Only a qualified orthopedist can draw up the correct treatment regimen.

Sequelae of injury to the knee

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Moskaleva V.V.

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first aid, treatment methods, types, reasons, what to do

The knee joint is one of the largest and most complex in the human body. At the same time, this is a very fragile joint, which, in terms of the frequency of injuries, is comparable only to the ankle joint. This is due to the high stress that the knee bears when walking, cycling and skiing or playing football, as it carries the weight of the entire body as it moves. A knee injury is the most common reason people see a doctor. In case of minor injuries, conservative treatment is carried out, however, there are injuries when a surgical operation is necessary for recovery, followed by rehabilitation.

Content:

1. Causes of knee injuries
2. What are knee injuries: the most common cases
   1. knee fracture
   2. Dislocation of the knee
   3. Knee injury
   4. meniscus injury
   5. tendon rupture
   6. Knee sprain
   7. Tendinitis
3. Risk Factors Leading to Knee Injury
4. First aid for knee injuries
5. Treatment of knee injuries
6. Exercises to develop the knee joint after injury

Causes of knee injuries

Most often, athletes have knee injuries, but the knee joint can be easily damaged even in everyday life. The main causes of domestic injuries are:

• fall from a height;
• sharp extension and flexion of the knee;
• high jump landing on a straight leg;
• hit with a hard object in the knee joint;
• excessive twisting of the leg and thigh in opposite directions.

In addition, knee injury can occur in people who suffer from diseases that weaken the knee joint: arthrosis and arthritis, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, inflammation of bone tissue caused by impaired collagen synthesis, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and other pathologies.

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What are knee injuries: the most common cases

Athletes and people whose work is associated with increased physical exertion should be aware of what knee injuries can be. The most common injuries are: contusion, dislocation, sprain and rupture of the medial or lateral ligament, fractures of the patella and bones (external and internal), violation of the integrity of the meniscus.

Important!

Any damage to the knee joint causes similar pain, therefore, to clarify the diagnosis, it is necessary to contact a traumatologist, who, using X-ray examination or CT, will accurately determine what kind of injury the patient has experienced.

Knee Fracture

Any bone in the knee joint can break in a fall, accident, or impact with a hard object, but the kneecap is usually fractured. It is accompanied by severe pain, swelling, hemorrhage into the joint cavity due to rupture of blood vessels, and the inability to raise a straight leg. The diagnosis is confirmed by X-ray examination. In case of a fracture with a displacement of the bone, surgical intervention is indicated, during which the fragments are pulled together and connected to each other using plates and screws. If the fragments are in an anatomical position, it is recommended to wear an orthopedic fixator that holds the joint in the desired position, and to perform physiotherapy.

Dislocation of the knee

Dislocation of the knee is a serious injury in which one or more bones are displaced from their anatomical position. Causes include a sudden change of direction during a fall, an accident, a sharp knee rotation due to mechanical force. In many cases, the dislocation is painful, but is easily reduced by a traumatologist, followed by splinting. If, as a result of an injury, blood vessels and nerve fibers in the articulation area are damaged, there is a risk of developing ischemic complications. In this case, surgical treatment is necessary.

Knee contusion

Knee contusion is a traumatic injury resulting from a fall, a blow with a blunt object or a sharp rotation of the torso on a fixed foot, which occurred without compromising the integrity of the articulation structures. When bruised, the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and all intra-articular elements suffer. With a mild injury, capillary rupture does not occur, due to reflex spasm and vasodilation, edema and hematomas are observed. With a strong bruise, there is pain, severe hemorrhage, the affected tissues are saturated with blood. When it enters the articular cavity, hemarthrosis or synovitis is diagnosed.

Meniscus injury

The meniscus is a fibrous cartilage that acts as a shock absorber in the knee joint during movement. Injury to the meniscus of the knee joint is most often found in athletes, ballet dancers, people performing heavy physical work. If the meniscus is damaged, it is impossible to bend and straighten the leg, there are difficulties with climbing and descending stairs. Symptoms are characteristic clicks, pain, swelling, limited movement. When X-ray diagnostics and MRI in the joint, an accumulation of fluid is detected. When the cartilage is displaced, the orthopedist inserts them into place and applies a cast or splint. For small tears, arthroscopy of the knee joint is performed to relieve swelling, remove fluid and restore mobility. With extensive tears, an operation is performed to remove the meniscus.

Tendon Rupture

Tendon joints are located under the knee and are responsible for flexion and extension of the hip, keeping the body in an upright position when walking. Injuries are provoked by active sports, open fractures, knee injuries with sharp objects, improper load distribution, and age-related tissue degeneration. The main symptoms are intense pain in the knee and gait disturbance caused by difficulty bending the leg while walking. If you have difficulty lifting the straight leg, you should contact a traumatologist or orthopedist to do an x-ray examination and an MRI. If the rupture is confirmed, the patient will need surgery followed by a cast on the knee.

Sprain of the knee ligaments

Injuries of the ligaments of the knee joint are formed when the lower leg is twisted outward or inward, with direct blows, falls from a height, road accidents, and other multicomponent effects. At the time of injury, the victim feels a click and sharp pain. The mobility of the lower leg is impaired, swelling and hematomas may form, lameness, signs of joint instability may appear.

Diagnosis of fresh injuries is carried out under local anesthesia, x-rays are prescribed to exclude a fracture, MRI for layer-by-layer examination of ligaments, cartilage and tendons, ultrasound to determine the volume of synovial fluid. The leg is fixed with an elastic bandage, in difficult cases arthroscopy of the knee joint is prescribed.

Tendinitis

Tendinitis of the knee is an inflammatory process that affects the patellar ligament. Inflammation is localized in the area of ​​the tendon that connects the patella to the lower leg. The causes of the disease are microtrauma and constant overstrain of the tendon. The disease is most often diagnosed in athletes: athletes, football players, basketball players, tennis players. It is characterized by severe pain during extreme loads, as well as pain when pressing on the ligaments in a calm state. Predisposing factors are: foot pathology, wearing uncomfortable shoes, joint injuries, an ill-conceived training schedule, jumping on a hard surface, heavy weight.

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Risk factors for knee injury

Risk factors for various types of knee injury include:

1. Being overweight. Increases the load on the articular joints during normal movements, destroys articular cartilage, increases the likelihood of developing arthritis and arthrosis.
2. Weakness of the muscular system. Well-developed muscles hold and protect the joints from injury, increase the range of motion.
3. Chronic injuries and inflammations. Poorly healed previous injuries to cartilage and bone tissue increase the risk of new injuries.
4. Active sports activities. Increase the load on the knee joint and increase the risk of injury basketball, football, hockey, skiing, jogging.

First Aid for Knee Injuries

For those who play sports or work that involves heavy physical exertion, it is important to know how to determine which knee injury has occurred in order to provide first aid to the victim. This is a standard procedure that requires:

1. Provide peace. The person should be laid on a flat hard surface and slightly raise the injured leg by placing a pillow or roller under it.
2. Put a splint or pressure elastic bandage on the leg (except for a broken joint) to fix it in a stationary horizontal position.
3. Apply ice to the injury site for 2 to 3 hours. This will reduce pain and swelling.
4. In case of severe pain, give the victim any pain medication.
5. If there is an open fracture, stop the bleeding by applying a tourniquet to the leg above the injury, indicating the time. After an hour, the tourniquet must be loosened and shifted a little higher.

Important!

You can not independently set the joint in case of dislocation, touch the bone fragments in case of an open fracture or try to put them in place, warm up the knee within 48 hours after the injury, since there is a high risk of complications.

Treatment of knee injuries

Depending on the nature of the injury, knee injuries are treated in different ways. Minor injuries are treated with conservative methods: therapeutic exercises, physiotherapy, medication. The most serious injuries are knee meniscus injury, anterior cruciate ligament tear and knee fracture. The most effective and safe methods of treatment are used in the Department of Surgery of the Garvis Clinic:

1. Metal osteosynthesis. It is performed with multi-comminuted, periarticular and intraarticular fractures of bones. During the operation, the traumatologist-orthopedist installs metal implants that allow you to match and hold the bone fragments in the correct anatomical position, which contributes to the rapid healing of the damaged bone.
2. Arthroscopy of the knee. A minimally invasive operation, indications for which are both chronic injuries that occurred more than 1 month ago, as well as fresh meniscus injuries, synovitis and other pathologies. During arthroscopy, 2 small incisions are made, into one of which a special solution is introduced to wash the articular cavity, and into the other – an arthroscope with a microvideo camera. The doctor sees the image on the monitor and can perform the necessary manipulations. The advantage of arthroscopy is the absence of negative consequences after the procedure.
3. Knee replacement. A complex endoscopic operation, during which a damaged and worn joint is replaced with an artificial one. Endoprosthetics is performed in case of improper bone fusion and the ineffectiveness of conservative methods of treating arthrosis, bone tissue necrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, purulent inflammation of the joint and other diseases.

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Exercises to develop the knee joint after injury

Very often people are wondering what to do to prevent knee injuries. The answer is simple enough. Massage of the knee joint after an injury and a set of exercises will help reduce the risk of re-injury and restore knee mobility:

1. Sliding the heel on the floor. The exercise is performed in the supine position. The heel, without lifting off the floor, must be slowly moved to the buttocks and slowly returned to its original position.
2. Flexion of the injured knee with the healthy leg. Suitable for early rehabilitation after injury. Exercise is done while sitting on a chair. Placing a healthy leg over the patient, they try to bend the damaged knee joint as much as possible.
3. Knee flexion with belt. The patient sits on a chair and rests on a healthy leg. The ankle of the injured leg is secured with a strap that is wrapped around the leg of the chair, with the free end in the hand. It is necessary to pull the belt towards you so that the injured knee bends until pain appears in the thigh area.
4. Knee extension with support. Sitting on a chair and focusing on a healthy leg, the foot of the diseased limb is placed on a chair or cabinet so that the injured knee remains on weight. To extend the leg, you can use various weights.