What are the normal vital sign ranges for children of different ages. How do heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and temperature vary from infancy to adolescence. When should parents be concerned about their child’s vital signs.

Understanding Pediatric Vital Signs

Monitoring vital signs in children is crucial for assessing their overall health and detecting potential issues early. The four main vital signs – heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and body temperature – provide valuable information about a child’s physiological state. However, it’s important to note that normal ranges for these vital signs vary significantly based on a child’s age.

Why Are Age-Specific Ranges Important?

Children’s bodies undergo rapid development and growth, especially in the first few years of life. As a result, what’s considered normal for an infant may be cause for concern in an older child. Understanding age-specific ranges helps healthcare providers and parents interpret vital signs accurately and identify potential health problems.

Vital Signs in Infants (0-12 months)

The first year of life is a period of rapid growth and development, reflected in the wide ranges for some vital signs.

Heart Rate

An infant’s heart rate is typically much faster than an adult’s. The normal range for infants aged 0-12 months is 70-190 beats per minute (bpm). This wide range accounts for variations in activity level and emotional state.

Respiratory Rate

Infants breathe more rapidly than older children. The normal ranges are:

• 0-6 months: 25-64 breaths per minute
• 6-12 months: 22-61 breaths per minute

Body Temperature

The average body temperature for infants is 98.6°F (37°C), with a normal range of 97.4°F-99.6°F (36.3°C-37.6°C). Is a slightly elevated temperature always cause for concern in infants? Not necessarily, as teething or recent feeding can cause minor fluctuations.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure measurement is not routinely performed in healthy infants under 12 months. When necessary, it requires specialized equipment and interpretation by a healthcare professional.

Vital Signs in Young Children (1-11 years)

As children grow, their vital signs begin to stabilize and approach adult ranges, though they remain distinct.

Heart Rate

For children aged 1-11 years, the normal heart rate range is 52-156 bpm. This wide range accounts for variations in age, activity level, and individual differences.

Respiratory Rate

Breathing rate continues to slow as children grow:

• 1-3 years: 21-33 breaths per minute
• 4-11 years: 17-25 breaths per minute

Body Temperature

The average body temperature remains 98.6°F (37°C), with the same normal range as infants: 97.4°F-99.6°F (36.3°C-37.6°C).

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure norms for children depend on age, sex, and height. Healthcare providers use specialized charts to interpret blood pressure readings in this age group. How can parents know if their child’s blood pressure is normal? Regular check-ups with a pediatrician are the best way to monitor and interpret blood pressure in young children.

Vital Signs in Adolescents (12 years and older)

By adolescence, vital signs are approaching adult norms, though some differences remain.

Heart Rate

The normal heart rate range for adolescents is 60-110 bpm, closer to adult norms but still allowing for higher rates during physical activity or stress.

Respiratory Rate

Breathing rate in adolescents is typically 12-22 breaths per minute, similar to adults.

Body Temperature

The average body temperature and normal range remain consistent: 98.6°F (37°C), with a range of 97.4°F-99.6°F (36.3°C-37.6°C).

Blood Pressure

For adolescents 13 and older, normal blood pressure is considered 120/80 mm Hg or lower. For 12-year-olds, interpretation still depends on age, sex, and height. Do adolescents need regular blood pressure checks? Yes, annual screenings are recommended to detect potential issues early.

Factors Affecting Pediatric Vital Signs

While age is a primary factor in determining normal vital sign ranges, several other elements can influence these measurements:

• Physical activity
• Emotional state
• Time of day
• Recent food or fluid intake
• Medications
• Underlying health conditions

Healthcare providers consider these factors when interpreting vital signs to ensure accurate assessment of a child’s health status.

When to Seek Medical Attention

While knowing normal ranges is helpful, it’s essential to remember that vital signs should be interpreted in the context of a child’s overall health and symptoms. Parents should seek medical attention if they notice:

• Persistent readings outside the normal range
• Sudden changes in vital signs
• Signs of distress or illness accompanying abnormal vital signs
• Difficulty breathing or unusual breathing patterns
• Chest pain or irregular heartbeats
• Unexplained changes in consciousness or behavior

Can parents accurately measure vital signs at home? While some measurements like temperature are easily done at home, others like blood pressure require specialized equipment and training for accurate results. When in doubt, it’s best to consult a healthcare professional.

The Importance of Regular Check-ups

Regular pediatric check-ups are crucial for monitoring a child’s growth and development, including tracking vital signs over time. These appointments allow healthcare providers to:

• Establish baseline measurements for each child
• Detect trends or changes that may indicate health issues
• Provide age-appropriate health screenings and vaccinations
• Offer guidance on nutrition, safety, and overall well-being

How often should children have check-ups? The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends frequent visits in the first three years of life, then annual check-ups for older children and adolescents.

Advanced Considerations in Pediatric Vital Signs

Beyond the basic vital signs, healthcare providers may consider additional factors when assessing a child’s health:

Oxygen Saturation

Measured using a pulse oximeter, oxygen saturation indicates how well the body is oxygenated. Normal levels are typically 95% or higher.

Pain Scale

While not a traditional vital sign, assessing pain is crucial in pediatric care. Various age-appropriate scales help quantify a child’s pain level.

Growth Parameters

Height, weight, and head circumference (in infants) are often considered alongside vital signs to evaluate overall health and development.

Capillary Refill Time

This quick test assesses circulation by measuring how quickly color returns to skin after pressure is applied. Normal refill time is less than 2 seconds.

How do these additional measurements enhance pediatric assessment? They provide a more comprehensive picture of a child’s health status, helping healthcare providers detect subtle issues that might not be apparent from basic vital signs alone.

Technology and Pediatric Vital Signs

Advancements in medical technology have improved the accuracy and ease of measuring pediatric vital signs:

• Non-invasive blood pressure monitors designed for children
• Wearable devices that continuously track heart rate and activity levels
• Smart thermometers that sync with smartphone apps for easy tracking
• Portable pulse oximeters for home use

While these technologies offer convenience, it’s important to remember that they should complement, not replace, professional medical care. How can parents use home monitoring responsibly? By discussing the use of any home monitoring devices with their child’s healthcare provider and using the information to inform, not diagnose.

Understanding pediatric vital signs is crucial for both healthcare providers and parents. By knowing what’s normal for each age group and recognizing when to seek medical attention, we can ensure children receive timely and appropriate care. Regular check-ups, combined with informed home monitoring, create a comprehensive approach to pediatric health assessment. As children grow and develop, their vital signs evolve, reflecting the remarkable journey from infancy to adolescence.

Vital Signs in Children | Kaiser Permanente

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Overview

Vital signs include heart rate, respiration (breathing rate), blood pressure, and temperature. Knowing the ranges for vital signs for your child can help you notice problems early or relieve concerns you may have about how your child is doing.

0 to 12 months old

Vital signs for infants ages 0 to 12 months include the following:

Heart rate

This is measured in beats per minute (bpm).

• 0 to 12 months: 70-190 bpm^{footnote 1}

Respiration (breaths)

This is measured in breaths per minute (bpm).

• 0 to 6 months: 25-64 bpm
• 6 to 12 months: 22-61 bpm^{footnote 2}

Temperature

This is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C).

• 0 to 12 months: 98.6 °F (37 °C). The normal range is 97.4 F–99.6 F (36.3 C–37.6 C).

1 to 11 years old

Vital signs for children ages 1 to 11 years include the following:

Heart rate

This is measured in beats per minute (bpm).

• 1 to 11 years: 52-156 bpm^{footnote 2}

Respiration (breaths)

This is measured in breaths per minute (bpm).

• 1 to 3 years: 21–33 bpm
• 4 to 11 years: 17-25 bpm^{footnote 2}

Blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)

Systolic blood pressure is the upper number of a blood pressure reading. Diastolic is the lower number. They are measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

What is normal and what is high blood pressure depends on your child’s age, sex, and height.^{footnote 3}

Temperature

This is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C).

• 1 to 11 years: 98.6 °F (37 °C). The normal range is 97.4 F–99.6 F (36.3 C–37.6 C).

12 years and older

Vital signs for children ages 12 years and older include the following:

Heart rate

This is measured in beats per minute (bpm).

• 60–110 bpm^{footnote 1}

Respiration (breaths)

This is measured in breaths per minute (bpm).

• 12–22 bpm^{footnote 2}

Blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)

Systolic blood pressure is the upper number of a blood pressure reading. Diastolic is the lower number. They are measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

For children who are age 12, what is normal and what is high blood pressure depends on your child’s age, sex, and height.^{footnote 3}

For children who are 13 and older, normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg or lower.^{footnote 3}

Temperature

This is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C).

98.6 F (37 C). The normal range is 97.4 F–99.6 F (36.3 C–37.6 C).

References

Citations

1. Bernstein D (2016). Evaluation of the cardiovascular system: History and physical examination. In RM Kliegman et al., eds., Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 20th ed. , vol. 2, pp. 3120–3127. Philadelphia: Elsevier. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com. Accessed January 6, 2022.
2. Fleming S, et al. (2011). Normal ranges of heart rate and respiratory rate in children from birth to 18 years: A systematic review of observational studies. Lancet, 377(9770): 1011–1018. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62226-X. Accessed January 6, 2022.
3. Flynn JT, et al. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 140(3): e20171904. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1904. Accessed August 31, 2018.

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  Related Information

Blood pressure disorders – neonates: Neonatal ehandbook

Key messages

• Hypotension indicates inadequate systemic blood flow
• Recognition and treatment of hypotension is particularly important to avoid complications.
• Volume administration (limited to 10-20 mL/kg normal saline to avoid complications in preterm infants) is the first line of treatment
• Hypertension (defined as sustained systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than the 95th percentile) in the newborn is increasingly seen as a complication in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)  who are receiving steroid treatment but may also be due to congenital or acquired renovascular disease or volume overload. It may also complicate umbilical arterial catheterization although this is usually short-lived
• Normal BP in newborns varies with gestational age, postmenstrual (also referred to as postconceptual) age, and birth weight.  BP values increase following birth, with greater rates of increase seen in preterm infants compared with term infants and is primarily the result of an increase in stroke volume Flynn, J. T

Page contents: Non invasive BP measuring | In-dwelling arterial lines | ‘Normal’ neonatal blood pressure values | Areas of uncertainty in clinical practice | More information

The recognition and treatment of hypotension is particularly important to avoid complications such as cerebral ischaemic injury or intraventricular haemorrhage.

In general hypotension is often due to a combination of:

• abnormal peripheral vasoregulation
• myocardial dysfunction
• hypovolaemia.

The first line of treatment is volume administration with 10-20 mL/kg normal saline which should be limited to this amount to avoid complications especially in preterm infants.

Refractory hypotension should be treated with a dopamine infusion and occasionally followed by an adrenaline infusion and corticosteroids although the latter should only be administered in a tertiary NICU

Unless the baby has an in-dwelling arterial line, the only reliable and accurate way of measuring blood pressure indirectly is by using the oscillometric method.

Non invasive BP measuring

To minimise errors of non invasive BP measurements, the following guidelines are recommended:

• The preferred site is the right arm; however forearm, calf or thigh may be used providing correct cuff size used.
• Cuff width to arm (or calf) circumference ratio as indicated on cuff.
• If possible, obtain BP measurement during quiet or sleep state.
• Obtain average of two or three measurements if making management decisions.
• Use mean BP to monitor changes as this is less likely to be erroneous.
• Noninvasive BP may overestimate BP measurements in very low birth weight(VLBW) or at lower levels.

In-dwelling arterial lines

To minimise errors when using in-dwelling arterial lines, the following factors should be considered:

• Narrow catheters will underestimate systolic BP.
• Occlusion of the tip of the catheter (vessel wall or clot) may dampen wave and underestimate BP.
• Even small air bubbles may have an effect on measurement.
• Peripheral lines read higher than umbilical lines.
• Complications may occur and include:
• Thrombus formation
• Haemorrhage
• Infection

‘Normal’ neonatal blood pressure values

Points to note:

• Blood pressure increases with:
• gestation
• birth weight
• postnatal age (especially in the first 72 hours of life)

• Blood pressure  may be affected by gender especially on the first day of life
• There is no significant difference between arm and calf blood pressure in normal infants.
• It is difficult to define ‘normal’ BP values in ELBW infants.
• In clinical practice, the infant’s blood pressure is generally considered to be adequate as long as urine output (> 1ml/kg/hr) and capillary refill (< 3 seconds) are within normal limits and there is no metabolic acidosis.
• In general all preterm infants, after 72 hours of age, should have a mean blood pressure above 30 mm Hg

However, these are not reliable indicators of tissue perfusion.

Arbitrary definitions of hypertension are as follows:

• term infant: systolic > 90 mmHg, diastolic > 60 mmHg
• preterm infant: systolic > 80 mmHg, diastolic > 50 mmHg

Blood pressure ranges in neonates

Low birthweight infants

Preterm infants by gestation

Preterm infants by Age

Term infants

 Normal Blood Neonatal Blood Pressure Values 

Hypotension

Clinical features of hypotension may include:

• Tachycardia
• Bradycardia
• Tachypnoea
• Mottling of the skin
• Prolonged capillary refill time
• Cool extremities
• Reduced urine output

The major causes of hypotension include:

• Hypovolaemia
• Blood loss
• DIC
• Third space losses with NEC

• Cardiogenic shock
• Asphyxia
• Arrhythmias
• Congenital heart disease
• Cardiomyopathy or myocarditis
• Air leak (e. g. pneumothorax)

• Sepsis
• Adrenal haemorrhage or acute adrenal crisis (congenital adrenal hypoplasia)
• Drug effects

Hypertension

Hypertension may occur in up to 3% of NICU admissions.

It is usually due to renal or cardiovascular abnormalities.

Clinical features of hypertension are often non-specific but may include:

• Haematuria
• Feeding difficulties
• Unexplained tachypnoea
• Apnoea
• Lethargy
• Seizures (rare)
• Mottling with signs of congestive heart failure

The major causes of hypertension include:

• Congenital
• Renal artery stenosis/hypoplasia
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Abdominal aortic atresia
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Renal obstruction and hydronephrosis

• Acquired renal parenchymal causes
• Severe acute tubular necrosis
• Cortical necrosis secondary to asphyxia
• Thromboembolic renal artery or vein complications secondary to umbilical catheterisation
• Polycythaemia

• Endocrinological disorders
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• Hyperaldosteronism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Salt and water overload
• Hypercalcaemia

• Other causes include
• Pain
• Seizures
• Neonatal abstinence
• Some medications e. g. aminophylline

• Tumours
• Neuroblastoma
• Wilms
• Metablastic nephroma

Investigation of neonatal hypertension might include:

• Urea, electrolytes and creatinine
• Urinalysis
• Plasma renin activity
• Cortisol
• 17 hydoxy-progesterone
• Aldosterone
• Thyroid function tests
• Chest xray
• Renal ultrasound
• Four limb blood pressure measurements (a differential pressure between the upper and lower limbs is suggestive of coarctation of the aorta) – an echocardiogram would then be warranted

Treatment of hypertension

• Relates to
• Severity of hypertension
• Underlying cause

• Medications might include
• Beta blockers
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
• Calcium channel blockers
• Diuretics

• Other approaches
• Relief of pain
• Discontinuation of medications potentially causing hypertension

Care must be taken in treating neonatal hypertension to avoid precipitous falls in blood pressure which may be associated with further complications particularly in the preterm infant

Areas of uncertainty in clinical practice

Definitions of ‘normal’ blood pressure in low birthweight and preterm infants are based on small numbers. Although these are ‘healthy’ infants, a variety of devices have been used to produce the measurements.

There is very good evidence to suggest that blood pressure cannot necessarily be equated with normal systemic flow or a normal circulating blood volume.

As a general rule, the lower limit of mean BP in mmHg on the day of birth is approximately equal to gestational age in weeks.

More information

References

• Fanaroff JM, Fanaroff AA. Blood pressure disorders in the neonate: Hypotension and hypertension. Sem Fetal Neonatal Med 2006;11:174-81
• Noori S, Seri I.  Pathophysiology of newborn hypotension outside the transitional period. Early Hum Dev 2005;81:399-404
• Kent AL, Chaudhari T. Determinants of Neonatal Blood Pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013;15:426-32
• Lee J, Rajadurai VS,Tan KW. Blood pressure standards for very low birthweight infants during the first day of life. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;81: F168-F170
• Nuntnarumit P, Yang W, Bada-Ellzey HS. Blood pressure measurements in the newborn. Clin Perinatol 1999;26:981-996
• Puchalski Mary L. Should Blood Pressure be measured in Newborn Infants. May 04,2011
• Rennie, JM. (2012). Appendix 4. In: Rennie, JM and Robertson Rennie & Robertsons Textbook in Neonatology. 5th ed. London: Elsevier Limited. 1301-1305.




• Taeusch HW, Ballard RA. Avery’s Diseases of the Newborn 7th Ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 1998
• Flynn, J.T. Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of neonatal hypertension. Wolters Kluwer Health.  UpToDate 2014

Other Reading/Web links

• Bauer K, Linderkamp O, Versmold. Systolic blood pressure and blood volume in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child 1993;69:521-2
• Kluckow M, Evans, N. Relationship between blood pressure and cardiac output in preterm infants requiring mechanical ventilation. J Pediatr 1996;129:506-12

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health benefits and harms for men, women, children

In mid-July, on the streets of the city and in gardens, you can find small trees strewn from top to bottom with purple and dark red berries. Irgi fruits have a sugary, delicate taste with a pleasant aftertaste. Outwardly, the berries can be confused with currants, and they can taste like raisins. Irga is valued not only for its sweetish taste, but also for its healing properties. Moreover, the bark and leaves of the tree are also used in medicine. Irgi berries perfectly satisfy hunger and strengthen the immune system. Today, berries are actively used by traditional healers, as well as confectioners in the preparation of desserts. Together with a gastroenterologist-hepatologist, we understand what the benefits of honey berries are.

The history of the appearance of the shadberry in nutrition

Amelanchier – this is the name of the shadberry in botany. It is derived from the Provencal word amelanche, meaning “honey taste” of berries. The name of the irgi varies among different peoples. In Russia, you can most often hear the names “sea buckthorn”, “wine berry”, “cinnamon” and “pyrus”, in Italy it is customary to call it “willow delicacy”, in Germany – “rock pear”, and the Canadians called the plant “Canadian loquat” .

Canada is considered to be the birthplace of the shadberry. In the 16th century, the plant was distributed in Europe, where they began to actively prepare sweet wine from berries. In Russia, the famous botanist Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin began to distribute irgu in the 19th century.

Due to its unpretentiousness and frost resistance, the scale of distribution of shadberry has expanded to a large number of regions, including Africa, the USA, the Crimea, the Caucasus and the Far East. In the wild, irga is usually found in forests, bushes and mountains. It is generally accepted that the irga received such a wide distribution range thanks to migratory birds that carried seeds. Today, scientists know about twenty-five species of shadberry. Despite the unpretentiousness of this plant, larger and more useful shadberry berries can be found on trees that receive a lot of sunlight (1).

Composition and calorie content of shadberry

Healing properties of shadberry are determined by the chemical composition of berries, leaves and bark. Irgi fruits contain vitamins and useful elements that are necessary for the body to work (2).

The composition of shadberry berries includes ascorbic acid, sugars, flavonoids, pectins, organic acids, carotene, coloring components and fiber. The leaves and bark of the plant contain tannins, while the seeds contain fatty oil. Irga is also a source of phenolic compounds such as leucoanthocyanins and anthocyanins, catechins, flavonols and chlorogenic acids. Among the macro- and microelements, manganese, iodine, copper, lead and cobalt stand out.

Calories per 100 g	45 kcal
Proteins s	0 g
Carbohydrates	11. 4 g

Tells about the beneficial properties of shadberry for human health Olga Arisheva, Candidate of Medical Sciences, gastroenterologist-hepatologist :

— Irgi berries are a natural multivitamin remedy that has a positive effect on the body as a whole. The fruits of the medicinal plant exhibit immunostimulating, tonic, soothing, antitumor, tonic, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Irgi berries are often used in diets and clinical nutrition.

Irga is actively used in treatment and prevention programs. Phytosterols exhibit an anti-sclerotic effect, strengthen blood vessels, increase the elasticity of capillaries and prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques.

Photo: pixabay.com

Pectins help to restore the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, increase appetite, remove toxins and carcinogens from the body. Also, a decoction based on irgi berries helps to eliminate stress and fatigue, stabilizes the nervous system.

The absorption of vitamin C makes it easier for the body to fight infections. Vitamin C is responsible for the normalization of metabolism and lowering cholesterol levels in the blood.

Bioflavonoids or P vitamins help stabilize blood sugar, prevent blood clots and have a positive effect on heart function.

In sufficient quantities, shadberry contains the most rare vitamin P in foods. The positive effect of the plant on the human body is associated with the presence of this particular element.

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is widely used in metabolic processes, stabilizes the activity of the sebaceous glands and helps maintain good vision.

Decoctions from the bark and leaves of the shadberry have a wound-healing, anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effect.

Benefits of shadberry for women

Ripe and sweet fruits of shadberry will help to cope with women’s problems. Irgi berries reduce pain during the menstrual cycle, and also have a restorative effect on a woman’s body after bleeding during menopause. The delicacy helps to cope with postpartum depression and strengthen the health and immunity of a woman, even after a long and difficult birth.

Photo: pixabay.com

The dietary function of honey berries is especially relevant. Due to its low calorie content and high palatability, this useful plant is widely used in weight loss and weight correction programs.

Benefits of shadberry for men

According to nutritionists, berries of shadberry are recommended to be included in the diet of men over the age of fifty. In old age, most men develop a number of diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems, which are associated with a decrease in the elasticity of blood vessels. The use of irgi allows not only to improve male libido and sexual activity, but also to have a general strengthening effect on blood vessels, thereby preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. The healing properties of irgi are also manifested when men consume berries at a young age. The male body is often prone to stressful conditions, healthy honey berries will help to safely get out of which (3).

Benefits of shadberry for children

Many experts identify a special composition of berries, which includes more than fifty vitamins, micro- and macroelements and substances that can improve the activity of the whole organism. This is especially important for the growing body of the child, which needs a lot of nutrients. Ursolic acid resists the formation of muscle atrophy. And a large number of antioxidant compounds support the protective properties of the body and strengthen the immune system in the fight against bacterial and viral infections. A decoction of medicinal berries promotes wound healing and is often used in the treatment of colds and flu (4).

It is recommended to give shadberry to children from the age of four. The use of fruits at an early age can lead to the manifestation of irritation, rash and other signs of allergic reactions.

Harm of shadberry

Despite the huge number of positive properties of the healing berry, in certain situations the use of shadberry can harm the body. There are a number of specific contraindications, in which you should completely limit the use of sweet berries.

• Diabetes. Eating a carbohydrate-rich berry can lead to a sharp jump in blood glucose levels.
• Obesity. Increasing consumption of sweet berries can lead to an increase in overall body weight.
• Low blood pressure. Substances in the composition of irgi berries help lower blood pressure.
• Tendency to skin eruptions. Irgi berries are a strong allergen.
• Low blood clotting. Substances found in the berries contribute to blood thinning.

According to Olga Arisheva, an adult is recommended to consume no more than one hundred and fifty grams of fresh berries per day. In early childhood, the use of irgi berries should be reduced to fifty grams per day to reduce the risk of allergic reactions.

Medical use

You can often trace the mention of berries, leaves and roots of shadberry in folk recipes. Decoctions and infusions are boiled from a medicinal plant, which help to restore the body with a large number of diseases. It is also important that irgi berries not only alleviate painful conditions, but also stimulate the accelerated recovery of a weakened body due to its nourishment with useful substances. In addition, irgi berries are a good natural remedy for preventing diseases and maintaining health and youth.

Olga Arisheva recommends eating berries fresh or processed, for example, in the form of jams, infusions and syrups. In addition, freshly squeezed irgi juice is used for lotions, providing a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effect. A bandage soaked in irgi juice is applied to the damaged area of ​​the body and left for some time to speed up the healing process. Freshly picked shadberry leaves are applied to wounds and burns to reduce inflammation.

In folk medicine, freshly squeezed juice from shadberry berries is used for gargling with sore throats and inflammation of the oral cavity. Decoctions from the bark and leaves of shadberry are used as an astringent and enveloping agent. And the astringent properties of the juice of freshly picked berries have a calming effect on intestinal disorders.

Use in cooking

Of course, most often shadberry berries are used to treat and restore the body, however, jams, liqueurs, wines, compotes from freshly picked sweet berries turn out to be exceptionally tasty and original. This is especially true for the preparation of sweets and desserts. Baking with irga is a unique delicacy, its fruits harmonize very subtly with cottage cheese and shortcrust pastry.

Winter shadberry marshmallow

Many families have preserved the tradition of home-made berry marshmallow. This primordially Russian delicacy will retain the beneficial properties of irgi until the onset of cold weather. A useful replacement for dessert will not only strengthen the immune system, but also keep the figure 9pixabay 0046

Place the washed berries in a prepared container and grind with an immersion blender until pureed. Then add sugar and leave for a couple of hours to infuse. After that, wipe the resulting mass through a sieve to remove excess bones and rubbish. Put the resulting mixture on greased parchment and dry in the oven at a temperature of 120 degrees until the marshmallow sticks. Roll the finished marshmallow into a roll and cut into portions. Store marshmallow from berry berries in the refrigerator or freezer.

Cottage cheese biscuit with shadberry berries

In Italy, France and Russia, the description of the biscuit varies from cookies to flat cakes and bread. In his cookbook, Alexandre Dumas described it as a flat, round cake that is cooked in the oven. Whichever definition you choose, sweet shadberry berries will be a nice addition and savory decoration to an old dish

Photo: Eva Elijas, pexels. com

tel. Then knead the dough and put it in the refrigerator for 30 minutes. In a separate container, prepare the filling for the biscuit. To do this, thoroughly beat the remaining cottage cheese, 2 tablespoons of sugar and 1 egg white.

Prepare cream. Mix eggs, cream cheese and sugar well. Roll out the risen dough and place the filling on top. Spread blueberries over it. Roll the dough into a roll and cut into 12 equal buns.

Transfer the rolls to a baking sheet and let them rest for 30 minutes. Put them to bake in an oven preheated to 180 degrees for 30-35 minutes.

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How to choose and store shadberry

A feature of shadberry is the ability to actively absorb toxins and heavy metals, so you need to pick medicinal berries away from highways and industrial complexes. It is best to plant a plant in your garden or in your backyard.

Today, shadberry berries are quite rare on store shelves. Although sometimes on the shelves of supermarkets you can find wine from shadberry, jams and jams. When choosing berries in the store, you need to pay attention to the integrity of the packaging and expiration dates.

Ripe berries can be stored at room temperature for no more than three days, so to increase the shelf life, the berry should be stored in the refrigerator. Also, in order to preserve the beneficial properties of berries for longer, the irgu can be dried in a well-ventilated warm room, spread out on a grid. Another way is to dry the berries in the oven for 8 hours, but in this case the temperature should not exceed 60 degrees. Also, the valuable composition of the shadberry can be preserved by freezing the berries on a pallet or baking sheet. For easy storage, frozen berries can be poured into small bags.

Popular questions and answers

Candidate of Medical Sciences, gastroenterologist-hepatologist Olga Arisheva answered the most frequently asked questions about irga.

What is the difference between shadberry and blueberry?

The berries of the shadberry are round and have a size of 1 cm in diameter. They have a small crown and outwardly resemble a small apple. The color is dark purple, almost black. Blueberries also have a black tint, but due to the abundant coating they acquire a bluish tint. The size of blueberries can reach 1.5 cm, depending on the variety. They also resemble an apple in shape, but more flattened.

Is frozen shadberry healthy?

Frozen shadberry even has some advantages over fresh. Immediately after thawing, the berries become sweeter than fresh ones and do not lose their original shape and useful properties. Due to the bright and unusual taste of shadberry, the berries do not need any additions and are usually frozen without sugar or syrup.

When are shadberry leaves harvested?

Irgi leaves have the same healing properties as berries. They make infusions and decoctions. It is recommended to harvest them in May, at the time of flowering, but if necessary, the leaves can be collected during the entire growing season of the shadberry. The bark of young trees is usually harvested after the first frost.

Sources

1. Irga. USDA NRCS,
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Normal pressure in children: table by age groups

Contents

• 1 Normal blood pressure in children depending on age: table of indicators
  • 1.1 The value of pressure for assessing health
  • 1.2 How to measure the pressure in a child?
    • 1.2.1 Preparing to measure pressure:
    • 1. 2.2 How to use the blood pressure monitor:
    • 1.2.3 Rules for measuring pressure in children:
    • 1.2.4 Important note:
  • 1.3 Normal pressure in infants
  • 1.4 Normal blood pressure in preschool children
  • 1.5 Normal blood pressure in primary school children
  • 1.6 Blood pressure in high school students
    • 1.6.1 Pressure standards
    • 1.6.2 Influence of factors on pressure
    • 1.6.3 Prevention of blood pressure problems
  • 1.7 Changing blood pressure during adolescence
  • 1.8 When to see a doctor
  • 1.9Causes of high blood pressure in children
  • 1.10 Causes of low blood pressure in children
    • 1.10.1 Destruction of the balance of fluids in the body
    • 1.10.2 Pathologies of the cardiovascular system
    • 1.10.3 Weakened functioning of the nervous system
    • 1.10 .4 Effect of certain drugs drugs
    • 1.10.5 Nutritional deficiencies
  • 1. 11 How to maintain normal pressure in a child
    • 1.11.1 Nutrition
    • 1.11.2 Physical activity
    • 1.11.3 Sleep
    • 1.11.4 Stress
    • 1.11.5 Pressure control
  • 1.12 Q&A:
    • • 1.12.0.1 What is the normal blood pressure for 4-6 year olds?
      • 1.12.0.2 What does it mean if the pressure in children is above normal?
      • 1.12.0.3 What factors can affect blood pressure in children?
      • 1.12.0.4 How often should children have their blood pressure checked?
      • 1.12.0.5 Can children have low blood pressure?
      • 1.12.0.6 How can a child with hypertension be helped?

Find out what is the normal blood pressure for children depending on their age. Important information for parents and doctors about how to monitor the health of children’s cardiovascular system.

One of the most important indicators of the health of young children is blood pressure. Many parents do not think about the fact that the norm of pressure in a child can be very different from the norm of pressure in adults. Therefore, it is so important to know what the child’s blood pressure should be, depending on his age.

In addition, timely detection of abnormalities in the functioning of the cardiovascular system can help prevent the development of such dangerous diseases as hypertension and hypotension in children. And also to carry out timely treatment and help the small body stay healthy.

In this article, we will talk about the norms of blood pressure in children from birth to 17 years of age, based on approved medical standards and recommendations from leading pediatricians.

Pressure value for health evaluation

Blood pressure is one of the main indicators of human health. Normal blood pressure allows the body to function properly and maintain optimal levels of oxygen and nutrients in the tissues.

But when the pressure is outside the normal range, this may indicate the presence of a disease or abnormalities in the functioning of organs. Therefore, it is so important to monitor your performance and systematically monitor them, especially in childhood.

Medical experts strongly recommend checking blood pressure not only for complaints, but also for non-compliance, especially if there are hereditary factors or past health problems.

• If you develop high blood pressure due to headache or dizziness, chills and heart problems, seek immediate medical attention.
• Low blood pressure may cause fainting, weakness and fatigue, which also requires the attention of a doctor.

Keeping your blood pressure in check will help ensure optimal circulatory function and maintain a high level of health.

How to measure the pressure of a child?

Preparing for blood pressure measurement:

Before taking blood pressure, children should be told that they should be calm and relaxed, and that their hand should be placed on an even horizontal level on the table.

Make sure your child has completely emptied their bladder and hasn’t had any food or drink in the last 30 minutes before taking blood pressure.

How to use the blood pressure monitor:

You can correctly measure the pressure of a child using an automatic blood pressure monitor that determines the pressure in complete silence and independently inflates the cuff.

If you have a mechanical blood pressure monitor, you must manually inflate the cuff to 20-30 mmHg. Art. above the probable level of pressure and release pressure more slowly, while observing the arrow.

Rules for measuring blood pressure in children:

• The cuff must be tightly fitting to the arm;
• Measure the pressure on each arm in turn, starting with the right;
• Re-measurement should be carried out no earlier than after 2-3 minutes;
• Record measurements with date, time of day and pressure in mmHg. Art.;
• For more accurate results, blood pressure measurements should be taken several times a week, depending on the child’s age.

Important note:

When measuring blood pressure, the age of the child must be taken into account, as the normal pressure in children varies depending on age. Therefore, before starting to measure pressure, find out the norms for your child according to his age.

Child’s age Pressure norm

Normal blood pressure in infants

Blood pressure in newborns is one of the important indicators of their health. Normal blood pressure in infants may differ slightly from adults, so it needs to be monitored and controlled.

Parents are required to consult a pediatrician if abnormal blood pressure is suspected in the infant. Regular monitoring of blood pressure and adherence to a normal lifestyle of a child can reduce the risk of vascular diseases in the future.

Norm of blood pressure in preschool children

Preschool age is the period from three to six years. At this stage of life, children are subject to a number of physical changes, including recording changes in blood pressure readings. The norm of pressure in preschool children depends on many factors, such as gender, height, weight and genetic background.

Typically, systolic pressure, which is the upper value, ranges from 95 to 110 mmHg. Art. Diastolic pressure, which is the lower value, ranges from 60 to 70 mm Hg. Art. However, height and weight can also affect changes in blood pressure readings.

It is therefore important to periodically measure the child’s blood pressure to make sure it is within normal limits. If you deviate from these values, you should consult a doctor for further advice.

• Some of the factors that can influence blood pressure changes in preschool children: situations

Systolic pressure (mmHg) Diastolic pressure (mmHg)

3 years	96-106	60-70
4 years	98- 110	62-72
5-6 years	100-116	preschool children can lead to serious illnesses in the future. It may be associated with a high risk of heart disease, kidney disease, and other medical problems. Therefore, it is necessary to take care of the health and regularly check the pressure of your children, especially as the child grows and develops. Normal blood pressure for primary school children Pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels. The most accurate way to measure pressure is to use a tonometer. Doctors recommend checking the pressure in children every year, starting at the age of three. Normal blood pressure in primary school children differs from normal blood pressure in adults. However, it is worth remembering that blood pressure norms in children may vary slightly depending on height, weight, gender and heredity. Therefore, if you find a deviation from this range in a child, consult a doctor who can determine if this is the norm for your child and if it gives cause for concern. Higher or lower blood pressure readings in children may indicate health problems, overweight, stress or excessive exercise. Therefore, it is important to monitor the health of the child and regularly check the pressure. Pressure in high school students Pressure norms In high school students, the pressure norm varies depending on age and sex. According to medical recommendations, normal values ​​for girls aged 14-17 are 110/70 mmHg, and for boys at the same age – 120/80 mmHg. Basically, the pressure in children at this age should be stable and within the normal range. Influence of factors on pressure The neuro-endocrine system has not yet fully developed in high school students, which may affect the change in pressure indicators. Adolescents are often immersed in stressful situations and have irregular sleep and eating patterns. These factors affect their health and can cause deviations from the norm of pressure. Prevention of pressure problems To prevent pressure problems in high school students, it is necessary to monitor their lifestyle. Regular exercise, outdoor activities, a balanced diet and healthy sleep are the main components of health that can maintain stable blood pressure in children. If the pressure readings deviate from the norm, you should consult a doctor. Change in blood pressure norm at transitional age Transitional age is the period of life between childhood and adulthood. During this period, significant changes occur in the body, including a change in the norm of pressure. However, if your blood pressure is consistently out of range, you should see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. A frequent increase in pressure may indicate certain diseases, such as hypertension. Taking care of your health and controlling your blood pressure is especially important during adolescence to avoid serious illnesses in the future. When to see a doctor Knowing the blood pressure range for children by age can help parents monitor their children’s health. However, sometimes there are situations when a doctor’s consultation is necessary. If a child complains of headache, dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath, or chest discomfort, this may be a sign of high blood pressure. Also, if the pressure does not rise to normal, despite the measures taken, such as changing the diet or increasing physical activity, this is also a reason to see a doctor. If a child is diagnosed with high blood pressure, it is necessary to monitor and control it constantly. In case of severe headaches, visual disturbances, interruptions in cardiac activity or unexpected changes in pressure, you should immediately call an ambulance. When a child has high blood pressure, it is imperative to consult a doctor for professional advice and appropriate treatment. You need to keep an eye on your child and know his age-specific blood pressure norm in order to prevent possible complications. If you experience symptoms that indicate a health problem, you should immediately consult a doctor or call an ambulance. Causes of high blood pressure in children Children may also experience pressure problems and the underlying causes may be common to adults . One of these reasons may be obesity. Obesity affects blood cholesterol levels, hormone levels and can lead to high blood pressure. Another reason may be the level of physical activity, since physically inactive children are more prone to high blood pressure. Genetic factors can also cause high blood pressure in children . If parents or close relatives had high blood pressure, it may be hereditary. If your child has high blood pressure, it is important to find out if parents or grandparents had similar problems. Social factors can also put pressure on children’s health . Studies have shown that stress and poor nutrition can increase blood pressure in children. As a rule, children living in poor areas see more stress in their lives than children living in affluent cities. This can put pressure on their health and entail pressure. Sometimes pressure can be caused by medical problems . Some medical problems, such as kidney disease and diabetes, can cause high blood pressure in children. If you notice an unexplained increase in your child’s blood pressure, you should contact your doctor for further testing. Causes of low blood pressure in children Fluid imbalance in the body Infants and toddlers have underdeveloped fluid regulation mechanisms, which can lead to dehydration and low blood pressure. Also, frequent vomiting and diarrhea can lead to loss of body fluids, which causes a decrease in blood pressure. Pathologies of the cardiovascular system A decrease in blood pressure may be associated with pathologies of the cardiovascular system, for example, with the presence of a heart disease in a child. With such diseases, a decrease in blood pressure can be observed, since the heart muscle cannot cope with the function of pumping blood. Weakened nervous system function Low blood pressure in children may be caused by a decrease in vascular tone, which in turn may be associated with a weakening of the nervous system. This may be the result of hereditary factors, hormonal changes in the body, or diseases such as diabetes. Effects of certain drugs Some drugs, such as sedatives and antihypertensives, may lower blood pressure in children. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosage recommended by the pediatrician and, if necessary, adjust the treatment. Nutritional deficiencies Iron and vitamin C deficiency can lead to low blood pressure in children. Iron is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin, which is responsible for carrying oxygen around the body, and vitamin C helps to absorb iron in the body. Therefore, it is important to monitor the nutrition of the child, if necessary, supplement it with vitamins and minerals. How to maintain normal pressure in a child Nutrition Healthy nutrition plays an important role in maintaining normal pressure in a child. It is recommended to include in the diet a lot of vegetables, fruits and greens, as well as protein foods, such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products. To reduce the salt content in the blood, it is necessary to limit the intake of salty foods, fast food and sugary drinks. Physical activity Regular exercise also helps to maintain normal blood pressure in the child. It is recommended to go in for sports or at least do morning exercises daily. However, before you start exercising, you should consult a doctor. Sleep To maintain normal pressure in a child, it is also necessary to monitor his sleep. It is recommended that the child sleep 8-10 hours a day. Lack of sleep can affect the normal functioning of the body and increase the risk of pressure problems. Stress Stress can cause high blood pressure, so it is important to teach your child to manage stress. To do this, you can use relaxation techniques such as meditation, yoga or breathing exercises. It is also necessary to communicate with the child and help him find a solution to conflict situations. Blood pressure monitoring Finally, in order to keep your child’s blood pressure normal, you can check his blood pressure regularly. It is necessary to measure the pressure at least once a year, and monitor its readings. If the pressure is higher than normal, you should consult a doctor for advice and treatment. Q&A: What is the normal blood pressure for 4-6 year old children? The normal upper pressure in children aged 4 to 6 years is 100 to 115 mm Hg. Art., and the lower – from 60 to 70 mm Hg. Art. If the pressure of children falls within this range, then it is normal. What does it mean if the pressure in children is higher than normal? If the pressure in a child exceeds the norm by 10 units or more, this may indicate the presence of hypertension. But only a doctor can make an accurate diagnosis. What factors can affect blood pressure in children? Children’s blood pressure can be high or low due to various factors such as stress, lack of exercise, poor environment, being overweight, genetic predisposition, etc. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website