What are the symptoms of H. pylori infection. How is H. pylori transmitted. What are the potential complications of untreated H. pylori infection. How is H. pylori diagnosed and treated. Can H. pylori infection be prevented.

Understanding H. pylori Infection: An Overview

Helicobacter pylori, commonly known as H. pylori, is a bacteria that can infect the stomach and small intestine. This infection is remarkably common, affecting a significant portion of the global population. However, not everyone infected with H. pylori experiences symptoms or develops complications.

H. pylori infection is particularly prevalent in developing countries and often occurs during childhood. In the United States, approximately 5% of children under the age of 10 are infected with H. pylori. The bacteria’s ability to survive in the harsh stomach environment is due to its unique characteristic of producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid.

What makes H. pylori infection significant?

H. pylori infection is the primary cause of peptic ulcer disease and chronic gastritis. In rare cases, long-term infection can lead to stomach cancer. Understanding this bacterial infection is crucial for early detection, proper treatment, and prevention of potential complications.

Transmission and Risk Factors of H. pylori

H. pylori can spread from person to person through various routes. The bacteria are present in saliva, dental plaque, and feces, making transmission possible through close contact or poor hygiene practices.

• Oral-oral transmission (e.g., kissing)
• Fecal-oral transmission (e.g., contaminated hands)
• Contaminated food and water

Risk factors for H. pylori infection include:

• Living in crowded conditions
• Poor sanitation
• Limited access to clean water
• Living in developing countries
• Close contact with infected individuals

Is H. pylori infection more common in certain populations?

Yes, H. pylori infection is more prevalent in developing countries and among populations living in crowded or unsanitary conditions. Children are particularly susceptible to infection due to their developing immune systems and frequent close contact with others.

Recognizing the Symptoms of H. pylori Infection

While many individuals with H. pylori infection remain asymptomatic, about 20% of those infected may experience symptoms. These symptoms are often related to gastritis or peptic ulcers caused by the bacteria.

Common symptoms of H. pylori infection include:

• Abdominal pain (often described as dull or burning)
• Bloating
• Nausea and vomiting
• Indigestion (dyspepsia)
• Loss of appetite
• Unintended weight loss
• Dark stools (indicating the presence of blood)

When should you seek medical attention for suspected H. pylori infection?

If you experience persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, or signs of gastrointestinal bleeding (such as dark stools or bloody vomit), it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Early detection and treatment of H. pylori infection can prevent more serious complications.

The Link Between H. pylori and Stomach Cancer

One of the most concerning aspects of H. pylori infection is its potential to increase the risk of stomach cancer. While not everyone infected with H. pylori will develop cancer, the long-term presence of the bacteria in the stomach lining can lead to chronic inflammation and cellular changes that may eventually result in cancerous growth.

How significant is the increased risk of stomach cancer in H. pylori-infected individuals?

Studies have shown that individuals with H. pylori infection have a 2 to 6 times higher risk of developing stomach cancer compared to those without the infection. However, it’s important to note that stomach cancer remains relatively rare, and most people with H. pylori will not develop this condition.

Factors that may further increase the risk of stomach cancer in H. pylori-infected individuals include:

• Family history of stomach cancer
• Long-term untreated infection
• Certain dietary factors (e.g., high salt intake, low consumption of fruits and vegetables)
• Smoking
• Chronic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia

Diagnostic Methods for H. pylori Infection

Several tests are available to diagnose H. pylori infection. The choice of test depends on various factors, including the patient’s age, symptoms, and medical history.

What is the urea breath test for H. pylori?

The urea breath test is a non-invasive and highly accurate method for detecting H. pylori infection. This test takes advantage of the bacteria’s ability to produce urease, which breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide.

During the test:

1. The patient swallows a tablet containing urea.
2. If H. pylori is present, it breaks down the urea, producing carbon dioxide.
3. The patient breathes into a collection device.
4. The breath sample is analyzed for increased levels of carbon dioxide, indicating the presence of H. pylori.

Other diagnostic methods for H. pylori include:

• Stool antigen test
• Blood antibody test
• Endoscopy with biopsy

How should patients prepare for H. pylori testing?

Preparation for H. pylori testing, particularly the urea breath test, typically involves:

• Avoiding antibiotics for at least 4 weeks prior to the test
• Stopping proton pump inhibitors and bismuth-containing medications (e.g., Pepto-Bismol) for 2 weeks before the test
• Fasting for 4-6 hours before the test
• Informing the healthcare provider of any medications, allergies, or medical conditions

Treatment Approaches for H. pylori Infection

Treatment of H. pylori infection typically involves a combination of antibiotics and acid-suppressing medications. This approach, known as triple or quadruple therapy, aims to eradicate the bacteria and allow the stomach lining to heal.

What does a typical H. pylori treatment regimen involve?

A standard treatment regimen for H. pylori infection often includes:

• Two antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole)
• A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) to reduce stomach acid
• Bismuth subsalicylate (in quadruple therapy)

Treatment duration is usually 10-14 days, although shorter courses may be effective in some cases. It’s crucial for patients to complete the entire course of treatment, even if symptoms improve, to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria.

Are there any potential side effects of H. pylori treatment?

While generally well-tolerated, H. pylori treatment can cause side effects in some individuals. These may include:

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Metallic taste in the mouth
• Headache
• Yeast infections (due to antibiotic use)

Patients should report any severe or persistent side effects to their healthcare provider.

Prevention Strategies for H. pylori Infection

While complete prevention of H. pylori infection may not be possible, certain measures can reduce the risk of transmission and infection.

How can individuals reduce their risk of H. pylori infection?

Preventive strategies for H. pylori infection include:

• Practicing good hygiene, especially handwashing
• Consuming clean, safe water and food
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
• Maintaining good oral hygiene
• Avoiding overcrowded living conditions when possible

In areas with high H. pylori prevalence, public health measures such as improving sanitation and access to clean water can significantly reduce infection rates.

Long-term Management and Follow-up for H. pylori Infection

After completing treatment for H. pylori infection, follow-up testing is essential to confirm eradication of the bacteria. This is typically done 4-8 weeks after treatment completion.

Why is post-treatment testing important for H. pylori infection?

Post-treatment testing serves several purposes:

• Confirms successful eradication of H. pylori
• Identifies cases of treatment failure or reinfection
• Guides further management decisions
• Reduces the risk of long-term complications

If H. pylori persists after initial treatment, alternative antibiotic regimens may be necessary. In some cases, antibiotic susceptibility testing may be performed to guide treatment selection.

What ongoing care is needed for individuals with a history of H. pylori infection?

For individuals with a history of H. pylori infection, especially those with complications such as peptic ulcers or precancerous changes, ongoing care may include:

• Regular follow-up appointments
• Periodic endoscopic examinations
• Lifestyle modifications (e.g., smoking cessation, dietary changes)
• Monitoring for recurrence of symptoms

Healthcare providers may also recommend screening for family members of infected individuals, particularly in high-risk populations.

Emerging Research and Future Directions in H. pylori Management

The field of H. pylori research continues to evolve, with ongoing studies focusing on improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

What are some promising areas of H. pylori research?

Current areas of interest in H. pylori research include:

• Development of H. pylori vaccines
• Novel diagnostic techniques for rapid, non-invasive detection
• Targeted therapies to reduce antibiotic resistance
• Understanding the role of H. pylori in extra-gastric diseases
• Investigating the potential protective effects of H. pylori against certain conditions (e.g., esophageal reflux, asthma)

As research progresses, our understanding of H. pylori and its impact on human health continues to grow, potentially leading to more effective prevention and treatment strategies in the future.

H. pylori infection remains a significant global health concern, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. While many people with H. pylori remain asymptomatic, the potential for serious complications such as peptic ulcers and stomach cancer underscores the importance of awareness, early detection, and appropriate management. By understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for H. pylori infection, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their gastrointestinal health and overall well-being.

The Urea Breath Test and Results for H. Pylori

The urea breath test is used to detect Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a type of bacteria that may infect the stomach and is a main cause of ulcers in both the stomach and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

H. pylori produces an enzyme called urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. During the test, a tablet containing urea is swallowed and the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide is measured. This indicates the presence of H. pylori in the stomach.

How Do I Prepare for a Urea Breath Test?

To prepare for the urea breath test, follow these guidelines:

• Tell your doctor if you are pregnant, have a lung or heart condition or any other disease, or if you are allergic to any medications.
• Do not take any antibiotics for at least 4 weeks before the test.
• Do not take any proton pump inhibitors (Aciphex, Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec, Protonix) or Pepto-Bismol​​​​​​​ for at least 2 weeks before the test.
• Take only the medications approved by your doctor the day of the procedure. Take them only with a small sip of water if it is within four hours of the procedure. Do not discontinue any medication without first consulting with your primary or referring doctor.
• Do not eat or drink anything (including water) for four hours before the procedure.

What Happens During the Urea Breath Test?

During the urea breath test:

• A health care provider will explain the procedure, which lasts about 40 to 60 minutes, and answer any questions you may have.
• Breath samples will be taken.

What Happens After the Urea Breath Test?

After the urea breath test:

• Your breath samples are sent to a lab where they are tested.
• You may resume your normal activities.
• You may resume your normal diet, unless you are scheduled for other tests that require dietary restrictions.

When Will I Find Out the Results of the Urea Breath Test?

Urea breath test results are usually available two days after the test is completed.

How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

Overview

What is an

H. pylori infection?

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It’s the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely).

Who gets

H. pylori infections?

H. pylori bacteria are present in some 50% to 75% of the world’s population. It does not cause illness in most people. H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children. It’s more common in developing countries. In the U.S., H. pylori bacteria are found in about 5% of children under the age of 10. Infection is most likely to occur in children who live in crowded conditions and areas with poor sanitation.

Can

H. pylori spread from person to person?

Yes, H. pylori can spread from person to person. H. pylori are found in saliva, plaque on teeth and poop. Infection can be spread through kissing and by transferring the bacteria from the hands of those who have not thoroughly washed them after a bowel movement.

Scientists think H. pylori also might be spread through H. pylori-contaminated water and food.

What’s the association between

H. pylori infection and stomach cancer?

If you have an _H. pylori _infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life. If you have a strong family history of stomach cancer and other cancer risk factors, even though you may not have symptoms of a stomach ulcer, your healthcare provider may recommend being tested for H. pylori antibodies. In addition to screening and treatment, your provider may suggest some lifestyle changes, such as including more fruits, vegetables and fiber in your diet. Regular checkups with your provider and following their recommendations can reduce your cancer risk.

Symptoms and Causes

How does

H. pylori infection cause damage?

H. pylori multiply in the mucus layer of the stomach lining and duodenum. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. As H. pylori multiply, it eats into stomach tissue, which leads to gastritis and/or peptic ulcer.

What are the symptoms of

H. pylori infection?

Most children with H. pylori infection don’t have symptoms. Only about 20% do.

Symptoms and signs, if present, are those that arise from gastritis or peptic ulcer and include:

• Dull or burning pain in your stomach (more often a few hours after eating and at night). Your pain may last minutes to hours and may come and go over several days to weeks.
• Unplanned weight loss.
• Bloating.
• Nausea and vomiting (bloody vomit).
• Indigestion (dyspepsia).
• Burping.
• Loss of appetite.
• Dark stools (from blood in your stool).

Diagnosis and Tests

How is

H. pylori infection diagnosed?

If your healthcare provider suspects H. pylori bacteria may be the cause of a peptic ulcer, they may order one or more of the following tests:

• A breath test: In this test, you exhale into a bag before and after drinking a solution. The test measures the amount of carbon dioxide released in your breath before and after drinking the solution. A higher level after drinking the solution means H. pylori are present.
• A stool test: This test looks for evidence of H. pylori in a stool sample.
• Upper endoscopy: A flexible tube is inserted down the throat into the stomach. A small tissue sample from the stomach or intestine lining is taken for testing for the presence of H. pylori.

Management and Treatment

How is

H. pylori treated?

If you don’t have symptoms, you don’t need to be treated. If you’ve been diagnosed with H. pylori, avoid taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs can increase your risk of developing an ulcer.

H. pylori-caused ulcers are treated with a combination of antibiotics and an acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor.

• Antibiotics: Usually two antibiotics are prescribed. Among the common choices are amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin®), metronidazole (Flagyl®) and tetracycline.
• Proton pump inhibitor: Commonly used proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole (Prevacid®), omeprazole (Prilosec®), pantoprazole (Protonix®), rabeprazole (Aciphex®) or esomeprazole (Nexium®).
• Bismuth subsalicylate: Sometimes this drug (eg, Pepto-Bismol®) is added to the antibiotics plus proton pump inhibitor combinations mentioned above. This drug protects the stomach lining.

Combination treatment is usually taken for 14 days.

One newer medication, Talicia®, combines two antibiotics (rifabutin and amoxicillin) with a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) into a single capsule.

Prevention

Can

H. pylori infection be prevented?

You can lower your risk of H. pylori infection if you:

• Drink clean water and use clean water during food preparation. (This is especially important if you live in areas of the world known to have a contaminated water supply.)
• Wash your hands thoroughly (20 seconds) with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom.

Is there a vaccine to prevent

H. pylori infection?

Not yet, but there are promising results from a late-stage clinical trial. In this trial, children given the vaccine were protected against H. pylori infection for up to three years.

Outlook / Prognosis

What’s my child’s prognosis (outcome) if they’ve been diagnosed with an

H. pylori infection?

If your child follows the treatment plan and takes all medication to its completion, the chance that an infection would return within three years is less than 10%. In addition, treatment may heal stomach ulcers. It can takes weeks to months for symptoms to completely go away.

How will I know if the

H. pylori infection is healed?

Your healthcare provider will repeat a breath and/or stool test after waiting at least two weeks after proton pump inhibitor treatment has finished and four weeks after completing antibiotic treatment.

How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

Overview

What is an

H. pylori infection?

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It’s the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely).

Who gets

H. pylori infections?

H. pylori bacteria are present in some 50% to 75% of the world’s population. It does not cause illness in most people. H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children. It’s more common in developing countries. In the U.S., H. pylori bacteria are found in about 5% of children under the age of 10. Infection is most likely to occur in children who live in crowded conditions and areas with poor sanitation.

Can

H. pylori spread from person to person?

Yes, H. pylori can spread from person to person. H. pylori are found in saliva, plaque on teeth and poop. Infection can be spread through kissing and by transferring the bacteria from the hands of those who have not thoroughly washed them after a bowel movement.

Scientists think H. pylori also might be spread through H. pylori-contaminated water and food.

What’s the association between

H. pylori infection and stomach cancer?

If you have an _H. pylori _infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life. If you have a strong family history of stomach cancer and other cancer risk factors, even though you may not have symptoms of a stomach ulcer, your healthcare provider may recommend being tested for H. pylori antibodies. In addition to screening and treatment, your provider may suggest some lifestyle changes, such as including more fruits, vegetables and fiber in your diet. Regular checkups with your provider and following their recommendations can reduce your cancer risk.

Symptoms and Causes

How does

H. pylori infection cause damage?

H. pylori multiply in the mucus layer of the stomach lining and duodenum. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. As H. pylori multiply, it eats into stomach tissue, which leads to gastritis and/or peptic ulcer.

What are the symptoms of

H. pylori infection?

Most children with H. pylori infection don’t have symptoms. Only about 20% do.

Symptoms and signs, if present, are those that arise from gastritis or peptic ulcer and include:

• Dull or burning pain in your stomach (more often a few hours after eating and at night). Your pain may last minutes to hours and may come and go over several days to weeks.
• Unplanned weight loss.
• Bloating.
• Nausea and vomiting (bloody vomit).
• Indigestion (dyspepsia).
• Burping.
• Loss of appetite.
• Dark stools (from blood in your stool).

Diagnosis and Tests

How is

H. pylori infection diagnosed?

If your healthcare provider suspects H. pylori bacteria may be the cause of a peptic ulcer, they may order one or more of the following tests:

• A breath test: In this test, you exhale into a bag before and after drinking a solution. The test measures the amount of carbon dioxide released in your breath before and after drinking the solution. A higher level after drinking the solution means H. pylori are present.
• A stool test: This test looks for evidence of H. pylori in a stool sample.
• Upper endoscopy: A flexible tube is inserted down the throat into the stomach. A small tissue sample from the stomach or intestine lining is taken for testing for the presence of H. pylori.

Management and Treatment

How is

H. pylori treated?

If you don’t have symptoms, you don’t need to be treated. If you’ve been diagnosed with H. pylori, avoid taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs can increase your risk of developing an ulcer.

H. pylori-caused ulcers are treated with a combination of antibiotics and an acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor.

• Antibiotics: Usually two antibiotics are prescribed. Among the common choices are amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin®), metronidazole (Flagyl®) and tetracycline.
• Proton pump inhibitor: Commonly used proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole (Prevacid®), omeprazole (Prilosec®), pantoprazole (Protonix®), rabeprazole (Aciphex®) or esomeprazole (Nexium®).
• Bismuth subsalicylate: Sometimes this drug (eg, Pepto-Bismol®) is added to the antibiotics plus proton pump inhibitor combinations mentioned above. This drug protects the stomach lining.

Combination treatment is usually taken for 14 days.

One newer medication, Talicia®, combines two antibiotics (rifabutin and amoxicillin) with a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) into a single capsule.

Prevention

Can

H. pylori infection be prevented?

You can lower your risk of H. pylori infection if you:

• Drink clean water and use clean water during food preparation. (This is especially important if you live in areas of the world known to have a contaminated water supply. )
• Wash your hands thoroughly (20 seconds) with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom.

Is there a vaccine to prevent

H. pylori infection?

Not yet, but there are promising results from a late-stage clinical trial. In this trial, children given the vaccine were protected against H. pylori infection for up to three years.

Outlook / Prognosis

What’s my child’s prognosis (outcome) if they’ve been diagnosed with an

H. pylori infection?

If your child follows the treatment plan and takes all medication to its completion, the chance that an infection would return within three years is less than 10%. In addition, treatment may heal stomach ulcers. It can takes weeks to months for symptoms to completely go away.

How will I know if the

H. pylori infection is healed?

Your healthcare provider will repeat a breath and/or stool test after waiting at least two weeks after proton pump inhibitor treatment has finished and four weeks after completing antibiotic treatment.

How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

Overview

What is an

H. pylori infection?

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It’s the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely).

Who gets

H. pylori infections?

H. pylori bacteria are present in some 50% to 75% of the world’s population. It does not cause illness in most people. H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children. It’s more common in developing countries. In the U.S., H. pylori bacteria are found in about 5% of children under the age of 10. Infection is most likely to occur in children who live in crowded conditions and areas with poor sanitation.

Can

H. pylori spread from person to person?

Yes, H. pylori can spread from person to person. H. pylori are found in saliva, plaque on teeth and poop. Infection can be spread through kissing and by transferring the bacteria from the hands of those who have not thoroughly washed them after a bowel movement.

Scientists think H. pylori also might be spread through H. pylori-contaminated water and food.

What’s the association between

H. pylori infection and stomach cancer?

If you have an _H. pylori _infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life. If you have a strong family history of stomach cancer and other cancer risk factors, even though you may not have symptoms of a stomach ulcer, your healthcare provider may recommend being tested for H. pylori antibodies. In addition to screening and treatment, your provider may suggest some lifestyle changes, such as including more fruits, vegetables and fiber in your diet. Regular checkups with your provider and following their recommendations can reduce your cancer risk.

Symptoms and Causes

How does

H. pylori infection cause damage?

H. pylori multiply in the mucus layer of the stomach lining and duodenum. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. As H. pylori multiply, it eats into stomach tissue, which leads to gastritis and/or peptic ulcer.

What are the symptoms of

H. pylori infection?

Most children with H. pylori infection don’t have symptoms. Only about 20% do.

Symptoms and signs, if present, are those that arise from gastritis or peptic ulcer and include:

• Dull or burning pain in your stomach (more often a few hours after eating and at night). Your pain may last minutes to hours and may come and go over several days to weeks.
• Unplanned weight loss.
• Bloating.
• Nausea and vomiting (bloody vomit).
• Indigestion (dyspepsia).
• Burping.
• Loss of appetite.
• Dark stools (from blood in your stool).

Diagnosis and Tests

How is

H. pylori infection diagnosed?

If your healthcare provider suspects H. pylori bacteria may be the cause of a peptic ulcer, they may order one or more of the following tests:

• A breath test: In this test, you exhale into a bag before and after drinking a solution. The test measures the amount of carbon dioxide released in your breath before and after drinking the solution. A higher level after drinking the solution means H. pylori are present.
• A stool test: This test looks for evidence of H. pylori in a stool sample.
• Upper endoscopy: A flexible tube is inserted down the throat into the stomach. A small tissue sample from the stomach or intestine lining is taken for testing for the presence of H. pylori.

Management and Treatment

How is

H. pylori treated?

If you don’t have symptoms, you don’t need to be treated. If you’ve been diagnosed with H. pylori, avoid taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs can increase your risk of developing an ulcer.

H. pylori-caused ulcers are treated with a combination of antibiotics and an acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor.

• Antibiotics: Usually two antibiotics are prescribed. Among the common choices are amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin®), metronidazole (Flagyl®) and tetracycline.
• Proton pump inhibitor: Commonly used proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole (Prevacid®), omeprazole (Prilosec®), pantoprazole (Protonix®), rabeprazole (Aciphex®) or esomeprazole (Nexium®).
• Bismuth subsalicylate: Sometimes this drug (eg, Pepto-Bismol®) is added to the antibiotics plus proton pump inhibitor combinations mentioned above. This drug protects the stomach lining.

Combination treatment is usually taken for 14 days.

One newer medication, Talicia®, combines two antibiotics (rifabutin and amoxicillin) with a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) into a single capsule.

Prevention

Can

H. pylori infection be prevented?

You can lower your risk of H. pylori infection if you:

• Drink clean water and use clean water during food preparation. (This is especially important if you live in areas of the world known to have a contaminated water supply.)
• Wash your hands thoroughly (20 seconds) with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom.

Is there a vaccine to prevent

H. pylori infection?

Not yet, but there are promising results from a late-stage clinical trial. In this trial, children given the vaccine were protected against H. pylori infection for up to three years.

Outlook / Prognosis

What’s my child’s prognosis (outcome) if they’ve been diagnosed with an

H. pylori infection?

If your child follows the treatment plan and takes all medication to its completion, the chance that an infection would return within three years is less than 10%. In addition, treatment may heal stomach ulcers. It can takes weeks to months for symptoms to completely go away.

How will I know if the

H. pylori infection is healed?

Your healthcare provider will repeat a breath and/or stool test after waiting at least two weeks after proton pump inhibitor treatment has finished and four weeks after completing antibiotic treatment.

How Do You Get, Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

Overview

What is an

H. pylori infection?

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It’s the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely).

Who gets

H. pylori infections?

H. pylori bacteria are present in some 50% to 75% of the world’s population. It does not cause illness in most people. H. pylori infection mostly occurs in children. It’s more common in developing countries. In the U.S., H. pylori bacteria are found in about 5% of children under the age of 10. Infection is most likely to occur in children who live in crowded conditions and areas with poor sanitation.

Can

H. pylori spread from person to person?

Yes, H. pylori can spread from person to person. H. pylori are found in saliva, plaque on teeth and poop. Infection can be spread through kissing and by transferring the bacteria from the hands of those who have not thoroughly washed them after a bowel movement.

Scientists think H. pylori also might be spread through H. pylori-contaminated water and food.

What’s the association between

H. pylori infection and stomach cancer?

If you have an _H. pylori _infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life. If you have a strong family history of stomach cancer and other cancer risk factors, even though you may not have symptoms of a stomach ulcer, your healthcare provider may recommend being tested for H. pylori antibodies. In addition to screening and treatment, your provider may suggest some lifestyle changes, such as including more fruits, vegetables and fiber in your diet. Regular checkups with your provider and following their recommendations can reduce your cancer risk.

Symptoms and Causes

How does

H. pylori infection cause damage?

H. pylori multiply in the mucus layer of the stomach lining and duodenum. The bacteria secrete an enzyme called urease that converts urea to ammonia. This ammonia protects the bacteria from stomach acid. As H. pylori multiply, it eats into stomach tissue, which leads to gastritis and/or peptic ulcer.

What are the symptoms of

H. pylori infection?

Most children with H. pylori infection don’t have symptoms. Only about 20% do.

Symptoms and signs, if present, are those that arise from gastritis or peptic ulcer and include:

• Dull or burning pain in your stomach (more often a few hours after eating and at night). Your pain may last minutes to hours and may come and go over several days to weeks.
• Unplanned weight loss.
• Bloating.
• Nausea and vomiting (bloody vomit).
• Indigestion (dyspepsia).
• Burping.
• Loss of appetite.
• Dark stools (from blood in your stool).

Diagnosis and Tests

How is

H. pylori infection diagnosed?

If your healthcare provider suspects H. pylori bacteria may be the cause of a peptic ulcer, they may order one or more of the following tests:

• A breath test: In this test, you exhale into a bag before and after drinking a solution. The test measures the amount of carbon dioxide released in your breath before and after drinking the solution. A higher level after drinking the solution means H. pylori are present.
• A stool test: This test looks for evidence of H. pylori in a stool sample.
• Upper endoscopy: A flexible tube is inserted down the throat into the stomach. A small tissue sample from the stomach or intestine lining is taken for testing for the presence of H. pylori.

Management and Treatment

How is

H. pylori treated?

If you don’t have symptoms, you don’t need to be treated. If you’ve been diagnosed with H. pylori, avoid taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs can increase your risk of developing an ulcer.

H. pylori-caused ulcers are treated with a combination of antibiotics and an acid-reducing proton pump inhibitor.

• Antibiotics: Usually two antibiotics are prescribed. Among the common choices are amoxicillin, clarithromycin (Biaxin®), metronidazole (Flagyl®) and tetracycline.
• Proton pump inhibitor: Commonly used proton pump inhibitors include lansoprazole (Prevacid®), omeprazole (Prilosec®), pantoprazole (Protonix®), rabeprazole (Aciphex®) or esomeprazole (Nexium®).
• Bismuth subsalicylate: Sometimes this drug (eg, Pepto-Bismol®) is added to the antibiotics plus proton pump inhibitor combinations mentioned above. This drug protects the stomach lining.

Combination treatment is usually taken for 14 days.

One newer medication, Talicia®, combines two antibiotics (rifabutin and amoxicillin) with a proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) into a single capsule.

Prevention

Can

H. pylori infection be prevented?

You can lower your risk of H. pylori infection if you:

• Drink clean water and use clean water during food preparation. (This is especially important if you live in areas of the world known to have a contaminated water supply.)
• Wash your hands thoroughly (20 seconds) with soap and water before eating and after using the bathroom.

Is there a vaccine to prevent

H. pylori infection?

Not yet, but there are promising results from a late-stage clinical trial. In this trial, children given the vaccine were protected against H. pylori infection for up to three years.

Outlook / Prognosis

What’s my child’s prognosis (outcome) if they’ve been diagnosed with an

H. pylori infection?

If your child follows the treatment plan and takes all medication to its completion, the chance that an infection would return within three years is less than 10%. In addition, treatment may heal stomach ulcers. It can takes weeks to months for symptoms to completely go away.

How will I know if the

H. pylori infection is healed?

Your healthcare provider will repeat a breath and/or stool test after waiting at least two weeks after proton pump inhibitor treatment has finished and four weeks after completing antibiotic treatment.

Gastritis – NHS

Gastritis occurs when the lining of the stomach becomes inflamed after it’s been damaged. It’s a common condition with a wide range of causes.

For most people, gastritis is not serious and improves quickly if treated. But if not, it can last for years.

Symptoms of gastritis

Many people with gastritis caused by a bacterial infection do not have any symptoms.

In other cases, gastritis can cause:

• indigestion
• gnawing or burning stomach pain
• feeling and being sick
• feeling full after eating

If the stomach lining has been worn away (erosive gastritis) and exposed to stomach acid, symptoms may include pain, bleeding or a stomach ulcer.

The symptoms of gastritis may come on suddenly and severely (acute gastritis) or last a long time (chronic gastritis).

When to see a GP

If you have indigestion and stomach pain, you can try treating this yourself with changes to your diet and lifestyle, or with medicines you can get from a pharmacy, such as antacids.

See a GP if:

• you have indigestion symptoms lasting a week or longer, or it’s causing you severe pain or discomfort
• you think it’s brought on by medicine you have been prescribed
• you’re vomiting blood or have blood in your poo (your poo may appear black)

Stomach ache and abdominal pain are not always a sign of gastritis.

The pain could be caused by a wide range of other things, from trapped wind to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Diagnosing gastritis

A GP may recommend 1 or more of the following tests:

• a stool test – to check for infection or bleeding from the stomach
• a breath test for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection – this involves drinking a glass of clear, tasteless liquid that contains radioactive carbon and blowing into a bag
• an endoscopy – a flexible tube (endoscope) is passed down your throat and into your oesophagus and stomach to look for signs of inflammation
• a barium swallow – you’re given some barium solution, which shows up clearly on X-rays as it passes through your digestive system

Possible causes of gastritis

Gastritis is usually caused by 1 of the following:

• an H. pylori bacterial infection
• excessive use of cocaine or alcohol
• smoking
• regularly taking aspirin, ibuprofen or other painkillers classed as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• a stressful event – such as a bad injury or critical illness, or major surgery
• less commonly, an autoimmune reaction – when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells and tissues (in this case, the stomach lining)

H. pylori gastritis

Many people become infected with H. pylori bacteria and do not realise it. These stomach infections are common and do not usually cause symptoms.

But an H. pylori infection can sometimes cause recurring bouts of indigestion, as the bacteria can cause inflammation of the stomach lining.

This sort of gastritis is more common in older age groups and is usually the cause of chronic (persistent) non-erosive cases.

An H. pylori stomach infection is usually lifelong, unless it’s treated with eradication therapy.

Treating gastritis

Treatment aims to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach to relieve symptoms, allowing the stomach lining to heal and to tackle any underlying cause.

You may be able to treat gastritis yourself, depending on the cause.

Easing symptoms

• antacids – these over-the-counter medicines neutralise the acid in your stomach, which can provide rapid pain relief
• histamine 2 (h3) blockers – these medicines decrease acid production and are available to buy from your pharmacist and on prescription
• proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), such as omeprazole – these medicines decrease acid production even more effectively than h3 blockers

Some low-dose PPIs can be bought from your pharmacist without a prescription.

You’ll need a prescription from a GP for stronger doses.

Treating H. pylori infection

If an H. pylori infection is the cause of your gastritis, you’ll need to take a course of antibiotics alongside a proton pump inhibitor.

Things you can do to ease gastritis

If you think the cause of your gastritis is repeated use of NSAID painkillers, try switching to a different painkiller that’s not in the NSAID class, such as paracetamol.

You may want to talk to a GP about this.

Also consider:

Possible complications of gastritis

Gastritis that lasts for a long time can increase your risk of developing:

• a stomach ulcer
• polyps (small growths) in your stomach
• tumours in your stomach, which may or may not be cancerous

Gastritis or gastroenteritis?

• Gastroenteritis is inflammation (irritation) of the stomach and bowel, caused by an infection.
• Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining specifically, and not always caused by infection.

Page last reviewed: 20 May 2019
Next review due: 20 May 2022

Helicobacter Pylori | Cedars-Sinai

Not what you’re looking for?

What is Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori)?

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects your stomach. It
can
damage the tissue in your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (the
duodenum). This can cause pain and inflammation. In some cases, it can also cause
painful sores called peptic ulcers in your upper digestive tract.

H.
pylori is common. Many people have it. Most people who have it won’t get ulcers or
show
any symptoms. But it is a main cause of ulcers.

H.
pylori attacks the lining that protects your stomach. The bacteria make an enzyme
called
urease. This enzyme makes your stomach acids less acidic. This weakens your stomach’s
lining. Your stomach cells then have greater risk of being hurt by acid and pepsin,
strong digestive fluids. That can lead to sores or ulcers in your stomach or
duodenum.

The
H. pylori bacteria can also stick to stomach cells. Your stomach can’t protect itself
very well. The area gets red and swollen (inflamed).

H.
pylori can also cause the stomach to make more acid. Health experts don’t fully
understand how.

H
pylori can also lead to stomach cancer.

What causes H. pylori
infection?

Health experts don’t know for sure how H. pylori infection is spread. They believe
the germs can be passed from person to person by mouth, such as by kissing.

It may also be passed by having contact with vomit or stool. This may happen if you:

• Eat food that was not cleaned or cooked in a safe way
• Drink water that is infected with the bacteria

Who is at risk for H. pylori infection?

You may be at greater risk for H. pylori infection because of:

• Your age.

  Over half the people in the U.S. with the bacteria are older than age 50.

• Your race or
  ethnicity.
  Almost half of all African Americans have the bacteria. Out of the
  people who come to the U.S. from developing countries, at least 50% of Latinos and
  50% of people from Eastern Europe have H. pylori.

Most
people first get the bacteria when they are children, but adults can get it, too.

What are the symptoms of H. pylori?

Most
people have the bacteria for years without knowing it because they don’t have any
symptoms. Experts don’t know why.

You
may have redness and swelling (inflammation) in your stomach lining. This is called
gastritis.  

You
may get sores or peptic ulcers in your stomach or the first part of your small intestine
(duodenum). Ulcer symptoms may include belly or abdominal pain. The pain can:

• Be a
  dull pain that doesn’t go away
• Happen
  2 to 3 hours after you eat
• Come and
  go for several days or weeks
• Happen
  in the middle of the night when your stomach is empty
• Go away
  when you eat or take medicines that reduce your stomach acid level (antacids)
• Cause anemia because of bleeding

Other symptoms of an ulcer may include:

• Losing
  weight
• Not
  feeling hungry
• Swelling or bloating
• Burping
• Having
  an upset stomach or nausea
• Vomiting

The
symptoms of ulcers may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare
provider to be sure.

How is H. pylori diagnosed?

Your
healthcare provider will look at your past health and give you a physical exam. You
may
also need to have tests, including:

• Blood
  tests.
  These check for infection-fighting cells (antibodies) that mean you
  have the bacteria.
• Stool
  culture.
  This test looks for any abnormal bacteria in your digestive tract
  that may cause diarrhea and other problems. A small stool sample is collected and
  sent to a lab. In 2 or 3 days, the test will show if you have any abnormal
  bacteria.
• Stool antigen test. This test takes a stool sample
  to check for the H. pylori bacteria.
• Breath
  tests.
  These can check if there is any carbon after you swallow a urea pill
  that has carbon molecules. If carbon is found that means that H. pylori has made the
  enzyme urease. This enzyme makes your stomach acids less acidic. It weakens your
  stomach’s mucous lining.
• Upper
  endoscopy, also called EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy).
  This test looks at
  the lining of your food pipe (esophagus), stomach, and duodenum (the first part of
  your small intestine). It uses a thin, lighted tube or endoscope. The tube has a
  camera at one end. The tube is put into your mouth and throat. Then it goes down into
  your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Your healthcare provider can see the inside
  of
  these organs. A small tissue sample (biopsy) is taken if needed. The tissue sample
  can show if you have the enzyme urease. It can also check the bacteria that is
  there.

How is H. pylori treated?

Treatment will depend on your symptoms, age, and general health. It
will also depend on how severe the condition is.

Your
healthcare provider may have you take medicine that kills bacteria (antibiotics).

Other medicines may include:

• H-2 blockers.

  These are used to reduce the amount of acid in your stomach by blocking the
  hormone histamine. Histamine helps to make acid.

• Proton pump
  inhibitors. 
  These help to keep your stomach from making acid. They do this by
  stopping the stomach’s acid pump from working.
• Stomach-lining protectors. These medicines protect your stomach lining from
  acid and help kill bacteria.

You may have to take multiple medicines at the same time to get rid
of the H. pylori. Sometimes the medicine plan can be complicated, but it is important
to
follow instructions to get rid of the bacteria.

What are possible complications of
H. pylori?

If
you are infected with the bacteria, you can get a painful sore called a peptic ulcer.
These sores form in your upper digestive tract.

A
very bad ulcer can wear away your stomach lining. It can also cause problems such
as:

• Bleeding
  when a blood vessel is worn away
• A hole
  or perforation in your stomach wall
• Blockage
  when the ulcer is in a spot that blocks food from leaving your stomach

H. pylori can also lead to stomach
cancer.

What can I do to prevent H. pylori?

Health experts don’t know for sure how the bacteria passe from person to person. But
having good health habits (hygiene) can help keep you safe. These habits include:

• Washing your hands with soap and water. It is very important to do this after using
  the bathroom and before eating.
• Making
  sure all food you eat has been cleaned and cooked safely.
• Making
  sure that your drinking water is safe and clean.

Living with H. pylori

Once you know for sure that you have
H. pylori, follow up with your healthcare provider. They will do some tests to make
sure
the bacteria has been removed.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if your
symptoms get worse or you have new symptoms. Call right away if you have symptoms
such
as bloody vomit, blood in your stools, or black, tarry-looking stools. Call your
healthcare provider if you are losing weight without trying.

Key points about H. pylori

• H. pylori is a type of bacteria that infects your stomach.
• It attacks your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). This
  can cause redness and swelling (inflammation).
• Many people with the bacteria won’t have any symptoms.
• It can cause open sores called peptic ulcers in your upper digestive tract.
• It can cause stomach cancer.
• It may be passed or spread from person to person by mouth, such as by kissing. It
  may also be passed by direct contact with vomit or stool.
• Having good health habits (hygiene) can help protect you.

Next steps

Tips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare
provider:

• Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.
• Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.
• Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember
  what your provider tells you.
• At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis and any new
  medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your provider
  gives you.
• Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed and how it
  will help you. Also know what the side effects are.
• Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.
• Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results
  could mean.
• Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the
  test or procedure.
• If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time,
  and purpose for that visit.
• Know how you can contact your provider if you have questions.

Medical Reviewer: Jen Lehrer MD

Medical Reviewer: Ronald Karlin MD

Medical Reviewer: Raymond Kent Turley BSN MSN RN

© 2000-2021 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional’s instructions.

Not what you’re looking for?

90,000 Stomach ulcer, causes, symptoms, treatment.

The concept of the digestion process.

Food passes through the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach produces acid that is essential for the digestion of food. After mixing in the stomach, the food passes into the duodenum (the initial section of the small intestine). In the duodenum and the rest of the small intestine, food is mixed with enzymes (chemicals). Enzymes are produced by the pancreas and cells lining the intestines.Enzymes break down food, which is absorbed by the intestinal wall and enters the bloodstream.

Inflammation due to stomach acid.

This inflammation can be in the stomach, duodenum, or in the lower esophagus. A peptic ulcer is an ulcer caused by stomach acid. An ulcer is where the mucous membrane is damaged and tissue is destroyed. If you could look inside your stomach and intestines, you would see that the ulcer is a small crater on the inner mucous membrane.Peptic ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer. This disease is sometimes called a stomach ulcer. However, the most common type of peptic ulcer disease worldwide and in Mariupol is a duodenal ulcer.

What causes stomach ulcers?

Your stomach produces acid to help digest food and to kill bacteria. This acid is corrosive, so some cells on the inner lining of the stomach and duodenum produce a natural barrier that protects the lining of the stomach and duodenum.There is usually a balance between the amount of acid that the stomach produces and the barrier properties of the mucous membrane. An ulcer can develop if there is a change in this balance, resulting in damage to the lining of the stomach or duodenum.

The reasons for this are:

• Helicobacter Pylori infection.

  Helicobacter Pylori infection (commonly referred to as HP) is the cause of about 8 out of 10 stomach ulcers. Once you become infected, if left untreated, the infection develops throughout your stomach and usually remains for the rest of your life.For many people, this does not cause any problems and some of these bacteria continue to live in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. However, in some people, this bacterium causes inflammation in the lining of the stomach or duodenum. This damages the protective mucus barrier and, in some cases, increases the amount of acid that causes inflammation and ulcers.

• Anti-inflammatory drugs – including aspirin.

  Anti-inflammatory drugs are sometimes called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). There are different types of them. For example: aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, etc. Patients often take NSAIDs to treat arthritis, muscle pain, etc. Aspirin is also used by many people to protect against blood clots. However, these drugs affect the stomach’s mucous barrier and allow the acid to cause ulcers. In 2 out of 10 cases, stomach ulcers are caused by anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Other causes and factors.

  Other causes are rare. For example, some viral infections can cause stomach ulcers. Crohn’s disease can lead to stomach ulcers along with bowel problems. Stomach cancer may at first glance look like an ulcer.

What are the symptoms of a peptic ulcer?

Pain in the upper abdomen, just below the sternum are frequent symptoms, usually coming. May decrease when taking antacids, milk.Pains often bother at night.
Other symptoms that are often troubling: bloating, vomiting and nausea. You may feel heavy after eating.

Complications develop in some cases and can be serious. They include:

• Bleeding ulcer – life-threatening bleeding.
• Perforation. This is when the ulcer penetrates (‘perforates’) the stomach wall. Food and stomach acid will enter the abdominal cavity. This usually causes severe pain and surgery.

What tests can be done for stomach ulcers?

• Endoscopy (gastroscopy) is a test that can confirm a stomach ulcer. In this test, a doctor examines the lining inside the stomach with a thin endoscope. He can see any inflammation or ulcers. A urease test for H. pylori bacteria is performed at almost every gastroscopy. If H. pylori is found, it is most likely the cause of the ulcer. Cm.See a separate article titled “Helicobacter Pylori”. It can also be detected in a faecal specimen (stool test), or in a breath test, also in blood tests (antibodies to HP), or in a biopsy taken during endoscopy.
• Biopsy – Usually tissue samples are taken in the center and around the ulcer during gastroscopy. They are sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope. This is a test for cancer and the type of ulcer.

What methods are used to treat stomach ulcers?

Acid-suppressing drugs.

Usually a 4-8 week course of the drug is recommended, which significantly reduces the amount of acid in the stomach. The most commonly used drug is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs are a class of drugs that act on the cells lining the stomach to reduce acid production. They include: esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole, and are sold under various brand names. Sometimes drugs from another class of drugs are used, called H2 receptor blockers – also known as “H2 blockers.”H2 blockers also act on the cells that line the stomach, reducing acid production. They include: cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine, and come under various brands. As the amount of acid is significantly reduced, the ulcer heals. However, this is not the end of the story …

If your ulcer is caused by a H. pylori infection.

Most stomach ulcers are caused by H. pylori infection. Thus, the main part of the treatment is the destruction of Helicobacter. If this infection is not cleared, the ulcer is likely to return once you stop taking acid suppressants.It takes two antibiotics to kill H. pylori. In addition, you must take acid suppressants. This is necessary for the antibiotics to work well. You must take this “combination therapy” (sometimes called “triple therapy”) for a week. One course of combination therapy destroys H. pylori infection in 9 out of 10 cases. If H. pylori is destroyed, then the likelihood of recurrence of peptic ulcer disease is significantly reduced. However, in a small number of people, H. pylori infection sometimes returns.

If your ulcer is caused by an anti-inflammatory drug.

If possible, you should stop taking your anti-inflammatory drug. This will allow the ulcer to heal. You can also take acid suppressants for several weeks. However, in many cases, anti-inflammatory drugs are needed to relieve symptoms of arthritis or other painful conditions, or, for example, aspirin is needed to protect against blood clots. In such situations, one option is to take acid suppressants every day for a long time.This reduces the amount of acid in the stomach and also greatly reduces the likelihood of ulcers forming again.

Surgical interventions (operations) for stomach ulcers.

In the past, surgeries were often used to treat stomach ulcers. This was before H. pylori was discovered to be the underlying cause of most stomach ulcers, and before modern acid-suppressing drugs were available. Surgery is now usually required only if complications of the stomach ulcer develop, such as bleeding and perforation.

After treatment.

A second endoscopy is usually recommended a few weeks after the end of treatment. Basically to check that the ulcer has healed and also to be sure that the “ulcer” was not related to stomach cancer. If your ulcer is caused by a H. pylori infection, it is usually recommended to do a breath or stool test to check that the H. pylori has been eradicated. This is done at least four weeks after the end of the combination therapy.In most cases, the test is negative, which means that the infection has gone away. If not, then it is necessary to repeat the course of combination therapy with a different set of antibiotics.

90,000 Symptoms of stomach and duodenal diseases

Without the digestive system, our life would be simply impossible, because it is through the digestion and absorption of food that we obtain energy for life. And the stomach and intestines are the main organs of digestion.It is with their activity that food processing begins and ends, therefore it is important that the digestive tract functions normally.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is a group of diseases characterized by damage to the digestive system. A gastroenterologist is engaged in their treatment.

The causes of diseases of the digestive system are unhealthy diet, frequent stress and environmental problems.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract include:

• gastritis
• peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
• gastroduodenitis
• colitis
• enteritis
• gastric atony
• intestinal dysbiosis, etc.

The main symptoms of diseases of the digestive system:

• pain
• nausea
• vomiting
• heartburn
• belching
• unpleasant taste in the mouth
• appetite disturbance
• stool retention
• flatulence
• frequent loose stools.

Modern diagnostic methods (ultrasound, laparoscopy, rectoscopy, esophagoscopy, laboratory and radiological studies) make it possible to effectively detect diseases of the digestive system and carry out effective treatment.

Our clinic employs highly qualified gastroenterologists who use the most modern diagnostic methods. This will help deal with your gastrointestinal problem.

The most common diseases

Gastritis

Gastritis affects the gastric mucosa. Distinguish between acute and chronic gastritis. By etiology, they are divided into endogenous and exogenous species.

Acute gastritis can be triggered by overeating, poor quality food, nervous strain, stress, and can also be a manifestation of an allergic reaction to food (strawberries, chocolate, etc.)).

Acute gastritis manifests itself suddenly with nausea, vomiting, cramping acute abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, general weakness and fever.

Chronic gastritis – chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa with restructuring and progression of atrophy, dysfunction. It is polyetiological in nature.

Helicobacteria, microorganisms that cause chronic inflammation, live and multiply in the acidic environment of the stomach.

You can take a breath test for Helicobacter pylori in our clinic near the Prospekt Enlightenment metro station.

Diagnose the disease using:

• study of gastric secretion
• gastroscopy.

Ulcer

A chronic disease of the stomach and duodenum, in which a defect in the mucous membrane appears, is called a peptic ulcer. Separate gastric and duodenal ulcers, unassociated and associated with Helicobacter pylori, as well as symptomatic and medication.

The manifestations of peptic ulcer disease depend on the type of disease. Pain can be “hungry”, appear after eating and give to the region of the heart or to the left hypochondrium. Nausea, heartburn, belching and plaque on the tongue, constipation are also observed. The process often involves the biliary tract and pancreas. The most common complication is bleeding.

The doctors of our clinic diagnose peptic ulcer disease according to:

• anamnesis
• instrumental research methods
• laboratory research methods.

Duodenitis

Disease of the duodenum, characterized by changes in the mucous membrane. It can be an independent disease, and concomitant gastritis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, liver disease, peptic ulcer, etc. Allocate superficial, hyperplastic, interstitial, erosive-ulcerative, atrophic and chronic forms of the disease.

The development of duodenitis is caused by improper diet and alcohol. Secondary chronic duodenitis is detected in various pathologies of organs located next to the duodenum, as well as in toxic-allergic effects.

Patients complain of “bloating” and pain in the abdomen, heaviness and hunger pains at night. Belching with air, nausea and constipation occur. With complications, bleeding from eroded surfaces is possible.

In the diagnosis of chronic duodenitis, the main roles are assigned to:

• fibrogastroduodenoscopy (FGDS)
• fluoroscopy.

We briefly described the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. There are others. In our clinic in St. Petersburg, diseases of the digestive system are successfully treated.We have every opportunity to diagnose and treat a wide variety of pathologies in the field of gastroenterology.

Appointment with a gastroenterologist.

Gastritis – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment

The most common causes are helicobacter pylori infection and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as alcohol consumption. Other causes include stress (against the background of mucosal ischemia) and autoimmune gastritis. Rare forms include phlegmonous gastritis (a rare bacterial infection).

Diagnosis based on clinical history and characteristic histological findings. A variety of methods can be used to diagnose H. pylori infection.

The presence of suspicious signs indicating a malignant neoplasm of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) requires urgent endoscopy in the appropriate clinical setting. These include gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, early satiety, unexplained weight loss (> 10% of body weight), progressive dysphagia, pain on swallowing, or persistent vomiting.

Treatment depends on the etiology. Treatment options include H. pylori eradication, dose reduction of NSAIDs or alcohol intake, and symptomatic therapy with H₂ receptor antagonists and / or proton pump inhibitors.

Without treatment, progression to peptic ulcer disease may occur. Other complications of some forms of gastritis include gastric carcinoma and lymphoma.

Gastritis is defined as the presence of inflammation of the gastric mucosa (detected histologically).The broader term gastropathy encompasses lesions characterized by minimal or no inflammation. [1] Varis K. Gastritis – a misused term in clinical gastroenterology. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1988 Jul 8; 155: 53-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3245001?tool=bestpractice.com
[2] Laine L, Weinstein WM. Subepithelial hemorrhages and erosions of human stomach. Dig Dis Sci. 1988 Apr; 33 (4): 490-503.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3280275?tool=bestpractice.com
[3] Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Oct; 11 (4): 717-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com

Helicobacter pylori infection can cause acute and chronic gastritis. [4] Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb; 112 (2): 212-39.
https://gi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ACGManagementofHpyloriGuideline2017.pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28071659?tool=bestpractice.com
Erosive gastritis can occur in response to the use or misuse of NSAIDs / alcohol, [1] Varis K. Gastritis – a misused term in clinical gastroenterology. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1988 Jul 8; 155: 53-60.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3245001?tool=bestpractice.com
[2] Laine L, Weinstein WM. Subepithelial hemorrhages and erosions of human stomach. Dig Dis Sci. 1988 Apr; 33 (4): 490-503.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3280275?tool=bestpractice.com
[3] Glickman JN, Antonioli DA. Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Oct; 11 (4): 717-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com
and in response to gastric bile reflux that may occur after previous gastric surgery or cholecystectomy. [5] Bondurant FJ, Maull KI, Nelson HS Jr, et al. Bile reflux gastritis. South Med J. 1987 Feb; 80 (2): 161-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3810208?tool=bestpractice.com
[6] Niemala S. Duodenogastric reflux in patients with upper abdominal complaints or gastric ulcer with particular reference to reflux-associated gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1985; 115: 1-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3863229?tool=bestpractice.com
[7] Niemala S, Karttunen T, Heikkila J, et al. Characteristics of reflux gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1987 Apr; 22 (3): 349-54.
http: // www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3589504?tool=bestpractice.com
[8] McAlhany JC Jr, Hanover TM, Taylor SM, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy for gastric disease. Ann Surg. 1994 May; 219 (5): 451-5.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1243166&blobtype=pdf

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8185395?tool=bestpractice.com
Stress gastritis, most commonly associated with mucosal ischemia (seen in critically ill patients), is a continuous disease of varying degrees from superficial (erosion) to deep mucosal damage known as stress ulcers.[9] Martindale RG. Contemporary strategies for the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 May 15; 62 (10 Suppl 2): ​​S11-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15

5?tool=bestpractice.com
Autoimmune gastritis is a diffuse form of mucosal atrophy, which is characterized by the formation of autoantibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor, which leads to inflammatory infiltrates and atrophy of the gastric mucosa. [3] Glickman JN, Antonioli DA.Gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001 Oct; 11 (4): 717-40.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11689363?tool=bestpractice.com
[10] Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, et al. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1987; 141: 1-28.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3481655?tool=bestpractice.com
Phlegmonous gastritis is a rare but life-threatening infection of the submucosa of the stomach and its own muscularis membrane that occurs in immunocompromised patients.[11] Shipman PJ, Drury P. Emphysematous gastritis: case report and literature review. Australas Radiol. 2001 Feb; 45 (1): 64-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259977?tool=bestpractice.com
[12] Dharap SB, Ghag G, Biswas A. Acute necrotizing gastritis. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2003 Jul-Aug; 22 (4): 150-1.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962444?tool=bestpractice.com
[13] Carlson AP, Chan WH, Ketai LH, et al. Emphysematous gastritis in a severely burned patient: case report and literature review.J Trauma. 2007 Mar; 62 (3): 765-7.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414363?tool=bestpractice.com
[14] Loi T, See JY, Diddapur RK, et al. Emphysematous gastritis: a case report and a review of literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007 Jan; 36 (1): 72-3.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17285190?tool=bestpractice.com

Test Results | Gastropanel.co.uk

The GastroPanel assay measures the concentrations of four biomarkers in a blood sample. Biomarkers secreted by gastric mucosal cells are pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII) and gastrin-17b (G17b).In addition, antibodies to Helicobacter pylori are determined.

A generalized interpretation of the results of all four biomarkers provides a more reliable and complete understanding of the state and functioning of the gastric mucosa than is achieved using the results of determining the concentrations of only one or two biomarkers. As such, it is clear that the GastroPanel is a four biomarker test panel, since the panel is more than the sum of its parts. We also recommend that you familiarize yourself with the GastroPanel flowchart (below), which provides examples of how to interpret biomarker results.Note, however, that the GastroPanel report provides a more accurate interpretation of the results.

Biomarker reference ranges are based on clinical trials in patients with dyspepsia. In these trials, patients’ results on the GastroPanel were compared with gastroscopy and biopsies of their stomach lining.

The GastroPanel Report is a tool designed to assist clinicians in interpreting GastroPanel test results.The report contains the results of the determination of biomarkers, including the reference ranges and a short written interpretation of the results. The interpretation provides information on the condition of the gastric mucosa, any decrease in acid secretion and the associated risks. Where appropriate, the report also provides advice on the need for treatment to eliminate Helicobacter and undergo gastroscopy.

Example GastroPanel 1 report: corpus atrophy of the stomach

Example GastroPanel 2 report: stomach ok

Create your own GastroPanel report using the GastroPanel report application.

* Reference ranges for the GastroPanel may be updated with subsequent new clinical trials.

Antibodies IgG to Helicobacter (IgG to H. pylori)

Helicobacter pylori lives in the stomach lining of an infected person. This infection is usually acquired during childhood and causes inflammation (gastritis), which, if left untreated, becomes chronic and lifelong. This infection is especially common among the elderly. In some infected people, the stomach lining atrophies after several decades. Gastritis and atrophy can increase the risk of various diseases (stomach cancer, duodenal ulcer, peptic ulcer) and malabsorption of certain vitamins, minerals and medicinal substances (lack of vitamin B12, iron, calcium and magnesium).An antibody level above 30 enzyme-linked immunosorbent units (EIU) indicates the likely presence of Helicobacter infection.

Pepsinogen I (PGI)

The concentration of pepsinogen I in the blood is an indicator of the structure and functioning of the mucous membrane of the body of the stomach. With atrophy of the mucous membrane of the body of the stomach, the concentration of pepsinogen I in the blood drops below 30 μg / l.

Pepsinogen II (PGII)

The concentration of pepsinogen II in the blood is an indicator of the structure and functioning of the gastric mucosa.Its concentration in the blood often increases with inflammation of the gastric mucosa (threshold value – 10 μg / l). The most common cause is Helicobacter pylori infection, but sometimes other factors (pain relievers, strong alcohol, hot spices, biliary reflux) can cause gastritis.

Pepsinogen I / Pepsinogen II (PGI / PGII)

The pepsinogen I / pepsinogen II ratio falls markedly (<3) with atrophy of the gastric corpus.

azal gastrin-17 (G-17b)

The concentration of gastrin-17 in the blood (on an empty stomach) is an indicator of the structure and functioning of the antrum.Biohit monoclonal antibodies measure only the level of amidated gastrin-17, a specific receptor for parietal cells. Gastrin-17 is secreted only by the G-cells of the antrum. It accelerates the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the parietal cells of the body of the stomach. Gastrin-17 levels above 10 pmol / L usually indicate an anacid stomach (for example, the patient is taking PPIs or has atrophy of the mucous membrane confined to the body of the stomach). As the acidity of the stomach contents increases, the level of gastrin-17 in the blood decreases (pH <2.5).Gastrin-17 levels also drop with atrophy of the gastric antrum mucosa as G cells disappear. A low level of gastrin-17, therefore, indicates either atrophy of the mucous membrane of the antrum of the stomach, or an increased secretion of hydrochloric acid.

Stimulated gastrin-17 (G-17s)

For the differential diagnosis of atrophy of the mucous membrane of the antrum of the stomach and increased secretion of hydrochloric acid, you can perform gastroscopy or determine the level of gastrin-17 after protein stimulation.A low level of stimulated gastrin-17 (less than 3 pmol / l) indicates atrophic gastritis of the antrum. If a person has been infected with H. pylori and the gastrin-17 value remains low after protein stimulation (less than 3 pmol / L), this may indicate atrophic gastritis in the antrum. However, if H. pylori antibody levels are not elevated, the results indicate increased secretion of hydrochloric acid.

Rapid test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection – Perm Clinical Center

Helicobacter Pilori is a spiral-shaped acid-resistant bacterium that lives in the human stomach and duodenum.

According to medical statistics, about 60% of the entire population of the Earth is infected with Helicobacter, Helicobacter pylori is the most common infectious disease in humans after herpes. Infection with the Helicobacter bacterium occurs through contaminated water or food, as well as after contact with an infected person through saliva or phlegm released when coughing, sneezing, kissing, using common household items.

Helicobacter Pilori infection occurs so easily that it is considered a family disease – when one family member is infected, in 95% of cases all the rest are infected, and for a long time an infected person may not know about the disease and not experience any painful symptoms.

Under the influence of stress, colds, trauma, intoxication, hormonal disruptions, the bacterium dormant in the body and not making itself felt for a long time “wakes up” and begins its pathogenic effect. Helicobacter Pilori is a leading factor in development:

1. Chronic gastritis, atrophic gastritis, gastroduodenitis;
2. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum;
3. MALT lymphomas of the stomach;
4. Adenocarcinoma of the stomach (a type of stomach cancer).

Helicobacter Pilori also plays an important role in the course of such diseases as: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), iron deficiency anemia, gastropathy against the background of the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

For the timely treatment of H. pylori infection, an accurate diagnosis is required. In our hospital you can test for Helicobacter pylori infection.

For the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori, we use a rapid test developed by the Finnish company Biohit, based on the determination of the activity of the urease enzyme in a biopsy specimen.A biopsy (a piece of the gastric mucosa) is immediately examined. The test result can be found in 30 minutes.

For the above test to be as reliable as possible, the patient should not take antibiotics, bismuth preparations (de-nol) for 3 weeks, H2-histamine blockers and proton pump inhibitors for 2 weeks before the test.

On a bad stomach: ulcer remedy increases the risk of death with COVID-19 | Articles

Popular drugs that help with ulcers, gastritis and heartburn can worsen the condition of patients with coronavirus infection.This is the conclusion reached by scientists from the United States. In their study, 15.6% of those hospitalized with COVID-19 were taking drugs Omeprozole, Omez, Doxilak, etc. The mortality rate among them was 2.3 times higher than among those who did not receive such therapy. Also, the risk of being on mechanical ventilation increased 2.5 times. Decreased hydrochloric acid levels caused by certain medications reduce gastric barrier function and alter gut microbiota, Russian gastroenterologists reported.This promotes increased penetration of viral particles through the mucous membranes and aggravates the disease. Therefore, doctors recommend refusing to take these funds during the development of an infection in the body.

Danger in the stomach

Scientists from the University of Brooklyn published a preprint of an article in which they reported that popular drugs for ulcers, gastritis and heartburn – proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) – can potentially exacerbate the course of coronavirus infection. In the study, 15.6% of patients with COVID-19 took these drugs (which include Omeprozole, Doxilac, Pantoprozole, etc.). The mortality rate among this group was 2.3 times higher than among those who did not take them. In addition, the risk of getting on mechanical ventilation increased by 2.5 times.

“There is a hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 can avoid neutralization by gastric acid due to hypochlorhydria (increased content of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.- “Izvestia”) and can predispose to a severe form of COVID-19, as well as artificial ventilation, “- said in the text of the preprint.

Photo: TASS / Vyacheslav Prokofiev

Proton pump blockers are antisecretory drugs that reduce the production of hydrochloric acid in the cells of the gastric mucosa , Nikolai Kisly, Professor of the Department of Hospital Therapy, RUDN Medical Institute (the university is a participant of the 5-100 Competitiveness Enhancement Project), explained in a conversation with Izvestia …

– They are used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the development of which is based on an increased production of hydrochloric acid: dyspepsia (difficult and painful digestion. – Izvestia), gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( inflammation of the walls of the lower esophagus), chronic gastritis and some others , the expert said. – Hydrochloric acid, in addition to participating in the digestion of food, can destroy microflora.The reduced level of this substance caused by taking PPIs weakens the barrier function of the stomach, alters the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and promotes massive penetration of viruses through the mucous membrane.

This is probably what causes a more severe course of COVID-19, Nikolai Kislyi noted.

Increases risks

Scientists emphasize that this is the first report of increased mortality and more frequent need for mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19, based on an analysis of 46 cases.However, since the study has not yet passed the mandatory peer review procedure and has not been published, it cannot be relied on in clinical practice.

Photo: Izvestia / Pavel Bednyakov

An article by another American scientific group, published a week ago, indirectly confirmed the data obtained, Yuri Kiselev, head of the course in applied pharmacology and pharmacotherapy at the Faculty of Health Sciences of OsloMet University (Norway), explained to Izvestia.

– They used a different method – online questioning of 53,130 people, 3,386 of whom were positive for the coronavirus. It turned out that the risk of infection is increased in people taking proton pump inhibitors, and this risk was dose-dependent, – said the pharmacologist. – Another important finding is that taking another group of drugs that suppress acid production in the stomach – histamine receptor blockers (famotidine and the like), was not associated with an increased risk of infection.

According to the specialist, in general, PPIs are often associated with the threat of infection by those infections in which it occurs through the digestive tract.

Photo: Izvestia / Zurab Javakhadze

– The authors suggest that if COVID-19 infection through the gastrointestinal epithelium is indeed a frequent phenomenon, then the above mechanism may explain the link between PPIs and coronavirus. I emphasize that the results of both studies require confirmation, and patients taking PPIs as prescribed by a doctor should not stop therapy on their own, – said Yuri Kiselev.

Use with caution

The authors of the listed works remind of the need to use the minimum effective dose of these drugs, using them only for approved indications. Professor of the Department of Polyclinic Therapy at Sechenov University, gastroenterologist Aleksey Bueverov told Izvestia that in case of infection it is really better not to drink these drugs.

– If the patient has an active infectious process, then it is better to refuse PPIs for this period. Back in the 19th century, the inscription “Do not enter on an empty stomach” hung in cholera laboratories. Because food is a stimulant for acid secretion. If it is suppressed, then various pathogens can enter through the mouth. It can also affect the course of an already existing disease , the expert emphasized.

Photo: Izvestia / Zurab Javakhadze

In addition, these drugs are usually prescribed in a course, they are constantly required by a very small number of patients.Therefore, abandoning them for a while will not cause much harm, the gastroenterologist said. To make a decision on the tactics of managing such patients, studies are needed to determine the pH level in the stomach, added Nikolai Kisly.

– Any medications must be justified. Probably, for patients with COVID-19 who took PPIs at the prehospital stage, it is necessary to additionally discuss the question of indications for further intake of this class of drugs, based on the clinical picture of the gastrointestinal tract disease and pH readings of , the specialist believes.

The Brooklyn-based preprint argues that the findings warrant further study in future studies to assess how PPIs are associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes, including death.

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