What is the treatment for inflammation of the vas deferens? How can it be managed effectively? Get all the answers in this detailed article.

Causes and Types of Vas Deferens Inflammation

Inflammation of the vas deferens, also known as deferentitis, most often occurs as a result of inflammatory processes in other organs of the male reproductive system, such as the posterior urethra, epididymis, and testicle. The spermatic cord may also be involved in the pathological process.

The disease can have different etiologies, and it can be caused by sexually transmitted infections, specific or nonspecific bacteria, or even autoimmune processes. Depending on the cause of the inflammation, various therapeutic approaches are used.

Principles of Treatment

In most cases, the pathology has an infectious origin, caused by either specific microorganisms (such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, tuberculosis, or syphilis) or a nonspecific bacterial flora. Etiotropic therapy, aimed at eliminating the main infectious focus, is required. Antibacterial drugs are used, with the specific type of remedy depending on the identified pathogen.

Before prescribing the etiotropic treatment for vas deferens inflammation, diagnostic tests should be carried out to determine the type of pathogen. This is essential to ensure a good treatment result, as different antibiotics have different spectra of action and target various bacteria.

If a severe purulent inflammation in the vas deferens is detected, surgical treatment may be required to prevent the spread of infection and the formation of pathological connections between organs (fistula).

Antibacterial Treatment for Genital Infections

Before prescribing antibiotics, laboratory examinations are carried out, including microscopy of the urogenital smear, urethral scraping followed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) examination for common sexually transmitted infections, and a blood test for syphilis. This helps identify the specific pathogens involved, which is crucial for selecting the appropriate treatment.

For gonococcal infections, cephalosporin antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, are typically prescribed, as gonococci are highly sensitive to these medications. The treatment course usually lasts 10-14 days.

In the case of chlamydial infections, treatment should begin as soon as possible, especially if the process is bilateral, as chlamydiae can often initiate pronounced scarring changes that may lead to obstructive infertility. Even after successful treatment, fertility may not always be fully restored.

Treatment in Nonspecific Deferentitis

If the inflammation of the vas deferens is not caused by specific pathogens, it is considered nonspecific. In these cases, the treatment is aimed at reducing inflammation and preventing the development of complications.

Antibacterial drugs with a broad spectrum of activity are prescribed, often in combination with anti-inflammatory medications. The choice of specific medications depends on the severity of the inflammation and the overall health status of the patient.

Treatment in Germany

Germany is a renowned destination for the treatment of male reproductive system disorders, including inflammation of the vas deferens. The country’s advanced medical facilities, highly skilled specialists, and comprehensive treatment approaches make it a preferred choice for many patients seeking effective and reliable care.

If you are interested in receiving treatment for vas deferens inflammation in Germany, the Booking Health team can assist you in arranging your trip and ensuring a smooth and successful treatment process. Contact us to learn more about the available options and to get started with your medical journey.

Preventing Recurrence and Maintaining Fertility

After successful treatment of vas deferens inflammation, it is essential to address any underlying issues and take measures to prevent recurrence. This may involve addressing any chronic infections, managing autoimmune conditions, or addressing any lifestyle factors that may have contributed to the initial inflammation.

Preserving fertility is also a crucial consideration in the management of vas deferens inflammation. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to minimize the risk of long-term complications, such as obstructive infertility. Regular check-ups and monitoring can help ensure that any issues are detected and addressed in a timely manner.

Treatment of the vas deferens inflammation

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Inflammation of vas deferens (deferentitis) most often occurs against the background of the inflammatory processes in other organs of the male reproductive system. These organs are posterior urethra, epididymis, and testicle. Often, spermatic cord is involved in the pathological process.

The disease may have different etiology. It can be caused by the sexually transmitted infections, specific or nonspecific bacteria. Sometimes it is the result of the autoimmune process. Depending on the cause of inflammation of vas deferens, various therapeutic tactics are used.

Content

1. Principles of treatment
2. Antibacterial treatment in genital infections
3. Treatment in nonspecific deferentitis
4. Treatment in Germany

Principles of treatment

In most cases, the pathology has an infectious origin. It can be caused by specific microorganisms (gonorrhea, chlamydia, tuberculosis, syphilis) or a nonspecific bacterial flora. It includes all bacteria that are normally present in the urogenital tract, but in active reproduction or spreading into the vas deferens they can cause inflammatory processes. These bacteria are transmitted with medical instruments or come from the other foci of infection in the body.

In this case, the etiotropic therapy is required which is aimed at elimination of the main infectious focus. The antibacterial drugs are used. Specific type of the remedy depends on the identified pathogen.

Before prescribing the etiotropic treatment of the vas deferens inflammation the diagnostic tests should be carried out. Their aim is to determine the type of pathogen. Only in this case it will be possible to obtain a good treatment result, since different antibiotics have different spectrum of action and destroy various bacteria.

If the severe purulent inflammation in the vas deferens is detected, surgical treatment may be required. Otherwise, an abscess opens, pathological connections form between the organs (fistula), and infection spreads to other anatomical zones.

Sometimes deferentitis has an autoimmune nature. It occurs as a result of the blood-testis barrier violation. Most often, it occurs as a result of surgical intervention, trauma, or severe inflammation. The genotype of spermatozoa differs from the genetic composition of male somatic cells. The immune system does not attack them only because of the blood-testis barrier protection that separates the scrotum organs from the circulatory system of the human body. If the barrier is damaged, the antisperm antibodies will be produced. A chronic inflammatory process develops. It may not be accompanied by severe symptoms, but leads to infertility. In this situation, the treatment is carried out only if a patient wants to preserve fertility and have children in the future.

Antibacterial treatment in genital infections

Before prescribing antibiotics, the laboratory examinations are carried out. Microscopy of urogenital smear is performed, as well as the urethral scraping followed by a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) examination for common sexually transmitted infections. Such diseases as chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis are also excluded with the help of laboratory tests. It is also recommended to perform blood test for syphilis.
The very next day, in the course of these diagnostic measures, a doctor can identify which pathogens are present in the body, if there are any. Then, treatment is selected.

Cephalosporin antibiotics are prescribed in case of gonococcal infection. Most often, this is ceftriaxone, since gonococci have high sensitivity to it. Consequently, the treatment almost always ends with a recovery after the first course of therapy.

Gonorrhea with the development of vas deferens inflammation is considered as a complicated one. On average, deferentitis begins in 4 weeks after the acute gonococcal urethritis. But there are some cases when the duct becomes inflamed only in several months. Ceftriaxone treatment lasts 10-14 days. It is administered intramuscularly, 1 gram per day.

In inflammation of chlamydial etiology, treatment should begin as soon as possible, especially in case of a bilateral process, as chlamydiae often initiate pronounced cicatricial changes. As a result of the vas deferens inflammation, the obstructive infertility may develop in a man. At the same time, fertility is not always restored even after the treatment of Chlamydia. This is connected with formation of scars that prevent movement of spermatozoa from testicles to urethra.

Chlamydial infection is treated with one of the three antibiotic groups. Tetracyclines (doxycycline) or macrolides (josamycin) are most common. Fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) are used less commonly.

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Treatment in nonspecific deferentitis

Sometimes it may happen that the sexually transmitted infections are not detected during the examination. In men, vas deferens inflammation can be caused by a nonspecific bacterial flora. It spreads into the deferens from:

• Urethra
• Prostate gland
• Testicles
• Distant purulent foci in the body (through the blood or lymphatic system)

In this case, the bacterial swab test is carried out. The type of bacteria which cause the inflammation is determined. Sensitivity of revealed flora to antibiotics is assessed. Then the drug to which the identified bacteria have the maximum sensitivity is prescribed for the treatment.

In case of acute purulent inflammation, therapy is prescribed empirically (without antibiogram) on the day of admission. This is required for the prevention of complications. Further, the antibiotic can be changed based on the results of bacterial swab test.

Sometimes a significant purulent inflammation develops. Up to 200 ml of pus can be accumulated in the spermatic duct and surrounding tissues. In this case, a surgery has to be performed. A doctor makes excision and drains the duct. Pus is removed; the wound is washed with antiseptics. The antibiotic therapy is performed simultaneously.

Treatment in Germany

The company Booking Health offers treatment in the best German hospitals in inflammation of the vas deferens. In German medical institutions both conservative and surgical treatment methods are used in order to solve the problem of deferentitis as soon as possible.

The advantages of treatment in German hospital:

• Accurate diagnostics that allows determining the type of pathogen and identify or eliminate sexually transmitted infections.
• Etiotropic therapy using the modern antibacterial drugs.
• Performing surgical treatment, if necessary. Operations are carried out by the internationally recognized experts.
• Minimal risk of fertility disturbances in case of surgical treatment.
• In the case of obstructive infertility development, it is possible to perform the reconstructive operations on the vas deferens, restoring natural fertility of man.

Specialists of Booking Health will select the best hospital and treatment program for you. While selecting a medical institution, the statistics on this disease and costs of treatment will be taken into account. Thanks to Booking Health, you will save on medical services and get medical care faster. In addition, the company solves all the organizational issues. Therefore, all you have to do is to focus on the restoration of your health. 

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Choose treatment abroad and you will for sure get the best results!

Authors:

The article was edited by medical experts, board certified doctors Dr. Nadezhda Ivanisova, Dr. Sergey Pashchenko. For the treatment of the conditions referred to in the article, you must consult a doctor; the information in the article is not intended for self-medication!

Sources:

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Vasitis: a rare diagnosis mimicking inguinal hernia: a case report | BMC Urology

• Case report
• Open Access
• Published: 29 April 2019

• Chih-Wei Chen¹,
• Chin-Ho Lee¹,
• Tsung-Yi Huang² &
• …
• Yi-Ming Wang¹ 

BMC Urology
volume 19, Article number: 27 (2019)
Cite this article

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• Metrics details

Abstract

Background

Vasitis or inflammation of the vas deferens is a rare condition, and few case reports with computed tomography images have been published since 1980.

Case presentation

A 50-year-old man presented with severe right inguinal and lower abdominal pain. Initial diagnosis at the emergency department was incarcerated or strangulated inguinal hernia. The computed tomography scan revealed diffuse edematous changes of right spermatic cord and vas deferens with peripheral fat stranding. Correlating with his clinical symptoms, signs, and imaging findings, the diagnosis of vasitis was made. We report a case of acute vasitis about the cause, symptom, pathogen, differential diagnoses, image findings, and treatment.

Conclusion

Although very rare, vasitis should be listed as one of the differential diagnosis for inguinal mass lesions. Cross-sectional imaging may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and exclude differentials such as an inguinal hernia. Recognition of the characteristic image findings can help to make the correct diagnosis and avoid unnecessary surgery.

Peer Review reports

Background

Acute vasitis or inflammation of the vas deferens is an extremely rare disease, with only about twenty adult case reports published since 1980. Few of these contain computed tomography (CT) images [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Clinically, it presents with nonspecific symptoms of inguinal swelling and local pain that can mimic orchitis, epididymitis, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernia. Familiarity with symptoms, image findings, and differential diagnoses is essential to prevent unnecessary surgery, especially when symptoms mimic an inguinal hernia.

Case presentation

A middle-aged male presented to our emergency department with severe right inguinal and lower abdominal pain, exaggerated by walking and Valsalva’s maneuver. He did not have a fever or chillness. The patient has no other prior medical history, no trauma history, no recent travel history, and no habitual alcohol and cigarette consumption. The patient is of Han Chinese origin and is currently working as an office clerk. He denied any family history of similar symptoms, no recent heavy lifting activities, and no high-risk sexual behaviors. The physical examination revealed tenderness and swelling in the right inguinal area. The laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis (11.39 × 103 /uL), elevated C reactive protein (35.4 mg/L) and leukocyturia, but a negative result of the urine culture. Due to the progression of localized right inguinal pain, the emergency doctor arranged computed tomography scan to rule out incarcerated inguinal hernia. The scan revealed diffuse edematous changes of right spermatic cord and vas deferens with peripheral fat stranding and no herniated bowel loop [Figs. 1, 2]. Correlating the patient’s clinical symptoms, signs, and, imaging findings, the emergency doctor was able to overturn the initial diagnosis of an inguinal hernia and confirm vasitis. Empirical antibiotic treatment (Levofloxacin) was prescribed with good response.

Fig. 1

Non-enhanced coronal CT image revealed diffuse edematous change of right spermatic cord (white arrow)

Full size image

Fig. 2

Non-enhanced axial CT image revealed dilated right vas deferens with peripheral fat stranding (white arrows)

Full size image

Timeline

Discussion and Conclusions

Inflammation of the vas deferens or vasitis is a rare condition categorized by Chan and Schlegel as acutely painful infective vasitis or asymptomatic vasitis nodosa [8]. Vasitis nodosa was first described in 1943 by Benjamin [9] as asymptomatic, chronic inflammatory reactions associated with blockage of the vas deferens, which causes high intra-luminal pressure with spermatozoa leakage and inflammatory process. Clinical presentation is with asymptomatic nodular lesions in the vas deferens, and most cases have a history of vasectomy. No specific treatment is required [4].

Acute infective vasitis is thought to be due to the retrograded spread of common urinary pathogens including Haemophilus influenza and Escherichia coli. However, urinary culture is usually negative. Other rare pathogens reported include Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [4, 6].

Most cases of the previously reported vasitis patients have histories of surgeries in close proximity to the affected vas deferens. Due to the low prevalence nature of acute vasitis, other risk factors have not been credited to this condition. A retrospective review was conducted by Clavijo et al. in 2010 where the clinical characteristics of eleven patients were thoroughly evaluated [10]. Of the eleven subjects, eight had previous surgeries in the neighboring regions, such as herniorrhaphy, prostatectomy, and perianal fistulectomy. The review also proposed other risk factors such as trauma history, concurrent human immunodeficiency virus/herpes simplex virus infections, and smoking habits [10]. Interestingly, our patient had none of the aforementioned risks factors.

Clinical symptoms include localized pain or palpable mass in the scrotal or inguinal region, some of them with leukocytosis or fever. Acute vasitis could be classification as three groups depending on involved site: scrotal, suprascrotal, and prepubic. It can be easily confused when there is isolated site involvement [11]. The common differential diagnoses include orchitis, epididymitis, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernia. Correct diagnosis is essential because the treatment of vasitis is via antibiotics, and operation is not required [6].

The diagnosis of vasitis could be a challenge by its rarity and unclear image findings. We review past reports that suggest appropriate tools include ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound can be used to exclude orchitis, epididymitis, and testicular torsion by color Doppler. Acute vasitis often reveals heterogeneous, hypoechoic spermatic cord and echogenic fat surrounding the lesions. However, ultrasound is relatively challenging to differentiate from incarcerated inguinal hernia to vasitis [12]. CT and MRI are more recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Spiral CT has high resolution and short scanning time. Acute vasitis typically reveals unilateral edematous spermatic cord without evidence of herniated bowel loop. MRI can provide more soft tissue detail, abnormal signal intensities of inflamed or ischemic structures, with the additional benefits of no radiation exposure [3, 6, 7, 12].

Based on the available literature, the majority of the reported vasitis can be resolved with the use of anti-inflammatories and antibiotics alone [3, 8]. Some authors prescribed oral antibiotics while others started with intravenous antibiotics in combination with oral antibiotics [6]. A reported pediatric vasitis case suggested only partial regression of the inguinal swelling symptoms with 7 days of oral antibiotic use, and the patient was later admitted and treated successfully with intravenous antibiotics [13]. Surgical exploration and drainage may be necessary in more severe cases that are not responsive to antibiotic treatment [10]. En bloc excision of the vas deferens is uncommon and is usually performed for the exceptionally rare cases of Tuberculous vasitis [14]. For our patient, we prescribed empirical antibiotic treatment with 500 mg of Levofloxacin once daily for two weeks. The patient’s symptoms improved drastically upon the scheduled weekly follow-ups.

In summary, we present a rare case mimicking incarcerated inguinal hernia, and although vasitis is very rare, physicians should keep in mind that patients might present with similar symptoms, especially when the patient has risk factors such as previous vasectomy and concurrent leukocyturia. CT or MRI scan can play an important role to prevent unnecessary surgery.

Abbreviations

CT:

Computed tomography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

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There are no funding sources for this case report.

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Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Ziyou 1st Rd., Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 80756, Taiwan, Republic of China

   Chih-Wei Chen, Chin-Ho Lee & Yi-Ming Wang

2. Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

   Tsung-Yi Huang

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CC and YW were responsible for the concept and drafted the manuscript. CL and TH gave intellectual content and critically reviewed the manuscript. YW was responsible for the official radiology report. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published. All authors have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

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About this article

Vazit

Vazit is a complex of diseases included in the category of inflammatory diseases of the spermatic cord, vaginal membrane and vas deferens. Includes a fairly large number of diseases of a different nature. Some of the most common: funiculitis, inflammation of the vaginal membrane of the testicle, deferentitis.

Funiculitis

Funiculitis is an inflammation of the spermatic cord, which involves the vas deferens and surrounding tissues. It is a complication after epididymitis or testicle removal. It is characterized by severe pain in the inguinal region and specifically in the scrotum, compaction and a sharp thickening of the spermatic cord. In the chronic form, the pain is more moderate, the thickening of the funiculus is insignificant.

Treatment of inflammation in the acute period is the use of anti-inflammatory drugs and the cessation of sexual intercourse for the period of therapy.

Inflammation of the vaginal membrane of the testis

The inflammatory process is called periorchitis. As an independent disease is extremely rare. In fact, it is a reaction to an inflammatory process, trauma or neoplasm of the visceral plate of the vaginal membrane. It occurs in acute and chronic form.

Acute inflammation has signs of acute orchitis with accumulations between the plates of the vaginal membrane of purulent or serous-fibrinous substance. With incomplete resorption of the exudate, a chronic form of inflammation develops, in which infiltrates of bone or cartilage consistency can be felt in the testicular membranes.

Treatment of acute inflammation of the vaginal membrane of the testis is aimed at eliminating the process. Purulent inflammation is most often opened and drainage of the cavity is provided. Chronic periorchitis is treated with excision of altered testicular membranes and measures to treat the underlying disease. With timely medical care, the prognosis is favorable.

Deferentitis

Inflammation of the vas deferens due to infection, most often together with epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis). If treatment is not provided in time, inflammation affects all components of the spermatic cord and funiculitis is formed. The infection is caused by specific (tuberculosis) and non-specific flora (E. coli, streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus). Sometimes inflammation can develop due to testicular injury, complications after surgery on the scrotum, which will be joined by an infectious component.

Symptoms of deferentitis are:

• pain in the groin area;
• swelling and redness;
• weakness;
• fever;
• fatigue.

Symptoms are pronounced in the acute form and milder in the chronic form.

The treatment of inflammation is conservative and consists of antibiotic therapy using anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, as well as physiotherapy.

An experienced urologist will be able to diagnose vasitis and any of the diseases included in this concept and provide timely treatment.

Inflammation of the testis and its epididymis

Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis. Orchitis – inflammation of the testicle itself, and orchiepididymitis – simultaneous inflammation of the testicle and its epididymis. The testicle, epididymis and spermatic cord are also called the organs of the scrotum. In practice, epididymitis is most often observed, orchiepididymitis is less common, and isolated orchitis is even less common. Also quite rare is an isolated inflammation of the vas deferens, which is part of the spermatic cord – deferentitis.

These inflammatory processes can be acute, chronic and recurrent. Acute epididymitis, orchiepididymitis or orchitis is a sudden onset inflammation, accompanied by an increase and hardening of the testicle and / or its appendage, sharp and intense pain and a rise in body temperature. Against the background of properly conducted treatment, these diseases disappear within 2 weeks. Chronic inflammation of the testis and/or its epididymis is characterized by a long (from several months to several years) course and resistance to ongoing treatment. The chronic course is most often characterized by tuberculous epididymitis. Recurrent inflammation of the scrotum is associated with inadequate treatment or repeated infection in the epididymis and testicle. Chronic and recurrent epididymitis, orchiepididymitis and orchitis are manifested by a less pronounced increase and more local compaction of the scrotum organs, the pain is less intense and paroxysmal in nature, body temperature is usually normal.

The most common causes of these inflammatory processes are infections that enter the epididymis through the vas deferens from the urethra (urethra). Moreover, in young men, younger than 35 years, it is most often sexually transmitted infections. In particular, chlamydia is the cause of acute epididymitis in young men with a frequency of more than 50%. At an older age (after 50 years), the leading cause of inflammation of the scrotum is intestinal microorganisms that cause urinary tract infections (cystitis, pyelonephritis). These include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterococci, Pseudomonas, Proteus, etc. Less commonly, the cause of epididymitis and orchitis, as well as deferentitis, can be a tuberculosis or viral infection. So in boys younger than 15 years old, orchitis can often become a complication of viral mumps (mumps) or rubella. The development of epididymitis, orchitis and orchiepididymitis is largely facilitated by a sharp hypothermia, which leads to a deterioration in the blood supply to the scrotum. Inflammation of the scrotum can also be caused by injuries and operations on the testicle, its epididymis and spermatic cord. In this regard, after injuries of the scrotum and operations on its organs, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are often prescribed.

____________________________________________
Why are inflammations of the scrotum organs dangerous? Do I need to see a doctor urgently?

Inflammation of the testis and/or its epididymis is dangerous, first of all, by the development of male infertility. If they are not treated promptly, they can lead to disruption of sperm production, their normal development and transport from the testicle to the posterior urethra, where sperm is finally formed. If there is bilateral inflammation of the scrotum, the risk of infertility is much higher.

In such cases, problems associated with insufficient production of the male sex hormone – testosterone (decreased sexual desire, weakened erection, decreased performance, decreased muscle mass, etc. ) may develop. The second very important point, dictating the necessity of an urgent visit to a doctor, is the danger of having a testicular tumor, which can begin to manifest itself in the same way as orchiepididymitis. As you know, testicular tumors are more than 90% malignant and can cause the death of a young man if he does not see a doctor in a timely manner. At the same time, if a testicular tumor is detected in time and properly treated, it is curable in almost 100% of cases. In the presence of a painful increase, and especially compaction of the testicle, it is important to exclude its infarction, or necrosis associated with the cessation of the normal blood supply to the organ.

Testicular infarction is an irreversible disease leading to necrosis of the organ and requiring the removal of the testicle. It usually occurs as a result of torsion of the spermatic cord and clamping of the testicular artery. Torsion of the spermatic cord develops most often against the background of significant hypothermia or injury, when a spasm of the muscle that lifts the testicle (musculus cremaster) occurs. Thus, if the symptoms described above appear (enlargement and hardening of the testicle and / or its epididymis, pain in the scrotum, fever), you should immediately contact a urologist and undergo proper diagnosis and treatment.

____________________________________________
How is inflammatory disease of the scrotum diagnosed?

Diagnosis of diseases of the testis, its epididymis and spermatic cord is based on a physical examination (primarily palpation or palpation). The leading auxiliary methods are diaphanoscopy and ultrasound examination (ultrasound) of the scrotum. All these methods are absolutely painless, and their correct use and proper interpretation allow an accurate diagnosis in the vast majority of cases. In recent years, ultrasound of the scrotum, as a much more informative and accurate method, has practically replaced diaphanoscopy. To establish the causes of epididymitis, orchitis and orchiepididymitis, a general analysis and urine culture for microflora are necessarily carried out, sometimes a semen (ejaculate) analysis is performed for the presence of various infections in it. Tests are performed for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases. If there is suspicion, an examination is carried out for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the urine and / or ejaculate. If a testicular tumor is suspected, blood tests are performed for the corresponding tumor markers. Only a properly constructed set of diagnostic measures allows you to establish an accurate diagnosis and conduct the most effective treatment. Be sure to consult a urologist!

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What is the treatment for inflammatory diseases of the scrotum?

Treatment of epididymitis, orchitis, orchiepididymitis and deferentitis is carried out primarily with antibiotics, since various infections are their main cause. The choice of an antibiotic in an acute inflammatory process is carried out empirically, taking into account the known age-related characteristics of causative infections. Upon receipt of the results of microbiological studies and analysis of the sensitivity of the isolated microflora to antibiotics, it is possible to adjust antibiotic therapy, change its duration, dosages of drugs, and sometimes the drugs themselves and their combinations. Together with antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, diclofenac, celebrex, etc.) are prescribed to reduce inflammatory edema, pain and the fastest regression of inflammatory changes. With severe pain, a blockade of the spermatic cord with a local anesthetic (lidocaine, prilocaine, marcaine) is used, which significantly reduces pain. During treatment, all patients are recommended to wear tight panties (shorts) that tighten the scrotum. This contributes to better blood flow and lymph flow in the scrotum, accelerates the reverse development of inflammation.

In the presence of abscesses or abscesses of the testis and its epididymis, as well as chronic recurrent epididymitis, difficult to treat, in the case of testicular tuberculosis, surgical treatment is used. It may consist in opening and draining abscesses, partial or complete removal of the testicle and / or its appendage. The use of various methods of physiotherapy for inflammatory diseases of the scrotum has not proven its effectiveness in correctly conducted scientific studies and is not included in the international standards for the treatment of epididymitis, orchitis and orchiepididymitis.